GSM BSS Dimensioning

1062A

Student Guide
Guide release: 15.02
Guide status: Standard
Date: July, 2005

Part Number: 1062A

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Copyright 2005 Nortel Networks. All rights reserved.

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Networks.

Visit us at: nortel.com/training

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Course introduction
Overview
Description
This course explains the Nortel Networks method to dimension the Base Station Subsystem
(BSS) of a GSM network. This course applies to the V15.0.1 version of the BSS.

Intended audience
Anyone responsible for designing BSS networks with Nortel Networks equipment (BTS, BSC,
TCU) .

Prerequisites
Before taking this course, a general knowledge of GSM/GPRS/EDGE standards and products is
required. An excellent way to obtain it is to attend the 5 days 1061A course (GSM GPRS System
Overview - Technical), the 3 days GP1 (GPRS Technical Description), the 2 days 1597AB (GSM
GPRS System Release V15.0) and the 1 day 1599A (GSM/GPRS/EDGE System Release V15.1
Delta).

Objectives
After completing this course, you will be able, from a given mobile traffic model, to dimension a
BSS and:
calculate the number of signaling and traffic radio resources per sector, the number of TRX per
sector, the number of Abis and Ater PCM links,
compute the size and configuration of the BSS equipment: BTS, BSC, TCU and PCUSN.

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

References
The following documents provide additional information:

NTP 0000000-000

Document title

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Basics on Mobile Network Dimensioning
3. BTS Dimensioning
4. BSC/TCU 12000 Dimensioning
5. BSC3000/TCU3000 Dimensioning
6. PCU Dimensioning
7. BSS Dimensioning Review
8. Exercise Solutions
9. Appendix: Erlang B Tables

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Publication History

Version

Date

Comments

15.01

May
2005

Creation
Compliant with V15.0.1 BSS
Release

15.02

July
2005

Compliant with V15.1 BSS

Release

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Section 1
Introduction

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You can select the appropriate training according to your job function.

Technical Documentation

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www.nortel.com
Select Support & Training
Select Technical Documentation

GSM BSS Nortel Technical Publications

Concepts

Planning and
Engineering

Upgrading

Configuring

Administration
and Security

Operations

BSS Product
Documentation
411-9001-000
BSS Overview
411-9001-001
OMC-R
Architecture and
Reference Manual
411-9001-006
TCU
Reference Manual
411-9001-016
BSC
Reference Manual
411-9001-022
S4000/S4000C
Indoor BTS
Reference Manual
411-9001-043
S2000 H/L BTS
Reference Manual
411-9001-035
S8000/S8002/
S8003/S8006 BTS
Reference Manual
411-9001-063
e-cell BTS
Reference Manual
411-9001-092
PCUSN
Reference Manual
411-9001-091
BSC/TCU 3000
Reference Manual
411-9001-126
S12000
Reference Manual
411-9001-142
BTS 18000
Reference Manual
411-9001-160

EDGE Deployment Guide

411-9001-801

Whats New in the

V15 BSS NTP Suite
411-9001-088

CT2000
User Manual
411-9001-137

OMC-R User
Manual Vol 3 of 3:
Security, Administration,
SMS-CB and
Help menus
411-9001-130

BSS Operating
Principles
411-9001-007
BSS Operating
Procedures
411-9001-034
OMC-R User
Manual Vol 1 of 3:
Objects and
Faults Menus
411-9001-128
BSS Parameter
Dictionary
411-9001-124
RACE Reference
and User Manual
411-9001-127

PCU CIQ
User Manual
411-9001-140
CT2000 User
Procedures Manual
411-9001-148

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GSM BSS Nortel Technical Publication

This suite is sorted by job functions category.

Fault and Performance Management

OMC-R User
Manual Vol 2 of 3:
Configuration,
Performance and
Maintenance menus
411-9001-129
Observation
Counter Dictionary
411-9001-125
TML (BSC/TCU)
User Manual
411-9001-050
TML (BTS)
User Manual
411-9001-051
TML
(BSC 3000/TCU 3000)
User Manual
411-9001-139
OMC-R Preventive and
Corrective Maintenance
411-9001-032
BSC
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-041
TCU
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-042
BSC 3000
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-132
e-cell BTS
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-090
S2000 H/L
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-049
S4000 BTS
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-047
S8000/S8003 BTS
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-048
S8002 BTS
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-084
S8006 BTS
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-085

S12000
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-144
BSS Maintenance
Principles
411-9001-039
BTS 18000
Maintenance Manual
411-9001-162
Fault Number Description
Volume 1 of 6:
BSC and TCU
411-9001-101
Fault Number Description
Volume 2 of 6:
S2000/2000E
and S4000 BTS
411-9001-102
Fault Number Description
Volume 3 of 6:
S8000/8002,
S8003 and S8006
411-9001-103
Fault Number Description
Volume 4 of 6:
S2000H/L and
e-cell BTS
411-9001-104
Fault Number Description
Volume 5 of 6:
Advanced Maintenance
Procedures
411-9001-105
Fault Number Description
Volume 6 of 6: PCUSN
411-9001-106
Fault Number Description
S12000 BTS
411-9001-143
BTS 18000
Fault Number Description
411-9001-161
Fault Number Description
BTS/TCU 3000
411-9001-131
Call Trace/Call Path
Trace Analyzer
User Manual
411-9001-060

Contents

> GSM/GPRS/UMTS Training Curriculum

> BSS Nortel Technical Publications
> Objectives
> Course Architecture

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Objectives

> Upon completion of this course, ability is acquired to

determine or compute:

10

Traffic radio resources number per cell

Signaling resources number per cell
TRX number per cell
BTS types and number
BSC types and number
TCU number
PCU number
Number of Abis, Ater, Agprs and A interfaces PCM links
BSS size and configuration
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During this course the method of dimensioning computation of BSS part of a GSM
network is explained and given.
The results obtained depend mainly on Traffic Model parameter values for
transmission. Some of these values deal with field parameters as cellular planning,
subscriber activity and mobility.
Each operator must define his own traffic model.
Other assumptions are also given, relating to traffic operation. They are operator
dependent:
No Queuing (loss of excess call attempts)
Radio interface blocking rate: traffic = 2%; signaling = 0.1%
A interface blocking rate: 0.1%
Notes
This course is applicable for V15.0.1 release of Nortel Networks BSS.

10

Course Architecture

> Section 1 Introduction

> Section 2 Basics on Mobile Network Dimensioning
> Section 3 BTS Dimensioning
> Section 4 BSC/TCU 12000 Dimensioning
> Section 5 BSC3000/TCU3000 Dimensioning
> Section 6 PCU Dimensioning
> Section 7 BSS Dimensioning Review
> Section 8 Exercise Solutions
> Section 9 Appendix: Erlang B Tables

11

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11

Student notes

12

Section 2
Basics on Mobile Network Dimensioning
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Lesson Objectives

Upon completion of this section, the student will be able to:

> Define Erlang unit
> Use Erlang Law B Tables
> Describe a Traffic Model (parameters and typical values)
> Define the Dimensioning Procedure
This is obtained through a full understanding of:
> Components of the GSM System Traffic
> Definition of offered traffic, blocking rate, Erlang laws

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Contents

> Generalities about GSM/GPRS Network

> Erlang Law
> Traffic Model
> Dimensioning Procedure

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GSM/GPRS/EDGE Network
BSS
MSC
Um

PSTN

BSC
TRAU

A
C

Ater

Abis

VLR

BTS
Agprs

HLR/
AuC

MS

PCU
Gr

Gb

GGSN

Gb

Frame
Relay
Backbone

Gn

Private
IP
Backbone

Gn

SGSN

Gi

External
Packet Networks
Intranet, Internet

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The GSM network is the foundation of the wireless network. It provides circuitswitched voice service from mobile users to other mobile and land line users.
The General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a wireless packet data service that
is an extension of the GSM network. It provides an efficient method to transfer
data by optimizing the use of network resources.
New from V15.0
EDGE is an extension of the GSM/GPRS Access network. In that sense, it largely
inherits the administration, maintenance and supervision of the currently deployed
BSS.
The GPRS Coding Schemes are enhanced with 7 EDGE Modulation and Coding
Schemes (MCS2, MCS3 and MCS5 to MCS9). This set of Modulation and radio
coding schemes increases the peak radio throughput of a carrier by a factor 3
compared to GPRS.
In order to benefit from those new Coding Schemes, a specific hardware is
needed on the BTS side (namely E--DRX & E--PA) and an extension of the
backhaul is requested to take benefit of the full range of MCS.
EDGE is part of the rel--99 of the 3GPP specifications, and thus, BSS complies
with that version of the specification on the radio interface. It is noted that a rel--97
SGSN also supports EDGE.

Generalities
1 Traffic channel types: speech case
TCU

MSC

BSC
BTS

A Interface

NSS

Ater Interface

Abis Interface

Radio
Interface

BSS

A Interface

MS
Abis Interface

Ater Interface

Radio Interface

Gross rate Raw rate Gross rate Raw rate Gross rate Raw rate Gross rate Raw rate

64 kbps

64 kbps

16 kbps

TCH/EFS 64 kbps

64 kbps

16 kbps 12.2 kbps 16 kbps 12.2 kbps 22.8 kbps 12.2 kbps

TCH/AFS 64 kbps

64 kbps

16 kbps

TCH/FS

TCH/HS

64 kbps

TCH/AHS 64 kbps
(1)

13 kbps
(1)

16 kbps

13 kbps 22.8 kbps 13 kbps

(1)

22.8 kbps

(1)

64 kbps 8/16 kbps 5.6 kbps 8/16 kbps 5.6 kbps 11.4 kbps 5.6 kbps
64 kbps

16 kbps

(2)

depends on the AMR Full Rate mode:

4.75; 5.15; 5.9; 6.7; 7.4; 7.95; 10.2 or 12.2 kbps
5

16 kbps

8 kbps
(2)

(2)

11.4 kbps

(2)

depends on the AMR Half Rate mode:

4.75; 5.15; 5.9; 6.7; 7.4 or 7.95 kbps

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Speech
The raw data rate is specified by the channel type:
TCH/FS: 13 kbps conveyed into a 16 kbps channel on Ater and Abis interfaces
TCH/EFS: 12.2 kbps conveyed into a 16 kbps channel on Ater and Abis
interfaces
TCH/HS: 5.6 kbps conveyed either into a 8 kbps or into a 16 kbps channel on
Ater and Abis interfaces. Not available at the present time.
TCH/AFS: there are 8 AMR Full Rate modes (4.75; 5.15; 5.90; 6.70; 7.40;
7.95; 10.20 and 12.20 kbps) conveyed into a 16 kbps channel on Ater and Abis
interfaces
TCH/AHS: there are 6 AMR Half Rate modes (4.75; 5.15; 5.90; 6.70; 7.40;
7.95) conveyed either into a 8 kbps or into a 16 kbps channel on Ater and Abis
interfaces
The speech transmission is always bi-directional.
Remarks:
On Abis and Ater interfaces, the difference between the gross rate and the raw
rate is used for signaling between TRAU and BTS. On radio interface, this
difference corresponds to the channel coding.
TCH/HS is not supported by Nortel. On Abis and Ater interfaces, from the
GSM recommendation (TS 08.61) point of view, there are two possible
implementations: TRAU frame on 16 kbps or on 8 kbps channel.
For TCH/AHS, there are the same two possibilities. Nevertheless, Nortel chose
to use the 8 kbps TRAU frame but on a 16 kbps channel on Ater and on a 8
5
kbps channel on Abis.

Generalities
2 Traffic channel types: data case over NSS
TCU

MSC

BSC
BTS

A Interface

NSS

Ater Interface

Radio
Interface

Abis Interface

BSS

MS

Ater/Abis Interface

Radio Interface
Gross

rate

Raw rate

Gross rate

User Service rate

TCH/F14.4

16 kbps

14.4 kbps

22.8 kbps

14.5 kbps

TCH/F9.6

16 kbps

9.6 kbps

22.8 kbps

12 kbps

TCH/F4.8

16 kbps

4.8 kbps

22.8 kbps

6 kbps

TCH/F2.4

16 kbps

2.4 kbps

22.8 kbps

3.6 kbps

TCH/H4.8

8 kbps

4.8 kbps

11.4 kbps

6 kbps

TCH/H2.4

8 kbps

2.4 kbps

11.4 kbps

3.6 kbps

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Data over NSS = Circuit Switched Data

The different bi-directional data transmission types are: TCH/F14.4, TCH/F9.6,
TCH/F4.8, TCH/F2.4, TCH/H4.8 and TCH/H2.4.
Data transmission at rates of 1200 bps or less or equal than 600 bps are also
possible. There are using either a TCH/F2.4 or a TCH/H2.4.
High Speed Circuit Switch Data (HSCSD) feature allows to one user up to 4 such
data traffic channel type. HSCSD is really interesting with four TCH/F14.4 leading
to a raw rate of 57.6 kbps. Nevertheless, it is very resource consuming as four
radio and four terrestrial resources are allocated to the same user.
Enhanced Circuit Switch Data (ECSD) feature defines three new channel types:
E-TCH/F43.2, E-TCH/F32.0 and E-TCH/F28.8 using 8PSK modulation. It allows to
reach the same data rates (on radio interface) as for HSCSD but with less
terrestrial resources.

Generalities
3 Traffic channel types: Data case over GPRS core network
PCUSN

SGSN

BSC
BTS

Gb Interface

GPRS Network

Agprs Interface

Abis Interface

Radio
Interface

BSS

MS
Agprs/ Abis Interface

Gross rate

Raw rate

Radio Interface
Gross rate

Raw rate - Mod

PDTCH/CS1-CS2

16 kbps

9.05/13.4 kbps

22.8 kbps

9.05/13.4 kbps - GMSK

PDTCH/CS3-CS4

2x16 kbps

15.6/21.4 kbps

22.8 kbps

15.6/21.4 kbps - GMSK

PDTCH/MCS1-MCS2

16 kbps

8.8/11.2 kbps

22.8 kbps

8.8/11.2 kbps - GMSK

PDTCH/MCS3-MCS4

2x16 kbps

14.8/17.6 kbps

22.8 kbps

14.8/17.6 kbps - GMSK

PDTCH/MCS5

2x16 kbps

22.4 kbps

69.6 kbps

22.4 kbps - 8PSK

PDTCH/MCS6

3x16 kbps

29.6 kbps

69.6 kbps

29.6 kbps - 8PSK

PDTCH/MCS7

4x16 kbps

44.8 kbps

69.6 kbps

44.8 kbps - 8PSK

PDTCH/MCS8-MCS9

5x16 kbps

54.4/59.2 kbps

69.6 kbps

54.4/59.2 kbps - 8PSK

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Data over GPRS core network = Packet Switched Data

The data transmission over the GPRS core network always uses one and only one
full rate traffic channel on the radio interface whatever the coding scheme applied
(CS1 to CS4 for GPRS or MCS1 to MCS9 for EDGE). On the other hand, for high
data rates (over 13.4 kbps for GPRS (CS2) and over 11.2 kbps for EDGE
(MCS2)), more than one terrestrial resource (16 kbps channel) is required.
For example, using MCS6, RLC user data payload is 74 bytes to be transmitted in
20 ms. For this, 26 bytes are transmitted in one "main" 16 kbps channel and 24
bytes are transmitted in each of the two "joker" channels. Therefore, the raw data
rates are not the same in each of the 16 kbps channels ("main" and "joker"). In
above table, only the global raw data rates (sum of the rate of the "main" and
"joker" channels) are indicated.
Nevertheless, from the user point of view, the data transfer mode is a packet
mode. That is to say, up to 8 radio TS can be assigned to one user. And
simultaneously, one radio TS can be shared between several users. Moreover, the
number of radio TS allocated to one user in downlink can be different than the
number of radio TS allocated to the same user in uplink.
Remarks:
From Release V15.0, EDGE supports the maximum data rate of 59.2 kbps
utilizing up thru MCS8-9.

Generalities
EDGE : Enhanced GPRS
GPRS
8.8

20.8

CS1
CS2
CS3
CS4

EDGE
GMSK
modulation

GMSK
modulation

8.8

17.6
22.4

MCS1
MCS2
MCS3
MCS4

8PSK
modulation
59.2

MCS5
MCS6
MCS7
MCS8
MCS9

> Optimized throughput versus propagation channel

performance
> Enhanced Features:
Link Adaptation (GPRS/EDGE)
Measurement coding scheme adaptation

Incremental Redundancy (EDGE)

dynamic redundancy added with block repetition

RLC/MAC layer improvement. No window stalling limitation

EDGE offers better performances than GPRS

8

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

EDGE uses an additional modulation scheme (8-PSK) that enables to transmit

more information per radio symbol (3 bits, instead of 1 with GMSK). Drawback is
that it is more dependant on radio conditions.
By adapting the coding schemes to the radio channel conditions dynamically, it is
possible to optimise communication performances and throughput. This is done by
Link Adaptation: through radio measurements, the network (PCUSN) chooses the
best MCS and adapts it. Estimated best MCS is used in each position of the cell.
Moreover Incremental Redundancy provides the possibility to retransmit a data
block using a different puncturing method (additional redundancy) and to recombine
it with retransmitted packets. By this way, probability to receive a correct block is
increased.
The RLC/MAC layer has been significantly improved in EDGE development. For
handsets supporting multiple TS, performance limitations in GPRS due to the limited
size of the acknowledge window is not reproduced in EDGE, i.e. in GPRS RLC
window size is 64, i.e. the transmitter cannot transmit block N+64 if block N has not
been correctly acknowledged by the receiver. In EDGE, windows size has been
extended to 1024 blocks, avoiding loss of incorrect blocks because of too bad radio
conditions.

Generalities
Speech on the BTS-TCU interface: Abis vs. Ater mapping
Abis Interface

Ater Interface

TCU

BTS

BSC
TS 1/0

TS 1/0
TS m
TS n

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS i

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS j
TS p

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS 24/31
FR TCH (TCH/FS or TCH/EFS)
AMR HR TCH (TCH/AHS)
AMR FR TCH (TCH/AFS10.2)
9

TS 24/31
8 kbps channel carrying supplementary information in downlink, padding in uplink.
AMR FR TCH (TCH/AFS6.7, TCH/AFS5.9 or TCH/AFS4.75)
8 kbps channel carrying supplementary information (in uplink and in downlink).
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Reminder: The Nortel BSS does only provide Half Rate Traffic Channel with AMR
introduction:
On the Abis interface, half rate channels induce 8 kbps TS, instead of 16 kbps for
full rate channels. As the same radio TS can be used as a FR or HR channel, the
associated 16 kbps Abis TS is used as one 16 kbps TS in case of FR channel and
two 8 kbps TS in case of HR channel, using the following rules:
FR: 16 kbps
HR with T = 0: 8 kbps (the most significant bit of the 16 kbps TS)
HR with T = 1: 8 kbps (the least significant bit of the 16 kbps TS)
where T indicates the sub-channel number of the Air interface.
In case of FR channel, the 16 kbps Abis TS is naturally connected to the associated
16 kbps Ater TS.
In case of HR channel, the 8 kbps Abis channel is connected to the most significant
bit of the 16 kbps Ater TS. The least significant bit of the 16 kbps Ater TS is not
used and padded using silent pattern by the BSC, in the uplink path.
For the downlink path on the Ater interface, the TCU used always both 8 kbps
whatever the AMR channel type FR or HR. But in case of HR, the BSC ignores the
least significant bit and sends to the BTS the most significant bit.
The 8 kbps channel (on Ater) corresponding to the least significant bit, is used to
manage proprietary frame, in order to ensure a 16 kbps quality for the FR
channel for AMR FR codec modes of 6.7 kbps, 5.9 kbps and 4.75 kbps.

Generalities
Network Engineering

Sites layout
Capacity

Number & Type

System Dimensioning

of Equipment
and Links

Cost minimization
Required quality
Inputs
Constraints
Outputs

10

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The result of network engineering is a definition of the equipment and links of the
networks.
These results must be optimized to minimize installation/operation/maintenance
costs while maintaining the required quality.
To reach these objectives, the available variable parameters intervene in system
dimensioning, taking into account that cellular planning is fixed. Indeed, sites/cells
layout are defined by site population (rural/urban), site topography, etc..

10

Generalities
Traffic model overview

Quality
of
Service

TRAFFIC
MODEL

Subscribers
Behavior

Cellular
Planning

11

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

System Dimensioning is based on a Traffic Model. A traffic model is a set of

parameters which represent the behavior of the subscribers at the busy hour.
Every operator must define his Traffic Model, which is the result of three influences:
Cellular planning: the sites/cells layout has been fixed; for instance, a higher
number of cells increases handover, then CPU capacity needs.
Quality of service: it depends on blocking rate values of traffic and signaling
channels, on network operation, on supplementary services provided, on
subscription costs.
Subscribers: higher the distribution of GSM subscribers within the population,
higher the number of communications between GSM and PSTN networks. The
rural/urban distribution of GSM subscribers, their activity rate, their mobility are
other influent parameters.

11

Generalities
Clutters

12

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Radio waves behave differently depending on the environment, and the radio range
can vary from few hundred meters to several kilometers.
It is then important to classify the different types of environment included in the area
to be provided with GSM service.
As an example the map presented above shows a city and its surroundings,
classified into fourteen types of environment or clutters.
A link budget is established for each clutter, defining a specific cell size.
Example of Dense Urban clutter

do
up
m.

Areas within urban perimeter. This includes dense urban

areas with dense development where built-up features
not appear distinct from each other. It also includes builtfeatures of the downtown district with heights below 40

Example of Mean Urban clutter

should
streets
each
Average

Areas with urban perimeter. The mean urban clutter

have mean street density with no pattern, the major
are visible, the built-up features appear distinct from
other. Some small vegetation could be included.
height is below 40 m.

12

Generalities
Theoretical cells

13

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

All areas to be provided with GSM service are characterized and classified.
For areas where traffic is the limiting factor, the site number is just resulting from the
division of number of subscribers in the area by the maximum subscribers managed
by one site.
For each clutter where coverage is the limiting factor, one link budget is established
giving a theoretical size of the corresponding cell with which the area is paved.
This step gives a first estimation of the number and type of sites needed to reach
the marketing goals.
Before deployment, Cell Planning has to be performed carefully to determine the
exact site positions and practical coverage, taking into account the existing and
friendly sites.
This is performed with the help of a planning tool which inputs are terrain database
with clutters, sites characteristics and EIRP and signal strength coming from the link
budgets.
The final step is to deliver a list and characteristics of sites after frequency planning
is performed.
This process is iterative until theoretical site positions match to practical ones.

13

Generalities
Components of the GSM/GPRS System traffic

SMS
(Point
to
Point)

Subscriber Activity

Mobility Events

(intentional activity)

(transparent for the subscriber)

Call
Data
Attach/
Attempts Sessions Detach
rate

Inter
PLMN
Roaming

Location/ Handover
Routing Area
updating

Traffic Model
Periodic
registration

SMS
Cell broadcast

System
14

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The GSM dynamic parameters which define the Traffic Model are specified:
Subscriber activity: call attempt rate is the most influent parameter.
Mobility events:
Handover: their number is linked to the cell sizes
Location updating/registration: the information concerning the location area
increases with mobility and the definition of the location area
Inter PLMN roaming: it is of negligible influence on Traffic Model
System:
Cell broadcast: this function allows the operator to send various types of
information (traffic, weather forecast, advertising for instance) on MS in
idle mode
Periodic registration: this action is optional but most operators use it. It is a
periodic update supervised by the system (SDCCH)

14

Erlang Law
Definition

Network dimensioning according to the busy hour traffic

Unit for occupancy averages of links = Erlang

Traffic Intensity in Erlang =

15

Resource(s) occupancy duration

Reference period duration

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The Erlang unit is not a GSM specific unit. It is used to express a traffic intensity or a traffic
activity.
In GSM, when we focus on a specific radio resource, we compute the traffic intensity of this
resource (value < 1). When we focus on the total network traffic, we compute the network
activity (value may be > 1).
Traffic in Erlangs = resource(s) occupancy duration = T2

reference period duration

T1

1 Erlang =
Total resource occupancy duration of one hour observed on the reference
busy hour.
Example 1: A traffic of 0.5 Erl may correspond to 1 resource occupied during 50% of the
busy hour or 2 resources during 25% or .
Example 2: A traffic of 3.5 Erl may correspond to 3.5 resources during 100% of the busy
hour or 14 resources during 25% or .

ERLANGS ON THE AIR INTERFACE

TCH

SDCCH

TRAFFIC
SIGNALING
(Beginning
of communication)
(Speech, Data)
(End of communication)
(Handover)

15

SIGNALING
(various procedures)

Erlang Law
Offered and carried traffics
Equipment with
blocking rate x%

Offered Traffic

Carried Traffic

Increasing blocking

- Increase of subscribers number (more offered traffic)

- Decrease of grade of service, while maintaining it
sufficient

Decreasing blocking

- Decrease of subscribers number (less offered traffic)

- Increase of grade of service

16

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Assuming x = blocking rate:

Carried Traffic = (1 - x/100) * Offered Traffic
Carried Traffic < Offered Traffic (if x 0)
In this course we will use the following assumptions:
Blocking rate for traffic on Radio interface: 2%
Blocking rate for signaling on radio interface (SDCCH) = 0.1%
Blocking rate for PSTN interface = 0.5%
Blocking rate for A interface = 0.1%
Blocking rate for Abis interface = 0%
Blocking rate for Ater interface = 0.1%
Those values of blocking rate are typical values. They may change according to
the environment and the QoS we want to offer to the final subscriber.
As blocking rates are always small, we admit that:
Carried Traffic Offered Traffic

16

Erlang Law
Erlang Law with losses (Erlang B)
We need 6 resources to match the requests
Offered traffic on
1
each resource

Y1 = 0.6 E
Y2 = 0.75 E
Y3 = 0.45 E
Y4 = 0.35 E
Y5 = 0.4 E
Y6 = 0.5 E
A = 3.05 E
Offered traffic

2
3
4
5
6

Resources
request

Lost calls
6

Carried traffic
A = 2.9 E

Blocking factor

Maximum
resource
Average busy
resource

3
2
1
0

1 hour

3 9

57

time

Yi = occupancy rate of resource i

17

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

It is assumed (teaching example):

Offered traffic needs, at some times, up to six resources.
At a time, only 4 resources max. are available.
Then:
For each period equal to 3 minutes, the number of resources needed is
computed: i.e. for first period, resources 1, 2 and 6 are requested, given 3
resources.
Offered traffic on resource 1 includes 12 periods of 3 minutes, giving a traffic
value equal to:
(12 x 3)/60 = 0.6 Erlang.
Total offered traffic is equal to 3.05 Erlangs, needing an average number of
busy resources of 3.05.
Three call attempts are rejected.
Note 1
Traffic in Erlangs = Summation of events duration (for each event, on a reference
period):
for instance, reference period = one hour.
Note 2
This teaching example only introduces the traffic notion evaluated in Erlangs.
It does not correspond to the Erlang Law which deals with:
Very high number of events
Number of events following a Poisson Law
Distribution of event duration following a negative exponential law

17

Erlang Law
Erlang number computation

A = T
A is the Erlang number
is the mean rate of events per unit of time
T is the average duration of an event

18

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Example on the previous page:

T1 = duration of the observation period (usually it is the busy hour = 60)
T2 = total channel occupancy duration
X = number of channel requests during T1
X
= number of channel requests per unit of time during the busy hour
T1
T2
T=
= average channel occupancy time per request at the busy hour
X
T2 X T2
A=
=
x
= T
T1 T1 X
T1 = 60 ' T2 = 183 '
X = 36

36
= 0.6
60

T=

183
= 5.0833
36

A = T = 3.05Erl

18

Erlang Law
Erlang B Law tables
n

19

0.001

0.002

0.005

0.010

0.020

0.030

0.050

0.070

0.100

0.200

0.001

0.002

0.005

0.010

0.020

0.031

0.053

0.075

0.111

0.250

0.046

0.065

0.105

0.153

0.223

0.282

0.381

0.470

0.595

1.000

0.194

0.249

0.349

0.455

0.602

0.715

0.899

1.057

1.271

1.930

0.439

0.535

0.701

0.869

1.092

1.259

1.525

1.748

2.045

2.945

0.762

0.900

1.132

1.361

1.657

1.875

2.218

2.504

2.881

4.010

1.146

1.325

1.622

1.909

2.276

2.543

2.960

3.305

3.758

5.109

1.579

1.798

2.157

2.501

2.935

3.250

3.738

4.139

4.666

6.230

2.051

2.311

2.730

3.128

3.627

3.987

4.543

4.999

5.597

7.369

2.557

2.855

3.333

3.783

4.345

4.748

5.370

5.879

6.546

8.522

10

3.092

3.427

3.961

4.461

5.084

5.529

6.216

6.776

7.511

9.685

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Formula for lost calls (no queuing):

N = Resources number for offered traffic
A = Erlang number

E N [A ] =

AN
N!

= Blocking rate
N
1 + A + ... + A
1!
N!
The Erlang B formula is quite complicated. A good approximate result can be
obtained by using the following formula:

Resources N = A + k (A)
with
Blocking Rate Br = 10-k
Traffic (Erlang) = A
The results of the Erlang B formula are summarized in the Erlang B tables provided
in the last section.

19

Erlang Law
Erlang Law with queuing (Erlang C)
Offered traffic on:
Resource 1

Y1 = 0.6 Erlang

Y2 = 0.75 Erlang

Y3 = 0.45 Erlang

Y4 = 0.35 Erlang

Y5 = 0.4 Erlang

Y6 = 0.5 Erlang

Resources
request 6

A = 3.05 Erlang
Offered traffic
Time Out
calls rejected

Queued calls

5
Maximum number of
available resource

Average number of
busy resources

Carried traffic
A = 3.05
A = Offered traffic

1
Yi = occupancy rate of resource i

3 69

18

42

57

time (minutes)

1 hour
20

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

It is assumed (teaching example):

Offered traffic needs, at some times, up to six resources.
At a time, only 4 resources max. are available.
Then:
For each period equal to 3 minutes, the number of resources needed is
computed: i.e. for first period, resources 1, 2 and 6 are requested, given 3
resources.
Offered traffic on resource 1 concerns 12 periods of 3 minutes, giving a traffic
value equal to:
(12 x 3)/60 = 0.6 Erlang.
Total offered traffic is equal to 3.05 Erlangs, needing an average number of
busy resources of 3.05.
The three call attempts which would be rejected without Queuing, are
registered and processed with some delay.
Nevertheless after a defined waiting delay, they are definitely rejected.

20

Erlang Law
Traffic management: Queuing of TCH requests
FIFO Management on cell basis
Priority 0

Emergency Call
Call Reestablishment
Priority 1
....

1
2
3

Example

Paging
Handover
....

Priority 7

1
2

WT0

T11
time out

WT1

=5

64

1
2

WT7

=5

64

64

request
rejected

TCH allocation request

Available TCH in the pool
TCH request priority

21

1 to r0

> r0

0 (max)

FIFO (*)

TCH attributed

TCH attributed

1 to 7

FIFO (*)

FIFO (*)

TCH attributed

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Management performed by the BSC, only for TCH (no queuing for SDCCH).
Priority 0 to 7: In order to improve the Traffic Management, priority has been defined
on call basis:
Internal priorities (0 to 7), per cell; max. priority = 0; one queue per priority
Level 0 priority can be defined for example for: emergency call, call reestablishment....
Priority threshold (allocPriorityThreshold O&M parameter; example of value: 2):
r0 resources are reserved for requests of level 0 priority in the pool of available
TCH
r0 resources must be available to allow processing of a level 1 to 7 priority
request
If all these r0 resources are busy, a new level 0 priority request may be queued
in level zero priority Queue.
Waiting Threshold WT0 to WT7 (allocWaitThreshold O&M parameter; example of
value: 10):
This threshold defines, for each priority level 0 to 7, in each cell, a number of
queued requests; its use is given just below.
For example:
Priority 0: WT0=5 and 3 requests are queued
Priority 1: WT1=5 and 2 requests are queued
A third request in P1 queue can not be accepted because the total number of
requests queued in the queue P0 and P1 (3+2) is equal to WT1.

21

This can be explained generally with the following expression:

j =i

FIFO (*):

j =0

(number of Queued requests in Pj Queues) WTi

So, a request of priority Pi can be queued only if, at this moment, the above
condition is satisfied.
Protection Timer (T11 time out; AllocPriorityTimers O&M parameter; standard
value: 5 seconds):
TCH request still stored at end of time out is erased from the queue.
Note: when the Pi Queue is full, the related level i priority request is rejected (i
range: 0 to 7).

22

Erlang Law
Exercise
> How many resources are necessary for an offered traffic of 65
Erl with a blocking rate value of 2%?
> What is the maximum offered traffic that 95 resources can
manage without exceeding a blocking rate value of 0.1%?
> How many resources are necessary for an offered traffic of 290
Erl with a blocking rate value of 0.1%?
> What is the maximum offered traffic that 960 resources can
manage without exceeding a blocking rate value of 10%?
> What is the maximum offered traffic that 1070 resources can
manage without exceeding a blocking rate value of 2%?

23

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

23

Traffic Model
BSS Reference call and mobility profile: detailed
computations for CS voice
Mobile Terminating calls
MT = 34%
Mobile Originating calls
MO = 66%

20%

Legend

5%

MO

Successful

10%
10%

70%

No response called party

Busy

{Establishment
Ringing

Call

90.1 s
16.72 s
MO and MT calls description
24

MT

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

24

85%

Traffic Model
BSS Reference call and mobility profile: detailed
computations
Duration *
(s)

MO
MO successful:
- Setup
- Ringing
- Conversation
MO no response:
- Setup
- Ringing
MO busy called-party:

10
25
15
120

MO calls
ratio 1

MO calls
ratio 2

MT
MT successful
- Ringing
- Conversation
MT no response
- To paging
- or busy
- Ringing

Successful calls TCH occupancy

(s)
(unsuccessful)

46.2

70%

46.2%

10
20

30

10%

6.6%

(19.8%)

20%
MT calls
ratio 1

5
120

85%

25

MT calls
ratio 2

1 x 2

Successful calls
(unsuccessful)

28.9%

28.9%

10%

3.4%

5%

1.7%

(5.1%)

-Successful calls: 75.1%

-Unsuccessful calls: 24.9%

25

TCH
occupancy
(s)
1.445
34.66

34%

TOTAL

1.98
(30 x 0.066)
1.32
(10 x 0.132)

13.2%

Duration
(s)

11.55
(25 x 0.462)
55.44
(120 x 0.462)

66%

10

- Setup

1 x 2

0.425
(25 x 0.017)
106.82
including
conversation:
90.1

: This is the duration of traffic channels occupancy on the radio interface, either for traffic (ex:
conversation) or for signaling (ex: setup, ringing)
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

25

Traffic Model
Standard traffic model. Observed figures
Mean SDCCH occupancy duration per
call attempt = 4 s

Number of observed subscribers = 4000

Total call attempts at the busy hour = 4000

Mean SDCCH occupancy duration for

Loc./Rout. Area update, Attach/Detach,
SMS, Supplementary Services = 4 s

Call attempts per subscriber during

the busy hour = 1
60

100

100

20
20

Mean TCH occupancy duration per call

attempt (traffic) = 90.1 s
Mean TCH occupancy duration per call
attempt (signaling) = 16.72 s

Average number of
requests for SDCCH,
except those for call
attempts, during the BH,
for the whole subscribers
= 26920

Mean TCH occupancy per call attempt (total) = 106.82 s

Exercise: ASDCCH ?

Exercise: ATCH ?
26

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Exercise:
Find ATCH and ASDCCH for 1 subscriber at the busy hour.
ATCH = TCH * TTCH
TCH ?
TTCH ?
ASDCCH = ?
What is the ratio between SDCCH and TCH traffic?
In the rest of this course we will apply this ratio. (We consider that proportion
between signaling and traffic is constant).

26

Traffic Model
High mobility and short call duration traffic model
High mobility

Short call duration

Traffic per customer

0.025 Erl

0.025 Erl

BHCA per customer

2.25

40000

40000

50

50

Average call holding time

120 s

45 s

Average call duration

90 s

37 s

Loc./Rout. update, periodic

update, attach/detach, SMS, per
subscriber in BH

4.54

1.72

Handover per subscriber at BH

1.6

0.6

Active subscribers in the LAC

Number of cells managed by the
BSC

27

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

27

Traffic Model
PS communication types
Communication

UL / DL

File Size
per transaction
in Kbytes

Simple Messaging
Information Service & E-commerce
E-mail (without attachment)
E-mail (with attachments)
Web Access (no file downloading)
Web Access (file downloading)
28

UL

0.7

DL

0.3

UL

0.3

DL

2.7

UL

DL

12

UL

204

DL

612

UL

DL

180

UL

10

DL

680

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

28

Traffic Model
Subscriber Categories

Active Data Terminals

in Xs network (k units)

Business

38

10

Consumer

132

20

Field Service

28

10

Telemetry

23

Total

29

BH

221

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

29

Traffic Model
Subscriber profile example
File Size
per
transaction

Business

Number of
transactions
at BH

in Kbytes
UL

0.300

DL

2.700

UL

4.000

DL

12.000

UL

204.000

DL

612.000

UL

8.000

DL

180.000

UL

10.000

DL

680.000

Information Services & E-commerce

0.98

E-mail (without attachments)

0.24

E-mail (with attachments)

Web Access (no file downloading)

Web Access (file downloading)

30

1.95

0.19

55.485
Kbytes in one
hour (BH) in
UL

232.105
Kbytes in one
hour (BH) in
DL

0.05

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

GPRS and EDGE call profiles include for each type of subscriber (Business,
Consumer, Field Service and Telemetry) the types of service used and the
description of the amount of traffic each service generates.

30

Traffic Model
Busy hour throughput example
Business
Consumer
Field Service
Telemetry
Network

BH

peak bit/s (max UL,DL) sigma

10
20
10
3
20

1857
3,00
986
2,00
326
4,00
2
20,00
503 bit/s (max UL/DL)

Subscribers
repartition
38/221
132/221
28/221
23/221

Average throughput per subscriber

according to GPRS Busy Hours

Average bit/s per subs

2000,0

1600,0

Total (max UL, DL)

1200,0

Business
Consumer

800,0

Telemetry
Field Service
400,0

31

22

20

18

16

14

12

hours

10

0,0

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The last parameter to discuss is the subscriber Busy Hour.

If we assume that the GPRS traffic profile is gaussian like, we have a sigma and a
peak time (Busy Hour) for each category. Using the number of active GPRS
subscribers per category (deduced from marketing inputs) as coefficients, it is
possible to compute an average throughput per subscriber at each time of the day
(curve Total(max UL, DL)). Its peak value is the average throughput per
subscriber at Network Busy Hour.
Thus, according to GPRS Busy Hour, the average traffic per subscriber can be very
different (almost double). If the busy hour is different for each subscriber, then the
average throughput per subscriber is reduced.
The Busy Hour is largely determined by Operator Tarifications and subscribers
behavior. It has to be considered carefully.

31

Dimensioning Procedure
SY2
Start dimensioning

Network dimensioning according

to the busy hour traffic

Cell
Radio Interface
BTS
Abis

EDGE dependant

BSC
Agprs

Ater
TCU (TRAU)

PCU

A interface
MSC/VLR

SGSN

HLR

GGSN

End dimensioning
32

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Cell organization (omni or multi-sector sites, cell dimension) depends on expected

traffic, but also on dedicated radio propagation and interference problems.
These problems are in charge of radio-engineers. And cell organization is admitted
as entry data for the other part of GSM dimensioning which is described hereafter:
Radio interface: number of TCH/BCCH/SDCCH channels.
Abis/Ater/A interface: number of PCM links.
BTS: number of TRX, BTS and interface boards (possibility of drop and insert
techniques).
BSC: number of interface boards, BSC type.
TCU (TRAU): number of shelves.
Main EDGE dimensioning constraints are:
Number of PDTCH configured per cell
Number of Joker TS configured per cell
From theses assumptions are computed additional resources (number of PCMs,
HW upgrades, products adaptation) required to implement EDGE.

32

Section 3
BTS Dimensioning
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Lesson Objectives
Upon completion of this section, the student will be
able to
> For cell, compute:

The TCH and PDTCH numbers

The SDCCH number
The CCCH number
The TRX number

> For site, dimension:

The BTS type
The BTS configuration
Total PCM TS on Abis link, including LAPD TS and Joker DS0
(EDGE)
You will also be able to quickly obtain these results using look-up tables
summarizing all above computations

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

This section describes and justifies the several computation steps for BTS
dimensioning.
Starting site data are:
Offered traffic
Site layout: number of sectors per site, number of TRX per cell
Blocking rate currently taken for BTS on TCH: 2%
Blocking rate currently taken for BTS on SDCCH: 0.1%

Contents

> Overall Information

> Dimensioning Detailed Method
> Packet Logical Channels
> BTS Connections
> Terrestrial Link Optimization

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Overall Information
Cell subscriber repartition (Example)
20
20

20

20

40

60

100

60

60

20
100

100

60

100

20

100

Town

20

20

Suburb

20

Rural
Highway

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The cellular planning determines the cell distribution per BTS; the traffic per cell is
obtained from the average number of mobile stations assumed in each cell, with a
fixed average value of traffic per subscriber.
For the example of the diagram:
Traffic is given per cell or per site, in Erlangs; for instance, assuming an
average traffic value of 25 mE per subscriber, 2400 subscribers correspond to
a traffic value of 60 Erlangs.
Three types of traffic area are shown:
a high traffic area with low surface cells: center of a town
two medium traffic areas: a suburban area and a straight motorway area
a low traffic area with large surface cells: countryside

Overall Information
BTS Dimensioning methods
1. First method: detailed understanding
BTS limits
Abis Joker DS0 (EDGE)

PS - data traffic (bits/s)

CS - Voice/data traffic (Erlangs)
Signaling (Erlangs)
Site layout

- TCH
- PDTCH
- SDCCH (BCCH)
- TRX

Abis PCM links

Abis LAPD TS

Blocking rate

2. Second method: look-up tables (for voice standard traffic model)

LAPD Nbr
Offered traffic on site

Abis PCM link

PCM circuit Nbr
SDCCH/8 Nbr
BCCH Nbr
TCH Nbr
TRX Nbr
Abis Joker DS0 (EDGE)

TABLES
Site layout

LAPD
Concentration Abis LAPD TS
(2G only)

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

First method: detailed understanding

Starting from the site data, and using the Erlang B, a didactic and detailed method
is given; it is a step by step analytic method.
This method is general, despite the choice of waiting or blocking rate values in the
computation completed hereafter.
Second method
Computations of first method are summarized in tables.
These tables are of quick and general use for standard BTS dimensioning.
Final checks are done
On TRX number relating to radio TS number.
On BTS load constraints.

Overall Information
> BTS Model provisioning

Radio interface dimensioning:

TCH, PDTCH, SDCCH, CCCH, TRX, BTS Type
Abis interface dimensioning:
Traffic and signaling (LAPD) TS and Joker DS0 (EDGE)
BCF units dimensioning:
PCM interface boards (PCMI)
Signaling concentration boards (DSC)
CBCF units dimensioning:
PCM interface boards (CPCMI)

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Radio interface dimensioning:

Three groups of channels:
traffic channels TCH, PDTCH
dedicated channels SDCCH
common channels CCCH
Abis interface dimensioning:
Radio interface will be defined, as TRX number
Number of traffic TS = 2 x (TRX number)

Number of LAPD =

TRX number
(upper integer )
8 (or 9 for BTS18000 )

Number of Joker DS0 depending on the expected MCS distribution within the
cell (EDGE), ranging from 0 to 8
Depending on the product range BTS 18000, S12000 or S8000

Overall Information
GSM/GPRS Logical channels on radio interface TSs
TS

0 12 34 5 6 7

MF52
MF26

MF51

BTS
Frequency correction
Synchronization

FCCH

TCH

SCH

FACCH

MS
Traffic (speech CS data)
Associated Signaling

BCCH

Broadcast control

Radio Measurement + SMS

RACH

Access request

SACCH
SDCCH Dedicated Signaling

PCH

Subscriber paging

CBCH

AGCH

Answer to Access request

Broadcast info

FCCH
CBCH

Broadcast info

SCH

SDCCH

Dedicated Signaling
Sys Info 5, 5bis, 5ter 6 + SMS

SACCH

RACH
PCH

Traffic (speech CS data)

TCH
Associated Signaling
Traffic (PS data)
Associated Signaling
7

M.S. Pre-synchronization

BCCH

AGCH

FACCH

PDTCH
PACCH

Access request
Subscriber paging
Answer to Access request

PDTCH

Traffic (PS data)

PACCH

Associated Signaling

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Three groups of logical channels:

1.
Traffic channels (TCH; PDTCH), and associated channels (FACCH,
SACCH; PACCH, PTCCH):

Number computed from Erlang B law, starting from offered traffic,

according to the traffic model.

2.

Dedicated signaling channels (SDCCH, SACCH, CBCH):

Number computed from Erlang B law, using figures given by the traffic
model.

The CBCH is optionally used; when activated, it uses permanently one

SDCCH resource.

3.
Common channels (CCCH), BCCH and synchronization channels
(FCCH, SCH)
AGCH

Access Grant CHannel

PCH

Paging CHannel

CCCH

Common Control CHannel

SCH

Signaling CHannel

PTCCH

Packet Timing advance Control

CHannel

Theoretical studies on message exchanges on radio interface have

BCCH
Broadcast Control CHannel
RACH
Random Access CHannel
shown that one common channel is often
sufficient,
for low to medium offered
CBCH traffic
Common
Broadcast CHannel
SACCH Slow Associated Control CHannel
on CELL.

FCCH

BCCH combined: common SDCCH

channel pattern
for small capacity cells
Frequency Control CHannel
Stand-alone Dedicated Control CHannel
(O1): Signaling channels SDCCH/SACCH are included in same frame as
FACCH Fast Associated Control CHannel
TCH
Traffic CHannel
PACCHcommon
Packetchannels:
Associated Control Channel
PDTCH Packet Data Traffic CHannel

Overall Information
FR vs. HR TCH
f0

Um interface
TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Abis interface (E1/T1)

Capacity
improvements
thanks to AMR
introduction

BTS
TS 1/0
TCH/F

TCH/H

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS n
16 kbps

But, there can be holes at a time being.

A Full Rate call may not be established.

2x8 kbps
f1

TS 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS p
Full Rate blocking rate increases.
TS 24/31

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

AMR Half Rate allows to double the number of calls that could be carried on a Abis
PCM. Therefore, AMR HR offers the possibility to have a capacity increase in terms
of Erlang with the quality of a FR speech.
Indeed, one Full Rate Traffic CHannel (TCH/F) requires one 16 kbps TS on Abis
and one complete Radio TS. Whereas, the same resources (the 16 kbps TS on Abis
and the Radio TS) can be shared by two Half Rate Traffic CHannels (TCH/H).
The Nortel BSS does only provide Half Rate Traffic Channel with AMR introduction:
Adaptative multi-rate Half rate Traffic CHannel (TCH/AHS)
Adaptative multi-rate Full rate Traffic CHannel (TCH/AFS)

Overall Information
BTS Product range: cell layout
For BSC12000: 24 TRXs max per site

8 TRXs 8 TRXs
8 TRXs 8 TRXs

8 TRXs

8 TRXs

Omni

Bi sectorial

Tri sectorial

For BSC3000: 48 TRXs max per site (V15.1) with BTS18000

16 TRXs 16 TRXs
16 TRXs 16 TRXs
16 TRXs

16 TRXs

Omni
9

Bi sectorial

Tri sectorial

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The Diagrams show the max. number of TRX which can be installed per cell, on one
site managed by a BTS.
Note that in the case of a BSC3000, a max of 48 TRXs per site is defined only with
the introduction of the BTS 18000 and in a S161616 config.
Reminder: for high traffic densities, the solution is to create multi-sectorial sites,
instead of increasing the number of omni-sectorial sites of reduced coverage, which
would result in:
Higher installation cost
Difficulties to find sites
Currently, the most used configurations are:
Omni-sectorial layout for low traffic sites
Tri-sectorial layout for medium and high density urban sites
Bi-sectorial layout for roads

Overall Information
Full Range Family

e-cell

S8000 Indoor

S8000 Outdoor

S8002 GSM-R

S8006 Street
Deployable

Outdoor
Microcellular coverage
34.5 liters

S12000 Indoor
S2000H

10

Highest capacity

Integrated self
contained cell-site

Common package
Indoor/Outdoor

No fans,
natural convection

Lowest foot print

Up to 12 TRXs
per cabinet

S12000 Outdoor

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

S8000 Outdoor and Indoor

8 TRXs per cabinet and up to 3 (with BSC 2G) or 6 (with BSC e3) cabinets
DRX architecture: 1 (e)TRX = 1 (e)DRX + 1 ((H)e)PA
Compact BCF (or CBCF)= CMCF and CPCMI boards
S8002
2 TRXs outdoor BTS (O2) designed for railway applications (R-GSM band)
Environmental performances equal or better than current S8000
Re-using common S8000 equipment: CBCF, DRX, PA, RX splitter, rectifiers
User compartment (6 U)
S8006
6 TRXs outdoor BTS designed for installation along streets and roads without
requirement for building permits (O6, S222, S33 and S42)
Environmental performances equal or better than current S8000
Diversity radio path as standard
Re-using common S8000 equipment: CBCF, DRX, PA, RX splitter, rectifiers
S2000H&L
2 TRXs outdoor/indoor BTS in 1 cabinet, expandable to 4 TRXs with an additional
cabinet
Small BCF (or SBCF) = 1 SMCF + 1 SPCMI boards
Internal antenna for S2000L (optional)
e-cell
2 TRXs BTS in 1 cabinet, expandable to 4 TRXs with an additional cabinet
1 antenna (integrated or external)
S12000 Outdoor and Indoor
12 TRXs per cabinet and up to 3 (with BSC 2G) or 4 (with BSC e3) cabinets
DRX architecture: 1 (e)TRX = 1 (e)DRX + 1 ((H)e)PA
CBCF with CMCF and CPCMI boards (for up to 3 cabinets) or XCBCF with CMCF
Phase 3 and 4 CPCMI boards (for 4 cabinets)

10

Overall Information
Full Range Family
BTS 18000 Outdoor

BTS 18000 Indoor

11

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

BTS 18020 Outdoor:

Fully Integrated self contained cell-site:
18 TRXs (DRX + PA) in a single cabinet (16 TRXs limitation with BSC3000 in V15.1).
Rectifiers, battery back-up, cooling and heating and 220 Vac main (or 2 x 110 Vac live)
Optimized size versus capacity ratio : Cabinet size 150 x 135 x 70 cm
PA TX Power: 30 W (1800/1900) / 40 W (850/900) / 60 W (900 HPRM)
Extended operating temperature range: -40 C to +50 C
Max consumption : Total for cabinet : 6642 VA ( with heater on : 9442 VA and with heater on and
batteries in charge : 11234 VA )
Cabinet weight: when fully equipped = 500 kg.

BTS 18010 Indoor:

Compact packaging:
18 TRX (DRX + PA) in each cabinet. (Divided in 6 RMs)
New BCF integrated in the main cabinet and up to 3 radio cabinets.
Modular and flexible configuration: from S666, or O18 or S99 in 1 cabinet and up to S161616 in 3 cabinets
(with a BSC3000) or S888 in 2 cabinets (with a BSC 12000)
Dimensions: Height : 175 cm Width : 60 cm Depth : 60 cm
PA TX Power: 30 W 30 W (1800/1900) / 40 W (850/900) / 60 W (900 HPRM)
Max Consumption : 5123 W
Extended operating temperature range: -5 C to +45 C
Cabinet weight: when fully equipped =300 kg

Nortel Networks has also developed the BTS 18000 Combo (indoor/outdoor) which is a
UMTS/GSM BTS, and the BTS 18020 MCPA which is an outdoor 1900 GSM BTS with a MCPA
cabinet for the coupling system.

11

Lesson
or ModuleDetailed
Title Method
Dimensioning
Lesson or Module # or Module #
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

This chapter gives all the computation steps needed to evaluate:

The number of traffic channels TCH in a cell.
The number of signaling channels SDCCH in a cell.
The number of TRX per cell.
The total number of time slots on Abis link (including signaling and EDGE DS0
TS).
The number of boards inside the BCF.

12

Dimensioning Detailed Method

Traffic channels reminder
Full Rate - Downlink & Uplink
26 frames = 120 ms

T T T T TT T T T T T TAT T T T T T T T T T T T

time

Half Rate - Downlink & Uplink

26 frames = 120 ms

T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1A0T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0 T1 T0A1

: TCH
(FR)

Ti : TCH (HR)
Ti sub-channel

A : SACCH

no. i

13

Ai : SACCH
Ai sub-channel

time

: IDLE

no. i

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Full rate speech transmission

When a Mobile Station is in communication mode, speech is coded every 20 ms in
blocks. These blocks are coded in 8 half-bursts, whose information quantity is
equivalent to 4 entire bursts. Then, one burst has to be delivered every 4.615 ms.
So, in 26 frames lasting 120 ms, 24 bursts are used for speech transmission. One
burst is used for an SACCH. The last one in the sequence is an idle burst. During
this burst, the mobile is not idle, but it uses this time to monitor the neighboring cell
frequencies.
Half rate speech transmission
When the half rate speech transmission is in use, the 26 frames of a given time
slot can be separated between two users, since only 12 coded speech bursts are
used per user.
So, in 26 frames lasting 120 ms, the odd burst numbers are restricted to one user,
and the other numbers are for the other user. SACCH bursts are in the 13th and
26th positions. In this case, the monitoring is more frequent.

FR
EFR
HR
AMR 10k2
AMR 6k7
AMR 5k9
AMR 4k75

Source coding rate

13 kbps
12.2 kbps
5.6 kbps
10.2 kbps
6.7 kbps
5.9 kbps
4.75 kbps

13

Dimensioning Detailed Method

Number of traffic channels in a cell
Number of
subscribers
X
Subscriber
activity

planned
cell traffic
X
Percentage
of FR calls

Erlang B
Loss
Formula

Number of TCH/F resources

blocking
rate

Number of
TCH TS

planned
cell traffic
Percentage
of HR calls

Erlang B
Loss
Formula

Number of TCH/H
resources

/2

blocking
rate

14

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Subscriber activity: traffic per subscriber at busy hour = 25 mE (example).

Number of subscribers = 1700 (example). Then planned traffic in the cell including
the 1700 subscribers = 42.5 Erlangs (example).
With only Full Rate calls:
Number of necessary resources with a blocking rate of 2%, obtained from Erlang
B table: n = 53.
Conclusion: TCH channels = 53 for 42.5 Erlangs cell and blocking rate = 2%.
With 20% Half Rate calls:
Planned traffic in the cell for Full Rate calls: 0.8x42.5 = 34 Erlangs.
Number of necessary Full Rate resources with a blocking rate of 2%, obtained
from Erlang B table: n1 = 44.
Planned traffic in the cell for Half Rate calls: 0.2x42.5 = 8.5 Erlangs.
Number of necessary Half Rate resources with a blocking rate of 2%, obtained
from Erlang B table: n2 = 15.
Conclusion: TCH/F Channels = 44 + 15/2 = 52 for 42.5 Erlangs cell and blocking
rate = 2%.
Another approach consists in dimensioning the number of TCH TS only considering
Full Rate TCH and then calculating the capacity increase in terms of Erlang with p%
of Half Rate allocations.
53 Full Rate resources correspond to 2x53 = 106 Half Rate resources; With a
blocking rate of 2%, the Erlang B table gives a traffic of 93.8 Erlangs that is to say a
gain of 120%.

14

Dimensioning Detailed Method

Dedicated signaling channels reminder
Downlink
51 frames = 235 ms

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

A0

A1

A2

A3

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

A4

A5

A6

A7
time

Uplink
51 frames = 235 ms

A5

A6

A7

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

A0

A1

A2

A3

D0

D1

D2

D3

D4

D5

D6

D7

A4
time

A : SACCH

15

D : SDCCH

: IDLE

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The dedicated channels are combined into two multi-frames of 51 frames. In the
uplink and the downlink directions, the configuration is almost the same one, only
shifted by 15 frames.
The dedicated channels combination broadcasts a group of 8 SDCCH frames (2
groups of 4 consecutive SDCCH frames), each of them is associated to 4
consecutive SACCH frames. Each different group is used by a different dedicated
communication. The multi-frame configuration is shown on the above figure.
So 8 users can use the same physical channel simultaneously, and the different
communications associated to their SACCH signaling are spread on a cycle of 102
frames (2 51-multi-frames). In such a multiplexing cycle, 6 frames are unused (idle
TS).

15

Dimensioning Detailed Method

BCCH Combined reminder
Downlink
51 frames = 235 ms

FS

FS

FS

D0

D1

FS

D2

D3

FS

A0

A1

FS

FS

FS

D0

D1

FS

D2

D3

FS

A2

A3
time

Uplink
51 frames = 235 ms

D3

RR

A2

A3

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

D0

D1

RR

D2

D3

RR

A0

A1

RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR

D0

D1

RR

D2
time

: AGCH

F : FCCH S : SCH B : BCCH C /PCH

16

R : RACH A : SACCH D : SDCCH

: IDLE

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

In the case of a low capacity cell, it is possible to combine on the same physical
channel some dedicated channels with some common control channels.
Their configuration is done on 2x51 frames and is indicated in the SI type 3.
This combination contains all the channels of dedicated and common combinations:
FCCH, SCH, BCCH, PCH, AGCH, SDCCH, SACCH and RACH.
Downlink way
From a common control combination, FCCH, SCH and BCCH keep their
configuration (FCCH+SCH: 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40; BCCH: 2 to 5) for both multiframes.
PCH and AGCH are still dynamically configured but only on the bursts: 6-9 (except
when extended BCCH are used), 12-15 and 16-19, for both multi-frames.
On the bursts left, 4 blocks of 4 SDCCH TSs, each of them associated with a
SACCH block of 4 TSs, and one idle TS at the end of each multi-frame. Each
different group is used by a different sub-channel.
Uplink way
On 102 frames, 27 RACH frames are kept and the other ones are replaced by 4
blocks of 4 SDCCH TSs, each of them associated with a block of 4 SACCH TSs.

16

Dimensioning Detailed Method

Number of SDCCH in a cell
call attempts/second
location update rate

Traffic model at X%

mean SDCCH occupancy time

planned cell
traffic (ATCH)

x X
100

ASDCCH

ErlangB
Loss
Formula

Number
of SDCCH
resources

Number
of SDCCH
Time slots

blocking rate

17

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Since 1 SDCCH TS carries up to 8 SDCCH channels, we divide by 8 the number of

resources obtained from Erlang B table.
If ATCH = 42.5 Erl, ASDCCH = 28% * 42.5 = 11.9 Erl
So the number of SDCCH resources = 24 for a blocking rate of 0.1%.
=> number of SDCCH TS = 24/8 = 3 SDCCH TS
Remark: if the number of TCH TS necessary is 7, then, the BCCH combined
configuration can be used if the number of SDCCH resources is 4.
Caution: for a given (TCH, SDCCH) configuration, an increase of the Half Rate
traffic requires a new dimensioning of the SDCCH resources.
Example:
Dimensioning for Full Rate only:
ATCH = 42.5 Erl gives NTCH = 53 for a BrTCH = 2%
Therefore, ASDCCH = 11.9 Erl requiring NSDCCH = 24 (3 SDCCH TS) for a
BrSDCCH = 0.1%
Dimensioning for full Half Rate:
NTCH = 2x53 = 106 gives ATCH = 93.8 Erl for a BrTCH = 2%
Therefore, ASDCCH = 0.28x93.8 = 26.3 Erl requiring NSDCCH = 44 (6 SDCCH
TS) for a BrSDCCH = 0.1%

17

Packet Logical Channels

Multi-frame structure

Cycle of 52 TDMA frames divided in:

12 radio blocks B0-B11 (of 4 consecutive

frames)
4 idle frames (X)
TDMA Frame
= 4.615 ms

GPRS Time Slot (PDCH)

Idle frames

01 2345670123456701234567

TDMA Frame 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
Block

B0

B1

B2 0

B3

B4

B5 1

B6

B7

B8 2

B9

B 10

B 11 3

Radio Blocks
18

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The packet channels carry either RLC data blocks or RLC/MAC control blocks
(except PRACH and PTCCH UL, which use an access burst instead of normal
bursts). Each of these radio blocks are mapped after channel coding and
interleaving onto 4 radio TS (called radio blocks because they carry logical radio
blocks).
The mapping in time of the packet logical channels carried by the same PDCH is
defined by a multi-frame structure. The multi-frame structure for PDCH consists in a
cycle of 52 successive TDMA frames, divided into 12 blocks (of 4 TS each) and 4
idle frames according to the above drawing.
The multiplexing of the packet channels on a PDCH is not fixed like in the GSM
system. It is managed by some parameters and the following block order: B0, B6,
B3, B9, B1, B7, B4, B10, B2, B8, B5, B11. For example, if there are 4 PBCCH
blocks in the cell, those will be carried by the blocks B0, B6, B3 and B9 (on the
same TS indicated in System Information 13 on BCCH).
The idle frames are used by the MS for signal measurements and BSIC decoding
on the SCH of neighboring cells (idle 1 and 3) or for TA update (sending an access
burst on PTCCH UL in idle 0 or 2 and receiving an RLC/MAC control block on
PTCCH DL in idle 0 and 2 of 2 successive multi-frames = 4 TS in total).

18

Packet Logical Channels

PDTCH Allocation

GSM TS (TCH:circuit switched)

TDMA1

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7

TDMA2

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7

TDMA3
TDMA4

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6 TS7

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 TS4 TS5 TS6

TS7

Combined GSM/GPRS TS
Configuration TCH/PDTCH

GPRS TS (PDTCH: packet switched)

19

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The TS configuration is declared for each TS at the OMC-R.

Some TS are reserved for the GSM system only (circuit switched TS): TCH,
some others are reserved for the GPRS only (packet switched TS: PDTCH),
some others TS can be used either as TCH or PDTCH on demand.
The possible configurations for the packet switched channels (PDTCH) are:
PDTCH
PCCCH/PDTCH
PBCCH/PCCCH
PBCCH/PCCCH/PDTCH
These configuration will result in different packet channels multiplexing on the same
PDTCH (for more details, see the multi-frame at 52 TS).

19

Dimensioning Detailed Method

How many TRX per cell?
Number of TCH radio
time slots

Number of PDTCH radio

time slots
Number of SDCCH
radio time slots

Total
radio time
slots

Take the
upper
integer
multiple
of 8

Number of
TRX

Number of CCCH
Between 1 (TS 0) and 4
radio time slots
(TS 0/2/4/6)

20

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

CCCH rule
Number of CCCH radio time slots = 1 per cell.
In some cases (microcell, dual band), we may need more than 1 CCCH: up to 4 in
total (TS0, 2, 4, 6) as specified in the GSM recommendations. The addition of
CCCH TS will depend on the traffic model, the LAC repartition and the environment.
2 CCCH TS may be necessary in a single layer cell if, with 1 CCCH TS, the number
of TRX per cell is > 6 and the offered traffic per LAC is > 1200 Erls.
In a multi layer cell, a second CCCH TS may be necessary if, with 1 CCCH TS, the
number of TRX per cell > 5.
In our example:
Number of TCH radio time slots = 53 (example: cell with 1700 subscribers).
Number of SDCCH/8 radio time slots = 3.
Total number of radio time slots: 53 + 3 + 2(CCCH) = 58.
Number of TRX (8 radio TS per TRX): 58/8 = 8 TRXs.
Exercise: In this configuration, what will be the distribution between SDCCH and
TCH for full Full Rate? For full Half Rate?
Remark: if the cell is extended, the number of TRX is obtained by dividing the total
number of radio TS by 4.

20

Dimensioning Detailed Method

How many traffic Abis time slots?
8 radio TS carrying 8 FR TCH
Air interface

8 radio TS carrying 16 HR TCH

8 radio TS carrying FR & HR TCH

Abis interface

64 kbps

64 kbps

2 PCM TS at 64 kbps
Total Number of
radio timeslots

TRX
Dimensioning
/8

number
of TRX

*2

number of Abis
traffic
timeslots (64 kbps)

/4
21

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

A PCM TS supports up to 8 half rate traffic channels with a switching matrix at 8

kbps (half rate speech). Concentration from 4 time slots on radio interface towards 1
time slot on Abis interface is performed by BTS.

4 full rate traffic channels are supported by:

4 TS
1 TS (4x16 kbit/s)
(on 4 radio channels) (on one PCM link)
Radio interface

Abis interface

1 TS (4x16 kbit/s)
(on one PCM link)

4 TS (4x64 kbit/s)

Ater interface

A interface

8 half rate traffic channels are supported by:

4 TS
1 TS (8x8 kbit/s)
(on 4 radio channels) (on one PCM link)
Radio interface

Abis interface

2 TS (8x16 kbit/s)
(on one PCM link)

8 TS (8x64 kbit/s)

Ater interface

A interface

1 TRX handles 8 radio TS:

number of traffic time slots on Abis/Ater = (number of TRX) x 2
For the chosen example (8 TRXs):
Number of traffic TS on Abis and Ater interfaces (8 x 2) = 16 TS
Note: 16 time slots on Abis PCM link correspond to 64 Full Rate TCH traffic
channels up to 128 Half Rate TCH traffic channels on radio interface.

21

LAPD Frame Reminder

0 to 260 octets
F

Control

Information

FCS

Address

LAPD
N (R)

TEI

N (S)

SAPI

Start of
frame

End of
frame

FCS : Frame Check Sequence

F
: Flag

22

SAPI : Service Access Point Identifier (0, 1, 3, 62)

TEI
: Terminal Equipment Identifier

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

On Abis interface for each BSC and related BTS terminal port (TEI), three types of
links may be activated depending on the SAPI parameter value:
The Radio Signaling Link:
Radio resource management procedures SAPI = 0
Short messages, point to point SAPI = 3
The Operation and Maintenance Link: O&M procedures SAPI = 62.
LAPD messages on Abis:
OML: software download, channel configuration, notification (event report)
RSL: paging, HO command, channel requirement
On Agprs, between BSC and PCU, same OML SAPI number = 62 is used for radio
configuration. RSL SAPI number = 0 is used for allocation of GPRS TS. An extra
link exists: GSL(GPRS Radio Signaling Link) using SAPI number = 1 for
communication between BTS and PCU for TBF (Temporary Block Flow) related
messages.

22

Abis Interface Protocols

BTS side
TRX

BSC side
BCF

RSM O&M

O&M

GSL RSL

OML

RSM = Radio Subsystem

Management

Level 3
layer

RSM O&M
O&M = Operation and
Maintenance

RSL = Radio Signaling

Link

LAPD
Level 2
layer

RSL

GSL OML

OML = Operation and

Maintenance
Link
GSL = GPRS Radio
Signaling Link

Level 1 layer

23

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

This interface located between BTS and BSC has these features:
Partly normalized
No inter-operability (currently) proprietary
It is organized in three levels:
Level 1 PCM transmission (E1 or T1):
Speech:
Conveyed in timeslots at 4 (full rate) to 8 (half rate) x 16 kbps (remote
transcoders)
Data:
Conveyed in timeslots at 4 x 16 kbps
The initial user rate (CS), which can be 300, 1200, 1200/75, 2400, 4800
9600 or 14400 bps is adjusted to 16 kbps.
For Packet Switch data, 9.05, 13.4 kbps (GPRS CS1 and CS2), 8.8 and 11.2
kbps (EDGE MCS1 and MCS2) channels are each using a 16 kbps timeslot.
For all other PS data rates, more than one 16 kbps timeslot are used.
Level 2 LAPD protocol: Standard HDLC procedure:
RSL = Radio Signaling Link
GSL = GPRS Radio Signaling Link
OML = Operation and Maintenance Link
Level 3 application protocols:
RSM = Radio Subsystem Management
O&M = Operation and Maintenance procedure

23

Dimensioning Detailed Method

Concentrated LAPD with CBCF
8 DRXs
FP1

FP2

FP3

FP4

FP5

FP6

FP7

FP8

CMCF

Signaling
TS
Switching
Matrix

LAPD
concentration
Up to 8 DRXs
(+ CBCF)

1 internal TS
(concentrated LAPD)

CPCMI
Abis

BSC
24

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

CMCF board
Core unit of the CBCF manages the switching matrix, the synchronization,
concentration and routing tasks.
Remark: With the introduction of half rate, the number of LAPD messages per
TRX, increases. Nevertheless, considering the actual proportion of AMR mobiles
in a network, one LAPD for 8 TRX might be sufficient.
In V12.4, DRX, eDRX and DRX-ND3 are all treated and displayed as DRX. In
V14.3, eDRX becomes identifiable, while DRX and DRX-ND3 remain un-identifiable.
In V15.0, each equipment type is identified, processed and treated independently.
This implementation reduces the total cost of ownership for Nortel equipment and is
then a benefit for Maintenance and Provisioning process. From V15, CMCF phase 1
and phase 2 are not fully compatible anymore from a feature point a view.
The CMCF phase 1 / phase 2 differentiation permits the operator to deploy V15
system release on BTS in the best way as some V15 features are not fully
supported by CMCF phase 1 or cannot be activated on phase 1 / phase 2 duplex
BTS.

24

Dimensioning Detailed Method

Abis PCM dimensioning without EDGE
E1 PCM

31

Nbr of ABIS
Traffic TS

Nbr of LAPD
from TRX
+ BCF

LAPD
dimensioning

Number of E1
PCM = upper
integer value

Total 64 kbps TS
on Abis land lines

Engineering Rule Nbr of

concentrated LAPD

24

Number of T1
PCM = upper
integer value

T1 PCM

25

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Reminder: TS on Abis carry traffic time slots and signaling LAPD time slots solely.
TRX number:
TRX number has been previously obtained starting from radio TS number
Example continued: 64 radio TS, then 8 TRXs
Number of Abis traffic TS = (number of TRX) x 2:
Example continued (8 x 2) = 16 TS on Abis
LAPD dimensioning (see previous page):
One concentrated LAPD on Abis processes signaling for 8 TRXs
Example continued:
8 TRXs 1 LAPD TS on Abis
Total number of Abis TS:
Example continued:
(TS for traffic = 16) + (TS for LAPD = 1) = 17 TS
E1 PCM link (32 TS. TS0 never available: used for link synchronization): 31 TS
available.
T1 PCM link: 24 TS available.
Example continued:

1 E1 PCM link necessary for 17 TS

1 T1 PCM link necessary for 17 TS

25

Dimensioning Detailed Method

S12000/
CMCF

S8000

CMCF

CPCMI

Switching

CPCMI

BSC

DRX
CPCMI
PCM
Interface

Control,
Signal.Concentr.
Synchronization
Management

Private
PCM bus

CBCF

To be dimensioned

26

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

S8000 if the CBCF is used: CPCMI and CMCF (1+1).

S12000 with CBCF: CPCMI and CMCF (1+1).

26

Dimensioning Detailed Method

CBCF Units dimensioning
CBCF
dimensioning rules

Number of
Abis PCM

CBCF
S8000/
S12000
Internal
PCM

Number of
CPCMI boards

C
P
C
M
I External

PCM

Number of CPCMI = Upper Integer[number of Abis PCM / 2]

27

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Available Resources:
S8000

S12000

CMCF

CPCMI

Rules:
One CPCMI board has been designed to handle two PCM links of Abis
interface.
Example continued:
1 PCM link 1 CPCMI board

27

Dimensioning Detailed Method

BCF Unit for BTS 18000

IFM
ICM
SPM

28

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The BCF for the BTS 18000 is composed of the following cards:
IFM + ICM + SPM
The backplane where they are connected is called IBP.
IFM : The Interface Module provides the following access for the ICM
ICM : The Interface Control Module is designed to manage the whole BTS site in
simplex configuration. It is the equivalent of the CMCF and CPCMI modules of the
S8000 or S12000.
SPM : The Spare Module (SPM) is reserved for future use. It may be designed to
manage the whole site network packetization for example (or RLC/MAC in the
BTS).

28

Dimensioning Detailed Method

BCF Unit for BTS 18000
IFM board

ICM board

29

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

IFM board:
The IFM is only used in the BTS18000 base cabinet. It is not present in the
extension cabinets. The IFM is composed of a single passive board with
connections on the IBP and on the front panel. The IFM provides connectivity and
secondary protection on the PCM links.
Maximum number per cabinet: 2.
Ext Abis connector: E1/T1 links to Abis interface
Shared Abis connector: E1/T1 links to ICM board
ICM board:
The ICM is only used in the BTS18000 base cabinet. It is not present in the
extension cabinets. It is designed tomanage the whole BTS18000 site in simplex or
redundant mode.
Redundancy can optionally be introduced using two ICMs in the digital rack. In such
a mode, called duplex, there is one active ICM and one passive ICM

29

Lesson
orDimensioning
Module Title Detailed Method
EDGE
Lesson or Module # or Module #
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

7 New Coding Schemes (MCS2, MCS3 and MCS5 to MCS9) are implemented
with EDGE. They permit to increase significantly the peak radio throughput (up to
59.2 kbps with MCS9).
For data circuit channels using MCS3 and greater, more than one 16 kbps TS is
required. Therefore, in order to fully benefit from these new Coding Schemes, an
extension of the Abis resources is requested. Moreover, a specific hardware on
BTS side must be implemented for the BTS to be fully EDGE compatible.
To configure EDGE on a network, several steps must be followed. The purpose
of these steps are to define the number of additional TS (called DS0) that must be
configured on the Abis interface to fully benefit from the new coding schemes. Then,
Abis (and Agprs) interface dimensioning must be modified accordingly to take into
account additional DS0. Finally, BTS hardware must be checked to ensure a full
EDGE compatibility. An eye must be kept as well on the BSC3000 and PCU
dimensioning.
First step to perform is a radio interface analysis to obtain an MCS distribution at
each position of the cell. Then, using this MCS distribution, additional DS0 TS can
be computed. Radio Site Mask and Abis PCM dimensioning must be modified
accordingly to the additional DS0 number, and BTS architecture must be checked.
Lets have a look at all these steps in the following slides.

30

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Introduction: Methodology for EDGE Dimensioning
Radio interface
analysis

BTS hardware
provisioning

Throughput

HW Upgrades

Joker dimensioning

Agprs Interface
dimensioning

on Abis

PCM#

Number of joker to
be configured

Upgrades

Abis Interface
dimensioning

BSC/PCU
engineering

PCM#,Radio site Mask

Upgrades,

In section 6

In sections 5 and 6

Dimensioning

31

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

First Step: Radio interface

Based on radio condition and network design (cell radius, C/I,) the expected radio
TS throughput, the MCS distribution and the average BLER values can be
computed.
Second Step: DS0 joker on Abis
The second step consists in determining the required number of joker DS0 to be
configured on Abis to support the higher throughput per TS. This number of DS0 is
obtained from the MCS distribution provided by the radio analysis.
Third Step: Abis backhaul dimensioning
This additional number of DS0 joker must be taken into account in the radio site
mask definition and in the Abis PCM number computation.
Fourth step: BTS hardware compatibility:
BTS/DRX imposes constraint on the ability to enable EDGE on one cell/site.
Additional limitation can be set on the maximum number of joker DS0 that can be
configured per TDMA.
Fifth step: Agprs dimensioning.
Agprs interface should be re-dimensioned to add capacity for the joker TS.
Sixth step: BSC/PCU dimensioning.
BSC3000 and PCU will likely require an upgrade due to the increased number of
DS0 & PCM (Abis and Agprs).
Note that there is no EDGE impact on engineering rules on Gb and Core Packet.

31

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

First Step: Radio Interface Analysis
cell range
Throughput varies with : BLER
BLER varies with : C/I and Eb/No
For each (C/I, Eb/No), offered
throuhput can be predicted at each
position on the cell

Excellent QoS

Poor QoS
Offered throughput

Max
0
Cumulative Averaged Throughput
860

BLER = f (C/(I+N))
TU 50, 1900 MHz, without Frequency Hopping, without IR

100

25

688

35

MCS1

516

MCS2

344

40
30

BLER (%)

20

30

20

MCS3

50
55

40

-10

10

20

30

C/(I+N) (dB)

25
35
50

MCS5

40

45

172

MCS4

10

30

45

35

55
45

MCS6

172

MCS7

344

MCS8

516

MCS9

688

30
25

30

40 45 50 55
35

30

55

40

50

35

45
40
35

30

30
25

20

20

860
860

688

516

344

172

172

344

516

688

860

AT
32

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The purpose of this step is to obtain the expected radio TS throughput through
the MCS distribution (equivalent to throughput distribution) within the cell, depending
on its range:
C/I (frequency plan dependant) & Eb/No (environment dependant) distributions
are first computed on the cell. The result provides C/(N+I) distribution over the cell.
BLER distribution f[C/(I+N)] on cell is then deduced for each MCS using R&D
simulations. Indeed, BLER distribution depends on radio conditions and
estimations between them have been obtained through software signal processing
simulator at air-interference layer where transmitter, receiver, interference and
multipath channels were modelled.
Throughput distribution on cell is deduced from BLER distribution for each
MCS. Following formula is used to calculate effective throughput per TS (at
RLC/MAC level) according to the BLER:
EffectiveThroughput = MaxThroughput_MCS x (1-BLER)

MCS1* MCS2
MCS3 MCS4*
MCS5
MCS6
MCS7
MCS8
MCS9
8.8kbps 11.2kbps 14.8kbps 17.6kbps 22.4kbps 29.6kbps 44.8kbps 54.4kbps 59.2kbps

Maximum Throughput per TS according to the MCS. *MCS1 and MCS4 are not implemented
in V15.1

Finally, having throughput value per TS at each position of the cell, mean
throughput per TS is obtained by integrating data throughput over the covered
area.

32

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Example of an Urban MCS Usage Distribution
Hypothesis:
Assuming a cell radius of 580 m,
C/I = 12 dB, in Downlink 1800/1900
MHz and in TU3 Km/h no IR
MCS9 to MCS6 8-PSK modulation are only used

MCS-1
MCS-2
MCS-3
MCS-4
MCS-5
MCS-6
MCS-7
MCS-8
MCS-9

% Users
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
39.9
27.0
30.0
3.1

% Users Cumulative Mean BLER when used BLER at cell edge

100.0
0.0
14.4
100.0
0.0
19.7
100.0
0.0
29.7
100.0
0.0
45.2
100.0
0.0
41.3
100.0
42.6
53.9
60.1
40.1
75.7
33.1
17.0
84.6
3.1
0.0
100.0
Mean BLER
32.9

1. BLER distribution for each MCS

using R&D simulations

Distance
(km)
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.47
0.50
0.52
0.55
0.58

Throughput /
TS
MCS usage
(kbps)
(%)
59.200
MCS-9
59.200
59.200
59.200
54.340
MCS-8
53.707
52.393
50.273
47.347
43.771
39.637
35.290
31.804
MCS-7
28.686
25.575
22.488
19.989
MCS-6
18.369
16.741
15.155
13.660
Mean Throughput/TS (kbps):

2. Throughput distribution on cell for each MCS

deduced from BLER distribution ; MCS distribution over the cell

Mean Throughput / TS
calculation
0.037
0.296
0.592
0.888
1.087
1.343
1.572
1.760
1.894
1.970
1.982
1.941
1.908
1.865
1.790
1.687
1.599
1.561
1.507
1.440
0.674
29.391

3. Average theoretical throughput = 29.4 kbps / TS in DL

33

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

In this example, it can be seen from the BLER distribution table that only MCS 6 to 9
are used. These results are computed through signal processing simulators
depending on C/I, cell radius, and TU3 environment.
MCS 9 will be used only by MS having very good radio conditions, i.e. MS close to
the BTS. With a uniform user repartition within the cell, 3.1% of the users will benefit
from MCS 9 (users being located from 0 to 0.09 km). Users located at cell edge will
use MCS 6 and the minimum available throughput at this cell edge will be of 13.66
kbps.
Throughput distribution on cell is deduced from BLER distribution for each MCS.
Mean throughput per TS at each position of the cell is equal to the
MaxThroughput_MCS x (1-BLER).
Finally, mean throughput per TS is obtained by integrating data throughput over the
covered area and is equal to 29.4 kbps.
Note that MCS thresholds are optimised by the Link Adaptation function (graph
presented on the following slide).

33

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Example of an Urban EDGE Data Throughput
Distribution per TS
Link Adaptation sets thresholds between 2 different MCS
Maximum data Throughput vs cell position
MCS-1

60

MCS-2

50
40
30
20
10
0.60

0.40

0.20

Maximum Data
Throughput

70

0
0.00

Cell Position

34

MCS-3
MCS-4
MCS-5
MCS-6
MCS-7
MCS-8
MCS-9
LA

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Depending on the MCS distribution over the cell, the Link Adaptation function sets
MCS to be used at each position on the cell.
Actual real throughput varies with the number of aggregated TS (additional
configured DS0) per MS. This computation is to be seen in coming slides.

34

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Example of a Rural MCS Usage Distribution
Throughput /
Distance
TS
MCS usage
(km)
(kbps)
(%)
0.00
40.3
MCS-7
0.24
40.3
0.48
40.3
0.73
40.3
0.97
40.3
1.21
39.3
1.45
37.8
1.69
36.2
1.93
33.7
2.18
30.7
2.42
28.1
MCS-6
2.66
27.2
2.90
25.6
3.14
23.9
3.38
21.2
3.63
18.7
MCS-5
3.87
17.3
4.11
15.4
4.35
13.5
4.59
9.3
MCS-2
4.84
8.8
Mean Throughput/TS (kbps):
22.3
35

Rural 1900 MHz

MCS-1
MCS-2
MCS-3
MCS-4
MCS-5
MCS-6
MCS-7
MCS-8
MCS-9
Mean Throughput/TS (kbps):
Minimum Data Throughput/TS (kbps):

% Users
0.0
14.4
0.0
0.0
33.0
30.0
22.6
0.0
0.0
22.3
8.8

MCS7, MCS6 and MCS5 8-PSK

modulation are mainly used

GMSK modulation is used at

cell edge in DL (high BLER
so low MCS)

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

In this example of a rural site, MCS-2 must be used at cell edge. This is due to the
size of the cell, 4.84 km. The data throughput per TS is 8.8 kbps at this cell edge,
and mean data throughput per TS is 22.3 kbps.
Note that both 8-PSK and GMSK modulations are used, the latter being used only
at cell edge.

35

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Second Step: Dimensioning of DS0 Joker on Abis
Main & Joker TS Definition
> Main TS: 16k TS used for voice, data circuit and GPRS dedicated to one radio TS
> Joker TS: each TDMA is associated to a set of 64k TS (DS0) on Abis

each 64k TS is divided into 16k TS, dedicated to EDGE

dynamically shared on a TDMA basis

Abis

radio frame

main

joker
Each joker frame indicates
its associated main TS

36

joker

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Every radio TS (voice or GPRS) is mapped statically on one 16 k bearer (1/4 of

DS0) on the Abis interface. Since V15.0, new EDGE coding schemes are managed
up to MCS9 (59.2 kbps). So the current Abis (and Agprs) interface, based on 16
kbps TS, has to be enhanced in order to manage this new throughput. Nortel has
implemented a dynamic solution based on "main+joker TS", which allow the
operator to define:
A classical set of 16 kbps Abis TS (called Main TS) used in order to manage
circuit switch calls and part of the packet data bandwidth
A number of Abis TS used for EDGE only by all radio TS of one TRX, called
Joker TS. The 64k granularity for joker TS is due to the 64k switching matrix of
the BTS

Each radio frame is managed on Abis by:

One main TS
n joker TS, dynamically shared
Each frame on a joker TS indicates its associated main TS at each occurrence

36

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Second Step: Dimensioning of DS0 Joker on Abis
EDGE Data To Backhaul Requirements
59.2

MCS9

54.4
44.8

MCS7
29.6
22.4

MCS5

Payload
Control field
Additional CRC

17.6

MCS3
MCS1
0.0

14.8
11.2

START & STOP pattern

RLC/MAC Hdr + FBI/E

8.8

Unused

16.0

32.0

48.0

Required Bandwidth (kbps)

64.0

80.0

MAIN Required
Joker1 Bandwidth
Joker2 Joker3
(kbps)Joker4

4 Joker TS at 16 kbps
= 1 Joker DS0 at 64 kbps

The total number of required Joker TS (1/4 of DS0) can be computed

from the MCS distribution provided by the radio analysis
37

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Joker TS are dynamically shared on a TDMA basis. Every 20 ms, the allocator will
adjust the bandwidth on Abis to the MS requirements. A number of joker DS0
(between 0 to 8) must be provisioned for every EDGE TDMA. This number of DS0
joker can be computed from the MCS distribution provided by the radio analysis.
The following formulas provide the statistical number of joker required as a function
of the EDGE number of TS and the number of joker required per TS
16k Joker TS dimensioning: Nb_of_Joker_per_EDGE_TS*Nb_of_EDGE_TS
64k Joker DS0: round_up(Nb_of_16k_Joker/4)
Following table provides the number of additional 16k DS0 for one radio TS
depending on the MCS selected:

37

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Second Step: Dimensioning of DS0 Joker on Abis
Example
> Example for a TDMA with 4 PDTCH and following assumptions about
radio environment: DL, cell radius = 580m, 1800/1900 MHz with IR,
TU3
> 16k joker TS dimensioning:
Nb_of_Joker_per_EDGE_TS*Nb_of_EDGE_TS
> 64K joker DS0: round_up(Nb_of_16k_Joker/4)
MCS

% Users

Joker 1/4 DS0

Requirement

MCS1
MCS2
MCS3
MCS4
MCS5
MCS6
MCS7
MCS8
MCS9

0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
49.5
27.5
18.1

0
0
1
1
1
2
3
4
4

Mean 16k Joker per

EDGE TS
38

% of users per MCS is provided by radio analysis (first step)

Number of 16k Joker TS = 3.407 x 4 = 13.6 Joker TS
Number of 64k Joker DS0 = 13.6 / 4 = 3.4
Round_up (3.4) = 4 Joker DS0

A TDMA with 4 PDTCH would therefore require 4 DS0 Joker

configured on the Abis interface in order to fully benefit from
the available radio throughput

3.407
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

These 2 formulas provide the statistical number of 64k joker DS0 required on Abis
as a function of the EDGE number of TS (PDTCH) and the number of 16k joker per
EDGE TS.
In the above example, if a 4+1 MS close to the site requires MCS-9 on all PDTCH,
the allocator will allocate 4 TS with MCS-9.
If only 3 DS0 are configured instead of 4, the 4+1 MS will only use 3 TS with MCS-9
and 1 TS with MCS-2 (corresponding to a normal GPRS TS). The average TS
throughput is therefore decreased.

38

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Third Step: Abis Interface Dimensioning
> Radio Site Mask for BTS configured with EDGE must be updated
to take into account additional Joker DS0:

Abis TS = 2 x TRX + DS0 Jokers + LAPD TS

> PDTCH and Jokers TS for EDGE must be declared for all the
different concerned TDMA and for all the cells of a site

Additional PCM may be required

39

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The introduction of joker TS induces some impacts on the PCM dimensioning:

without joker TS, one TDMA uses on Abis 2 DS0. The maximum number of
TDMA per PCM is therefore:
o E1 PCM (30 DS0): 15 TDMA
o T1 PCM (23 DS0): 11 TDMA
with 4 joker TS, one TDMA uses on Abis 2+4 = 6 DS0, which are all configured
on one PCM, so the maximum number of TDMA per PCM is:
o E1 PCM (30 DS0): 5 TDMA, which use 5*6=30 DS0, so no DS0 remains
available
o T1 PCM (23 DS0): 3 TDMA, which use 3*6=18 DS0, so 5 DS0 can be
allocated to small TDMA (for example 2 TDMA without joker)
As the maximum number of PCM per site is 6, joker TS induce some limitation
in terms of number of TDMA per site. Moreover, it would not be possible to
declare a full EDGE capacity for all the TDMA of the site

39

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Third Step: Abis Interface Dimensioning - Example
> Hypothesis: 1 tri-sectorial BTS, single band, 3 TRX per sector, 4 PDTCH and
2 EDGE TDMA per sector, 1 E1 Abis PCM, up to MCS9, 3DS0 Jocker/TDMA.

Before EDGE activation

3 TRX, 3 cells
3 x 3 = 9 TRX for the whole BTS
1 TRX = 2 TS on Abis 9 x 2 = 18 TS on Abis for traffic
9 TRX > 8 TRX therefore 1 Primary (RDV TS) and 2 secondary LAPD

18 TS for traffic + 2 TS for signaling

After EDGE activation

4 PDTCH TS per cell and 3 joker DS0 per EDGE TDMA
3 TRX, 3 cells
3 x 3 = 9 TRX for the whole BTS
1 TRX = 2 TS on Abis 9 x 2 = 18 TS on Abis for traffic
3 joker DS0 per EDGE TDMA & 2 EDGE TDMA/sect
2 x 3 x 3 = 18 Joker DS0 on Abis
9 TRX > 8 TRX therefore 1 Primary (RDV TS) and 2 secondary LAPD

18 TS for traffic + 2 TS for signaling + 18 TS (DS0)

40

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

40

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Third Step: Abis PCM dimensioning
E1 PCM

31

Nbr of ABIS
Traffic TS
Nbr of Joker
TS for EDGE

Nbr of LAPD
from TRX
+ BCF

LAPD
dimensioning

Number of E1
PCM = upper
integer value

Total 64 kbps TS
on Abis land lines

Engineering Rule Nbr of LAPD TS

24

Number of T1
PCM = upper
integer value

T1 PCM

41

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

With EDGE activated on a network, additional DS0 TS required on Abis must be

taken into account on the PCM computation.
Note that EDGE is only available with BSC3000. As BSC3000 can support a high
number of LAPD channels, there is no more need to concentrate them (to be seen
on coming section).

41

EDGE Dimensioning Detailed Method

Fourth Step: BTS Hardware Provisioning
BTS Hardware constraints table

TRX capability table

Type of site

Max number of DS0 per TRX

TRX

Optimum data capability

CSW DCU4

DCU2

None

S2000 H/L

DCU4

GPRS

BCF old GTW PROM

DRX

GPRS

BCF new GTW PROM

DRX-ND3

GPRS

CBCF CMCF phase I

eDRX + legacy PA

GPRS

CBCF CMCF phase II

eDRX + (H)ePA

GPRS + EDGE

E-cell

eCell

GPRS + EDGE

BTS 18000

10

Both chains of the site must have the same level of hardware
Both eDRX & (H)ePA are required to support EDGE
42

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Each type of site (BCF, CBCF, CSWM) is able to connect a given number of DS0
to one TRX.
As an example, the BSC can configure one TDMA with 6 DS0 only if the site is:
a BCF equipped with new GTW PROM (old GTW PROM does not support any
Edge TDMA configuration)
a CBCF equipped with CMCF phase I
a CBCF equipped with CMCF phase II
a CBCF equipped with 2 CMCF phase I and II
an e-cell.
In other cases, the TDMA is not configured.
The BTS 18000 is able to configure 1 TDMA with 10 DS0 (2 DS0 main + 8 DS0
jocker).
One mandatory rule is to have in the BTS the same level of site hardware
(BCF, CSWM) for both chains.

If this rule is not verified, the board having the most constraining limitation will
provide the EDGE capability of the site (CMCF Ph 1 + CMCF Ph 2 : 6 DS0 instead
of 8)
In V15, the BTS H/W configuration can be audited by the operator through new
EDGE Data Display commands available at OMC-R.

42

BSC Location in relation to BTS Sites

The BSC is the center of gravity of BTS sites
The BSC has a strong concentration
effect when Abis links are underused
BTS
BTS
BTS

BSC

MSC

BTS
TCU
BTS
BTS
BTS

43

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The BTS must be connected to the MSC.

One way to make the connection is to connect each BTS to the MSC with a
separate point to point link. This is generally not acceptable due to prohibitive costs.
Another way to make the BTS to MSC connection is to use a BSC as a remote
concentrator to facilitate the sharing of a high capacity line among several terminals.
Furthermore Abis links represent a substantial part of the operational costs of a
PLMN knowing that a lot of BTS are used in a network and that each BTS site
requires a relatively small number of circuits and PCM redundancy can be used for
a better quality of service.
The BSC3000 can switch up to 4056 DS0 on Abis/Agprs/Ater interfaces. This
switching capacity (provided by the SRT8K module in the BSC3000 Interface Node)
becomes a significant limiting factor with EDGE penetration.

43

BTS Connections
Example of BTS Connections
Air
interface

Abis
interface

Star
connection

Chain
connection

(single

Loop
connection

multi-d

rop)

dro
(full multi-

p)

MS
Hub & Spoke
connection

44

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The chained or looped BTS configurations (Drop and Insert) optimize the use of E1
and T1 PCM time slot (TS) resources.
The 64 kbps time slots for speech and signaling do not fill the 2.048 Mbps E1 PCM
or 1.544 Mbps T1 PCM links.
Links may be under-used in a star configuration.
BTSs are chained to fill the links.
Chained or looped configurations allow the use of remaining time slots for other
BTSs, thus reducing the number of E1 or T1 PCM links.

44

Terrestrial Link Optimization by Drop

and Insert

BTS

BSC

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

The system sees:

BSC

The system sees:

BTS

BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC

BTS

BSC

The chain configuration

45

BTS

The loop configuration

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

When BTSs are chained together, they must not exceed ten. But NORTEL
guarantees a good functioning of the chain with up to 6 BTSs. The failure of any
component involved in transmission may affect security.
For a chained connection, the availability of one BTS depends not only on those
above it but also on the links between those above BTSs.
So the chain is closed and the farthest BTS of the BSC is directly connected to the
BSC. That is the loop configuration.
In the looped configuration, PCM redundancy is N+1.
The parameter bscSitePcmList (btsSiteManager logical object) provides the list of
connections [bscPortNumber ~ btsPortNumber], between a BTS and its managing
BSC. This can explain why the BSC does not see the intermediate BTS in a chain
or in a loop.

45

Lesson
or ModuleLook-up
Title Tables for
Dimensioning
Standard Traffic Model at
Lesson
Modulesignaling
# or Module #
28%orErlang
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

These tables are a summary of the detailed method results of the previous chapter,
using a traffic model with 28% dedicated signaling and with
A blocking rate on traffic (TCH) equals to 2%
A blocking rate on signaling (SDCCH) equals to 0.1%

46

Dimensioning Look-up Tables

Offered traffic (Erlangs) & Abis interface:
omnisectorial sites
Config.

Erlangs

E/TRX

O1

2.94

O2

8.20

O3
O4

Number of Total PCM

LAPD TS Time slots

TCH/F

CCCH

SDCCH/8

E1 PCM

T1 PCM

2.94

1*

4.10

14

14.04

4.68

21

21.04

5.26

29

O5

27.34

5.47

36

11

O6

34.68

5.78

44

O7

41.19

5.88

51

13

15

O8

47.76

5.97

O9

55.33

6.15

58

17

66

20

O 10

62.94

O 11

69.65

6.29

74

22

6.33

81

24

O 12

77.34

6.44

89

26

O 13

84.10

6.47

96

28

O 14

90.88

6.49

103

30

O 15

98.65

6.58

111

32

O 16

106.40

6.65

119

34

PCM E1 (31 TS) / PCM T1 (24 TS)

Blocking factor for traffic = 2.0%

8 TRXs/LAPD

* Combined BCCH
47

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

These tables are a summary of the detailed method results of the previous chapter,
using a traffic model with 28% dedicated signaling.

47

Dimensioning Look-up Tables

Carried Erlangs according to HR allocation penetration
Number of
TCH/F

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

O1

2.2

2.2

2.3

2.5

2.7

2.9

3.2

3.7

4.3

5.0

6.4

O2

14

7.9

8.2

8.5

9.0

9.7

10.7

11.6

12.8

14.3

16.3

19.5

O3

21

14

14

15

16

17

18

20

22

24

27

32

O4

29

20

21

22

23

25

27

29

32

36

39

46

O5

36

26

27

28

30

32

35

38

41

46

51

60

O6

44

33

34

36

38

40

44

47

52

58

65

75

O7

51

40

41

43

45

48

52

56

62

69

76

88

O8

59

47

49

51

54

57

62

66

73

81

89

103

O9

65

53

55

57

60

64

69

74

81

90

99

114

O 10

73

61

63

65

69

73

78

84

92

102

113

130

O 11

80

67

70

72

77

80

87

94

102

112

125

144

O 12

88

75

78

80

85

90

96

104

113

125

138

159

O 13

95

81

84

87

92

97

105

113

124

136

150

173

O 14

103

89

92

96

101

106

115

124

134

148

163

189

O 15

110

95

99

103

108

114

123

133

144

158

176

202

O 16

118

103

107

111

118

124

133

143

155

171

190

218

Config.

48

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The above table presents some simulation results, linked to HR and FR allocation
inter-working. Inputs of these simulations are:
HR allocation duration: Erlang B law, average = 25 seconds
FR allocation duration: Erlang B law, average = 35 seconds
Reminder: without HR channel, the normal allocation duration is around 40
seconds, but due to HR FR handover, this duration is reduced.

During this simulations, the number of SDCCH TS is kept constant for each
configuration whatever the HR percentage.
This table shows carried traffic and not offered traffic, the number of traffic TS is
different from previous table, for these reasons Erlang numbers should not be
compared.

48

Dimensioning Look-up Tables

Carried Erlangs according to HR allocation penetration
250
O16
200

O12

100

O8

50

O4

% of HR allocation
49

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

49

10
0%

90
%

80
%

70
%

60
%

50
%

40
%

30
%

20
%

O1
10
%

0%

Erlang

150

Dimensioning Look-up Tables

Offered traffic (Erlangs) & Abis interface:
bisectorial sites
Config.

Erlangs

E/TRX

S 11

2x2.94

S 22

2x8.20

S 33

Number of Total PCM

LAPD TS Time slots

TCH/F

CCCH

SDCCH/8

E1 PCM

T1 PCM

2.94

2x7

2x1*

2x0

4.10

2x14

2x1

2x1

2x14.04

4.68

2x21

2x1

2x2

13

S 44

2x21.04

5.26

2x29

2x1

S 55

2x27.34

5.47

2x36

2x1

2x2

17

2x3

22

S 66

2x34.68

5.78

2x44

2x1

2x3

26

S 77

2x41.19

5.88

S 88

2x47.76

5.97

2x51

2x2

2x3

30

2x58

2x2

2x4

34

S 99

2x55.33

6.15

2x66

2x2

2x4

39

S 1010
S 1111

2x62.94

6.29

2x74

2x2

2x4

43

2x69.65

6.33

2x81

2x2

2x5

47

S 1212

2x77.34

6.44

2x89

2x2

2x5

51

S 1313

2x84.10

6.47

2x96

2x3

2x5

56

S 1414

2x90.88

6.49

2x103

2x3

2x6

60

S 1515

2x98.65

6.58

2x111

2x3

2x6

64

S 1616

2x106.40

6.65

2x119

2x3

2x6

68

PCM E1 (31 TS) / PCM T1 (24 TS) Blocking factor for traffic = 2.0% 8TRXs/LAPD
* Combined BCCH
50

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

50

Dimensioning Look-up Tables

Offered traffic (Erlangs) & Abis interface:
trisectorial sites
Config.

Erlangs

E/TRX

S 111

3x2.94

S 222

3x8.20

S 333
S 444

Number of Total PCM

LAPD TS Time slots

TCH/F

CCCH

SDCCH/8

E1 PCM

T1 PCM

2.94

3x7

3x1*

3x0

4.10

3x14

3x1

3x1

13

3x14.04

4.68

3x21

3x1

3x2

2-3

3x21.04

5.26

3x29

3x1

3x2

2-3

20-21

26-27

S 555

3x27.34

5.47

3x36

3x1

3x3

33

S 666

3x34.68

5.78

3x44

3x1

S 777

3x41.19

5.88

3x51

3x2

3x3

39

3x3

45

S 888

3x47.76

5.97

3x58

3x2

3x4

51

S 999

3x55.33

6.15

3x66

3x2

3x4

58

S 101010

3x62.94

6.29

3x74

3x2

3x4

64

S 111111

3x69.65

6.33

3x81

3x2

3x5

71

S 121212

3x77.34

6.44

3x89

3x2

3x5

77

S 131313

3x84.10

6.47

3x96

3x3

3x5

83

S 141414

3x90.88

6.49

3x103

3x3

3x6

90

S 151515

3x98.65

6.58

3x111

3x3

3x6

96

S 161616

3x106.40

6.65

3x119

3x3

3x6

102

PCM E1 (31 TS) / PCM T1 (24 TS) Blocking factor for traffic = 2.0% 8 TRXs/LAPD
* Combined BCCH
51

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

These tables give immediately the number of TRX and PCM time slots on Abis
interface.
Case of omni-directional sites (one cell) or multi-sectorial sites (several cells):
Starting with total offered traffic in Erlangs as input data in the table, on the
same line are given: Number of TRX, number of LAPD TS, total number of
PCM time slots, number of PCM boards.
Note
LAPD for multi-sectorial sites:

One or several LAPD time slots are dedicated per sector, instead of grouping the
LAPD time slots on the site.
Exception for low or medium traffic multi-sectorial sites: signaling is grouped as
indicated in tables, to save LAPD time slots.
Note

Check that TRX number is in compliance with:

Total number of radio channels (TCH + CCCH + SDCCH/8) (number of TRX) x
8
Check BTS load constraint (BCF dimensioning rules)
Note

Sxyz (x y z)
For dimensioning, consider Sxyz as three omni-directional sites: Ox, Oy, Oz.

51

Summary of the BTS Dimensioning

Estimated number
of subscribers in
the cell

subs. activity
(25 mE)

Estimated full rate

penetration (100-p)/100
Estimated PS data
traffic in the cell

28%

TCH offered Traffic

Estimated half rate

penetration (p/100)

x
Br = 2%

SDCCH resources
/8
SDCCH TS

/2

Br = 0.1%

At least
1 TS for CCCH

TCH HR

TCH FR

SDCCH offered Traffic

TCH TS

PDTCH

+
/8

Site Layout

Number of LAPD TS

Eng
g

rule

Number of TRX

X2
Number of DSC

TRX from other cells

of the same BTS

X2

Number of Abis traffic TS

/ 31 (or 24)

Number of DS0 TS
52

Number of PCM on Abis

Output

/2

Number of (C)PCMI

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

52

Input

Lesson
or Module
Title
Review
Exercises
Lesson or Module # or Module #
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

53

Review Exercises
Exercice 1

OMNISECTORIAL BTS

S
1
2
0
0
0

On
2500 Subscribers

I
n
d
o
o
r
BTS

54

1. Assumptions: S12000 Indoor product range

- Traffic per subscriber = 25 mE
- Blocking rate on traffic = 2%
- Blocking rate on Signaling = 0.1%
2. Find out number:
- n of TRX
- CPCMI boards
3. Find out the capacity increase in term of
Erlang with 100% HR allocations (same number
of TRX as in 2.). Do not forget to correctly
dimension the resources needed for SDCCH.
Note:
- Use Detailed method
- Use Look-up tables

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

1. Dimensioning Detailed Method

2. Summary Table
TRX

TCH

BCCH

SDCCH/8

LAPD

PCM TS

3. Summary Table for 100% HR calls:

TRX

TCH

BCCH

SDCCH/8

LAPD

Erlangs

54

E1

T1

PCMI

Review Exercises
Exercice 2
Trisectorial BTS
1350
Subscribers

1900
Subscribers

1. Assumptions: S12000 product range

- Traffic per subscriber = 25 mE
- Full rate mobiles (no AMR or HR)
- Blocking rate on traffic = 2%
- Blocking rate on signaling = 0.1%

S
1
2
0
0
0

2. Find out number (using look-up tables) :

- TRX per cell
- CPCMI boards
3. Find out the new configuration of the BTS
with 50% of subscribers using HR channels

2500
Subscribers

55

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Summary table by using look-up tables

TRX

TCH

BCCH

SDCCH/8

LAPD

55

PCM TS

E1

T1

PCMI

Review Exercises
Exercice 3
Trisectorial BTS
n
Subscribers

n
Subscribers

B
T
S
1
8
0
0
0

n
Subscribers

1. Assumptions: BTS18000 product range

- Replaces both BTS S12000 Ind and Out computed
previously
- Total subscribers: 2500+ (1350+1900+2500)
shared equally in each cell of BTS 18000
- Traffic per subscriber = 25 mE
- Full rate mobiles (no AMR or HR)
- Blocking rate on traffic = 2%
- Blocking rate on signaling = 0.1%
2. Find out number (using look-up tables) :
- TRX per cell
- IFM and ICM boards
3. Find out the new configuration of the BTS
with 50% of subscribers using HR channels

56

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Summary table by using look-up tables

TRX

TCH

BCCH

SDCCH/8

LAPD

PCM TS

56

E1

T1

IFM

ICM

Section 4
BSC/TCU 12000 Dimensioning

nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Restriction: AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate) is not compatible with BSC 12000.

Objectives

> Upon completion of this section, the student will be

able to :
Calculate the number of BSC 12000 necessary to manage
the BTSs
For each BSC 12000, calculate:

Number of SICD8V boards

Number of BSCB boards
Number of DDTI boards
Number of CCS7 boards

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The dimensioning method is developed:

Starting from the sites features
Dealing with the hardware and software limits of BSC boards
Taking into account signaling capacity on LAPD and CCS7 links
Dimensioning rules are carried out and their use is explained.
Remarks
In the BSC dimensioning, we have to consider 2 types of signaling:
LAPD (Abis + Ater + Agprs) and CCS7 (Ater)
BSC 12000 type depends only on the number of:
- BSCB
and on the offered traffic from the BTS.

- SICD8V

Contents

> Overall Information

> SICD8V Computation
> DDTI Computation
> TCU Capacity
> Final Step

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Student notes

Lesson
or Information
Module Title
Overall
Lesson or Module # or Module #
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

BSC 12000 Architecture

Chain A
MMU
-IDE

C
O
N
T
R
O
L

SCSI bus
IDE bus CPU-

OMU
- IDE

SLS2

MMU
-IDE

SLS2

SCSI bus

CPUMPU

SICX

E
Q
U
I
P
M
E
N
T

Chain B

To/From OMC-R

CPUBIFP

SUP2

SUP2

CPUBIFP

CCS7

SICD8V

SICD8V

CCS7

RCB

RCB

ECI A

ALA

TSCB

DDTI

BSCB

O&M/B bus

To/From BTS

Kit HC100
Constant
Type dependant
To be dimensioned
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

SICX

ECI B

O&M/A bus
External Loops

CPUMPU

CPU- IDE bus

OMU
- IDE

To/From TCU/MSC

The elements to dimension are:

CCS7 boards for CCS7 signaling
SICD8V boards for LAPD signaling
DDTI boards for PCMs
BSCB boards for LAPD concentration
HC100 Kit (hardware) =
new MMU-IDE
new OMU-IDE
new interface IDE (before: interface SCSI)
new SLS2
new SUP2
Remark
The kit increases the resistance to overload but does not increase itself the
capacity of the BSC. In order to increase the BSC capacity, especially for tough
traffic model (like short calls or high mobility) a software patch is necessary,
available from V11.03. This patch can not be implemented without the HC100 kit.

Dimensioning Elements
BTS dimensioning

BSC dimensioning

Abis

Ater

TCU
#1

BSC 12000
BTS

1
6

CCS7
1

1
1

CCS7
DDTI

T
S
C
B

B
S
C
B

BTS

1
6

SICD8V

TCU
up to
12
Or 14

PCU

Agprs

- CCS7 TS
- LAPD TS

(2, 4 or 6)
(One or more on Abis; one on Ater and Agprs)

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Dimensioning BSC 12000 consists in determining its hardware and software

configurations:
Taking into account as specifications: data supplied by the sites and BTS
organization
Using dedicated BSC rules and limits
The elements to define are:
Number of CCS7 boards
Number of SICD8V boards
Number of BSCB boards (if needed)
Number of DDTI boards
Number of A PCM links
Number of Agprs PCM links
Number of Ater PCM links
Number of TCUs

MSC

Dimensioning Elements
GPRS impact
VLR
TCU

BTS

PSTN/
ISDN

MSC
A

MAP-D

HLR

SMSC

Abis

MSC - Mobile Switching Centre

VLR - Visitor Location Register
HLR - Home Location Register
BSS - Base Station Subsystem
EIR - Equipment Identity Register

EIR

Ater

Agprs
12 PCM
MAX

BSC

PSPDN
PCUSN

GGSN

SGSN

PCUSN - Packet Control Unit Support Node

PSPDN - Packet Switched Public Data Network
SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

GPRS entails no BSC capacity decrease in terms of processing. In other words, the
processing power of boards is not a limiting factor for GPRS dimensioning.
Only the PCM connectivity (Abis + Ater + Agprs) and the circuit switching capacity
of the BSC have to be taken into account for GSM and GPRS network engineering.
Note that BSC/TCU 12000 are not compliant with V15. Therefore, EDGE cannot be
implemented on BSS networks based on such equipments.

BSC 12000 Product Range

Control cabinet: Boards list (per chain)
BSC type (Erlangs)
MPU/BIFP boards *1
SICD8V boards
CCS7 boards
OMU boards
SICX boards
SUP boards
MMU board
SLS board

Type 1 (250) Type 2 (500) Type 3 (750) Type 4 (1000) Type 5 (1200)
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1

3
3
2
1
1
1
1
1

3
4
2
1
1
1
1
1

3
5
3
1
1
1
1
1

Equipment cabinet: Boards list

BSC type (Erlangs)
ECI boards
SWC boards
SWE boards
MSW boards
RCB boards
DDTI boards
TSCB boards
BSCB boards *2
ALA board

Type 1 (250) Type 2 (500) Type 3 (750) Type 4 (1000) Type 5 (1200)
2x1
2x1
2x1/2x2
2x1/2x2
2x1
10 to 24
2
0/4
1

2x1
2x1
2x1/2x2
2x1/2x2
2x2
10 to 24
2
0/6
1

2x1
2x1
2x1/2x2
2x1/2x2
2x3
10 to 24
2
0/9
1

2x1
2x1
2x2
2x2
2x4
10 to 24
2
12
1

2x1
2x1
2x2
2x2
2x5
10 to 24
2
12
1

Maximum limitation
9

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

This table gives the board configuration for each available BSC type:
CCS7 boards: one board can process 2 CCS7 links
SICD8V boards: one board can process up to 64 TRXs
TSCB/BSCB boards: one board can process 15 I/O
DDTI boards: to interface Abis PCM links and Ater PCM links; each board
handles 2 PCM links
*1 Always 1 MPU board + 1 or 2 BIFP board(s) according to the BSC type.
*2 The figures are given (in both cases) considering that one board is needed for
redundancy purpose.

BSC Load, Software and Hardware

Limits
BSC 12000

Limits

10

type 1

type 2

type 3

type 4

type 5

Sites per BSC *1

Hard

27

59

91

123

137

TRXs per BSC

Soft

64

128

192

256

320

TCUs per BSC with E1

Soft

12

12

12

12

12

TCUs per BSC with T1

Soft

14

14

14

14

14

E1 Ater Terrestrial Circuits

Soft

1440

1440

1440

1440

1440

T1 Ater Terrestrial Circuits

Soft

1288

1288

1288

1288

1288

TCU per BSC with E1 or T1

soft

E1 or T1 Agprs PCM links

soft

12

12

12

12

12

E1 Agprs Terrestrial Circuits

Soft

1440

1440

1440

1440

1440

T1 Agprs Terrestrial Circuits

Soft

1104

1104

1104

1104

1104

Total PCMs

Hard

48

48

48

48

48

Cells per BSC

Hard

64

120

160

160

160

Erlangs

Soft

250

500

750

1000

1200

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

This table summarizes the limitation rules used to determine the different components of
a BSC and then to choose its type.
The main limitation rules for BSC 12000 dimensioning are:
Rule 1: No more than 64 TRXs per SICD8V.
Rule 2: One SICD8V manages up to 8 LAPD ports (concentrated or not).
Rule 3: No more than 8 TRXs per LAPD TS delivered by the BTS (BCF
limitation).
Rule 4: CCS7 links per BSC 12000:
2 for BSC type 1
4 for BSC type 2, 3, 4
6 for BSC type 5

One CCS7 board handles 2 CCS7 links on A interface. Around one CCS7
link per 200 Erlangs of traffic TCH. Two links must be provided at least (load sharing
pair).

Rule 5: One DDTI board handles 2 PCM links on Abis, Ater and Agprs interfaces.
Rule 6: No more than 15 TEI per SICD8V port (with BSCB boards).
Reminder on TCU: The maximum number of TCU in the table includes one redundant
TCU.
*1 The maximum number of sites per BSC corresponds to the maximum number of LAPD
TS that a BSC can receive on Abis interface. Consequently, this maximum value is
obtained for the maximum number of BSCB boards (with 1 redundant) and if each site
delivers a single TS (Smallest configuration). Two LAPD ports are reserved : one for
TCUs and one for PCU.

10

BSC Dimensioning Method

BTS

BSC

LAPD Nb (Agprs)

BSC
limits

LAPD Nb
(Ater)

TSCB

LAPD Nb (Abis)

1
Site
elements
n

1
SICD8V
Computation
With BSCB
boards

BSCB Nb
BSC
number

SICD8V Nb

TRX Nb

Site
addition

TRX Nb
PCM Nb (Abis)

max
offered
traffic

BSC
blocking rate

11

BSC
Choice

max offered
traffic

PCM Nb (Agprs)

DDTI
Computation

BSC
Type(s)

CCS7
Nb

DDTI Nb
PCM
Ater
Dim.

PCM Nb
(Ater)

TCU
Number

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The whole BSC provisioning process is made up of the steps described hereafter.
1. Site computation
The goal of this step is to determine the number of BSC. It is an iterative process
done until we have grouped the sites per BSC.
Results have been obtained previously for each site (BTS dimensioning). The
computation now, consists in finding out for all sites:
Offered traffic: adding Erlangs of each site
Cell number: adding number of cells of each site
TRX number: adding number of TRX of each site
LAPD TS number on Abis and Agprs interfaces
Number of PCM links on Abis and Agprs interfaces; for BTS connection to
BSC, the different possibilities must be taken into account according to PCM
link save (and cost save) star connection, chain connection (single multi-drop),
or loop connection (full multi-drop).
The values obtained above are compared with those of the summary table.
2. SICD8V computation
The number of SICD8V boards is obtained, using number of LAPD channel as a
starting data, and then computation is done using rules 1, 2 and 6 on previous
page.
The output will be to determine the number of SICD8V boards taking into account
their load limits. BSCB boards, when necessary allow to concentrate LAPD
signaling up to the optimum load of the SICD8V boards in order to minimize their
number.

11

3. DDTI computation
This step determines the number of DDTI boards according to the need of
PCM links for traffic TS, CCS7 TS, LAPD TS and X.25 TS.
4. BSC choice
This step is the final process and will determine the type of BSC to be used. All
influent parameters are considered, without forgetting the CCS7 board(s).

12

Site Computation
BTS
dimensioning

BSC dimensioning

Sites Splitting

No
Number of sites

1 BSC
enough?

Number of cells
Number of TRX
Number of Abis

Adding
for
all sites

BSC limits

Number of LAPD
Max. Offered traffic

Yes

LAPD number
BSC
(SICD8V & BSCB)
dimensioning
Abis & Agprs number
(DDTI)
BSC traffic (CCS7)
(~ offered traffic)

Site Computation

13

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The influent parameters of each site are taken into account to allow other
computations. The values of each site must be added, with respect to the
limitations of the summary table.
1. Cell number (examples)
add 1 for each omni-directional site add 3 for each tri-sectorial site
add 2 for each bi-sectorial site

add n for each n-sectorial site

2. TRX number
The number of TRX is the cumulative number for all the cells. This number was
obtained previously for each cell by the BTS dimensioning.
3. PCM link number on Abis interface
This number of PCM links is maximal in case of star configuration (at least 1 PCM
per BTS). The number of PCM necessary to connect each BTS to the BSC is
determined during the BTS dimensioning. If we use drop and insert, 2
configurations are possible:
Single drop and insert: only the number of PCM links of the first site is taken
into account.
Chained drop and insert: only the number of PCM links of the first site and of
the last one are taken into account.
The drop and insert configuration is often determined during the BSC
dimensioning.

13

4. LAPD number
The number of LAPD channels on Abis interface is the cumulative
number of LAPD TS obtained in the BTS dimensioning for all sites.
LAPD TS on Ater from TCU are concentrated to one single LAPD port
LAPD TS on Agprs are provisioned as one per PCM link.
5. Offered traffic
Maximum traffic in Erlangs offered by all the sites to the BSC. We
consider that this offered traffic is the maximum offered traffic that all the
sites can manage together for the required QoS.
6. BSC limits
The BSC limits to be taken into account (summary table) are:
Maximum number of sites, cells and TRXs managed by a BSC
Maximum number of boards of each type
Maximum offered traffic
If the site computation results do not exceed the BSC limits, 1 BSC is
sufficient (able to manage all the sites) and we just have to dimension it.
In reverse case, site splitting must be performed and another BSC must
be added. Finally, each BSC of the network must be dimensioned.

14

Lesson
or Module
Title
SICD8V
Computation
Lesson or Module # or Module #
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

15

SICD8V Computation
Load constraints on LAPD and SICD8V without BSCB
boards
n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 + n6 + n7 + n8 < 64

Software limit

DSC/CMCF
n1

M
U
X

LAPD1

SICD8V

Multibus II

n8
TRX

M
U
X

LAPD8

BSC

BTS

8 TRXs max / BTS LAPD TS

16

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

This diagram translates the rules concerning the number of TRX managed by the
BSC through SICD8V board.
One SICD8V board can manage 64 TRXs at most (software limitation).
One SICD8V board has 8 LAPD ports.
Remember: the BTS is able to concentrate the signaling for up to 8 TRXs onto
one single LAPD TS.
Remarks
By convention, the TCU concentrated LAPD TS (delivered by the TSCB board)
is always processed by the SICD8V 0 port 3 (fourth port).
If we do not use BSCB boards, the SICD8V software limit is virtual because we
will never cross the 64 TRXs value (on each of the 8 ports, we have at most 8
TRXs: DSC limitation).

16

SICD8V Computation
BTS LAPD Concentration by BSCB boards
SICD8V
Transcoding

LAPD

HDB3
B8ZS

Multibus II

LAPD
LAPD

DDTI

LAPD delivered by a BTS:

at most 8 TRXs

External PCM

NRZ

RCB

LAPD
TCU-LAPD
Concentration

LAPD

up to
14->1

TSCB
TSCB

LAPD
LAPD
LAPD

12

8 TRXs max
(w/o BSCB)
15 TEI max
(w BSCB)

1
BTS-LAPD
Switching
Concentration
Matrix
by BSCB:
15 TEI max

17

x4

BSCB
BSCB
BSCB

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

This feature aims to concentrate LAPD links from different BTS sites on the same
SICD8V port.
It allows to manage up to 138 sites (with redundancy) or 147 sites (without
redundancy) on a BSC 12000 type 5.
This is performed thanks to signaling concentration from the BTS on a BTS
Signaling Concentration Board BSCB. These additional BSCB boards are
particularly useful for microcellular configurations where a lot of sites are
necessary to use the total capacity of the BSC 12000.
The usage of these boards is optional and the operator has the possibility to add
them when required.
BSC level
Without this feature, the number of sites managed by a BSC is limited by the
number of SICD8V ports (39 is the maximum with 5 SICD8V boards).
One BSCB has 15 ports which are configured in this way: 4 ports concentrated to
1, this being done three times.
Configuration
The BSC 12000 is equipped with 2 TSCB (1+1) and up to 12 BSCB (11+1).
The two TSCB boards are reserved for the Ater interface. In the same cabinet, an
extra shelf contains the supplementary BSCB boards (up to 12 BSCB) needed for
the LAPD concentration on the Abis interface.

17

Engineering Rules: Max. number of sites according to the number of Abis /

BSCB boards.
Example: with redundancy of BSCB boards:

BSC 12000

Number of BSCB

Max. number of
sites

Type 1

27

Type 2

59

Type 3

91

Type 4

12

123

Type 5

12

138

Redundancy
A N+1 redundancy mechanism is provided in the BSC software meaning that
the dimensioning must take into account that an additional board is needed for
redundancy purposes.

18

SICD8V Computation
BSCB :12 in, 3 out

From
BTSs

15 TEIs max / LAPD port

n1

M
U
X

Multibus II
ni TRX

LAPD1

SICD8V

CMCF

Software
Limit (TRX)

TSCB :

From
TCUs

ni < 64

14 in, 1 out
LAPD8

From
PCU

19

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

For BTS LAPD

Direct connection is possible from BTS LAPD TS to LAPD port.
Using BSCB boards, the limitation on each port of the SICD8V board is 8 TRXs
and 15 TEI maximum.
This TRX/TEI limitation regulates the concentration of the LAPD TS by the BSCB
boards.
Recommendation: If a BTS delivers several LAPD TS and if BSCB boards are
used, the signaling carried by each LAPD TS shall be connected to different LAPD
ports, otherwise the configuration could lead to serious operational problems. In
other words, if BSCB boards are used in the BSC 12000, a BSCB board shall not
concentrate together LAPD TS delivered by the same BTS.
For TCU LAPD TSCB board is used to concentrate up to 14 TCU LAPD links.
For PCU LAPD Direct connection is made from one PCU LAPD TS to one LAPD
port.

19

SICD8V Computation
Overview
R1

Software Rule:

N1

Number of TRX / 64
Max* (N1, N2)
R2

Number of
SICD8V boards

Hardware Rule:
N2
Number of LAPD links / 8

(concentrated + non concentrated by BSCB)

* verify that there exists a repartition of the

LAPDs onto the SICD8V boards including the
TCU LAPD, the PCUs LAPDs & verify the
number of TEI per LAPD port

20

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

To define the number of SICD8V boards:

Use hardware rule: one SICD8V board for up to 8 LAPD links
Check the load limit for SICD8V board: software rule related to TRX number
Check that there is no SICD8V port with more than 8 TRXs (Rule 3).
Note: add one LAPD channel (and only one) to take into account TCU
management:
On Ater interface, one LAPD channel is necessary per TCU.
Each BSC 12000 can manage:
up to 12 TCU with E1 Ater PCM links
up to 14 TCU with T1 Ater PCM links
The LAPD channels on Ater interface are connected to only one LAPD channel
incoming SICD8V board, through TSCB board and interface boards DDTI and
RCB in BSC.
The concentration of LAPD channels on Abis interface through BSCB allows
the BSC 12000 to manage more sites (up to 138 instead of 39).

20

Example 1: 4 S888
R1: (4 sites x 24 TRXs) / 64 = 2 SICD8V
R2: (4 sites x 3 LAPD + 1 for TCU) / 8 = 2 SICD8V
Software and hardware rules give the same results
Example 2: 10 S333
R1: (10 x 3 x 3) / 64 = 2 SICD8V
R2: (10 x 3 + 1) / 8 = 4 SICD8V
We take the result provided by the hardware rule.
Example 3: 10 S121212
R1: (10 x 3 x 12) / 64 = 5.625 SICD8V
R2: (10 x 5 + 1) / 8 = 6.37 SICD8V
What is the conclusion?

21

SICD8V Computation
Exercise
BSCB
S332
O2
O2
O2
O1
O2
O4
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2

SICD8V

S888
O8
O8
O4
S444

22

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Exercise
Give the errors that have been done on this configuration of a BSC 12000 type 1.
Propose one possible solution using the minimum number of SICD8V and BSCB
boards.

22

Lesson
Module Title
DDTIor
Computation
Lesson or Module # or Module #
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

23

DDTI Computation
Ater traffic TS
Max. total CS
traffic in the cells
managed by the
BSC

Total number
of traffic
channels
on Ater
interface

Terrestrial Circuit
Computation

BSC blocking rate

(0.1%)

Total
number
of traffic TS
on Ater
interface

Agprs traffic TS
Max. total PS
traffic in the cells
managed by the
BSC

24

Total number
of traffic
channels
on Agprs
interface

Terrestrial Circuit
Computation

Total
number
of traffic TS
on Agprs
interface

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Traffic on BSC = S traffic on the BTS.

For a given BSC blocking rate, tables of Erlang B law give the number of
resources on Ater (terrestrial circuits).
For DATA PS traffic, the addition of all the TS coming from BTSs determine the
number of necessary TS on Agprs.
Dynamic Agprs increases the user throughput from 15% to 80% depending on the
cells traffic unbalance and the user profile.
Using Dynamic Agprs to reduce the number of Agprs PCM is possible (gain
between 15% and 50%)
Example for a BSC with planned traffic of 150 Erlangs and blocking rate of 0.1%:
Tables give: 183 resources: 183/4 = 46; i.e. 46 traffic TS on Ater PCM links
To terrestrial circuits for traffic you must add:
CCS7 TS for signaling between BSC and MSC (Ater and A PCM links)
LAPD TS on Ater for signaling between BSC and TCU (Ater PCM link)
X.25 for O&M traffic transportation towards OMC-R at A interface
LAPD TS on Agprs for signaling between BSC and PCU (Agprs PCM link)
Note
0.1% is the recommended value for blocking rate at A interface for terrestrial
circuit computation.

24

DDTI Computation

LAPD on Ater

LAPD on Agprs

25

1 LAPD TS on each Ater PCM

1 LAPD TS on each Agprs PCM

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

There is one LAPD TS on each Ater PCM link (OML for TCU supervision and
downloading).
There is one LAPD TS on each Agprs PCM link (OML for PCU supervision and
downloading, RSL and GSL).

25

DDTI Computation
CCS7 Signaling link dimensioning on Ater interface

BSC 12000
2 links for BSC type 1
4 links for BSC type 2, 3, 4
6 links for BSC type 5

1 CCS7 board manages 2 CCS7 links (TS)

26

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The various procedures running between NSS and BSS are using CCS7
signaling. One CCS7 link is conveyed through a PCM TS at 64 kbps.
However, for redundancy purposes, CCS7 links must work by pair on a load
sharing basis (if real redundancy is observed).
A BSC 12000 needs up to 6 CCS7 links.
In the dimensioning procedure, we deduce the number of CCS7 boards needed
from the type of the determined BSC 12000, whereas the SICD8V boards number
is involved in the BSC type determination.
For BSC 12000, this is possible because the BSC type can be determine so far
(without the number of DDTI board).
We can also estimate the type of the BSC 12000 according to the offered traffic,
the number of sites and cells, the number of TRXs and the number of SICD8V
boards. And then check that this assumption was correct in terms of CCS7
management.
Note: If the number of Ater links is less than the CCS7 TS number, the use of a
second CCS7 redundant link on the same Ater link will not be considered as a full
redundancy.
Approximately: 1 CCS7 load sharing pair for 200 to 300 Erl offered traffic
(depending on traffic model), if we use full redundancy.
At this level of the BSC 12000 dimensioning, the BSC type is estimated from the
offered traffic only.

26

DDTI Computation
X.25

X.25
1+1 Redundant TS per BSC on the Ater Interface

This connection for O&M traffic transportation towards OMC-R is optional

27

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

An X.25 link is used for O&M transportation towards the OMC-R at Ater and A
interfaces, when a direct connection between the OMC-R and the BSCs is not
possible (X.25 network).
In this case, 2 TSs (1 + 1 redundant) shall be provisioned per BSC for X.25
signaling, and these 2 TSs shall be preferably carried by 2 different PCM links.

27

DDTI Computation
Ater PCM Link computation
One TS for TCU LAPD
Number of traffic
E1 PCM

Time slots (64 kbps)

Take
Take the
the upper
upper
multiple
multiple of
of 30
30

Total
number

30

number
of E1 PCM
on Ater
(+ 1 if spare TCU)

One TS for TCU LAPD

of Ater
time slots
T1 PCM

2TS for X.25

optional

Take the upper

multiple of 23

23

number
of T1 PCM
on Ater
(+ 1 if spare TCU)

2 TS, 4 TS or 6 TS for CCS7

signaling

Do not forget to add a supplementary Ater PCM link if you provision a spare TCU

28

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Ater definition: one LAPD TS is sufficient and mandatory on each Ater PCM link
for intra-signaling between BSC and TCU; then:
For E1 PCM link: with TS0 dedicated to PCM link management and
synchronization, then 30 TSs are available for traffic and CCS7 TSs (and X.25
if this option is used).
For T1 PCM link: then 23 TSs are available for traffic and CCS7 TSs (and X.25
if this option is used).
Example (continued from previous pages) (150 Erlangs BSC):
Number of traffic TSs on Ater: 46
Number of CCS7 TSs on Ater: 2 (1 + 1)
Total number of TSs on Ater: 48
For E1 PCM: 48/30 2 Ater PCM links
For T1 PCM: 48/23 3 Ater PCM links
Note
This dimensioning example does not take into account X.25 TSs for O&M traffic
transportation towards OMC-R at A interface.
* Do not forget to add a supplementary Ater PCM link if you provision a spare
TCU.

28

DDTI Computation
Agprs PCM Link computation
One TS for TCU LAPD

Take the upper

multiple of 30

30

Number of
E1 PCM links
on Agprs

E1 PCM
Total number of
traffic channels
4
on Agprs interface

Total number of
traffic Time Slots
One TS for TCU LAPD

on Agprs

T1 PCM
Take the upper
multiple of 23

29

23

Number of
T1 PCM links
on Agprs

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Number of GPRS information channels

Number of data channels on the PCUSN/BSC = 480 CICs.
Number of Agprs PCM links
480 CICs need 120 DS0 on the Agprs interface, i.e. 4 E1 PCMs (or 6 T1) for
traffic handling.
Let 5 E1 (or 7 T1) be the number of Agprs PCMs required (with LAPD
additional DS0).

29

DDTI Computation
Check
Software limits

OK if lower
than 24

Abis
PCM links
Ater
PCM links

Number of
DDTI boards

Agprs
PCM links

30

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

1.DDTI boards are the direct BSC 12000 interface to all BSC external PCM links:
Abis and Ater PCM links must be added.
2.Then according to the DDTI implementation, the number of DDTI boards is
immediately obtained:

1 DDTI board for 2 PCM links.

3. Check of the DDTI implementation in BSC 12000 (table of limits).
The maximum number of DDTI boards equals 24 for BSC 12000.
Note: The DDTI computation results compliance with software limits is
represented on the overview diagram by the OK signal.
The number of DDTI boards is between 10 and 24 independently on the type
of the BSC 12000 the number of DDTI boards needed does not decide for
the BSC type, and it will finally never be lower than 10.

30

Lesson
Module Title
TCU or
Capacity
Lesson or Module # or Module #
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

31

TCU Capacity
E1 PCM Links
120 full rate traffic channels
1 TS = 1*(64 kbps A Law channel)

16 kbps

1 TS =
64 kbps

TCU
MSC (A interface)
BSC (Ater interface)

1 TCU per Ater PCM link

32

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

One TCU manages one PCM link on Ater interface, so the number of TCU equals
the number of PCM links on Ater interface. One TCU is generally used for
redundancy, so:
Number of TCU = number of PCM links on Ater interface
(include the spare TCU if a spare Ater PCM link was provisioned)
The TCU main function is reminded:
On Ater interface, a TS of the PCM link carries 4 encoded full rate speech/data
samples.
On A interface, a TS of the PCM link carries only one of these samples.
Reminder
On each A interface E1 PCM link, 31 TSs are available at most (TS0 is
reserved for PCM link management and synchronization). If we add 1 LAPD
TS per Ater PCM, the maximum capacity of each PCM on Ater interface
(without CCS7 TS) is 30 TS. So 1 TCU can manage at most 30 x 4 = 120 full
rate communications.
One BSC 12000 can manage up to 12 TCU (redundancy included).

32

TCU Capacity
T1 PCM Links
92 full rate traffic channels
1 TS = 1 * (64 kbps Law channel)

16 kbps

1 TS =
64 kbps

TCU
MSC (A interface)
BSC (Ater interface)

1 TCU per Ater PCM link

33

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

One TCU manages one PCM link on Ater interface, so the number of TCU equals
the number of PCM links on Ater interface. One TCU is generally used for
redundancy, so:
Number of TCU = number of PCM links on Ater interface
(include the spare TCU if a spare Ater PCM link was provisioned)
The TCU main function is recalled:
On Ater interface, a TS of the PCM link carries 4 encoded full rate speech/data
samples.
On A interface, a TS of the PCM link carries only one of these samples.
Reminder
On each A interface T1 PCM link, 24 TSs are available at most. If we add 1
LAPD TS per Ater PCM, the maximum capacity of each PCM on Ater interface
(without CCS7 TS) is 23 TSs. So 1 TCU can manage at most 23 x 4 = 92 full
rate communications.
One BSC 12000 can manage up to 14 TCU (redundancy included).

33

TCU Capacity
A interface PCM computation

34

(Full rate)
Number of
E1 PCM on Ater

x4

Number of E1 PCM
on A interface

(Full rate)
Number of
T1 PCM on Ater

x4

Number of T1 PCM
on A interface

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The number of PCM links on A interface is directly obtained from the number of
Ater PCM links.
Each TS on A PCM link (64 kbps rate) carries one single speech or data
communication channel (speech is sampled at 8 kHz and each sample is coded
onto 8 bits) whereas on Ater interface, a communication channel has a rate of 16
kbps.

34

TCU Capacity
Ater and A interface E1 PCM capacity: look-up table
Full rate traffic channels (BSC 12000)
blocking rate = 0.1%
Traffic Load
(in Erlangs)

E1 PCM Links
(BSC-TCU)

E1 PCM Links
(TCU-MSC)

86
195
300
414
529
644
760
876
985
1101
1218

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
40
44

These values do not take into account X.25 TS and consider CCS7 TS are working by pair

35

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Full rate traffic channels; blocking rate = 0.1%

This table summarizes the detailed calculations described on the two above
diagrams.
Other such tables can be established for other blocking rate values, in the same
manner.
Example 1 - 100 Erlangs BSC offered traffic; BSC blocking rate = 0.1%
Result given directly by the table:
2 E1 PCM links on Ater interface
8 E1 PCM links on A interface
Detailed calculation:
from Erlang B tables: number of resources = 128
for full rate traffic channels (division by 4): 128/4 = 32 traffic channels on
Ater interface
for a 100 Erlangs BSC: 2 CCS7 TSs only are necessary; therefore, adding
two TSs gives 34 TS on Ater interface
number of PCM links on Ater interface: 34/30 2 (as previously found)
number of PCM links on A interface: 2 x 4 = 8 (as previously found)
Note: 1 LAPD TS is taken into account on Ater link (30 TS instead of 31) for
management of each TCU.

35

Example 2 - Given a BSC with one E1 PCM link on Ater interface; BSC
blocking rate = 0.1%
Result given directly by the table: 86 Erlangs offered traffic.
Detailed calculation:
CCS7 TSs on Ater: 2 CCS7 TSs are necessary
LAPD TSs on Ater: one TS is reserved on each Ater link for TCU
management then:
number of Ater TSs (one link): 31 - 1 (LAPD) = 30 TS
number of traffic TSs: 30 - 2 (CCS7) = 28 TS
number of terrestrial circuits: 28 x 4 = 112 TS
from Erlang B tables: offered traffic 86 Erlangs (as obtained
previously)

36

TCU Capacity
Ater and A interface T1 PCM capacity: look-up table
Full rate traffic channels (BSC 12000)
blocking rate = 0.1%
Traffic Load
T1 PCM Links
T1 PCM Links
(in Erlangs)
(BSC-TCU)
(TCU-MSC)
4
1
61
8
2
144
12
3
229
16
4
308
20
5
395
24
6
483
28
7
571
32
8
659
36
9
748
40
10
837
44
11
919
48
12
1008
52
13
1098
56
14
1187
These values do not take into account X.25 TS and consider CCS7 TS are working by pair

37

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Full rate traffic channels; blocking rate = 0.1%

This table summarizes the detailed calculations described on the two above
diagrams.
Other such tables can be established for other blocking rate values, in the same
manner.
Example 1 - 100 Erlangs BSC offered traffic; BSC blocking rate = 0.1%
Result given directly by the table:
2 T1 PCM links on Ater interface
8 T1 PCM links on A interface
Detailed calculation:
from Erlang B tables: number of resources = 128
for full rate traffic channels (division by 4): 128/4 = 32 traffic channels on
Ater interface
for a 100 Erlangs BSC: 2 CCS7 TSs only are necessary for redundancy
purpose; therefore, adding 2 TSs gives 34 TS on Ater interface
number of PCM links on Ater interface: 34/23 2 (as previously found)
number of PCM links on A interface: 2 x 4 = 8 (as previously found)
Note: 1 LAPD TS is taken into account on Ater link (23 TS instead of 24) for
management of each TCU.

37

Example 2 - Given a BSC with one T1 PCM link on Ater interface; BSC
blocking rate = 0.1%
Result given directly by the table: 61 Erlangs offered traffic
Detailed calculation:
CCS7 TSs on Ater: 2 CCS7 TSs are necessary
LAPD TS on Ater: one TS is reserved on each Ater link for TCU
management then:
number of Ater TSs (one link): 24 - 1 (LAPD) = 23 TSs
number of traffic TSs: 23 - 2 (CCS7) = 21 TSs
number of terrestrial circuits: 21 x 4 = 84 TSs
from Erlang B tables: offered traffic 61 Erlangs (as obtained
previously)

38

Final Step
Overall diagram
OK

Number of BSCB (if used)

Type 1

Number of SICD8V
Offered traffic

Type 2

BSC 12000
Type

Number of cells

Type 3

Number of sites

Type 4

Number of TRXs

Type 5

39

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

An overall diagram summarizes the main data involved in the definition of BSC
type:
Number of boards (SICD8V, TSCB, BSCB, CCS7, DDTI)
Offered traffic
All site dependent elements of the BSC 12000 have been defined, according to:
The definition rules
And the limits of the BSC load (software and hardware limit table)
When these site elements are in compliance with these rules and limits, the OK
signal on the diagram is right.
Confirmation of the BSC type choice is given by the BSC 12000 product range
table.

39

Student notes

40

Section 5
BSC3000/TCU3000 Dimensioning

nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Remark: AMR (Adaptative Multi Rate) and EDGE are only supported by
BSC3000/TCU3000.

Objectives

> Upon completion of this section, the student will be

able to :
provision a BSC3000 cabinet and a TCU3000 cabinet by
defining the number of:
TMU modules in the Control Node of a BSC3000 cabinet
LSA-RC in the Interface Node of a BSC3000 cabinet
LSA-RC in one of both Transcoding Nodes of a TCU3000
cabinet
TRM modules in one of both Transcoding Nodes of a TCU3000
cabinet

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Contents

> BSC3000 and TCU3000 Generic Architecture

> BSC12000HC and BSC3000 Comparison
> TCU12000 and TCU3000 Comparison
> BSC3000 Provisioning
> BSC3000 and TCU3000 Configurations
> BSC3000 Provisioning Example
> TCU3000 Provisioning Example
> BSC3000 Dimensioning
> BSC3000 and TCU3000 Configurations
> Case Study: BSC12000/BSC3000 Replacement

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

BSC12000HC and BSC3000

Comparison
Maximum values
Erlang
TRX
Cells
BTS
LAPD links
SS7 links
E1/T1 links
A circuits
Power consumption (kW)

For one BSC3000

3000
1000
600
500
567
16
126/168
3200
2.0
W: 96/37 D: 60/23
H: 220/86
570/1254
1000_205

Cabinet dimension (cm/in)

Weight (kg/lb)
Floor load (kg/m2_ lb/ft)

For three BSC12000HC

3600
960
480
414
120
18
144/144
3780
5.1
W: 468/183 D: 60/23
H: 200/78
1620/3564
600_120

For one BSC12000HC

1200
320
160
138
40
6
48/48
1260
1.7
W: 156/61 D: 60/23
H: 200/78
540/1188
600_120

TCU12000 (30 shelves)

BSC3000 vs BSC12000HC

BSC12000HC (6 cabinets )
4

BSC3000 and TCU3000 (2 cabinets)

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Flexibility: there will be no predefined and limited number of configurations as for the
BSC 12000HC.
A set of product configurations fitting closely the needs of a given customer, in
terms of processing, signaling, PCM connectivity can be delivered, given that these
configurations remain within the minimum and maximum product configurations.
For example, if a 2000 Erlang BSC with the same PCM and signaling connectivity is
delivered to two customers having networks with different traffic profiles, the number
of TMUs in each BSC can be different, say 8 TMUs for one and 10 for the other.
A BSC3000 of maximum capacity is equivalent to three BSC 12000.
The BSC3000 can switch up to 2268 DS0 on Abis/Agprs/Ater interfaces. This
switching capacity (provided by the SRT8K module in the BSC3000 Interface Node)
might become a significant limiting factor with EDGE penetration if DS512 option is
not used to increase the switching capacity.

TCU 12000 and TCU3000 Comparison

Maximum values of
Ater + A for E1/T1 links
A-circuits for E1/T1 links
Power consumption (kW)
Cabinet dimension
(cm/in)
Weight (kg/lb)
Floor load (kg/m2_ lb/ft)

For one TCU3000

For thirty TCU 12000

For one TCU 12000

30+103 for E1 links

38+132 for T1 links

120+30

4+1

3200

3600 for E1 links

2760 for T1 links

120 for E1 links

92 for T1 links

2.0

30

W: 96/37 D: 60/23
H: 220/86

W: 78/30 D: 60/23
H: 200/78

W: 78/30 D: 60/23
H: 200/78

570/1254

8490/18690

283/623

1000_205

600_120

600_120

TCU 12000 (30 shelves)

TCU3000 vs TCU 12000

BSC3000 and TCU3000 (2 cabinets)

BSC 12000HC (6 cabinets)

5

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

BSC3000 and TCU3000 Generic

Architecture
Control
Node (1)

MMS

TMU

OMU
OMU
OAM

TMU
Traffic
Management

OAM

Private

Traffic
Management

LSA RC

MMS
ATM SW
ATM SW

Shared

TMU

TRM
Traffic
Management

Interface
Node (1)

ATM RM
ATM RM

5 to 14
Per BSC
2 to 6
Per BSC
1to 4 Per
Transc.node
2 to 10
Per transc.
node

LSA RC

LSA RC

To be
dimensioned

Transcoding
Node (1 or 2)
TRM
CEM
CEM

8K RM
8K RM

CEM
CEM

LSA RC

LSA RC

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The BSC3000 is composed of the Control Node and the Interface Node.
The TCU3000 is composed of the Transcoding Node.
Control Node main functionalities are:
Management of OAM for the C-Node, I-Node and T-Node
Traffic management towards the BTSs and MSC
BTS supervision, Transcoding Node supervision
OMC-R link management
Failure detection and processing
HandOver procedures
BSS configuration and software management
BSS performance counter management
ATM Management
Interface Node main functionalities are:
I-Node OAM management
Switch management and Timeswitch control
PCM interface
ATM Management
Transcoding Node main functionalities are:
T-Node OAM management
Switch management and call processing
BSC Access
Carrier Maintenance

TRM

BSC3000 Provisioning
1 - BSC3000 versus BSC12000
ATM SW

1+1

Control and
Switching
Chain A
Active

OAM OMU

Control and
Switching
Chain B
Passive

1+1

TMU
300 E

N+P+2

Traffic
Management

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The redundancy concept of the BSC3000/TCU3000 is different from the 2G

BSC/TCU: the two redundant chains do not exist any more. But, there is a per
module or per card (LSA) redundancy.
Except for the TMU module for which an N+P redundancy is implemented, all the
modules are 1+1 redundant.
The entire Call Processing of the BSC3000 is based on the TMU module. The TMU
dimensioning is based on the estimated traffic load (maximum 300 Erlang per
TMU).
The BSC3000 estimated traffic is calculated by taking into account the sum of each
cell traffic (based on the number of TRX per cell).
The BSC3000 estimates itself the number of TMU needed to reach the capacity
required by the Site/Cells/TRX configured by the OMC.
If the calculated number of TMUs is less than the installed TMUs, then the BSC
notifies to OMC via Load Balancing Anomaly how many TMUs are needed in order
to reach the required capacity.
Due to the fact that there are no more fix configurations (like type1...5 in case of
BSC 12000), the OMC-R only verifies the maximum dimensioning of the BSC3000.

BSC3000 Provisioning
2 - Number of TMUs: N+P+2
N is the minimum number of TMUs needed for no loss of processing capacity.
P is the minimum number of TMUs needed for redundancy.
2 is the number needed for SS7 processing

Capacity

1500
Erlang

1800
Erlang

2100
Erlang

2400
Erlang

2700
Erlang

3000
Erlang

10

SS7: 2

TOTAL

5+1+2

6+2+2

7+2+2

8+2+2

9+2+2

10+2+2

Number of TMUs

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

In order to have a well balanced processing load between TMUs, two mechanisms
have been implemented:
The BSC3000 makes a site distribution per Cell Group using a special
algorithm so that a number of equally charged Cell Groups can be obtained:
a Cell Group is a logical entity containing several sites,
all the Cells and the TRXs belonging to one site are in the same Cell
Group.
The Cell Groups are then distributed over the existing TMUs. A TMU is
capable of managing up to 16 Cell Groups (8 active and 8 passive). The active
Cell Groups from one TMU will have their passive instance on another TMU.
Concerning TMU redundancy, let us define the following:
N is the minimum number of TMUs needed for no loss of processing capacity
this is the minimum number of TMUs needed to run all the active processes
(Fault Tolerance).
P is the minimum number of TMUs needed for current redundancy
2 TMUs are needed for processing of SS7 signaling
Taking into account these considerations, the BSC3000 capacity can be defined.

BSC3000 Provisioning
3 - Abis LAPD channels
LAPD link Dimensioning:
Up to 567 LAPD channels per BSC3000
62 LAPDs per TMU module (2 for TCU LAPDs)
Engineering recommendation = 60 BTS LAPDs per TMU
Dependence between the number of TMUs and LAPDs:

Total number of
TMUs
GSM Object
LAPD Channel (Abis)

Not standard

10

11

12

13

14

120 180 240 300 300 360 420 480 540 567

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

LAPD link dimensioning:

Up to 567 LAPD channels can be configured at the BSC3000 level.
62 LAPD (Abis, Agprs, Ater) can be handled by each TMU module (2 are reserved
for TCU LAPDs).
The 60 LAPDs per TMU used for BTSs must be split between active and passive
resources (passive resources being used for redundancy only).
The dependence between the number of TMUs and LAPDs that can be handled
by the BSC3000 is presented in the table.
The BSC3000 engineering recommendation is 40 BTS LAPDs per TMU: this
engineering margin will provide enough processing capacity on the TMU or the
GPRS LAPDs.

BSC3000 Provisioning
4 Maximum number of TRXs
Total number of
TMUs
GSM Object
TRX for 0.1% blocking rate

TRX for 2% blocking rate

10

10

11

12

13

14

Not standard

360 540 720 900 900 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000

Not standard

200 300 400 500 500 600 700 800 900 1000

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

LAPD link dimensioning:

Up to 567 LAPD channels can be configured at the BSC3000 level.
62 LAPD (Abis, Agprs, Ater) can be handled by each TMU module (2 are reserved
for TCU LAPDs).
The 60 LAPDs per TMU used for BTSs must be split between active and passive
resources (passive resources being used for redundancy only).
The dependence between the number of TMUs and LAPDs that can be handled
by the BSC3000 is presented in the table.
The BSC3000 engineering recommendation is 40 BTS LAPDs per TMU: this
engineering margin will provide enough processing capacity on the TMU or the
GPRS LAPDs.

10

BSC3000 Provisioning
5 - GPRS impact
VLR
TCU3000

BTS

PSTN/
ISDN

MSC
A

MAP-D

HLR

SMSC

Abis

MSC - Mobile Switching Centre

VLR - Visitor Location Register
HLR - Home Location Register
BSS - Base Station Subsystem
EIR - Equipment Identity Register

EIR

Ater

Agprs
24 PCM
MAX

BSC3000

PSPDN
PCUSN

SGSN

GGSN

PCUSN - Packet Control Unit Support Node

PSPDN - Packet Switched Public Data Network
SGSN - Serving GPRS Support Node
GGSN - Gateway GPRS Support Node

11

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

GPRS entails no BSC capacity decrease in terms of processing. In other words, the
processing power of the TMU and of the other processing boards is not a limiting
factor for GPRS dimensioning.
Only the PCM connectivity (Abis + Ater + Agprs) and the circuit switching capacity
of the BSC3000 have to be taken into account for GSM and GPRS network
engineering.
In urban areas, the BSC3000 has enough available PCMs so that the GPRS
introduction can be done without any PCM dimensioning constraints.
For example a maximum capacity BSC3000 managing a BSS network made mainly
of S444 BTSs, will need around 90 E1 PCMs for Abis and Ater, out of 126.
Therefore, whatever the GPRS profile is, there will be enough additional PCMs
available for Agprs.
In rural areas (BTS S111 & S222), all PCMs might be used for voice service only.
The introduction of GPRS can then impact the BSC3000 capacity in terms of
number of managed BTSs and TRXs.
The maximum circuit switching capacity of the BSC3000 (2268 64-kbps circuits)
shall be taken into account in the dimensioning of a voice + GPRS network.
The switching capacity is not a limitation for voice-only and for low-speed GPRS
and EDGE services (CS1/CS2 and MCS1/MCS2).

11

For high-speed data services (GPRS CS3/CS4 and EDGE MCS3 to MCS9),
since the radio time-slots carrying those services require more circuits on Abis
and Agprs (2 to 5 times more than for voice and low-speed packet data), the
BSC3000 switching capacity limit can be reached for some network
configurations, especially for high data penetration (for example 8 radio TS per
cell for GPRS). From release V15 and further, the DS512 option can be used on
the BSC3000. As explained in coming slides, this option enables the BSC3000
to switch much more TS, the switching capacity of BSC3000 being no more a
limiting factor (even if EDGE is activated on the network).
The impact on BSC3000 capacity in terms of the number of managed TRX has
to be determined on a case-by-case basis, according to the network
configuration.
As for EDGE, the configuration and activation of this feature on BSS is based on
a UNIX program installed at the OMC-R. The purpose of this tool is to configure
EDGE parameters and/or EDGE backhaul by execution of the MMI command
files. This avoids manual operation and turns out to be efficient in order to
optimize:
the operation duration
the configuration errors due to the number of impacted parameters since the
NRP is available as a plug-in
Note that EDGE has no impact on TCU3000.
Moreover, the number of Agprs PCM that can be connected to a PCUSN is
increased in V15 to 24 per BSC3000 (to be compared with 12 in V14). A
PCUSN12 must be then upgraded to a PCUSN24.

12

BSC3000 Provisioning
6 - AMR impact
Ater Interface

A Interface

TCU

Abis Interface

BTS

BSC
TS 1/0

TS 1/0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS m

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS i
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS n

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS j
TS p

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

TS 24/31
FR TCH (TCH/FS or TCH/EFS)
AMR HR TCH (TCH/AHS)
AMR FR TCH (TCH/AFS10.2)

13

TS 24/31

AMR FR TCH (TCH/AFS6.7, TCH/AFS5.9 or TCH/AFS4.75)

8 kbps channel carrying supplementary information in downlink, padding in uplink.
8 kbps channel carrying supplementary information (in uplink and in downlink).

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Each TS on A PCM link (64 kbps rate) carries one single speech or data
communication channel (speech is sampled at 8 kHz and each sample is coded
onto 8 bits) whereas on Ater/Abis interface, a communication channel has a rate
of 8 or 16 kbps: refer to the above slide for more details.
BSS Capacity
Abis PCM: AMR Half Rate allows to double the number of calls that could be
carried on an Abis PCM.
BSC3000 capacity: The introduction of AMR services on BSC induces:
handovers between half rate and full rate TCH, in order to adapt the radio
link to radio conditions
more complex algorithms for TMG mechanisms and channel allocations
thus the BSC load of an AMR call is greater than the load induced by a non
AMR call. Therefore according to HR AMR penetration, the BSC configuration
(number of cells by BSC, number of TRX by BSC, LAC size) has to be
studied.
TCU3000 capacity: AMR services induce more complexity on TCU, leading to
some capacity reduction compared to EFR or to FR calls.

13

BSC3000 and TCU3000 Configurations

1 - Overview
Traffic
Model

TMU / TRM
redundancy
N+P+2 / N+1

Load
limits

Nbr of BTS ( 500)

BSC configuration:
TMU number( 5 to 14)
LSA number (2 to 6)

Nbr of Cells ( 600)

Nbr of TRX ( 1000)
Nbr of Erlangs ( 3000)

TCU configuration:
TRM number (2 to 10)
LSA number (1 to 4)

Nbr of PCMs ( 126/168)

Nbr of LAPD ( 567)
(Abis +Ater + Agprs)
Nbr of SS7 links ( 16)

Number of (PDTCH/4 + CIC/4 + TRX*2 + Joker DS0 if EDGE)

2268 (8K RM module)
14

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The different limits to be taken into account within the provisioning model are
classified into hardware, software and load limits.
Main hardware limits come from:
the number of TMU and TRM modules
the number of LSA modules per node
Main software limits are given by:
the number of TRX (1000)
the number of cells (600)
there is no limit in terms of cells per TMU, but taking into account that a cell must
have at least one TRX, we can deduce that the limit of cells per TMU is equal to
the TRX limit per TMU
the maximum number of sites (500); the number of sites per BSC3000 will be
reduced in the case of 2 or 3 LAPDs per site
Main load limits are:
the number of LAPD channels per TMU module (62)
the number of TRXs per LAPD channel (8)
Note that in V15 an optional kit can be used to increase the switching capacity to
4056

14

BSC3000 and TCU3000 Configurations

2 - Proposed system
BTS

BSC
BSC limits
TRX number
LAPD number < 567
(Ater + Abis + Agprs)

TMU
Computation

TMU
number

BSC3000
Model
BSC
number

1
Site
elements
n

Site
Computation

BSC

Real traffic

Abis PCM Nb
CS PCM TS Nb

LSA
Computation
(Ater Nb)

SS7
number

LSA number

TCU
Number
BSC blocking rate
15

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 1 - Determine the offered traffic: Abis PCM links, GPRS/EDGE cells,
GPRS/EDGE TS, Total offered traffic (GSM + GPRS/EDGE).
Step 2 - Determine the real traffic that will be managed by the BSC,
= (Traffic intensity per subscriber) x (number of subscribers).
Step 3 - Determine the number of information channels on the Ater interface:
the
(GSM voice channels needed between the BSC and the TCU) by
using Erlang B formula, = ErlangB_Inv_N (traffic, blocking rate).
Step 4 - Determine the number of Ater PCM links: convert the number of voice
channels into traffic DS0s and PCM links on the Ater.
Step 5 - Determine the number of GPRS/EDGE data channels needed
between the
BSC and the PCUSN.
Step 6 - Determine the number of Agprs PCM links.
Step 7 - Determine the total number of PCM links needed.
Step 8 - Convert the number of PCMs into LSA RC modules: an LSA supports
21
E1 type PCMs (resp. 28 for T1 type).
Step 9 - Convert the number of total offered traffic into TMU modules.
Step 10 - Check the dimensioning of the 8K RM module.

15

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

1 - Site computation
BSC dimensioning

BTS
dimensioning

Site Splitting

No
1 BSC3000
Enough?

Number of sites

Yes

Number of cells
Number of TRX
Number of Abis

Adding
for
all sites

BSC
limits

BSC3000

dimensioning

LAPD number
on Abis
Abis number
(LSA RC)

Number of LAPD

BSC traffic (CCS7)

(~ offered traffic)

Max. Offered
traffic

Site Computation

16

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Example
Site input: number of BTS S444 (S8000 CBCF) handled by the BSC = 40.
#SITEs = 40
#CELLs = 120
#TRXs = 480
#PCMs = 40 (star configuration) if no EDGE, 80 if EDGE with 4 PDTCH & 4 DS0
per cell
#GPRS/EDGE cells = 120
#GPRS/EDGE TSs = 480 (4 GPRS/EDGE TS per cell)
#Abis LAPDs = 120
Step 1 - Offered traffic:
maximum offered traffic: #Erl (GSM) = 2106 Erl (2% blocking rate)
total offered traffic #Erl (virtual traffic) 40 x 63 Erl = 2520 Erl (Including
GPRS/EDGE TSs)
Step 2 - Real traffic:
number of mobile subscribers (Ksubs) = 100
traffic intensity per subscriber (mErl/subs) = 20
real traffic intensity = 100 x 20 = 2000 Erl
realistic (or real) capacity on the BSC3000 = 2000 Erl

16

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

2 - Ater PCM TS computation
Real offered traffic in
the cells managed by
the BSC

Erlang Law

BSC blocking rate

(0.1%)

HR penetration

Total number of
traffic channels
on Ater interface
(maximum 3112)

Total number
of traffic TS
on Ater
interface

Number of traffic TS on Abis interface

Traffic on BSC
Number of traffic TS on Ater interface

17

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 3 - Number of information channels:

number of voice channels for offered traffic on the TCU/BSC = 2200 CICs
(0.1% blocking rate)
Number of CICs
The maximum number of CICs supported by the BSC3000 is 3112.
This number corresponds to 3000 Erlang at 0.1% blocking rate on the A
interface.
In fact the limit of 3000 Erl per BSC3000 comes from this limitation.
Remark:
The introduction of HR induces an increase of the traffic in a given cell. Therefore,
the traffic on the BTSs and on the BSC also increases. But, the number of
needed traffic TS on Abis interface remains unchanged whereas the number of
traffic TS on Ater interface grows.
EDGE has no impact on Ater PCM computation.

17

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

3 - Ater PCM link computation
LAPD TS Assumed number (2 per LSA module)

Number of traffic Time Slots

(64 kbps)

Take the upper

multiple of 31

31

Number of
E1 PCM links
on Ater

Take the upper

multiple of 24

24

Number of
T1 PCM links
on Ater

E1 PCM

TSs for CCS7 signaling

Total
Number
of Ater
Time Slots
T1 PCM

(200 Erl / SS7 link + 1

for redundancy)

18

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 4 - Number of Ater PCM links

2200 CICs need 550 DS0 on the Ater interface, i.e. 19 E1 PCM (or 24 T1) for
traffic handling.
Let 19 E1/24 T1 be the number of Ater PCMs required (with SS7 and LAPD
additional DS0).
SS7 links Dimensioning
Up to 2 SS7 links are supported by each TMU module.
Up to 16 SS7 channels can be handled by a BSC3000.
According to the real time capacity limitation of the TMU module
it is recommended not to create more SS7 channels than TMUs.

18

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

4 - Agprs PCM link computation
Take the upper
multiple of 31

30

Number of
E1 PCM links
on Agprs

Take the upper

multiple of 24

23

Number of
T1 PCM links
on Agprs

E1 PCM
Total number of
traffic channels
on Agprs interface

Total number of
traffic Time Slots
on Agprs

T1 PCM

19

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 5 - Number of GPRS information channels

number of data channels on the PCUSN/BSC = 480 CICs
Step 6 - Number of Agprs PCM links
480 CICs need 120 DS0 on the Agprs interface, i.e. 4 E1 PCMs (or 6 T1) for
traffic handling
As maximum number of PCM on Agprs is 24 in V15 (remains 12 in V14), without
dynamic Agprs, the maximum number of Gprs TS is:
24*4*30 = 2880 for E1 (one TS is reserved for LapD on each PCM link)
24*4*23 = 2208 for T1 (one TS is reserved for LapD on each PCM link)

19

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

4 Dynamic Agprs Principles GPRS Principles
> Target: optimize Agprs PCM use, according to GPRS traffic sharing
among cells
> Benefits:

) minimize the number of AGPRS links, or

) improve the available cell bandwidth

under heterogeneous traffic distribution (when combined with Time Slot Sharing)

> How: on demand, on a Agprs PCM basis

the PCU computes the AGPRS load of each cell and triggers reconfiguration procedures in order
to exchange ONE 16k AGPRS TS from the least to the most loaded cell
the BSC performs the reconfiguration, according to the PCU request

Cell B

Cell A
AGPRS
PCM

20

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Dynamic Agprs feature optimizes Agprs resources on Agprs interface according to

the GPRS traffic among cells.
The PCU computes the Agprs load on each cell and reconfigures Agprs TS from the
least loaded cell to the most loaded one in order to increase its available bandwidth.
This process is done every second and on a per Agprs PCM basis.
Note that only one 16k Agprs TS is reconfigured from one cell to another every
second.

20

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

4 Dynamic Agprs Principles EDGE Principles
> Same Target & Benefits: move the Agprs resource
towards the cells that require it the most !
> How:
the PCU computes the AGPRS load of each cell and triggers reconfiguration procedures in
order to exchange up to 8 JOKER AGPRS 16k TS (2 DS0) from one cell (e.g. the least loaded
cell) to the most loaded cell (or only 1 MAIN 16k TS from one cell to another one)
the BSC performs the reconfiguration, according to the PCU request
the PCU selects the type of TS (Main or Joker TS) that should be removed from the selected
cell or added to the most loaded cell

Main or
Joker TS
removed ?

Main or Joker
TS added ?

Cell B

Cell A
AGPRS
PCM
21

Up to 2 DS0
Joker in
one shot

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The principle of Dynamic Agprs Interface with EDGE is the as with GPRS: to give
more bandwidth to the most loaded cells, and take this bandwidth out from the least
loaded cells. Process done every second, on a per Agprs PCM basis.
All combinations are possible:
1 Main TS Cell B -> 1 Main TS Cell A (same as GPRS)
1 Main TS Cell B -> 1 Joker TS Cell A
Up to 8 Joker TS (2 Joker DS0) Cell B -> up to 8 Joker TS (2 Joker DS0) Cell A
1 Joker TS Cell B -> 1 Main TS Cell A
The number of jokers is controlled by the parameter JokerPerMainTarget.
If JokerPerMainTarget is x and there are already nPDCH & n*x Jokers connected,
1 Main TS is selected by the PCU instead of Joker TS.
Engineering rule:
JokerPerMainTarget parameter value should be equal to or less than the
number of provisionned Abis DS0 joker.

21

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

4 Guideline for Agprs PCM link computation
The following formula provides the maximum number of cells that can be configured
per Agprs PCM depending on the PCM type (T1 or E1), the compression rate to be
implemented (should be kept below 70%) and the value of the JokerToMainRatio
parameter:

E1 case, 70% compression rate

T1 case, 70% compression rate

NbCell

92

NbCell

(1 0 .7 )n pdtch (1 + JPMT )

120
(1 0 .7 )n pdtch (1 + JPMT

With:

With:

92 16 kbps Agprs data TS on 1 T1 Agprs PCM

[25 - 1 (sync) - 1 (Lapd TS)] x 4 = 23 x 4 Agprs data
TS

120 16 kbps Agprs data TS on 1 E1 Agprs PCM

[32 - 1 (sync) - 1 (Lapd TS)] x 4 = 30 x 4 Agprs data
TS

npdtch number of PDTCH configured on the cell

npdtch number of PDTCH configured on the cell

JPMT JokerPerMainTarget, equal to Abis DS0 Joker JPMT JokerPerMainTarget, equal to Abis DS0 Joker

22

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Agprs interface dimensioning must be done according to:

the number of DS0 needed for GPRS & EDGE TS (PDTCH and Jokers TS),
the compression rate of the dynamic Agprs feature (if activated),
the number of Lapd TS needed (one per Agprs PCM)
Example: 4 PDTCH and 4 DS0 on Abis per cell
T1 case, 60% compression, max number of cells that can be configured per
Agprs PCM:

NbCell

4(24 1)
NbCell 11
(1 0.6)4(1+ 4)

E1 case, 60% compression, max number of cells that can be configured per
Agprs PCM:

NbCell

4(32 11)
NbCell 15
(1 0.6)4(1+ 4)

Note that compression rate should be kept below 70% to guaranty a sufficient
reactivity when a new user starts a TBF in a cell where few resources are allocated
on Agprs

22

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

5 - Number of LSA RC modules
Take the upper
multiple of 21

Number of PCM links

on Agprs
Number of PCM links
on Abis

E1 PCM

T1 PCM
Take the upper
multiple of 28

Nbr of LSAs
GSM Objects

1
Not standard

23

Number of
LSA RC
modules
(1 to 6)

Total number
of PCM links

Assumed number of
PCM links on Ater

Total PCM (E1)

- Abis PCM
- Agprs PCM
- Ater PCM
Total PCM (T1)
- Abis PCM
- Agprs PCM
- Ater PCM

21

21

42

63

4
84

28
6

Nature of
rule

126

HC

5
105

15
12
1

36
12
1

57
12
1

78
12
1

99
12
1

120
12
1

28

56

84

112

140

168

22
12
1

50
12
1

78
12
1

106
12
1

134
12
1

162
12
1

HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC
HC

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 7 - Total number of PCM links

Number of PCMs on the Ater interface: 19 E1 PCM (24 T1)
Number of PCMs on the Abis: 40 E1 PCM (80 T1 if no daisy chain config)
Number of PCMs on the Agprs: 4 E1 PCM (6 T1)
Step 8 - LSA RC modules needed due to port capacity
(19 + 40 + 4) / 21 = 3, then 3 LSAs E1 are needed on the BSC
(24 + 80 + 6) / 28 = 4, then 4 LSAs T1 are needed on the BSC
PCM Dimensioning depends on the PCM type (E1/T1) and LSA modules
provisioned
No. of PCMs = 21 * No. of LSAs (E1)
No. of PCMs = 28 * No. of LSAs (T1)
This means a maximum of 126 E1 or 168 T1 ports per BSC3000
(Abis/Ater/Agprs).
From these ports, 6 are reserved for Ater links (synchronizing ports).

23

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

6 - Number of TMUs
Virtual offered traffic
(GSM + GPRS)

300

Nbr of LAPD ( 567)

Number N of
TMU modules

Number P
of TMU modules
for redundancy

60

(Abis +Ater + Agprs)

TRX number

100

Capacity

Total number N + P + 2
of TMU modules
(Active
+ passive processes
+ redundancy)

2 for SS7 processing

1500
Erlang

1800
Erlang

2100
Erlang

2400
Erlang

2700
Erlang

3000
Erlang

10

SS7: 2

TOTAL

5+1+2

6+2+2

7+2+2

8+2+2

9+2+2

10+2+2

Number of TMUs

24

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 9 - TMUs needed due to offered capacity

2520 Erl are offered on the Abis side (total installed radio traffic).
i.e. (2520 / 300),N = 9 then 13 TMUs are needed due to TMU real-time capacity
limitation (N+P+2 redundancy&SS7 mandatory).
TMU real-time capacity
Main assumption: one TMU (redundant or not) can handle 300 Erl as offered
traffic (different types of Call Profile will generate different TMU processor loads).
Offered traffic induces additional non-payload signaling load, which is
unfortunately computed by TMU modules. That is why, the offered traffic will be
always taken into account for BSC3000 dimensioning, from the processing
capacity point of view.
TRX Dimensioning
Maximum number on TRXs supported by the BSC3000 is 1000 (software and
hardware limitation).
Maximum number of TRXs per TMU: 300 Erlang divided by the number of Erlang
per TRX, depends on the considered blocking rate.
One Cell TRX at 2% blocking rate can handle around 3 Erl, which means 100
TRXs/TMU.

24

BSC3000 Provisioning Example

7 - 8K RM maximum capacity
Traffic only
Number of Abis TSs
(64 kbps)
Number of Ater TSs
(64 kbps)

Total number of switched TSs (DS0)

2268 (8K-RM module)
4056 (in V15, with DS512 option)

Number of Agprs TSs

(64 kbps)

If number of TSs > 2268

(> 4056 in V15 with DS512)
2 BSC3000

25

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 10 - 8K-RM module limitation

4056 DS0s is the number of traffic TSs a 8K-RM can switch
this implies a new condition:
number of TRXs < [4056 (No of CICs/4) (No of PDTCH/4)]/2
check the 8K-RM capacity: [(2200 + 480) / 4 + 480 x 2) = 1630 lower than
4056, thus one BSC is sufficient

This example shows that one BSC3000 can process the proposed traffic
E1 case: BSC3000 with 3 LSAs and 9+2 TMUs
T1 case: BSC3000 with 4 LSAs and 9+2 TMUs
In V15.0, the DS512 option aims to increase the capacity of SRT8K module used in
the BSC3000 Interface Node up to 4056 DS0. Thanks to this option, the switching
capacity of the BSC3000 is no more a limiting factor.

25

EDGE Impacts on BSC3000

1. Connectivity impact on BSC3000

Additional PCM for Abis and Agprs interfaces => New LSA board may be needed
(maximum of 6 LSA corresponding to 126 E1 PCM or 168 T1 PCM)
Constraint: in V15.0 maximum number of Agprs PCM / BSC is 24. (previously 12 in
V14.3)

2. Increase of switching capacity with the DS512 option, available in V15 only

The switching capacity goes from 2268 DS0 to 4056 DS0 with DS512 upgrade:
Max8kRM > [2*NbTRX + ( x / 4) + Y + Z]
With,

Max 8kRM = 4056 with DS512 option

2268 without DS512 option
x : nbr of CIC, on the A interface, <= 3112
Y : nbr of DS0 used on Agprs interface (excluding LAPD DS0)
Z : sum of joker DS0 configured on Abis interface.

=> No significant impact on other boards (E.g. TMU)

26

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

In V14, the BSC3000 can switch up to 2268 DS0 on Abis, Agprs and Ater
interfaces. This capacity can be a limiting factor, especially if EDGE is activated
(more DS0 to be switched with the same BSS configuration).
To increase the BSC3000 switching capacity, 4 DS512 links (optical fibers) are
connected between each CEM and each 8k-RM board in BSC3000 front panel. With
theses connections, the total number of DS0 that can be switched is increased to
4056.
DS512 links are plug and play, they can be hot inserted while the BSC3000 is
online. A new parameter is introduced at the OMC-R: bscHighSwitchingCapacity to
allow the DS512 option management.
With the DS512 option, no check on switching capacity is to be performed
because the switching matrix limit can not be reached (in E1 case 126 PCM * 31
DS0 < 4060 DS0 or in T1 case 168 PCM * 24 DS0 < 4060 DS0).
Note that DS512 option is available in V15 even if EDGE is not activated.

26

TCU3000 Provisioning Example

1 - Overview

Number of A
CIC traffic channels

Number of
actives TRMs
(up to nine)

Number of
Ater PCM links

Number of
TCU nodes
(one or two)

Number of
LSA RC modules

No EDGE impact on TCU Dimensioning

27

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 1 - Number of actives TRM modules.

Step 2 - Number of TCU nodes.
Step 3 - Number of Ater PCM links.
Step 4 - Number of TCU LAPD channels.

27

TCU3000 Provisioning Example

2 - Number of TRM

Number of FR/EFR
traffic channels

72

*
Number of AMR
traffic channels

Number of EFR + TTY

traffic channels

60

:3

Number of
actives TRMs
(up to nine/node)

Number of
TCU nodes
(one or two)

*
48

* Nearest greater integer

28

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 1 - Number of active TRM modules

Each TRM is made of 3 archipelagoswhose capacity is dependant on codec
type. One archipelago is associated to only one type of codec.
FR/EFR codec: archipelago capacity is 72 circuits
AMR codec: archipelago capacity is 60 circuits
EFR + TTY codec: archipelago capacity is 48 circuits
The TRM number is calculated according to a variable capacity, which is from 144
to 216 circuits per TRM, depending on type of vocoder.
Step 2 - Number of TCU nodes
The TCU can manage up to nine active TRMs plus one redundant: this gives the
maximum capacity in terms of circuits of 1944 per Transcoding Node.
One TCU node can be connected to only one BSC3000, so that up to two
BSC3000 can be connected to a TCU3000 cabinet (containing two TCU nodes).
Due to TCU cabinet power supply redundancy, it is no longer necessary to
connect one BSC to two different TCU3000 cabinets.
To reach 3000 Erlang we have to install two TCU nodes.

28

TCU3000 Provisioning Example

3 - Number of LSA RC modules

Number of Ater
traffic channels
Number of SS7 channels

31 (E1)
or
24 (T1)

21 (E1)
or
28 (T1)

Number of A PCM

Number of Ater PCM

Number of A PCM

29

Number of
LSA RC modules

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 3 - Number of Ater PCM links = 19 E1 (or 24 T1).

PCM Dimensioning depends on the PCM type (E1/T1) and LSA modules
provisioned:
Number of E1 PCMs = 21 * number of LSAs
Number of T1 PCMs = 28 * number of LSAs
This means a maximum of 84 E1 or 112 T1 ports per BSC3000 (Ater/A); of
these ports, 6 are reserved for A interface links (synchronizing ports).
SS7 dimensioning (A interface) is one TS for 200 ERL for worst case traffic model.

29

TCU3000 Provisioning Example

4 - Number of Ater LAPDs
Number of LSA RC modules

Number of Ater
LAPDs

X2

Number of
TCU3000 Nodes/BSC

30

Number of LSA RC
modules

Number of LAPD DS0

10

12

14

16

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Step 4 - Number of TCU LAPD channels between the BSC3000 and the TCU3000
Two LAPD channels per LSA RC module are dynamically reserved for TCU
Call Processing signaling, and TCU O&M signaling.
Check that the number of LAPD channels is compatible with the number of free
Ater TSs. (see the slide BSC3000 Provisioning Example / Number of PCM links).

30

BSC3000 Dimensioning
Typical examples

BTS Configuration
Nb of BTSs

S222

S333

S444

S888

200

125

70

50

20

1300

3000

3000

3000

3000

600

750

630

600

480

TMU

12

12

12

12

LSA

Abis E1/T1

105/139

93/124

70/70

50/62

40/46

Ater E1/T1

11/15

26/34

26/34

26/34

26/34

Agprs E1/T1

10/14

7/10

7/10

5/7

4/6

BSC capacity (Erl)

Nb of TRXs

31

S111

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The BSC3000 offers flexibility for network engineering, because it has only one
dimensioning factor in most network configurations, which is the capacity in
Erlang.
The other factors, such as the number of BTSs, cells, TRXs, PCMs, LAPD links,
etc., will not be limiting in most cases.
This table gives some dimensioning examples for the BSC3000 according to the
type of BTS sites.
The figures in red are the dimensioning factors for the BSC.
With the exception of a pure S111 BTS configuration, the only dimensioning factor
is the maximum Erlang capacity (3000 E).
If the network consists of 100% S111 BTSs, the maximum number of cells (600)
supported by a BSC3000 is reached before the maximum Erlang capacity.
In S111 and S222 cases, Abis concentration is assumed.

31

BSC3000 and TCU3000 Configurations

1 - Min and Max configurations
BSC3000 and TCU3000
dimensioning

Min

Max

Erlang

600

3000

TRX

360

1000

BTS

120

500

Cells

360

600

LAPD links

120

567

E1/T1 PCM (BSC3000)

42/56

126/168

E1/T1 PCM (TCU3000)

21/28

84/112

A interface circuits (TCU3000)

200

1900

A interface circuits (BSC3000)

620

3100

16

SS7 links
32

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

This table gives the dimensioning factors for the BSC3000 & TCU3000 in
minimum and maximum configurations.
BSC configuration:
The minimum configuration is a 600 E, which translates to 5 TMUs (2+1 for
redundancy + 2 for SS7) and 2 LSAs (42 E1 or 56 T1 PCMs).
The maximum configuration is a 3000 E, which translates to 14 TMUs (10+2
for redundancy + 2 for SS7) and 6 LSAs (126 E1 or 168 T1 PCMs); the TCU
function will require two Transcoding nodes.
Between these two configurations, all configurations can be offered, nevertheless
some product engineering rules are defined to avoid inconsistency between the
number of TMUs and the number of LSAs.
TCU configuration:
The minimum configuration is a 200 E TCU3000, which translates, in the case
of Enhanced Full Rate, to 2 TRM modules (1+1 redundant) and 1 LSA (21 E1
or 28 T1 PCMs).
The maximum configuration is a 2000 E: up to 11 TRMs (10+1 redundant) and
4 LSAs in each of the 2 nodes of a TCU cabinet. The TCU3000 cabinet can be
connected to the same BSC or to 2 different BSCs.
Note: The TCU3000 can have a maximum of 12 TRMs modules if required.
Between these minimum and maximum configurations, all configurations can be
offered. Nevertheless, in the TCU3000 the number of TRMs and the number of
LSAs are directly related to the required A interface capacity.

32

BSC3000 and TCU3000 Configurations

2 - BSC3000 and TCU3000 typical examples

BSC3000
TMU traffic
TMU SS7

2400E

3000E

5+1
1+1

8+2
1+1

10+2
1+1

Nb of LAPD

300

480

567

Nb of E1/T1

63/84

105/140

126/168

TCU3000

1800E

LSA

TRM

9+1

LSA

Nb of E1/T1

33

1500E

84/112

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

33

BSC12000/BSC3000 Replacement
Exercise
BSC 1

BSC 2

BSC 3

S333

14

12

S22

10

17

16

O1

25

22

Total

Number of TRXs
Traffic Radio (2%)
Number of LAPD TS
Number of Cells
Number of Sites
Busy Hour Erlang (on A/Ater)

358

413

235

20% Drop&Insert => Abis PCMs

Preliminary computation DS0 E1 PCMs T1 PCMs

BSC3000 modules

A int. Traffic (0.1%)

LSA RC

Ater int. (Traffic + SS7)

8K-RM

Agprs int. Traffic

TCU3000 modules

SS7

TRM

Ater LAPD

LSA RC

34

E1

TMU

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The three 2G BSCs with around 2300 Erlang installed in radio, and carrying around
1000 Erlang on the A interface, will be replaced by BSC3000, connected to
TCU3000.
For LAC dimensioning, the engineering recommendation is not to exceed 40 000
subscribers per LAC.
In our case 1000 Erlang are generated by 40 000 subscribers (at 25
merl/subscriber) so the entire BSC3000 could be under one LAC.
For GPRS and EDGE dimensioning, the engineering recommendation is to
provision 4 PDTCH per cell.

34

T1

Section 6
PCU Dimensioning

nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Dimensioning Methodology

> Calculate the radio rate

> Choose the Coding Scheme
> PCUSN dimensioning

PCUSN

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

At the beginning, we'll start by calculating the rate necessary on the radio interface.
We will see that this calculation can be made by two - more or less complex - ways.
Then, environment analysis makes it possible to choose coding to be used in the
network.
The dimensioning of the PCUSN is rather automatic. All depends on the preceding
parameters: radio rate and Coding Scheme.
The PCUSN dimensioning rules are identical in V15.0 as compared with previous
release. The same hardware configurations are supported.
Even if Gb interface is not impacted by EDGE introduction from an engineering
point of view, it should be ensured that sufficient capacity is available when several
EDGE users are downloading data with MCS9 and 4 TS (up to 236 kpbs/sub).

Dimensioning Methodology
Radio Rate
Coding
Scheme

Number of Radio TS

Number of Agprs TS

30
Number of Agprs links
=
Number of PCM links
=
Number of SPMs

6, 12 or 24
Number of PCUSNs
3

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Example*:
We have 100 cells and we need 30 Kbps per cell using CS-2.

30 kbps

Number of cells

CS-2
# 12 kbps
per radio TS

3 Ts x 100 = 300
4

75 Agprs TS

30

(=2.5)
We need 3 PCM links
=
3 SPMs

6, 12 or 24

SPM: Signal Processing Module

1 PCUSN

* Attention: This example is not exact! It is here for pedagogical purposes.

Calculate the Radio Rate

Guaranteed throughput

2 methods:

Capacity

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Guaranteed throughput:
This method is applicable when the capacity is not a significant factor but quality
or ability to exchange a given amount of data during a limited time.
Capacity:
The method of capacity is a little more complex. It is, of course, applied at the BH
of the network. We will detail this method in the pages which follow.

Calculate the Radio Rate

Guaranteed throughput

Radio Rate =

Data to down/Upload
Time

Example: The carrier will allow the user to download 1 Mbits in 1 minute
R = 17.5 Kbits/s

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Calculate the Radio Rate

Capacity

1. Make a traffic analysis

2. Determine the subscriber categories
3. Traffic Modeling
4. Calculate the mean throughput at the BH

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Calculate the Radio Rate

Capacity Method 1/4
1.
2.
3.
4.

Traffic analysis
Subscriber categories
Traffic Modeling
BH Throughput

File Size
per transaction
in Kbytes
Simple Messaging

Information Service & E-commerce

E-mail (without attachment)

E-mail (with attachments)

Web Access (no file downloading)

Web Access (file downloading)

UL

0.7

DL

0.3

UL

0.3

DL

2.7

UL

DL

12

UL

204

DL

612

UL

DL

180

UL

10

DL

680
statistics from the UK for 2000

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Calculate the Radio Rate

Capacity Method 2/4
1.
2.
3.
4.

Traffic analysis
Subscriber categories
Traffic Modeling
BH Throughput

Active Data Terminals

in Xs network (k units)

Business

38

10

Consumer

132

20

Field Service

28

10

Telemetry

23

Total

BH

221

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Calculate the Radio Rate

Capacity Method 3/4
1.
2.
3.
4.

Traffic analysis
Subscriber categories
Traffic Modeling
BH Throughput

File Size
per
transaction

Business

Number of
transactions
at BH

in Kbytes
Information Services & E-commerce

E-mail (without attachments)

E-mail (with attachments)

Web Access (no file downloading)

Web Access (file downloading)

UL

0.300

DL

2.700

UL

4.000

DL

12.000

UL

204.000

DL

612.000

UL

8.000

DL

180.000

UL

10.000

DL

680.000

1.95

55.485
Kbytes in one
hour (BH) in
UL

0.98

0.24

0.19

232.105
Kbytes in one
hour (BH) in
DL

0.05

Example of GPRS Call Profile: Business, 2001

9

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

GPRS and EDGE call profiles include for each type of subscriber (Business,
Consumer, Field Service and Telemetry) the types of service used and the
description of the amount of traffic each service generates.

Calculate the Radio Rate

Capacity Method 4/4
Traffic analysis
Subscriber categories
Traffic Modeling
BH Throughput

peak bit/s (max UL,DL) sigma

BH
10
20
10
3
20

Business
Consumer
Field Service
Telemetry
Network

1857
986
326
2
503 bit/s (max UL/DL)

3.00
2.00
4.00
20.00

Subscribers
repartition
38/221
132/221
28/221
23/221

Average throughput per subscriber

according to GPRS Busy Hours
2000,0

Average bit/s per subs

1600,0

Total (max UL, DL)

1200,0

Business
Consumer

800,0

Telemetry
Field Service
400,0

22

20

18

16

14

12

hours

10

0,0

1.
2.
3.
4.

Impact of Different Busy Hours on Average Throughput per Subscriber

10

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The last parameter to take into account is the subscriber Busy Hour.
If we assume that the GPRS (EDGE) traffic profile is gaussian like, we have a
sigma and a peak time (Busy Hour) for each category. Using the number of active
GPRS (EDGE) subscribers per category (deduced from marketing inputs) as
coefficients, it is possible to compute an average throughput per subscriber at
each time of the day (curve Total(max UL, DL)). Its peak value is the average
throughput per subscriber at Network Busy Hour.
Thus, according to GPRS Busy Hour, the average traffic per subscriber can be
very different (almost double). If the busy hour is different for each subscriber,
then the average throughput per subscriber is reduced.
The Busy Hour is largely determined by Operator Tariffing and subscribers
behavior. It has to be considered carefully.

10

Calculate the Radio Rate

And at the End
Rate in the cell = Rate per subscriber x number of subscribers per cell

Cell 2

Cell 1

Cell 3

11

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11

Choosing the Coding Scheme

Methodology
GPRS / EDGE product performance
measured through BLock Error Rate:
BLER = f(C, C/I, CS, environment type)

Average throughput
required in the cell
(traffic modeling output)

Real user throughput

of 1 GPRS/EDGE time slot

GPRS/EDGE time slot requirements in the cell

12

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GPRS/EDGE radio interface dimensioning consists in evaluating the number of

timeslots required to deal with the amount of data to be carried by the network
during busy hour. Radio dimensioning is done cell by cell.
Particular care must be given to radio interface dimensioning because radio
interface is the bottle-neck of the network. Indeed spectral resource is scarce and
expensive. Operators have to minimize it as much as possible.
Due to necessary retransmissions on the radio interface, actual user throughput is
lower than offered throughput.
Radio interface dimensioning is the most critical task in the process of
dimensioning a GPRS network.
Please refer to section 3 BTS Dimensioning slides 29 to 42 for EDGE
Dimensioning Detailed Method.

12

Choosing the Coding Scheme

> BLER and Effective User Throughput Parameters
> BLER = f (environment type, C/I, Eb/No, CS)
> Effective user throughput = g (BLER, Max Throughput)
Simulation of user throughput

CS-1

14

CS-2
12

CS-3
CS-4

(Kbits/s)

10
8

6
4

2
0
9

10

11

12

13

14

C/I (dB)

13

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BLock Error Rate varies as a function of:

the type of environment (TU3, TU50, HT130, RA250...) and the use of
frequency hopping
the experimented level of interference quantified by C/I
the experimented coverage quantified by Eb/No
the implemented Coding Scheme
Effective user throughput is function of the BLER and the maximum throughput,
then it depends on all the above parameters.
Consequently, for each couple (C/I, Eb/No), a coding scheme will maximize the
effective user throughput. On the example given above:
CS1 will be optimized for C/I < 9 dB
CS2 will be optimized for 9 dB C/I < 11 dB
CS3 will be optimized for 11 dB C/I
With a fixed allocation strategy, a coding scheme will be chosen for a cell and
allocated whatever its radio conditions. Typically previous results would lead to a
CS2 choice.

13

Choosing the Coding Scheme

Effective Capacity of One TS at Application Layer

Coding Scheme

CS1

CS2

CS3

CS4

Theoretical RLC/MAC User

Throughput (kbit/s)

12

14.4

20

User Throughput at
Application layer in kbit/s
(without retransmission)

7.0

10.6

12.8

17.9

6.7

10.2

12.3

17.3

6.3

9.5

11.5

16.2

Effective User Throughput

at Application layer in kbit/s
(with retransmissions:
BLER = 4%)
Effective User Throughput
at Application layer in kbit/s
(with retransmissions:
BLER = 10%)

14

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When it is stated that a coding scheme offers a given amount of throughput, it is

not raw user throughput. It corresponds actually to the total throughput at
RLC/MAC layer including RLC/MAC headers, spare bits and information bits.
By keeping only the information bits from the bits flow, the theoretical RLC/MAC
user throughput can be computed.
However, treatments in the protocol layers between the RLC/MAC layer and the
SNDCP layer induce throughput modifications. Consequently, even the previously
computed theoretical RLC/MAC user throughput is not totally used for sending
user data. For instance, RLC/MAC acknowledgments use part of the information
throughput at RLC/MAC layer. Taking into account protocol layers headers and
treatments but no block retransmission leads to the computation of the user
throughput at application layer.
Block errors induce retransmissions reducing the user throughput. Taking into
account the BLER leads to the effective user throughput application layer:
Effective User Throughput = (1 - BLER) * Maximum User Throughput
The effective user throughput at application layer is the useful figure for radio
interface dimensioning. It gives the effective capacity of one time slot at
application layer.

14

PCUSN Dimensioning
Agprs Interface Dimensioning on BSC Side
Number of radio time
slots handled by the
BSC

120

Number of Agprs PCM

links

Agprs PCM links:

one PCM time slot carries 4 radio time slots
30 TS per E1 PCM link for traffic
1 TS per E1 PCM link for signaling
1 TS per E1 PCM link for synchronization

Abis PCM links

BSC

15

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Each E1 time slot can either be configured as a LAPD link or accommodate GPRS
traffic channels. However, with standard signaling profile and network
configuration, 1 LAPD per PCM link on the Agprs interface is estimated to be
enough to handle GPRS signaling. Thus, in each E1 PCM digital link, TS0 is used
for link synchronization and one time slot is reserved for GPRS signaling, leaving
30 time slots for traffic.
Whether CS1 or CS2 is used on the radio interface, one E1 time slot (at 64 kbit/s)
conveys 4 radio time slots (at 16 kbit/s).
Thus, the number of E1 PCM links to provision on Agprs interface on BSC side is
equal to the number of radio time slots handled by the BSC divided by 120
(=430).
Dynamic Agprs increases the user throughput (or number of users) from 15% to
80% depending on the cells traffic unbalance and the user profile.
Using Dynamic Agprs to reduce the number of Agprs PCM TS is possible (gain
between 15% and 50%).

15

Student notes

16

Lesson
or Module Title
Exercise
Lesson or Module # or Module #
Lesson #

nortel.com/training
nortel.com/training
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17

Exercise
Step 1: Preliminary Calculations
Initial values.
Calculations are done during the busy hour of the
GPRS network.

E1

T1 (US)

Number in millions of subscribers (GSM network):

5.76 M

4.416 M

GPRS penetration rate:

5%

Number of attached GPRS subscribers at busy hour:

100%

Number of active GPRS subscribers at busy hour:

50%

Each active subscriber has one activated PDP context.

Number of BSCs:

120 BSCs

Number of cells per BSC:

60 Cells

Homogeneous repartition of subscribers among cells.

18

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18

46 Cells

Exercise

Number of GPRS subscribers =

Number of attached GPRS subscribers =
Number of active GPRS subscribers =
Total number of cells in the network =
Number of attached GPRS subscribers per cell =
Number of active GPRS subscribers per cell =

19

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19

Exercise
Step 2: Radio Interface Dimensioning
> The goal of this step is to determine the number of GPRS TS
(PDTCH) that is needed in a cell.
> In order to determine it, the calculation should be done with 2
different hypothesis:
1) the average throughput per user per cell during the busy hour is
200 bit/s.
2) a guaranteed throughput is used: 1 user, being the only one to
transmit in the cell at a given time, should be able to download a file
of 1200 kbits (=146.5 kbytes) in less than 60 seconds.

> In a cell, the CS-2 coding scheme is used, with a BLER of 5%,
meaning that the application throughput is 10 kbit/s.
> The choice of the TS number will depend on the worse case.

20

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20

Exercise

Hypothesis 1
What is the average throughput in the cell =
How many TS per cell do we need =

Hypothesis 2
What is the average throughput in the cell =
How many TS per cell do we need =

Finally, how many TS per cell do we need =

21

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21

Exercise
Step 3: PCUSN Dimensioning
1) Agprs dimensioning & PCUSN number
Abis PCM links
Agprs PCM links:

BSC

Agprs PCM links:

E1

T1 (US)

Number of TS per PCM link for traffic:

30 TS

23 TS

Number of TS per PCM link for signaling and for

synchronization:

2 TS

1 TS

one PCM traffic time slot carries 4 radio time slots

22

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22

PCUSN Shelf

C
P

23

PCUSP
12 SPM

E1
E1C E1C
/
/ AAL
DS1CDS1C /
DS3C

PCUSP PCUSP
12 SPM 12

10

11

12

R
E1

E1C E1C
AAL /
/
SPM / DS1CDS1C
DS3C

13

14

15

PCUSP

C
P

12 SPM

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A PCUSN is a Nortel Networks Passport 7K equipment.

One shelf is composed of the following cards:
Control Processor card (CP) which manages the shelf
PCUSP (PCU Server Processor) card which mainly deals with the RLC/MAC
protocol toward the BSSs
E3C cards that make the physical link toward BSSs
E1C cards that handle the frame relay Gb interface

23

PCUSN Boards
BSC1
backplane

BSC2
PCUSP

or
T1/T3

E3
/
DS3

E1C
DS1C

E1C
DS1C

SPM
SPM2
2

SPMn (n = 6 or 12)

Gb interface
(Frame relay)
towards
SGSN

BSCn

24

E1C
DS1C

SPM1

MUX
E1/E3

E1C
DS1C

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Standard PCUSP is provisioned with either 6 or 12 SPM (signaling processor

module).
One SPM board is needed per Agprs PCM.
From V15.0, the SPM board is not limited to any max defined number of users in
transfer (default in V14 was 40 MS).
In V14 release, one BSC (either 2G or e3) must have all its Agprs PCM connected
on the same PCUSP board. Therefore, the maximum Agprs PCM per BSC that a
PCUSN can managed is 12.
In V15.0 release, this constraint does not exist anymore: a BSCe3 can have all its
Agprs PCM split on two different PCUSP of the PCUSN. This means that the
maximum number of Agprs between one BSCe3 and one PCUSN is increased to
24.

24

The PCUSN 12

C
P

PCUSP
12 SPM

E1C
/
DS1
C

E1C
/
DS1
C

E3C
/
DS3C

F
I
L
L
E
R

F
I
L
L
E
R

F
I
L
L
E
R

F
I
L
L
E
R

E3C
/
DS3C

E1C
/
DS1
C

E1C
/
DS1
C

PCUSP
12 SPM

C
P

Termination panel

Agprs multiplexor

12 Agprs PCMs to the BSCs

25

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Note : Due to joker on Agprs, the increase of the number of Agprs PCM may require
to upgrade PCUSN12 to PCUSN24 or to introduce new PCUSN elements in the
network.

25

The PCUSN 24
For USA

Termination panel
Agprs multiplexor 1

24 Agprs PCMs to the BSCs

26

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26

The PCUSN 24
For Europe and Asia

Agprs multiplexor 1

Agprs multiplexor 2

Agprs PCMs to the BSCs

27

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27

Exercise
1 PCUSN Number

Number of GPRS radio TS per BSC =

Number of Agprs links per BSC =
Number of PCUs =
Number of SPM boards handling one BSC per PCUSN =
Number of PCUSN =

28

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28

Exercise
Step 3: PCUSN Dimensioning
2) PCUSN board dimensioning

E1C

DS1C (US)

2 Mb/s

1.536 Mb/s

Due to engineering rules (in case of Frame Relay

transport, a 70% margin is usually used), the maximum
throughput available per port is:

1.344 Mb/s

1.07 Mb/s

Meaning that the total throughput for the board (4x) is:

5.376 Mb/s

4.3 Mb/s

A E1C/DS1C board handles 4 ports at:

To dimension this type of board, we remember that the

average user throughput per cell during the busy hour
is 200 bit/s.

29

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For Frame Relay transport, we must take into account the header, specific Frame
Relay messages and PCU SGSN signaling which reduces the throughput of the
PCM to around 70% of its nominal value.

29

Exercise
2 PCUSN board dimensioning

> Number of attached users per PCUSN =

> Number of active users per PCUSN =
> Total throughput needed over Gb interface per PCUSN =
> Number of E1C board per PCUSN =

30

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30

Exercise
Summary
CP :
PCU-SP :
E3C :
E1C :
Ethernet :
Blank :

31

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31

Student notes

32

Section 7
BSS Dimensioning Review

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Contents

> Exercise 1 Global Example

> Exercise 2 Global Example
> Exercise 3 Global Example with EDGE activated
> Case Study

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Exercise 1 Global Example

Assumptions
Site configuration: Ox and Syyy
Radio interface blocking rate:
(TCH): 2%
Radio interface blocking rate:

BSC

(SDCCH): 0.1%
A interface blocking rate: 0.1%

BTS1
S8000
1900 Sub
25 mE

E1 PCM links

Problem: define BSC 12000 type, Abis link,

Ater link and A link
For BTS dimensioning use look-up tables:
BTS1 = Omnisectorial
BTS2 = Trisectorial

BTS2
S12000
2500
25 mE

2500
25 mE

1000
25 mE

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Exercise 1 (cont) Global Example

BTS
1
2

Subscribers
Erlangs
per cell
1900
2500
2500
2500

TCH BCCH SDCCH/8 LAPD

Total
PCM TS

Abis E1
Abis T1
BTS
PCM
PCM
links config. links

47.5
62.5
62.5
62.5

BSC Erlangs Site(s) Cell(s)

TRX

Abis
E1/T1
PCM
links

Ater
SICD8V
DDTI
TRX boards E1/T1 PCM boards
links

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A
E1/T1
PCM
links

SS7
TCU
board

BSC
12000
type

Exercise 2 Global Example

This global example is given to show the impact of limitations

Beware: this example is not a field application

BSC 12000
Abis

BTS1

BTS50
Ox: 400 subscribers (25 mE)

Ox: 400 subscribers (25 mE)

Assumptions:

Radio blocking rate on TCH: 2%; radio blocking rate on SDCCH: 0.1%; A interface
blocking rate: 0.1%; E1 and T1 PCM links
50 same sites Ox with 400 x 25 mE subscribers

Problem:
Show limitation due to Abis PCM links (number of DDTI boards)
Compute the number of SICD8V and DDTI boards, and then define BSC 12000 variant
Compute the number of SICD8V and DDTI boards, using BSCB boards for Abis
management and Drop and Insert techniques for the BTS (6 BTS per loop)

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Exercise 3 Global Example with EDGE

Assumptions:

Urban area, one BSC3000 (2000 Erl)

51 sites: 20 S222, 10 S333, 10 S444, 10 S888 and 1 S121212
An average of 580 m cell radius is assumed, with TU3 radio environment (C/I = 12 dB)
2 EDGE TDMA per sector are configured, with 4 PDTCH per EDGE TDMA
Average TS throughput, mean BLER and Mean Joker per EDGE TS are provided in the
Note section (see below). These results come from R&D simulations

Problem:

Distance
(km)
0.00
0.03
0.06
0.09
0.12
0.15
0.17
0.20
0.23
0.26
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.49
0.52
0.55
0.58

From tables, what is the mean BLER value on the cell ?

From tables, what is the average DL TS throughput with EDGE ?
What is the number of DS0 Joker that can be provisioned per cell ?
What is the number of Abis PCM (E1 & T1) with and without EDGE ?
What is the number of Agprs PCM (E1 & T1) with EDGE (54% compression rate) ?
What is the BSC3000 dimensioning ? (TMU, LSA, Switching Matrix)
Any influence on the PCUSN dimensioning ?

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Throughput /
TS
MCSusage
(kbps)
(%)
59.200
MCS-9
59.200
59.200
59.200
59.064
57.838
55.724
52.726
48.886
44.878
MCS-8
41.510
38.062
34.895
31.833
29.168
MCS-7
27.022
24.945
23.072
21.336
18.442
15.985
MCS-6
Mean Throughput/TS(kbps):

Mean Throughput / TS
calculation
0.037
0.296
0.592
0.888
1.181
1.446
1.672
1.845
1.955
2.020
2.075
2.093
2.094
2.069
2.042
2.027
1.996
1.961
1.920
1.752
0.789
32.751

MCS-1
MCS-2
MCS-3
MCS-4
MCS-5
MCS-6
MCS-7
MCS-8
MCS-9

%Users
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
49.5
27.5
18.1

MCS
MCS1
MCS2
MCS3
MCS4
MCS5
MCS6
MCS7
MCS8
MCS9
total

%Users Cumulative Mean BLERwhen used

100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
46.0
95.1
47.3
45.6
30.8
18.1
7.3
35.5
Mean BLER

MCS %
Joker 1/4 DS0
Distribution Requirement
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
49.5
27.5
18.1
100

0
0
1
1
1
2
3
4
4
3.407

Case study
69 Syyy

70 Syyy
12 Szz

City B

City C

12 Szz

117 Sxxx

120 Sxxx
7 Szz

7 Szz
80 Syyy

8 Szz

8 Szz
8 Szz

8 Szz

City A
130 Sxxx
8 Szz

8 Szz

8 Szz

8 Szz

7 Szz

42 Syyy

7 Szz

12 Szz

City D

City E

12 Szz

110 Sxxx

59 Sxxx

46 Syyy

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The exercise consists in dimensioning the BSS of a GSM/GPRS network.

The network is composed of five regions: BTSs are controlled by 5 BSC/PCUSN
locations which are detailed below (a BSC/PCUSN location may have several
BSC/PCUSNs):

BSC/PCSN locations
A (City + suburbs +
roads)
B (City + rural + roads)
C (City + suburbs +
roads)
D (City + rural + roads)
E (City + rural + roads)

Number of subscribers

Number of BTSs

1200000 + 230000 + 40000 242 (130 tri + 80 tri + 32 bi)

1100000 + 83000 + 21000 217 (120 tri + 70 tri + 27 bi)
100000 + 200000 + 21500 213 (117 tri + 69 tri + 27 bi)
500000 + 50000 + 18000
750000 + 55000 + 20500

128 (59 tri + 42 tri + 27 bi)

183 (110 tri + 46 tri + 27 bi)

Assuming that the subscribers are equally distributed on all the cells of a given city
or site and using the traffic model of section 2 (25mErl per sub and radio BR at 2%
and 50% HR allocation), find the BTS configuration in each BSC/PCUSN location.
Compute the traffic in Erlangs in each BSC/PCUSN site.
Determine the minimum number and type of BSC3000 in each BSC/PCUSN site.
Determine the number of PCUSN in each BSC/PCUSN site assuming 10% of
subscribers are GPRS users at 200 bits/s useful throughput and CS2 (100% are
attached, 100% are active).
Determine the number of TCU cabinets for each BSC/PCUSN site.

Student notes

Section 8
Exercise Solutions

nortel.com/training
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Contents

> Exercise Solutions for

Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7

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Erlang Law (Section 2)

Exercise

> How many resources are necessary for an offered traffic of 65

Erl with a blocking rate value of 2%?
> What is the maximum offered traffic that 95 resources can
manage without exceeding a blocking rate value of 0.1%?
> How many resources are necessary for an offered traffic of 290
Erl with a blocking rate value of 0.1%?
> What is the maximum offered traffic that 960 resources can
manage without exceeding a blocking rate value of 10%?
> What is the maximum offered traffic that 1070 resources can
manage without exceeding a blocking rate value of 2%?

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Solution
According to the Erlang Tables:
65 Erl at 2%

77 resources

95 resources at 0.1%

70.854 Erl at most

290 Erl at 0.1%

334 resources

960 resources at 10%

1057.377 Erl at most

1070 resources at 2%

A = 991.865 +

1093.226 991.865
70=1062.8177
100

Traffic Model (Section 2)

Standard traffic model. Observed figures
Mean SDCCH occupancy duration per
call attempt = 4 s

Number of observed subscribers = 4000

Total call attempts at the busy hour = 4000

Mean SDCCH occupancy duration for

Loc./Rout. Area update, Attach/Detach,
SMS, Supplementary Services = 4 s

Call attempts per subscriber during

the busy hour = 1
100

60
100

20
20

Mean TCH occupancy duration per call

attempt (traffic) = 90.1 s
Mean TCH occupancy duration per call
attempt (signaling) = 16.72 s

Average number of
requests for SDCCH,
except those for call
attempts, during the BH,
for the whole subscribers
= 26920

Mean TCH occupancy per call attempt (total) = 106.82 s

Exercise: ASDCCH ?

Exercise: ATCH ?
4

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Exercise:
Find ATCH and ASDCCH for 1 subscriber at the busy hour.
ATCH = TCH x TTCH
TCH = call attempts = 1 CA/BH
TTCH = 106.82 s = (106.82 / 3600)h = 0.02967 h
ATCH = 1 x 0.02967 = 29.67 mErl
ASDCCH = (SDCCH-i x TSDCCH-i)
= SDCCH-call attempts x T SDCCH-call attempts + others x T others
others = 26920 / 4000 = 6.73 requests per subscriber during BH
TSDCCH-call attempts = T others = 4 s = (4 / 3600)h = 0.0011 h
ASDCCH = (6.73 + 1) x 0.0011 = 8.59 mErl
ASDCCH =8.59/29.67 = 28.95% ATCH

BTS Dimensioning Exercise (Section 3)

Exercise p 3-20.
Solution:
For full Full Rate:
With 8 TRXs, 64 TS are available. But the total number of radio TS we need is
58 (53 TCH + 3 SDCCH/8 + 2 CCCH).
So we have 6 TS in addition.
If we use these 6 TS as TS for TCH, we will have: 53 + 6 = 59 TS for TCH.
This 59 TS for TCH correspond to 48.7 Erl of TCH (1 resource = 1 TCH and
Erlang table with blocking rate = 2%).
Corresponding SDCCH needed traffic is:
28% x 48.7 = 13.62 Erl

=>

26 resources SDCCH
(blocking rate = 0.1%)

=>

4 TS SDCCH/8

Therefore, 3 TS SDCCH/8 are not sufficient to carry the dedicated signaling

corresponding to the new traffic.
So we cannot add more than 5 TS TCH.
Finally, we must split the 6 supplementary TS into 5 TCH and 1 SDCCH/8.
Conclusion: 64 TS = 58 TCH + 4 SDCCH/8 + 2 CCCH
For full Half Rate:
With 8 TRXs, 64 TS are available.
If we use the 58 TS as TCH, we will have: 58 x 2 = 116 resources for Half Rate
TCH correspond to 103.5 Erl of TCH (2 Half Rate resources = 1 TCH TS and
Erlang table with blocking rate = 2%).
Corresponding SDCCH needed traffic is:
28% x 103.5 = 28.98 Erl => 46 resources SDCCH (blocking rate = 0.1%)
=> 6 TS SDCCH/8
Therefore, the 58 TS cannot be fully used as TCH TS, as 2 SDCCH/8 TS are
missing, let us take these 2 SDCCH/8 TS out of the 58 TCH TS and try:
64 TS = 56 TCH + 6 SDCCH/8 + 2 CCCH
56 TS give 112 resources or 99.62 ERL at 2%
28% x 99.62 = 27.89 ERL needing 45 resources at 0.1% or 6 SDCCH/8 TS
Conclusion: 64 TS = 56 TCH + 6 SDCCH/8 + 2 CCCH is correct.

BTS Dimensioning exercise (Section 3)

Exercise 1

On
2500 Subscribers

OMNISECTORIAL BTS

S
1
2
0
0
0
I
n
d
o
o
r
BTS

1. Assumptions: S12000 Indoor product range

- Traffic per subscriber = 25 mE
- Blocking rate on traffic = 2%
- Blocking rate on Signaling = 0.1%
2. Find out number:
- n of TRX
- CPCMI boards
3. Using:
- Detailed method
- Look-up tables
4. Find out the capacity increase in term of
Erlang with 100% HR allocations (same number
of TRX as in 2.). Do not forget to correctly
dimension the resources needed for SDCCH.

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

1. Solution in table
Offered traffic = 2500 x 25 mE = 62.5 Erlangs; table gives immediately
(for 62.94 Erlangs maximum):
10 TRXs, 74 TCH , 2 CCCH, 4 SDCCH/8, 2 LAPD, 22 PCM TS
1 PCMI/E1 board or 1 PCMI/T1 board
2. Solution with detailed computation
From Erlang B table: TCH number = 74 TSs for 62.5 Erlangs
SDCCH computation: use of Erlang B tables starting from the traffic model for
which:
Offered traffic of 62.5 Erlangs needs signaling traffic of 62.5 x (28/100) = 17.5
Erlangs
Erlang B table at 0.1% gives: SDCCH resources = 32 then SDCCH/8 = 32/8 =
4 TSs
Total number of radio channels (TCH + SDCCH + CCCH): 74 + 4 + 2 = 80
Number of TRXs: 80/8 = 10

4. S12000 BTS load limits

CPCMI boards:
Number of PCM links

= Nb of TSs / 31 (for E1),

= Nb of TSs / 24 (for T1),

Number of TSs = 2 (LAPD) + 2 x 10 (TRX) = 22 TSs,
Number of PCM link = 1,
1 CPCMI board is sufficient.
5. Summary table

TRX

TCH

CCCH

SDCCH/8

LAPD

PCM TS

E1/T1

CPCMI

10

74

22

6. Summary Table for 100% HR calls:

TRX

TCH

CCCH

SDCCH/8

LAPD

Erlangs

10

71

128.9

10 TRXs deliver 10 x 8 = 80 TSs

HR penetration increases load on SDCCH. Therefore, the previous configuration 74
TCH/F + 2 CCCH + 4 SDCCH, cannot be kept.
Hypothesis: Reduction of the number of TCH TSs to 71 TCH/F.
71 TCH/F means 142 TCH/H. From Erlang B table, the offered traffic (with a blocking
rate at 2%) corresponding to 142 TCH/H is 128.9Erlangs.
SDCCH computation (using Traffic Model):
signaling traffic for offered traffic is: 28 x 128.9 / 100 = 36.09 Erlangs
Erlang B table gives: 55 resources or 55/8 = 7 SDCCH TSs
Finally: 71 TCH/F + 2 CCCH + 7 SDCCH = 80 TSs. From Erlang B table, the offered
traffic (with a blocking rate at 2%) corresponding to 142 TCH/H is 128.9 Erlangs.
Capacity increase in term of Erlang:
128.9/62.94 = 204.8%

BTS Dimensioning exercise (Section 3)

Exercise 2
Trisectorial BTS
1350
Subscribers

1900
Subscribers

1.

S
1
2
0
0
0

2. Find out number (using look-up tables) :

- TRX per cell
- CPCMI boards
3.

2500
Subscribers

Assumptions: S12000 product range

Traffic per subscriber = 25 mE
Full rate mobiles (no AMR or HR)
Blocking rate on traffic = 2%
Blocking rate on signaling = 0.1%

Find out the new configuration of the BTS

with 50% of subscribers using HR channels

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Cell dimensioning:
1350 subscribers => Offered traffic = 33.75 Erlangs: table gives (for 34.7 Erlangs):
6 TRXs, 44 TCH, 1 CCCH, 3 SDCCH/8, 1 LAPD, 13 PCM TSs
1900 subscribers => Offered traffic = 47.5 Erlangs: table gives (for 47.8 Erlangs):
8 TRXs, 58 TCH, 2 CCCH, 4 SDCCH/8, 1 LAPD, 17 PCM TSs
2500 subscribers => Offered traffic = 62.5 Erlangs: table gives (for 62.94 Erlangs):
10 TRXs, 74 TCH, 2 CCCH, 4 SDCCH/8, 2 LAPD, 22 PCM TSs
Site dimensioning:
BTS configuration: S6810
52 PCM TSs on Abis give 2 PCM links, so 1 CPCMI board
50% HR introduction:
Using table page 3-35 at 50% HR penetration we have:
35 Erlangs carried (for 33.75 needed) by 5 TRX instead of 6TRX
52 Erlangs carried (for 47.5 needed) by 7 TRX instead of 8TRX
62 Erlangs carried (for 62.5 needed) by 8 TRX instead of 10TRX
BTS configuration: is then S578 instead of S6810 we save 4 TRX out of 24 that is
to say 16.66%.

BSC 12000 Dimensioning exercise

(Section 4)
One solution could be

Proposition
BSCB
S332
O2
O2
O2

f
BSCB

> 8 TRXs

> 8 TRXs

O1
O2
O4
O2
O2
O2
O2
O2

O1
O2
O2
O2

e
O2
O4
O2

TRX

TEI

11

11

12

TRX

TEI

O8

O8

SICD8V
#1
8

SICD8V
#2 8

SICD8V

> 8 TRXs

O2
O2
O2
O2
e

c S888

O4

S888

O8
O8

S332

S444
O4
c S444

> 8 TRXs

PCU

= 43
9

TSCB

= 44

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Proposition with 1 SICD8V board:

Number of LAPD: one LAPD is able to support up to 8 TRXs.
So for the S888 we need more 3 LAPDs and for the S444, 2 or 3.
One LAPD has to be used for the signaling of the TCU (via the TSCB). This LAPD
is missing here.
Each SICD8V port is able to manage up to 8 TRXs, but the ports 1, 2, 4 and 8
manages more than 8 TRXs. The SICD8V board is able to manage up to 64
TRXs. In this example there are 87 TRXs. This is not possible.
The number of TEI per LAPD port after the BSCB board has to be less or equal to
15. An S332 correspond to 9 TEI and an O2 to 3 TEI. So, on the first concentrated
LAPD there are 9 + 3 x 3 = 18 TEIs. It is too much.
For GPRS, at least one LAPD has to be used for the signaling of the PCU. This
LAPD is missing here.
Solution with 2 SICD8V boards:
The SICD8V #1 and SICD8V #2 support:
No more than 8 TRXs per port
No more than 15 TEIs per port
The SICD8V #1 supports 43 TRXs (< 64).
The SICD8V # 2 supports 44 TRXs (< 64).

BSC/TCU e3 Dimensioning Case Study (Section 5)

A) With E1 PCM
Radio part characteristics:
Maximum offered traffic (GSM + GPRS)
This is the maximum offered traffic that the sites can handle if they were used for GSM only.
Knowing that the max offered traffic for an S333 is 42 Erl, for an S22 it is 16.4 Erl and 2.9 Erl
for an O1.
Max offered traffic = 34 S333 x 42 + 43 S22 x 16.4 + 55 O1 x 2.9 = 2292.7 Erl.
Real traffic
This is the offered traffic according to the number of subscriber in the cells.
40 000 subscribers x 0.025 Erl/subscriber = 1000 Erl.
Number of sites = 34 S333 + 43 S22 + 55 O1 = 132 sites.
Number of cells = 243.
Number of GPRS cells = 34.
Number of TRXs = 533.
Number of GPRS TSs = 4 TSs/cell x (34x3) cells = 408 GPRS TSs.
Number of Abis LAPDs = 34 S333 x 3 LAPD + 43 S22 x 1 LAPD + 55 O1 x 1 LAPD = 200.
Number of Abis PCMs = 132 Sites x Drop&Insert ratio (20%) = 106 PCMs.
Ater PCM links
There must be enough E1 PCM links on Ater to carry the traffic generated by the
subscribers with a blocking rate of 0.1%. Moreover Ater also includes SS7 signaling and
LAPD signaling.
Ater traffic TSs: From the Erlang B table we find that 1077 channels are needed to carry 1006
Erlang with a blocking rate of 0.1%.
With 4 channels per Ater TS, this makes 1077/4 = 270 TSs.
Ater SS7 TSs: 1006 Erl / 200 Erl per SS7 TSs = 5 SS7 TSs. Adding 1 for redundancy makes 6
SS7 TSs.
Ater LAPD TSs: We cannot compute the number of LAPD TSs yet, we need to know the
number of LSA modules in the TCU e3. We will just make sure that we have enough available
TSs for the LAPD.
Number of Ater E1 PCM links: (270 traffic TSs + 6 SS7 TSs) / 31 TSs = 276/31 = 9 PCM
links. With 9 PCM links we have 279 TSs, which would allow a maximum of 3 LAPD TSs
which will not be enough, we have then to provision 10 PCM links.

10

Agprs PCM links

[(34 S333)x(3cells)x(4PDTCH)]/4 Agprs TSs / 30 TSs (available on Agprs) =
102/30 = 3.4 then 4 E1 PCM links
Number of LSA modules (BSC)
4 PCMs (Agprs) + 10 PCMs (Ater) + 106 PCMs (Abis) = 120 E1 PCM links.
120 PCMs / 21 ports (per LSA) = 6 LSA (max number of LSA in the BSC e3).
Remark: 6 more ports are available.
Number of TMU modules
The maximum offered traffic (virtual traffic) is 2292.7 Erl and one TMU can support 300 Erl.
So we need 8 TMUs for the active process. From the configuration table we see that 8 +2
+ 2 TMUs are necessary for the passive process, SS7 and for redundancy.
8K RM capacity check.
(533TRX)x2 or 1066 traffic TSs (Abis) + 270 TSs (Ater) + 102 TSs (Agprs) =
1438 TSs (< 2268).
So the BSC e3 is able to switch all the TSs.
Number of TRM modules
1077 traffic channels (Ater) / 216 channels (per TRM) = 5 TRMs
Adding 1 for redundancy makes 6 TRMs.
One TCU e3 node can have up to 10 TRMs, so one TCU e3 node is enough.
Number of LSA modules (TCU)
10 PCMs (Ater) + (1077 + 6 SS7)/31 PCMs (A) = 10 + 35 = 45 E1 PCM links.
45 PCMs / 21 ports (per LSA) = 3 LSA modules are required.
Ater LAPD
As three LSA modules are used in the TCU e3, six LAPD TSs are necessary on Ater.
Ater LAPD / PCM check
270 PCM TS for traffic plus 6 PCM TS for SS7 plus 6 PCM TS for LAPD make a total of
282 PCM TS or 282/31 = 9.1 then 10 PCM links

11

B) With T1 PCM
Radio part characteristics
Maximum offered traffic (GSM + GPRS)
This is the maximum offered traffic that the sites can handle if they were used for GSM only.
Knowing that the max offered traffic for an S333 is 42 Erl, for an S22 it is 16.4 Erl and 2.9 Erl
for an O1.
Max offered traffic = 34 S333 x 42 + 43 S22 x 16.4 + 55 O1 x 2.9 = 2292.7 Erl.
Real traffic
This is the offered traffic according to the number of subscribers in the cells.
40 000 subscribers x 0.025 Erl/subscriber = 1000 Erl.
Number of sites = 34 S333 + 43 S22 + 55 O1 = 132 sites
Number of cells = 243.
Number of GPRS cells = 34.
Number of TRXs = 533.
Number of GPRS TS = 4 TS/cell x (34x3) cells = 408 GPRS TSs.
Number of Abis LAPDs = 34 S333 x 3 LAPD + 43 S22 x 1 LAPD + 55 O1 x 1 LAPD = 200.
Number of Abis PCMs = 132 Sites x Drop&Insert ratio (20%) = 106 PCMs.
Ater PCM
There must be enough T1 PCM links on Ater to carry the traffic generated by the
subscribers with a blocking rate of 0.1%. Moreover Ater also includes SS7 signaling and
LAPD signaling.
Ater traffic TSs: From the Erlang B table we find that 1077 channels are needed to carry 1006
Erlang with a blocking rate of 0.1%. With 4 channels per Ater TS, this makes 1077/4 = 270
DS0.
Ater SS7 TSs: 1006 Erl / 200 Erl per SS7 TS = 5 SS7 DS0. Adding 1 for redundancy makes 6
SS7 DS0.
Ater LAPD TSs: We cannot compute the number of LAPD TSs yet, we need to know the
number of LSA modules in the TCU e3. We will just make sure that we have enough available
TSs for the LAPDs.
Number of Ater T1 PCM links: (270 traffic TSs + 6 SS7 TSs) / 24 TSs = 276/24 = 12 PCM
links. With 12 PCM links we have 288 TSs, which would allow a maximum of 12 LAPD TSs
which will be more than enough.

12

Agprs PCM
408/4 Agprs TSs / 23 (available on Agprs) = 4.43 then 5 T1 PCM links
Number of LSA modules (BSC)
5 PCMs (Agprs) + 12 PCMs (Ater) + 106 PCMs (Abis) = 123 T1 PCM links
123 PCMs / 28 ports (per LSA) = 5 LSA modules (17 ports are free)
Number of TMU modules
The maximum offered traffic (virtual traffic) is 2292.7 Erl and one TMU module can support
300 Erl. So we need 8 TMUs for the active processes.
From the configuration table we see that 8 +2 + 2 TMUs are necessary for the passive
processes, SS7 and for redundancy.
8K RM capacity check
(533TRX)x2 or 1066 Abis traffic TSs + 270 Ater + 102 Agprs = 1438 < 2268
So the BSC e3 is able to switch all the TSs.
Number of TRM modules
1077 (Ater traffic channels) / 216 channels per TRM = 5 TRMs
Adding 1 for redundancy makes 6 TRMs.
One TCU e3 node can have up to 10 TRMs, so one TCU e3 node is sufficient.
Number of LSA modules (TCU)
12 PCMs (Ater) + (1077 + 6 SS7)/24 PCMs (A) = 12 + 46 = 58 T1 PCM links
58 PCMs / 28 ports (per LSA) = 3 LSA modules are required.
Ater LAPD
As three LSA module are used in the TCU, six LAPD TSs are necessary on Ater.
Ater LAPD check
Ater is dimensioned for up to 12 LAPD TSs, so 6 LAPD TSs is correct.

13

BSC12000/BSC3000 Replacement
Exercise (Section 5)
BSC 1

BSC 2

BSC 3

Total

S333

14

12

34

S22

10

17

16

43

O1

25

22

55

Number of TRXs

191

184

158

533

Traffic Radio (2%)

824

806

662

2292

Number of LAPD TS

77

61

62

200

Number of Cells

87

78

78

243

Number of Sites

49

37

46

132

Busy Hour Erlang (on A/Ater)

358

413

235

1006
106

20% Drop&Insert => Abis PCMs

Preliminary computation DS0 E1 PCMs T1 PCMs

BSC3000 modules
TMU

A int. Traffic (0.1%)

1072

35

45

Ater int. (Traffic + SS7)

274

12

Agprs int. Traffic

34

SS7

Ater LAPD

14

E1

T1

8+1+1

8+1+1

LSA RC

8K-RM

1+1

1+1

5+1

5+1

TCU3000 modules
TRM
LSA RC

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The three BSC12000 with around 2300 Erlang installed in radio and providing
around 1000 Erlang on the A interface, will be replaced by:
one BSC3000, with 8 + 2 TMUs
connected to one TCU3000, with 5 + 1 TRMs

14

Exercise (Section 6)
E1

T1

Number of GPRS subscribers =

288000 22080

Number of attached GPRS subscribers =

288000 22080

Number of active GPRS subscribers =

144000 11040

Total number of cells in the network =

7200

5520

Number of attached GPRS subscribers per cell =

40

40

Number of active GPRS subscribers per cell =

20

20

15

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

15

Exercise (Section 6)

> Hypothesis 1
What is the average throughput in the cell = 200 x 20 = 4Kbps
How many TS per cell do we need = one TS

> Hypothesis 2
What is the average throughput in the cell = 1200 / 60 = 20Kbps
How many TS per cell do we need = two TS

> Finally, how many TS per cell do we need = two TS

16

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16

Exercise (Section 6)
1 PCUSN Number

Number of GPRS radio TS per BSC = 2 x 60 = 120

Number of Agprs links per BSC = 120 / 120 = 1
Number of PCUs = 1 x 120 = 120
Number of SPM boards per BSC = one SCM per PCM,
one PCM per BSC,
then one SCM per BSC
Number of PCUSN = 10 PCUSN12

17

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

17

Exercise (Section 6)
2 PCUSN board dimensioning

Number of attached users per PCUSN = 288000/10 = 28800

Number of active users per PCUSN = 14400
Total throughput needed over Gb interface per PCUSN =
14400 x 200 = 2.88 Mbps
Number of E1C board per PCUSN = one

18

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

18

Exercise (Section 6)
Summary

19

CP : 1 + 1

(2 x 1 slots)

PCU-SP : 1 + 1

(2 x 2 slots)

E3C : 1 + 1

(2 x 1 slots)

E1C : 1 + 1

(2 x 1 slots)

Ethernet : 1 + 1

(2 x 1 slots)

Blank :

(4 slots)

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

19

Exercise (Section 7)
1 Global Example
Assumptions
Site configuration: Ox and Syyy
Radio interface blocking rate:
(TCH): 2%
Radio interface blocking rate:

BSC

(SDCCH): 0.1%
A interface blocking rate: 0.1%

BTS1
S8000
1900 Sub
25 mE

E1 PCM links

Problem: define BSC 12000 type, Abis link,

Ater link and A link
For BTS dimensioning use look-up tables:
BTS1 = Omnisectorial
BTS2 = Trisectorial

BTS2
S12000
2500
25 mE

20

2500
25 mE

1000
25 mE

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Solution
1. Site computation
Number of TRX (from appropriate tables):
BTS1: site O8 (8 TRXs; 48.7 Erl)
BTS2: site S101010 (30 TRXs; 191.7 Erl)
We deduce the number of traffic TSs on Abis (twice TRX) = 76 TSs.
Number of LAPD are determined using engineering rule (1 LAPD for 8 TRXs):
1 + 4 LAPD TS are necessary on Abis interface.
Offered traffic to BSC: 240.4 Erlangs (48.7 + 191.7); according to traffic
consideration, a BSC 12000 type 1 may fit.
2. SICD8V computation
Hardware limitation: (5 Abis LAPD + 1 Ater LAPD) / 8 1 SICD8V
Software limitation: 38 TRXs / 64 1 SICD8V
So 1 SICD8V board is sufficient.

20

3. DDTI computation
Number of PCM links on Ater (from appropriate table):
For BSC total offered traffic of 240.4 Erlangs and 0.1% BSC blocking rate (cf.
look up tables):
Ater E1 PCM links = 3 => A E1 PCM links = 12
Number of PCM links on Abis interface are given by the look-up table:
n = 1 and m = 3 => 4 Abis PCM links
Total number of PCM links connected to the BSC 12000 is:
4 Abis + 3 Ater = 7 PCM links
Number of DDTI boards (1 DDTI for 2 PCM links): 4 DDTI boards
Then 2 TCU shelves (+ 1 redundant) are necessary, corresponding to 1 TCU cabinet.
4. BSC 12000 choice
As a conclusion, a BSC 12000 type 1 can hold 10 ( 4 needed) DDTI, 1 SICD8V board, and can
manage 64 ( 38) TRXs, 28 ( 2) sites, 1440 ( 281) terrestrial circuits and 250 Erl ( 240.4 Erl).
So a BSC 12000 type 1 fits.
5. CCS7 computation
For a BSC 12000 type 1, we need 1 CCS7 board.

BTS

Subscribers
per cell

Erlangs

TRX

TCH

1900

47.5 (48.7)

59

2500

62.5 (63.9)

10

75

2500

62.5 (63.9)

10

75

2500

62.5 (63.9)

10

75

total : 4

BCCH SDCCH/8 LAPD

Abis E1 Abis T1
Total
BTS
PCM
PCM
PCM TS
config.
links
links
17

O8

64

S101010

47.5 (48.7): respectively current and (maximum) offered traffic for the BTS configuration
BSC Erlangs Site(s) Cell(s)

O8

240.4

Abis
E1/T1
PCM links

BTS1

BTS2

38

Abis
1
BTS1
3
S101010

TRX

Ater
SICD8V
E1/T1
boards PCM links

DDTI
boards

A
SS7
E1/T1
PCM links boards

12

TCU

BSC
type

Ater 1

CCS7: 1
SICD8V: 1
DDTI: 10

BTS2

TCU
A

1
TCU

21

TCU

BSC12000

Exercise (Section 7)
2 Global Example
This global example is given to show the impact of limitations

Beware: this example is not a field application

BSC 12000
Abis

BTS1

BTS50
Ox: 400 subscribers (25 mE)

Ox: 400 subscribers (25 mE)

Assumptions:

Radio blocking rate on TCH: 2%; radio blocking rate on SDCCH: 0.1%; A interface
blocking rate: 0.1%; E1 and T1 PCM links
50 same sites Ox with 400 x 25 mE subscribers

Problem:
Show limitation due to Abis PCM links (number of DDTI boards)
Compute the number of SICD8V and DDTI boards, and then define BSC 12000 variant
Compute the number of SICD8V and DDTI boards, using BSCB boards for Abis
management and Drop and Insert techniques for the BTS (6 BTS per loop)

22

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Solution
1. Site computation
Offered traffic to one BTS: 25 mErl x 400 = 10 Erl
Number of TRX per BTS: look-up tables indicates that 3 TRXs are necessary =>
O3 sites (14 Erl)
Total traffic offered to the BSC 12000: 50 x 14 = 700 Erl 750 Erl
A BSC 12000 type 3 may fit
Number of TRXs managed by the BSC 12000: 50 x 3 = 150 192
A BSC 12000 type 3 may fit
Number of sites managed by the BSC 12000: 50 92
A BSC 12000 type 3 may fit
Number of cells managed by the BSC 12000: 50 160
A BSC 12000 type 3 may fit

22

2. SICD8V computation
a) Without BSCB boards
Number of LAPD TSs (number of SICD8V ports necessary):
Number of LAPD TSs = Number of Abis LAPD TSs + Number of Ater LAPD TSs
Number of Abis LAPD TSs = (Number of LAPD TS for 1 O3 site) x Number of site
Look-up tables gives that 1 O3 site can concentrate all the LAPD signaling on to 1
single LAPD TS on Abis interface.
Number of Abis LAPD TS = 1 x 50 = 50
TSCB board concentrates all the Ater LAPD TSs on to 1 single LAPD TS inside
the BSC 12000 towards SICD8V boards.
Number of Ater LAPD TS = 1 (inside the BSC)
Finally, number of LAPD TS = 50 + 1 = 51
Number of SICD8V boards:
Software limitation: N1 = Number of TRX / 64 = (3 x 50) / 64 3
Hardware limitation: N2 = Number of LAPD TSs / 8 = 51 / 8 7
Number of necessary SICD8V boards: Max (N1, N2) = 7
It is impossible to process this amount of signaling since the maximum
number of SICD8V boards possibly hold by a BSC 12000 is 5.
We have to concentrate the LAPD TSs into the BSCB boards.
b) Introduction of BSCB boards for Abis signaling concentration
There are 50 LAPD TS on Abis.
Thanks to the BSCB, we can put 2 O3 onto 1 LAPD port; 2 O3 correspond to 8 TEIs
and 6 TRXs, one LAPD port of a SICD8V board can support up to 15 TEIs and up to 8
TRXs (after BSCB concentration). So no problem, each BSCB will manage 6 O3.
The maximum number of BSCB boards we may need is the number of BSCB boards
needed to concentrate all the sites. Each BSCB board can manage 6 O3 so we need a
maximum of 50 / 6 = 9 BSCB boards.
But less BSCB boards may be sufficient.
With 9 BSCB boards, we can concentrate the 50 sites onto 25 LAPD ports
For a BSC 12000 type 3, only 23 inputs are available from the SICD8V boards (3
boards x 8 inputs - 1 input for TCU). So in this case we need more LAPD ports, then
more SICD8V boards, a BSC 12000 type 4 at least is needed, providing 4 x 8 = 32
LAPD ports.
We can then connect, after BSCB boards, 50 sites onto 25 LAPD ports, and the
TCUs onto another one. 26 out of 32 LAPD ports are used, 6 are not used.
We can then save 2 BSCB boards by connecting directly 8 sites [50 (7 x 6)] onto 8
out of the (6 + 2 x 3) LAPD ports then available.
So we need 4 SICD8V and 7 BSCB boards. A BSC 12000 type 4 may fit.

23

3. DDTI computation
a) Without drop and insert:
Number of DDTI boards = (Number of PCM links) / 2
Number of PCM links = Number of PCM on Abis + Number of PCM on Ater
Number of PCM on Abis

= Number of PCM for O3 sites x 50

= 1 x 50 (1 obtains from the
= 50

look-up tables)
E1 PCM case:
Number of PCM on Ater = 7 + 1 redundant (see look up tables)
Number of DDTI = (50 + 8) / 2 = 58/2 29
T1 PCM case:
Number of PCM on Ater = 9 + 1 redundant (see look-up tables)
Number of DDTI = (50 + 10) / 2 = 60/2 30

Remark: A BSC12000 can hold at most 24 DDTI boards, thus, we have to perform
Drop and Insert to reduce the number of PCM links.
b) With drop and insert:
Number of TSs per BTS on Abis interface: 2 TSs x 3 DRXs = 6 TSs (traffic) + 1 TS
(LAPD) = 7 TSs per BTS
E1 PCM case: we can chain up to 31/7 4 BTSs together.
Number of drop and insert loops using this maximum configuration:
50 / 4 = 12 loops of 4 BTSs + 1 chain of 2 BTSs
Number of obtained E1 PCM links to interface by the BSC:
(12 x 2 + 1) E1 Abis + 8 E1 Ater = 33 PCM
33/2 = 17 DDTI boards
A BSC 12000 type 4 may fit.
T1 PCM case: we can chain up to 24/7 3 BTSs together.
Number of drop and insert loops using this maximum configuration:
50 / 3 = 16 loops of 3 BTSs + 1 chain of 2 BTSs
Number of obtained T1 PCM links to interface by the BSC 12000:
(16 x 2 + 1) T1 Abis + 10 T1 Ater = 43 PCM
43/2 = 22 DDTI boards
A BSC 12000 type 4 may fit.
4. CCS7 Computation
As we need a BSC 12000 type 4, we need 2 CCS7 boards.

24

5. Number of TCUs:
E1 case: TCU number = PCM links number on Ater = 7 (E1) + 1 redundant.
So we need 8 TCU shelves spread onto 2 TCU cabinets.
T1 case: TCU number = PCM links number on Ater = 9 (T1) + 1 redundant.
So we need 10 TCU shelves spread onto 3 TCU cabinets.
6. Conclusion
a) E1 PCM case:
Limitation tables give that a BSC 12000 type 4:
can hold 4 ( 4) SICD8V, 17 ( 24) DDTI boards, 2 ( 2) CCS7 boards, 7 ( 12)
BSCB boards
and can manage 700 Erl ( 1000 Erl), 50 ( 124) sites, 150 ( 256) TRXs and 50
( 160) cells
SICD8V boards and DDTI boards needs were limiting factors for the
management of 50 sites by 1 single BSC 12000.
But drop and insert technique + LAPD concentration by BSCB (and TSCB)
boards lead to a BSC 12000 type 4 acceptable solution for this case.
b) T1 PCM case:
Limitation tables give that a BSC 12000 type 4:
can hold 4 ( 4) SICD8V, 22 ( 24) DDTI boards, 2 ( 2) CCS7 boards, 7 ( 12)
BSCB boards
and manage 700 Erl ( 1000 Erl), 50 ( 124) sites, 150 ( 256) TRXs and 50
( 160) cells
SICD8V boards and DDTI boards needs were limiting factors for the
management of 50 sites by 1 single BSC 12000, but Drop and Insert technique +
LAPD concentration by BSCB (and TSCB) boards lead to a BSC 12000 type 4
acceptable solution for this case.

25

Exercise (Section 7)
3 Global Example with EDGE
Assumptions:

Urban area, one BSCe3 (2000 Erl)

51 sites: 20 S222, 10 S333, 10 S444, 10 S888 and 1 S121212
An average of 580 m cell radius is assumed, with TU3 radio environment (C/I = 12 dB)
4 PDTCH per cell are configured on the EDGE TDMA
Average TS throughput, mean BLER and Mean Joker per EDGE TS are provided in the
Note section (see below). These results come from R&D simulations

Problem:

From tables, what is the mean BLER value on the cell ?

From tables, what is the average DL TS throughput with EDGE ?
What is the number of DS0 Joker that can be provisioned per cell ?
What is the number of Abis PCM (E1 & T1) with and without EDGE ?
What is the number of Agprs PCM (E1 & T1) with EDGE (54% compression rate) ?
What is the BSCe3 dimensioning ? (TMU, LSA, Switching Matrix)
Any influence on the PCUSN dimensioning ?

26

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Solution:
From tables provided by R&D simulations, Mean BLER value is 35.5 dB and
average DL TS throughput in EDGE is 32.7 kbps.
The number of DS0 depends on the MCS distribution over the cell. Based on this
distribution, the number of DS0 joker can be computed using the 2 following
formulas:
joker TS dimensioning: Nb_of_joker_per_EDGE_TS x Nb_of_EDGE_TS
joker DS0: round_up(Nb_of_16k_joker/4)
From the table we can see that 3.41 joker per EDGE TS are required. With 2 EDGE
TDMA per cell and 4 PDTCH per EDGE TDMA configured, joker TS dimensioning
is: 3.41 x 2 x 4 = 27.28. Joker DS0 is therefore round_up(27.28 /4) = 7.
7 DS0 joker should be provisioned per cell to benefit from the full EDGE throughput
enhancement.

26

 For every site the Abis PCM number and the Radio Site Mask should be recomputed
to take into account the DS0 joker. Next table summarizes all the results.
S222
6
1
1
12+0
1
12+0
24
2
18+0
2
18+0

Configurations
TRX total
LAPD
T1 PCM w/o EDGE
RSM w/o EDGE
E1 PCM w/o EDGE
RSM w/o EDGE
Joker DS0 number
T1 PCM with EDGE
RSM with EDGE
E1 PCM with EDGE
RSM with EDGE

S333
9
3
1
18+2
1
18+2
24
2
21+2
2
21+2

S444
12
3
2
12+2
1
24+2
24
3
16+2
2
24+2

S888
24
3
3
16+2
2
24+2
24
4
18+2
3
24+2

S121212
36
6
4
18+5
3
24+5
24
6
16+5
4
24+5

Note that a S121212 site with 12 DS0 (4 per cell) can fit on 5 T1 PCM only if entire PCM
are available. If one TS is reserved for other purpose, then a sixth T1 PCM should be
provisioned.
Therefore in the considered network, the T1 Abis PCM number increases from 84 to 136
(E1 Abis PCM from 63 to 94) as shown in the following table:

Configurations
T1 PCM w/o EDGE
T1 PCM with EDGE
site Number
E1 PCM w/o EDGE
E1 PCM with EDGE

S222
1
2
20
1
2

S333
1
2
10
1
2

S444
2
3
10
1
2

S888
3
4
10
2
3

S121212 Total BSC

4
84
6
136
1
3
63
4
104

Agprs PCM computation:

Using following formulas (T1 / E1) to compute the max number of cells that can be
configured per Agprs PCM, required number of Agprs PCM can be deduced:

NbCell

92

NbCell

(1 0.7 )n pdtch (1 + JPMT )

120
(1 0.7 )n pdtch (1 + JPMT )

with 0.54 instead of 0.7, 8 instead of npdtch (4 PDTCH x 2 EDGE TDMA) and 4 instead of
JPMT.
Hence we can configure 5 cells max with T1 PCM and 6 cells max with E1 PCM.
With 153 cells, 31 Agprs T1 PCM are required (26 Agprs E1 PCM).
Note that before Dynamic Agprs activation with GPRS only, 14 Agprs T1 PCM were
required (11 cells configured per Agprs PCM). Indeed:
8 PDTCH/cell are 2 Agprs TS. With T1 PCM, 23 TS are available for data, therefore 11
cells can be configured per PCM. With 153 cells, 14 Agprs T1 PCM are required.
Same exercise with E1 PCM gives 11 E1 Agprs PCM (15 cells per PCM, 11 Agprs PCM)

27

 BSCe3 Dimensioning:
TMU
The BSCe3 is a 2000 Erl one, therefore 11 TMU are required.
Capacity
Number of TMUs

1500
1800
2100
2400
2700
3000
Erlang Erlang Erlang Erlang Erlang Erlang

10

SS7: 2

TOTAL

5+1+2

6+2+2

7+2+2

8+2+2

9+2+2 10+2+2

Note that EDGE has only an impact on the connectivity requirement (more PCM on Abis
and Agprs interfaces) and on the switching matrix (more DS0 to be switched).
LSA
Without EDGE, 84 T1 Abis PCM + 7 T1 Agprs PCM + 28 T1 Ater PCM (2000 Erl) =
119 T1 PCM. Therefore, 119/28 (number of T1 PCM managed by 1 LSA module) gives
5 LSA (63 E1 Abis PCM + 6 E1 Agprs PCM + 22 E1 Ater PCM = 5 LSA)
with EDGE, 136 T1 Abis PCM + 31 T1 Agprs + 28 T1 Ater PCM = 195 T1 PCM.
Therefore, 195/28 = 7 LSA modules.
Switching Matrix
without EDGE: Abis: 2 x Nb_of_TRX = 1212 DS0; Agprs: 23 DS0 x 7 PCM = 161
DS0; Ater: 623 DS0 (2492 CIC)
So the total number of DS0 switched in the 8k-RM is 1212 + 161 + 623 = 1996 DS0,
which is below the engineering limit of 2268 DS0.
With EDGE: Abis: 2 x Nb_of_TRX (1212) + Nb_of_Jokers (153 x 8 = 1224) = 2436
DS0; Agprs: 23 DS0 x 31 PCM = 713 DS0; Ater: 623 DS0 (2492 CIC)
So the total number of DS0 switched in the 8k-RM is 2436 + 612 + 713 + 623 = 3772
DS0, which is above the engineering limit of 2268 DS0.
Therefore, the upgrade with the DS512 kit is required.
As a conclusion on this BSC3000, 2 LSA and the DS512 kit must be installed prior
to EDGE activation.

28

 PCUSN Dimensioning:
As the number of Agprs increases from 7 to 31 T1 PCM (from 6 to 26 E1 PCM), BSC
mapping over PCUSN and the number of PCUSN should need to be reviewed.
Eventually, the PCUSN can be upgraded to PCUSN36 (new T1 configuration) or
PCUSN32 (new E1 configuration) or .
No impact on Gb interface.

29

Student notes

30

BSS Dimensioning Case Study (Section 7)

69 Syyy

70 Syyy
12 Szz

City B

City C

12 Szz

117 Sxxx

120 Sxxx
7 Szz

7 Szz
80 Syyy

8 Szz

8 Szz
8 Szz

8 Szz

City A
130 Sxxx
8 Szz

8 Szz

8 Szz

8 Szz

7 Szz

42 Syyy

7 Szz

12 Szz

City D

City E

12 Szz

110 Sxxx

59 Sxxx

31

46 Syyy

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The exercise consists in dimensioning the BSS of a GSM/GPRS/EDGE network.

The network is composed of five regions: BTSs are controlled by 5 BSC/PCUSN locations
which are detailed below (a BSC/PCUSN location may have several BSC/PCUSNs):

BSC/PCSN locations
A (City + suburbs + roads)
B (City + rural + roads)
C (City + suburbs + roads)
D (City + rural + roads)
E (City + rural + roads)

Number of subscribers
1200000 + 230000 + 40000
1100000 + 83000 + 21000
100000 + 200000 + 21500
500000 + 50000 + 18000
750000 + 55000 + 20500

Number of BTSs
242 (130 tri + 80 tri + 32 bi)
217 (120 tri + 70 tri + 27 bi)
213 (117 tri + 69 tri + 27 bi)
128 (59 tri + 42 tri + 27 bi)
183 (110 tri + 46 tri + 27 bi)

Assuming that the subscribers are equally distributed on all the cells of a given city
or site and using the traffic model of section 2 (25mErl per sub and radio BR at 2%
and 50% HR allocation), find the BTS configuration in each BSC/PCUSN location.
Compute the traffic in Erlangs in each BSC/PCUSN site.
Determine the minimum number and type of BSCe3 in each BSC/PCUSN site.
Determine the number of PCUSN in each BSC/PCUSN site assuming 10% of
subscribers are GPRS users at 200 bits/s useful throughput and CS2 (100% are
attached, 50% are active).
Determine the number of TCU cabinets for each BSC/PCUSN site.

31

BSS Dimensioning Case Study (Section 7)

Area A (City, suburbs, roads)
242 BTS sites
5442 TRXs
41562 Erlangs

80 S444
8 S33

8 S33

City A
7 S33
130 S111111

8 S33

8 S33
Suburbs

32

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

The exercise consists in dimensioning the BSS part of a GSM/GPRS network.

1) Area A BTSs configuration
a) City A
Carried voice traffic on the area: 25 mErl x 1200000 = 30000 Erl
Carried voice traffic by one BTS: According to the assumption that the subscribers are
equally distributed on all the cells, 30000 Erl / 130 sites 230.77 Erl per site or 76.92
Erl per cell
Number of TRXs per cell for voice : Look-up tables indicates that 10 TRXs (78 Erl
carried) are necessary per cell.
Carried data traffic per cell is: 10% of 1200000 x 200 / 390 or 61538.5 bits/s, CS2 is
used, then one full rate PDTCH carries 9500 bits/s. 61538.5 /9500 = 6.48 PDTCH are
necessary, one additional TRX is needed in every cell. Then the BTS type is S111111
b) Suburbs
Carried voice traffic on the area: 25 mErl x 230000 = 5750 Erl
Carried voice traffic by one BTS: According to the assumption that the subscribers are
equally distributed on all the cells, 5750 Erl / 80 sites 71.87 Erl per site or 23.96 Erl
per cell
Number of TRXs per cell for voice : Look-up tables indicates that 4 TRXs (27 Erl
carried) are necessary per cell.
Carried data traffic per cell is: 10% of 230000 x 200 / 240 or 19166.67 bits/s, CS2 is
used, then one full rate PDTCH carries 9500 bits/s. 19166.67 /9500 = 2.02 PDTCH
are necessary, no additional TRX is needed as 3 TS are available out of the 4 TRX.
Then the BTS type is S444

32

c) Roads
Carried voice traffic on the area: 25 mErl x 40000 = 1000 Erl
Carried voice traffic by one BTS: According to the assumption that the subscribers
are equally distributed on all the cells, 1000 Erl / 32 sites 31.25 Erl per site or
15.63 Erl per cell
Number of TRXs per cell for voice : Look-up tables indicates that 3 TRXs (18 Erl
carried) are necessary per cell.
Carried data traffic per cell is: 10% of 40000 x 200 / 64 or 12500 bits/s, CS2 is used,
then one full rate PDTCH carries 9500 bits/s. 12500 /9500 = 1.32 PDTCH is
necessary, no additional TRX is needed as 3 TS are available out of the 3 TRX.
Then the BTS type is S33
d) Number of sites: 130 + 80+ 32 = 242 sites
e) Number of TRXs: 4290 + 960 + 192 = 5442 TRXs
f) Number of cells: 390 + 240 + 64 = 694 cells

33

BSS Dimensioning Case Study (Section 7)

Other Areas
69 Syyy

70 Syyy
12 Szz

City B

City C

12 Szz

117 Sxxx

120 Sxxx
7 Szz

7 Szz
80 Syyy

8 Szz

8 Szz
8 Szz

8 Szz

City A
130 Sxxx
8 Szz

8 Szz

8 Szz

8 Szz

7 Szz

42 Syyy

7 Szz

12 Szz

City D

12 Szz

City E
110 Sxxx

59 Sxxx

34

46 Syyy

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

2) Other areas BTSs configuration:

Area B: 120 S11111 + 70 S222 + 27 S22 = 217 sites, 4962 TRXs, 624 cells
Area C: 117 S101010 + 69 S444 + 27 S22 = 213 sites, 4851 TRXs, 612 cells
Area D: 59 S101010 + 42 S222 + 27 S22 = 128 sites, 2613 TRXs, 357 cells
Area E: 110 S888 + 46 S222 + 27 S222 = 183 sites, 4344 TRXs, 522 cells
3) BSC site carried traffic:
Traffic carried by the BTSs at 50% HR allocation are:
S111111 = 261 Erl, S101010 = 234 Erl, S888 = 186 Erl, S444 = 81 Erl
S222 = 32.1 Erl, S33 = 36 E, and S22 = 21.4 E
The maximum carried traffic for each area is:
Area A: 33930 + 6480 + 1152 = 41562 Erl. 14 BSC
Area B: 31320 + 2247 + 577.8 = 34144.8 Erl. 12 BSC
Area C: 27378 + 5589+ 577.8 = 33544.8 Erl. 12 BSC
Area D: 13806 + 1348.2 + 577.8 = 15732 Erl. 6 BSC
Area E: 20460 + 1476.6 + 577.8 = 22514.4 Erl. 8 BSC
4) BSC configurations: see Excel sheets

34

BSS Dimensioning Case Study (Section 7)

Total number of equipment
Number of BSC/TCU cabinets
Number of PCU cabinets

Number of BTS sites

Per BSC
BSC
BSC PCM
Erlangs Sites TRXs Cells
location
Nb Agprs

Per site

PCM
Ater

PCM
Abis

TCU
number

PCUSN24
number

PCUSN12
number

242

5442

694

14

26

35/37

28

Area B 34144.8

217

4962

624

12

26

37/38/39

24

Area C 33544.8

213

4851

612

12

26

36/37/38

24

Area D

128

2613

357

26

38/41/42

12

183

4344

522

26

38/41/42

16

104

Area A

41562

15732

Area E 22514.4

Total 147498 983 22212 2809

35

52

NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

35

Student notes

36

APPENDIX
Erlang B Tables

nortel.com/training
NORTEL CONFIDENTIAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY

Erlang Tables

Erlang Tables
Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

0.000

0.001

0.005

0.010

0.020

0.031

0.042

0.053

0.064

0.075

0.087

0.099

0.111

0.250

0.014

0.046

0.105

0.153

0.223

0.282

0.333

0.381

0.427

0.470

0.513

0.555

0.595

1.000

0.087

0.194

0.349

0.455

0.602

0.715

0.812

0.899

0.980

1.057

1.131

1.202

1.271

1.930

0.235

0.439

0.701

0.869

1.092

1.259

1.399

1.525

1.640

1.748

1.851

1.949

2.045

2.945

0.452

0.762

1.132

1.361

1.657

1.875

2.057

2.218

2.366

2.504

2.634

2.760

2.881

4.010

0.728

1.146

1.622

1.909

2.276

2.543

2.765

2.960

3.139

3.305

3.462

3.613

3.758

5.109

1.054

1.579

2.157

2.501

2.935

3.250

3.510

3.738

3.946

4.139

4.322

4.497

4.666

6.230

1.422

2.051

2.730

3.128

3.627

3.987

4.283

4.543

4.779

4.999

5.207

5.405

5.597

7.369

1.825

2.558

3.332

3.783

4.345

4.748

5.080

5.370

5.634

5.879

6.111

6.333

6.546

8.522

10

2.260

3.092

3.961

4.461

5.084

5.529

5.896

6.216

6.507

6.776

7.031

7.275

7.510

9.685

11

2.722

3.651

4.610

5.160

5.842

6.328

6.727

7.076

7.393

7.687

7.965

8.231

8.487

10.857

12

3.207

4.231

5.279

5.876

6.615

7.141

7.573

7.950

8.292

8.610

8.910

9.197

9.474

12.036

13

3.713

4.831

5.964

6.607

7.402

7.967

8.430

8.835

9.202

9.543

9.865

10.173

10.470

13.222

14

4.239

5.446

6.663

7.352

8.200

8.804

9.298

9.730

10.121

10.485

10.828

11.157

11.473

14.413

15

4.781

6.077

7.375

8.108

9.010

9.650

10.174

10.633

11.048

11.434

11.799

12.147

12.484

15.608

16

5.339

6.721

8.099

8.875

9.829

10.505

11.059

11.544

11.983

12.390

12.776

13.144

13.500

16.807

17

5.911

7.378

8.834

9.652

10.656

11.368

11.952

12.461

12.923

13.353

13.758

14.147

14.522

18.010

18

6.496

8.046

9.578

10.437

11.491

12.238

12.850

13.385

13.870

14.321

14.747

15.154

15.548

19.216

19

7.093

8.724

10.331

11.230

12.333

13.115

13.755

14.315

14.822

15.294

15.740

16.166

16.579

20.424

20

7.700

9.411

11.092

12.031

13.181

13.997

14.666

15.249

15.779

16.271

16.737

17.183

17.613

21.635

21

8.319

10.108

11.860

12.838

14.036

14.885

15.581

16.189

16.740

17.253

17.738

18.202

18.651

22.848

22

8.946

10.812

12.635

13.651

14.896

15.778

16.501

17.132

17.705

18.238

18.742

19.226

19.693

24.064

23

9.583

11.524

13.417

14.471

15.761

16.676

17.424

18.080

18.674

19.227

19.751

20.252

20.737

25.281

24

10.227

12.243

14.204

15.295

16.631

17.577

18.352

19.031

19.647

20.220

20.761

21.281

21.784

26.499

25

10.880

12.969

14.997

16.125

17.505

18.483

19.284

19.985

20.622

21.214

21.775

22.313

22.833

27.720

26

11.540

13.701

15.795

16.959

18.383

19.392

20.219

20.943

21.600

22.212

22.792

23.347

23.885

28.941

27

12.207

14.439

16.598

17.797

19.265

20.305

21.158

21.904

22.582

23.213

23.811

24.384

24.939

30.164

28

12.880

15.182

17.406

18.640

20.151

21.221

22.099

22.867

23.566

24.216

24.832

25.423

25.995

31.389

29

13.560

15.930

18.218

19.487

21.039

22.140

23.043

23.833

24.552

25.221

25.855

26.464

27.053

32.614

30

14.246

16.684

19.034

20.337

21.932

23.062

23.990

24.802

25.540

26.228

26.881

27.506

28.113

33.840

9-1

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

31

14.938

17.442

19.855

21.192

22.826

23.986

24.939

25.772

26.531

27.237

27.908

28.550

29.173

35.066

32

15.632

18.204

20.678

22.048

23.724

24.914

25.891

26.746

27.524

28.250

28.937

29.597

30.238

36.295

33

16.335

18.972

21.505

22.910

24.626

25.845

26.843

27.719

28.520

29.262

29.967

30.644

31.302

37.524

34

17.041

19.742

22.337

23.771

25.530

26.775

27.801

28.699

29.515

30.278

30.999

31.694

32.367

38.753

35

17.752

20.518

23.169

24.638

26.434

27.712

28.759

29.675

30.514

31.293

32.032

32.744

33.435

39.986

36

18.469

21.296

24.006

25.508

27.344

28.648

29.719

30.658

31.513

32.312

33.068

33.797

34.503

41.215

37

19.188

22.078

24.846

26.378

28.254

29.585

30.680

31.640

32.515

33.330

34.106

34.850

35.571

42.448

38

19.910

22.865

25.690

27.253

29.167

30.527

31.644

32.623

33.517

34.352

35.142

35.904

36.642

43.681

39

20.638

23.651

26.533

28.129

30.079

31.469

32.607

33.608

34.521

35.373

36.181

36.960

37.716

44.913

40

21.372

24.444

27.381

29.007

30.998

32.411

33.573

34.596

35.526

36.395

37.222

38.016

38.787

46.146

41

22.105

25.239

28.233

29.888

31.916

33.356

34.543

35.585

36.534

37.419

38.264

39.075

39.861

47.382

42

22.844

26.037

29.084

30.772

32.837

34.304

35.512

36.573

37.541

38.447

39.306

40.131

40.935

48.615

43

23.586

26.838

29.939

31.655

33.759

35.252

36.484

37.564

38.552

39.474

40.350

41.194

42.012

49.851

44

24.333

27.642

30.796

32.542

34.683

36.203

37.457

38.556

39.563

40.502

41.395

42.253

43.086

51.087

45

25.080

28.448

31.655

33.432

35.607

37.156

38.429

39.550

40.573

41.529

42.440

43.315

44.164

52.323

46

25.833

29.254

32.518

34.321

36.533

38.107

39.404

40.544

41.587

42.560

43.484

44.377

45.244

53.559

47

26.586

30.066

33.381

35.213

37.463

39.064

40.382

41.541

42.600

43.590

44.532

45.440

46.321

54.795

48

27.344

30.878

34.246

36.108

38.393

40.017

41.357

42.538

43.614

44.621

45.580

46.502

47.401

56.031

49

28.103

31.696

35.112

37.003

39.323

40.974

42.335

43.535

44.628

45.654

46.627

47.567

48.481

57.271

50

28.867

32.513

35.983

37.901

40.255

41.933

43.316

44.532

45.644

46.688

47.678

48.632

49.562

58.507

51

29.631

33.331

36.851

38.799

41.188

42.892

44.297

45.532

46.664

47.721

48.729

49.698

50.645

59.747

52

30.400

34.154

37.725

39.700

42.123

43.852

45.278

46.532

47.680

48.754

49.780

50.766

51.725

60.986

53

31.170

34.977

38.599

40.603

43.061

44.814

46.259

47.535

48.700

49.791

50.830

51.832

52.809

62.222

54

31.942

35.802

39.472

41.504

43.997

45.776

47.242

48.535

49.719

50.827

51.881

52.900

53.892

63.462

55

32.717

36.631

40.352

42.410

44.935

46.738

48.226

49.538

50.739

51.864

52.935

53.968

54.975

64.701

56

33.495

37.460

41.228

43.314

45.876

47.703

49.213

50.544

51.761

52.900

53.989

55.037

56.059

65.941

57

34.273

38.291

42.108

44.223

46.817

48.668

50.200

51.547

52.784

53.940

55.042

56.108

57.145

67.181

58

35.054

39.125

42.990

45.129

47.758

49.633

51.186

52.553

53.806

54.979

56.096

57.176

58.228

68.420

59

35.837

39.959

43.872

46.038

48.702

50.601

52.173

53.558

54.829

56.019

57.153

58.248

59.315

69.663

60

36.623

40.796

44.757

46.950

49.643

51.569

53.163

54.564

55.851

57.058

58.210

59.319

60.401

70.903

9-2

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

61

37.409

41.633

45.642

47.862

50.590

52.537

54.149

55.573

56.876

58.097

59.263

60.391

61.488

72.142

62

38.201

42.473

46.527

48.774

51.533

53.508

55.139

56.582

57.902

59.140

60.320

61.462

62.574

73.385

63

38.990

43.313

47.415

49.689

52.480

54.479

56.131

57.591

58.927

60.182

61.380

62.534

63.664

74.625

64

39.785

44.155

48.305

50.603

53.427

55.450

57.121

58.599

59.953

61.225

62.437

63.608

64.750

75.868

65

40.579

45.001

49.196

51.518

54.376

56.420

58.113

59.608

60.978

62.267

63.493

64.683

65.840

77.108

66

41.376

45.846

50.087

52.435

55.326

57.394

59.106

60.620

62.007

63.309

64.553

65.754

66.926

78.351

67

42.174

46.691

50.977

53.353

56.276

58.368

60.098

61.632

63.035

64.352

65.613

66.828

68.015

79.590

68

42.974

47.539

51.870

54.270

57.225

59.341

61.094

62.643

64.063

65.397

66.673

67.903

69.105

80.833

69

43.774

48.390

52.767

55.191

58.177

60.315

62.089

63.655

65.092

66.443

67.732

68.977

70.194

82.076

70

44.577

49.238

53.663

56.111

59.130

61.292

63.082

64.667

66.120

67.485

68.792

70.055

71.287

83.319

71

45.382

50.092

54.559

57.034

60.082

62.268

64.077

65.681

67.151

68.530

69.852

71.129

72.377

84.563

72

46.188

50.945

55.455

57.955

61.035

63.245

65.075

66.693

68.180

69.579

70.915

72.207

73.466

85.802

73

46.996

51.799

56.354

58.878

61.990

64.221

66.071

67.708

69.211

70.624

71.975

73.281

74.559

87.045

74

47.805

52.655

57.253

59.804

62.945

65.198

67.069

68.722

70.242

71.670

73.037

74.359

75.648

88.288

75

48.616

53.512

58.155

60.727

63.900

66.177

68.067

69.737

71.274

72.718

74.100

75.437

76.741

89.531

76

49.427

54.368

59.054

61.653

64.855

67.156

69.065

70.754

72.305

73.766

75.160

76.514

77.833

90.774

77

50.241

55.227

59.955

62.579

65.813

68.136

70.064

71.769

73.336

74.812

76.223

77.592

78.926

92.017

78

51.055

56.087

60.860

63.507

66.772

69.115

71.062

72.787

74.371

75.860

77.289

78.669

80.019

93.264

79

51.869

56.949

61.764

64.433

67.730

70.097

72.060

73.801

75.402

76.909

78.351

79.747

81.111

94.507

80

52.686

57.811

62.669

65.362

68.688

71.077

73.061

74.819

76.436

77.957

79.414

80.824

82.204

95.750

81

53.505

58.673

63.573

66.291

69.649

72.059

74.063

75.836

77.470

79.008

80.477

81.905

83.296

96.993

82

54.325

59.537

64.478

67.222

70.607

73.041

75.064

76.857

78.505

80.057

81.543

82.982

84.389

98.236

83

55.147

60.402

65.385

68.154

71.567

74.023

76.065

77.874

79.539

81.105

82.609

84.063

85.485

99.483

84

55.967

61.270

66.293

69.082

72.528

75.006

77.066

78.892

80.573

82.157

83.671

85.140

86.577

100.726

85

56.792

62.134

67.203

70.017

73.489

75.991

78.070

79.912

81.608

83.208

84.737

86.221

87.673

101.969

86

57.614

63.005

68.110

70.948

74.453

76.973

79.071

80.933

82.645

84.256

85.803

87.302

88.765

103.215

87

58.439

63.872

69.020

71.880

75.414

77.958

80.075

81.953

83.679

85.308

86.869

88.382

89.861

104.458

88

59.267

64.743

69.933

72.814

76.378

78.943

81.079

82.971

84.716

86.359

87.935

89.463

90.957

105.701

89

60.095

65.613

70.843

73.749

77.341

79.928

82.080

83.994

85.754

87.410

89.001

90.543

92.052

106.948

90

60.923

66.483

71.756

74.683

78.305

80.914

83.087

85.015

86.788

88.462

90.066

91.624

93.145

108.191

9-3

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

91

61.753

67.356

72.669

75.620

79.272

81.901

84.091

86.035

87.825

89.516

91.135

92.705

94.241

109.438

92

62.584

68.229

73.582

76.557

80.235

82.887

85.095

87.056

88.862

90.568

92.201

93.785

95.336

110.681

93

63.415

69.102

74.495

77.492

81.202

83.875

86.100

88.079

89.900

91.619

93.270

94.869

96.432

111.927

94

64.248

69.978

75.410

78.429

82.168

84.863

87.106

89.099

90.940

92.673

94.336

95.949

97.531

113.174

95

65.082

70.854

76.326

79.369

83.132

85.851

88.113

90.123

91.977

93.725

95.405

97.033

98.627

114.417

96

65.918

71.730

77.242

80.306

84.101

86.838

89.117

91.146

93.014

94.779

96.470

98.114

99.722

115.663

97

66.751

72.606

78.157

81.246

85.068

87.826

90.124

92.170

94.054

95.833

97.539

99.197

100.818

116.906

98

67.590

73.485

79.073

82.183

86.035

88.814

91.131

93.193

95.092

96.888

98.608

100.278

101.917

118.153

99

68.426

74.363

79.992

83.123

87.004

89.805

92.138

94.216

96.132

97.942

99.677

101.361

103.012

119.399

100

69.265

75.242

80.910

84.063

87.973

90.793

93.148

95.240

97.172

98.996

100.746

102.445

104.111

120.642

101

70.104

76.121

81.829

85.006

88.940

91.784

94.155

96.263

98.212

100.051

101.815

103.529

105.207

121.889

102

70.943

77.002

82.747

85.946

89.909

92.775

95.162

97.289

99.252

101.105

102.883

104.612

106.306

123.135

103

71.785

77.883

83.668

86.888

90.879

93.766

96.172

98.313

100.290

102.159

103.952

105.696

107.401

124.382

104

72.627

78.765

84.590

87.831

91.851

94.757

97.182

99.339

101.333

103.214

105.021

106.780

108.500

125.625

105

73.468

79.649

85.508

88.774

92.820

95.747

98.189

100.365

102.373

104.268

106.093

107.863

109.599

126.872

106

74.313

80.533

86.429

89.717

93.793

96.738

99.198

101.389

103.413

105.326

107.162

108.947

110.694

128.118

107

75.158

81.418

87.353

90.659

94.762

97.729

100.208

102.415

104.453

106.380

108.231

110.031

111.793

129.365

108

76.002

82.302

88.275

91.605

95.734

98.723

101.218

103.442

105.493

107.437

109.303

111.114

112.892

130.611

109

76.849

83.186

89.199

92.548

96.706

99.714

102.228

104.468

106.537

108.492

110.371

112.198

113.991

131.854

110

77.697

84.073

90.123

93.493

97.679

100.707

103.238

105.494

107.577

109.549

111.443

113.284

115.090

133.101

111

78.544

84.960

91.044

94.439

98.651

101.701

104.251

106.520

108.620

110.606

112.512

114.368

116.188

134.347

112

79.391

85.847

91.971

95.384

99.623

102.695

105.260

107.547

109.663

111.661

113.584

115.452

117.287

135.594

113

80.241

86.734

92.895

96.330

100.598

103.688

106.270

108.576

110.703

112.718

114.656

116.538

118.386

136.840

114

81.091

87.621

93.819

97.276

101.570

104.682

107.283

109.602

111.746

113.775

115.725

117.622

119.485

138.087

115

81.942

88.511

94.746

98.224

102.545

105.676

108.296

110.629

112.790

114.833

116.796

118.709

120.583

139.333

116

82.792

89.401

95.673

99.169

103.518

106.670

109.306

111.658

113.833

115.890

117.868

119.795

121.685

140.580

117

83.644

90.290

96.600

100.118

104.493

107.666

110.318

112.684

114.876

116.947

118.940

120.879

122.784

141.826

118

84.497

91.183

97.527

101.066

105.468

108.660

111.331

113.713

115.919

118.005

120.012

121.966

123.883

143.073

119

85.350

92.073

98.453

102.015

106.443

109.656

112.344

114.743

116.962

119.062

121.084

123.053

124.981

144.319

120

86.203

92.965

99.380

102.963

107.418

110.650

113.356

115.772

118.005

120.119

122.156

124.136

126.083

145.566

9-4

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

121

87.059

93.858

100.310

103.914

108.396

111.647

114.369

116.798

119.048

121.180

123.228

125.223

127.182

146.813

122

87.914

94.750

101.240

104.863

109.371

112.643

115.382

117.827

120.092

122.237

124.300

126.310

128.281

148.059

123

88.770

95.643

102.169

105.811

110.346

113.640

116.395

118.857

121.135

123.295

125.371

127.396

129.383

149.306

124

89.626

96.538

103.099

106.762

111.324

114.636

117.410

119.886

122.181

124.355

126.446

128.483

130.481

150.552

125

90.484

97.431

104.028

107.713

112.302

115.633

118.423

120.915

123.224

125.412

127.518

129.570

131.583

151.799

126

91.342

98.326

104.958

108.664

113.277

116.629

119.436

121.947

124.270

126.470

128.590

130.656

132.682

153.045

127

92.201

99.221

105.888

109.616

114.255

117.626

120.451

122.977

125.313

127.530

129.665

131.743

133.784

154.292

128

93.059

100.117

106.820

110.567

115.232

118.623

121.467

124.006

126.359

128.590

130.737

132.830

134.886

155.538

129

93.918

101.015

107.753

111.518

116.210

119.622

122.480

125.035

127.402

129.648

131.812

133.916

135.985

156.785

130

94.779

101.910

108.685

112.469

117.188

120.619

123.495

126.067

128.449

130.708

132.883

135.003

137.086

158.035

131

95.640

102.808

109.618

113.423

118.166

121.618

124.511

127.096

129.495

131.768

133.958

136.090

138.188

159.281

132

96.501

103.706

110.550

114.377

119.147

122.615

125.527

128.129

130.541

132.826

135.030

137.176

139.290

160.528

133

97.363

104.605

111.482

115.328

120.125

123.614

126.539

129.158

131.584

133.886

136.105

138.266

140.389

161.774

134

98.226

105.503

112.415

116.282

121.105

124.613

127.555

130.190

132.630

134.946

137.177

139.353

141.491

163.021

135

99.090

106.401

113.350

117.236

122.083

125.610

128.573

131.219

133.676

136.007

138.252

140.440

142.593

164.267

136

99.954

107.302

114.283

118.190

123.064

126.609

129.589

132.251

134.722

137.067

139.327

141.529

143.694

165.517

137

100.818

108.203

115.218

119.144

124.042

127.609

130.605

133.284

135.768

138.127

140.399

142.616

144.796

166.764

138

101.682

109.101

116.153

120.098

125.023

128.608

131.620

134.316

136.814

139.188

141.473

143.703

145.898

168.010

139

102.549

110.002

117.088

121.055

126.003

129.608

132.636

135.348

137.861

140.248

142.548

144.792

147.000

169.257

140

103.413

110.905

118.023

122.009

126.984

130.610

133.655

136.380

138.907

141.308

143.623

145.879

148.102

170.503

141

104.280

111.806

118.959

122.966

127.965

131.609

134.670

137.412

139.956

142.369

144.698

146.969

149.204

171.753

142

105.147

112.707

119.894

123.920

128.946

132.609

135.686

138.444

141.002

143.429

145.773

148.056

150.306

173.000

143

106.016

113.611

120.832

124.877

129.926

133.608

136.704

139.477

142.048

144.489

146.848

149.145

151.407

174.247

144

106.883

114.515

121.767

125.833

130.910

134.611

137.723

140.509

143.094

145.553

147.923

150.232

152.509

175.493

145

107.752

115.418

122.705

126.790

131.891

135.610

138.738

141.541

144.143

146.613

148.998

151.322

153.611

176.743

146

108.622

116.322

123.643

127.747

132.874

136.612

139.757

142.573

145.189

147.673

150.072

152.411

154.713

177.990

147

109.492

117.226

124.581

128.704

133.855

137.615

140.775

143.605

146.235

148.737

151.147

153.498

155.815

179.236

148

110.361

118.129

125.519

129.660

134.838

138.614

141.791

144.640

147.284

149.797

152.222

154.588

156.917

180.483

149

111.231

119.036

126.457

130.617

135.819

139.616

142.810

145.673

148.330

150.857

153.297

155.678

158.019

181.733

150

112.103

119.939

127.395

131.577

136.803

140.619

143.828

146.705

149.379

151.921

154.372

156.764

159.123

182.979

9-5

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

151

112.975

120.846

128.333

132.534

137.786

141.621

144.847

147.740

150.428

152.981

155.447

157.854

160.225

184.226

152

113.845

121.752

129.274

133.493

138.770

142.623

145.865

148.772

151.475

154.044

156.522

158.944

161.327

185.476

153

114.717

122.659

130.212

134.450

139.753

143.625

146.884

149.807

152.524

155.105

157.600

160.034

162.429

186.722

154

115.592

123.565

131.153

135.410

140.737

144.628

147.902

150.839

153.573

156.168

158.675

161.123

163.534

187.969

155

116.464

124.472

132.094

136.369

141.721

145.630

148.921

151.874

154.619

157.228

159.749

162.213

164.636

189.219

156

117.340

125.381

133.032

137.329

142.704

146.632

149.939

152.909

155.668

158.292

160.827

163.300

165.738

190.465

157

118.212

126.287

133.973

138.288

143.688

147.635

150.961

153.942

156.717

159.355

161.902

164.389

166.843

191.712

158

119.087

127.197

134.913

139.248

144.671

148.637

151.979

154.977

157.766

160.415

162.977

165.479

167.944

192.962

159

119.962

128.106

135.857

140.208

145.658

149.642

152.998

156.012

158.812

161.478

164.055

166.569

169.049

194.208

160

120.837

129.015

136.798

141.167

146.641

150.644

154.016

157.047

159.861

162.542

165.130

167.659

170.151

195.455

161

121.715

129.924

137.739

142.127

147.625

151.647

155.038

158.082

160.910

163.605

166.208

168.748

171.256

196.705

162

122.590

130.834

138.680

143.089

148.611

152.652

156.056

159.114

161.959

164.668

167.283

169.838

172.358

197.951

163

123.468

131.743

139.623

144.049

149.598

153.654

157.078

160.149

163.008

165.729

168.361

170.928

173.460

199.201

164

124.346

132.655

140.567

145.011

150.581

154.659

158.096

161.184

164.057

166.792

169.435

172.018

174.565

200.448

165

125.224

133.564

141.508

145.971

151.567

155.664

159.117

162.219

165.106

167.855

170.513

173.111

175.670

201.694

166

126.101

134.476

142.451

146.933

152.554

156.667

160.139

163.254

166.155

168.919

171.588

174.200

176.772

202.944

167

126.979

135.388

143.395

147.896

153.540

157.672

161.157

164.289

167.207

169.982

172.666

175.290

177.877

204.191

168

127.857

136.297

144.338

148.855

154.524

158.677

162.179

165.325

168.257

171.045

173.744

176.380

178.978

205.441

169

128.738

137.209

145.282

149.818

155.510

159.682

163.200

166.363

169.306

172.109

174.819

177.469

180.083

206.688

170

129.619

138.121

146.226

150.780

156.497

160.684

164.219

167.398

170.355

173.172

175.897

178.559

181.185

207.934

171

130.496

139.036

147.169

151.742

157.483

161.690

165.240

168.433

171.404

174.235

176.975

179.652

182.290

209.184

172

131.377

139.948

148.113

152.708

158.472

162.695

166.262

169.468

172.456

175.299

178.050

180.742

183.395

210.431

173

132.258

140.860

149.059

153.670

159.459

163.700

167.283

170.503

173.505

176.362

179.127

181.832

184.497

211.681

174

133.141

141.775

150.003

154.632

160.445

164.705

168.304

171.541

174.554

177.425

180.205

182.921

185.602

212.927

175

134.022

142.690

150.949

155.595

161.431

165.710

169.326

172.576

175.606

178.492

181.283

184.014

186.707

214.177

176

134.905

143.602

151.893

156.560

162.421

166.718

170.347

173.614

176.655

179.555

182.358

185.104

187.812

215.424

177

135.786

144.517

152.839

157.522

163.407

167.723

171.369

174.649

177.707

180.618

183.436

186.194

188.914

216.674

178

136.669

145.432

153.786

158.488

164.393

168.729

172.390

175.684

178.756

181.682

184.514

187.286

190.019

217.920

179

137.553

146.346

154.732

159.450

165.383

169.734

173.411

176.722

179.805

182.748

185.592

188.376

191.123

219.167

180

138.436

147.261

155.678

160.415

166.369

170.742

174.433

177.757

180.857

183.811

186.670

189.466

192.228

220.417

9-6

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

181

139.319

148.179

156.625

161.380

167.358

171.747

175.457

178.795

181.909

184.875

187.748

190.559

193.330

221.663

182

140.203

149.094

157.571

162.346

168.348

172.752

176.479

179.830

182.958

185.938

188.825

191.648

194.435

222.913

183

141.089

150.008

158.518

163.311

169.334

173.760

177.500

180.868

184.010

187.004

189.903

192.741

195.540

224.160

184

141.973

150.926

159.464

164.273

170.323

174.765

178.521

181.906

185.059

188.068

190.981

193.831

196.645

225.410

185

142.859

151.844

160.410

165.238

171.312

175.773

179.546

182.942

186.111

189.134

192.059

194.924

197.750

226.656

186

143.745

152.758

161.360

166.204

172.302

176.778

180.567

183.980

187.163

190.197

193.137

196.013

198.855

227.906

187

144.631

153.676

162.306

167.172

173.291

177.786

181.591

185.018

188.212

191.260

194.215

197.106

199.960

229.153

188

145.517

154.593

163.255

168.137

174.280

178.794

182.613

186.053

189.264

192.327

195.293

198.196

201.065

230.403

189

146.404

155.511

164.202

169.102

175.269

179.800

183.637

187.091

190.316

193.390

196.371

199.289

202.167

231.649

190

147.290

156.429

165.151

170.067

176.259

180.808

184.659

188.129

191.365

194.456

197.449

200.379

203.272

232.899

191

148.179

157.349

166.100

171.035

177.248

181.816

185.683

189.167

192.417

195.520

198.527

201.471

204.377

234.146

192

149.065

158.267

167.049

172.001

178.237

182.824

186.704

190.205

193.469

196.586

199.604

202.561

205.481

235.396

193

149.954

159.184

167.998

172.969

179.226

183.829

187.729

191.243

194.521

197.652

200.682

203.654

206.586

236.646

194

150.843

160.105

168.948

173.934

180.215

184.837

188.750

192.278

195.573

198.716

201.763

204.747

207.691

237.892

195

151.729

161.025

169.897

174.902

181.207

185.845

189.774

193.316

196.625

199.782

202.841

205.836

208.796

239.142

196

152.618

161.942

170.846

175.867

182.197

186.853

190.799

194.354

197.677

200.845

203.919

206.929

209.901

240.389

197

153.510

162.863

171.795

176.835

183.186

187.861

191.823

195.392

198.726

201.912

204.997

208.022

211.006

241.639

198

154.399

163.783

172.744

177.803

184.178

188.869

192.844

196.430

199.778

202.978

206.075

209.112

212.111

242.885

199

155.288

164.704

173.693

178.771

185.167

189.877

193.869

197.468

200.830

204.041

207.156

210.205

213.216

244.135

200

156.177

165.624

174.645

179.739

186.159

190.885

194.893

198.506

201.882

205.108

208.234

211.297

214.324

245.382

201

157.068

166.544

175.595

180.707

187.149

191.893

195.917

199.547

202.934

206.174

209.312

212.387

215.429

246.632

202

157.960

167.465

176.547

181.675

188.141

192.904

196.942

200.585

203.986

207.240

210.389

213.480

216.534

247.882

203

158.849

168.388

177.496

182.643

189.130

193.912

197.966

201.623

205.038

208.303

211.470

214.573

217.639

249.128

204

159.741

169.308

178.448

183.611

190.122

194.920

198.990

202.661

206.093

209.370

212.548

215.665

218.744

250.378

205

160.633

170.231

179.400

184.579

191.114

195.928

200.014

203.699

207.145

210.436

213.626

216.755

219.849

251.625

206

161.524

171.152

180.349

185.547

192.103

196.939

201.039

204.737

208.197

211.502

214.707

217.848

220.954

252.875

207

162.419

172.075

181.301

186.515

193.095

197.947

202.063

205.778

209.249

212.566

215.785

218.941

222.059

254.122

208

163.311

172.995

182.253

187.486

194.087

198.955

203.087

206.816

210.301

213.632

216.866

220.034

223.167

255.372

209

164.203

173.918

183.205

188.454

195.079

199.966

204.112

207.854

211.353

214.698

217.944

221.126

224.272

256.622

210

165.097

174.842

184.157

189.422

196.071

200.974

205.136

208.892

212.405

215.765

219.022

222.219

225.377

257.868

9-7

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

211

165.989

175.765

185.109

190.393

197.063

201.985

206.160

209.933

213.460

216.831

220.103

223.309

226.481

259.118

212

166.883

176.688

186.061

191.361

198.056

202.993

207.185

210.971

214.512

217.897

221.181

224.402

227.586

260.365

213

167.778

177.611

187.013

192.332

199.048

204.003

208.209

212.012

215.564

218.964

222.261

225.495

228.694

261.615

214

168.672

178.537

187.968

193.302

200.040

205.011

209.236

213.050

216.616

220.030

223.339

226.587

229.799

262.865

215

169.567

179.460

188.920

194.270

201.032

206.022

210.260

214.088

217.671

221.096

224.420

227.680

230.904

264.111

216

170.461

180.383

189.872

195.241

202.024

207.033

211.285

215.129

218.723

222.162

225.498

228.773

232.009

265.361

217

171.356

181.309

190.826

196.212

203.016

208.041

212.309

216.167

219.775

223.229

226.579

229.866

233.117

266.608

218

172.251

182.232

191.778

197.183

204.011

209.052

213.336

217.208

220.830

224.295

227.657

230.958

234.222

267.858

219

173.148

183.158

192.733

198.151

205.003

210.063

214.361

218.246

221.882

225.361

228.738

232.051

235.327

269.108

220

174.042

184.081

193.685

199.122

205.995

211.071

215.385

219.287

222.937

226.428

229.816

233.144

236.432

270.354

221

174.940

185.007

194.640

200.093

206.987

212.082

216.412

220.325

223.989

227.494

230.897

234.237

237.540

271.604

222

175.834

185.933

195.595

201.063

207.982

213.093

217.436

221.365

225.041

228.560

231.978

235.330

238.645

272.854

223

176.732

186.859

196.549

202.034

208.974

214.104

218.464

222.406

226.096

229.627

233.056

236.422

239.750

274.101

224

177.629

187.785

197.501

203.005

209.969

215.115

219.488

223.444

227.148

230.693

234.136

237.515

240.858

275.351

225

178.526

188.711

198.456

203.976

210.961

216.125

220.515

224.485

228.203

231.759

235.214

238.608

241.963

276.597

226

179.423

189.637

199.411

204.949

211.956

217.136

221.539

225.523

229.255

232.826

236.295

239.701

243.068

277.847

227

180.321

190.563

200.366

205.920

212.948

218.144

222.567

226.564

230.310

233.895

237.376

240.794

244.176

279.097

228

181.218

191.489

201.320

206.891

213.943

219.155

223.591

227.605

231.362

234.961

238.454

241.886

245.281

280.344

229

182.118

192.417

202.275

207.862

214.935

220.166

224.618

228.646

232.417

236.027

239.535

242.979

246.389

281.594

230

183.016

193.343

203.230

208.836

215.930

221.180

225.645

229.684

233.469

237.094

240.616

244.072

247.494

282.844

231

183.916

194.269

204.188

209.806

216.925

222.191

226.670

230.725

234.524

238.160

241.694

245.165

248.599

284.090

232

184.813

195.198

205.142

210.780

217.917

223.202

227.697

231.766

235.579

239.229

242.775

246.258

249.707

285.340

233

185.713

196.127

206.097

211.751

218.912

224.212

228.724

232.807

236.631

240.296

243.856

247.350

250.812

286.590

234

186.613

197.053

207.055

212.724

219.906

225.223

229.748

233.845

237.686

241.362

244.937

248.443

251.920

287.837

235

187.510

197.981

208.009

213.695

220.901

226.234

230.775

234.886

238.738

242.428

246.014

249.539

253.025

289.087

236

188.411

198.910

208.964

214.669

221.896

227.245

231.803

235.927

239.793

243.498

247.095

250.632

254.130

290.337

237

189.311

199.839

209.922

215.643

222.888

228.259

232.830

236.968

240.848

244.564

248.176

251.725

255.238

291.583

238

190.211

200.767

210.877

216.613

223.883

229.270

233.854

238.009

241.903

245.630

249.257

252.817

256.343

292.833

239

191.114

201.696

211.834

217.587

224.878

230.281

234.881

239.050

242.955

246.700

250.335

253.910

257.451

294.083

240

192.014

202.625

212.792

218.561

225.873

231.292

235.909

240.091

244.010

247.766

251.416

255.003

258.556

295.330

9-8

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

241

192.914

203.554

213.747

219.534

226.868

232.305

236.936

241.132

245.065

248.832

252.497

256.099

259.664

296.580

242

193.817

204.482

214.704

220.508

227.863

233.316

237.963

242.173

246.117

249.901

253.578

257.192

260.769

297.830

243

194.717

205.411

215.662

221.479

228.858

234.327

238.990

243.213

247.172

250.968

254.659

258.284

261.877

299.076

244

195.620

206.340

216.619

222.452

229.853

235.341

240.017

244.254

248.227

252.034

255.740

259.377

262.981

300.326

245

196.520

207.271

217.577

223.426

230.850

236.352

241.042

245.295

249.282

253.103

256.821

260.473

264.090

301.576

246

197.423

208.200

218.534

224.400

231.845

237.365

242.069

246.336

250.337

254.170

257.899

261.566

265.194

302.823

247

198.325

209.131

219.492

225.373

232.840

238.376

243.096

247.377

251.389

255.239

258.979

262.659

266.302

304.073

248

199.228

210.060

220.449

226.350

233.835

239.390

244.123

248.418

252.444

256.305

260.060

263.752

267.410

305.323

249

200.131

210.992

221.407

227.323

234.830

240.401

245.150

249.459

253.499

257.375

261.141

264.847

268.515

306.569

250

201.034

211.923

222.365

228.297

235.828

241.415

246.181

250.500

254.554

258.441

262.222

265.940

269.623

307.819

251

201.937

212.852

223.322

229.270

236.823

242.426

247.208

251.541

255.609

259.507

263.303

267.033

270.728

309.069

252

202.840

213.783

224.280

230.244

237.817

243.439

248.235

252.582

256.664

260.576

264.384

268.126

271.836

310.319

253

203.745

214.715

225.240

231.221

238.815

244.453

249.262

253.623

257.719

261.643

265.465

269.222

272.941

311.566

254

204.648

215.646

226.198

232.194

239.810

245.464

250.289

254.664

258.774

262.712

266.546

270.314

274.049

312.816

255

205.551

216.578

227.155

233.168

240.808

246.478

251.317

255.708

259.829

263.778

267.627

271.407

275.157

314.066

256

206.457

217.509

228.116

234.144

241.803

247.491

252.344

256.749

260.884

264.848

268.708

272.503

276.262

315.313

257

207.362

218.441

229.073

235.118

242.798

248.502

253.371

257.789

261.939

265.917

269.789

273.596

277.370

316.563

258

208.265

219.372

230.031

236.094

243.795

249.516

254.401

258.830

262.993

266.983

270.870

274.689

278.475

317.813

259

209.171

220.306

230.991

237.068

244.790

250.530

255.428

259.874

264.048

268.053

271.950

275.784

279.583

319.063

260

210.077

221.238

231.951

238.044

245.788

251.544

256.455

260.915

265.103

269.119

273.031

276.877

280.691

320.309

261

210.982

222.169

232.909

239.018

246.786

252.557

257.483

261.956

266.158

270.188

274.112

277.970

281.796

321.559

262

211.888

223.104

233.869

239.994

247.781

253.568

258.513

262.997

267.213

271.254

275.193

279.066

282.904

322.809

263

212.794

224.035

234.830

240.971

248.778

254.582

259.540

264.041

268.268

272.324

276.274

280.159

284.012

324.056

264

213.699

224.969

235.787

241.944

249.776

255.596

260.567

265.082

269.323

273.393

277.355

281.255

285.117

325.306

265

214.605

225.901

236.748

242.921

250.771

256.609

261.597

266.123

270.378

274.459

278.436

282.347

286.225

326.556

266

215.510

226.835

237.708

243.897

251.769

257.623

262.624

267.167

271.433

275.529

279.517

283.440

287.333

327.806

267

216.419

227.767

238.668

244.871

252.766

258.637

263.652

268.208

272.488

276.598

280.598

284.536

288.438

329.052

268

217.325

228.701

239.629

245.847

253.761

259.651

264.682

269.249

273.543

277.664

281.679

285.629

289.546

330.302

269

218.233

229.635

240.589

246.824

254.759

260.664

265.709

270.292

274.598

278.734

282.760

286.725

290.654

331.552

270

219.139

230.569

241.549

247.800

255.757

261.678

266.736

271.333

275.653

279.803

283.841

287.817

291.759

332.802

9-9

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

271

220.047

231.504

242.510

248.777

256.755

262.692

267.766

272.377

276.708

280.869

284.925

288.913

292.867

334.049

272

220.953

232.438

243.470

249.753

257.752

263.706

268.793

273.418

277.766

281.938

286.005

290.006

293.975

335.299

273

221.861

233.372

244.430

250.730

258.750

264.719

269.823

274.462

278.821

283.008

287.086

291.099

295.083

336.549

274

222.769

234.307

245.391

251.706

259.748

265.733

270.851

275.503

279.876

284.074

288.167

292.195

296.188

337.795

275

223.678

235.241

246.351

252.682

260.745

266.747

271.881

276.544

280.931

285.143

289.248

293.288

297.296

339.045

276

224.586

236.175

247.312

253.659

261.743

267.761

272.908

277.588

281.986

286.213

290.329

294.383

298.404

340.295

277

225.495

237.109

248.275

254.635

262.741

268.774

273.938

278.629

283.044

287.282

291.410

295.476

299.512

341.545

278

226.403

238.044

249.235

255.612

263.739

269.791

274.965

279.673

284.099

288.348

292.494

296.572

300.617

342.792

279

227.312

238.981

250.195

256.591

264.736

270.805

275.995

280.713

285.154

289.418

293.575

297.665

301.725

344.042

280

228.220

239.915

251.159

257.567

265.734

271.818

277.023

281.757

286.209

290.487

294.656

298.761

302.833

345.292

281

229.128

240.849

252.119

258.544

266.732

272.832

278.053

282.801

287.267

291.556

295.737

299.853

303.941

346.542

282

230.051

241.797

253.071

259.512

267.744

273.855

279.080

283.830

288.327

292.622

296.830

300.946

305.062

347.778

283

230.940

242.715

254.048

260.494

268.736

274.857

280.122

284.883

289.391

293.698

297.886

302.045

306.142

349.028

284

231.857

243.660

254.997

261.476

269.728

275.888

281.134

285.936

290.426

294.773

298.973

303.144

307.253

350.278

285

232.773

244.606

255.974

262.458

270.720

276.890

282.176

286.959

291.489

295.818

300.060

304.243

308.364

351.528

286

233.690

245.523

256.924

263.440

271.712

277.892

283.189

288.012

292.553

296.894

301.147

305.342

309.475

352.778

287

234.579

246.469

257.901

264.422

272.732

278.923

284.230

289.064

293.587

297.969

302.234

306.410

310.586

354.028

288

235.496

247.414

258.850

265.376

273.724

279.926

285.243

290.088

294.651

299.044

303.321

307.509

311.698

355.278

289

236.413

248.332

259.827

266.358

274.717

280.956

286.285

291.140

295.715

300.119

304.378

308.608

312.809

356.528

290

237.329

249.277

260.776

267.340

275.709

281.959

287.326

292.193

296.779

301.165

305.465

309.707

313.920

357.778

291

238.218

250.222

261.753

268.322

276.729

282.990

288.339

293.216

297.813

302.240

306.552

310.806

315.000

359.028

292

239.135

251.140

262.702

269.304

277.721

283.992

289.381

294.269

298.877

303.315

307.639

311.905

316.111

360.278

293

240.052

252.085

263.680

270.286

278.713

285.023

290.394

295.322

299.941

304.391

308.726

313.004

317.222

361.528

294

240.969

253.031

264.629

271.268

279.705

286.025

291.435

296.345

301.005

305.436

309.813

314.072

318.333

362.778

295

241.885

253.948

265.578

272.222

280.697

287.027

292.477

297.398

302.039

306.511

310.870

315.171

319.444

364.028

296

242.802

254.894

266.555

273.204

281.718

288.058

293.490

298.450

303.103

307.587

311.957

316.270

320.556

365.278

297

243.691

255.839

267.504

274.186

282.710

289.061

294.531

299.474

304.167

308.662

313.043

317.369

321.667

366.528

298

244.608

256.785

268.481

275.168

283.702

290.092

295.544

300.526

305.230

309.737

314.130

318.468

322.778

367.778

299

245.525

257.702

269.430

276.150

284.694

291.094

296.586

301.579

306.265

310.783

315.217

319.567

323.889

369.028

300

246.441

258.648

270.408

277.132

285.714

292.125

297.598

302.602

307.329

311.858

316.304

320.665

324.969

370.278

9-10

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

301

247.358

259.593

271.385

278.114

286.706

293.127

298.640

303.655

308.392

312.933

317.361

321.734

326.080

371.528

302

248.275

260.538

272.334

279.097

287.698

294.158

299.682

304.708

309.456

314.008

318.448

322.833

327.191

372.778

303

249.164

261.456

273.311

280.051

288.690

295.160

300.694

305.760

310.491

315.084

319.535

323.932

328.302

374.028

304

250.081

262.401

274.260

281.033

289.711

296.191

301.736

306.784

311.554

316.129

320.622

325.031

329.414

375.278

305

250.997

263.347

275.237

282.015

290.703

297.194

302.749

307.836

312.618

317.204

321.709

326.129

330.525

376.528

306

251.914

264.292

276.186

282.997

291.695

298.196

303.791

308.889

313.682

318.280

322.796

327.228

331.636

377.778

307

252.831

265.210

277.164

283.979

292.715

299.227

304.832

309.912

314.716

319.355

323.853

328.327

332.747

379.028

308

253.748

266.155

278.113

284.961

293.707

300.229

305.845

310.965

315.780

320.430

324.940

329.426

333.858

380.278

309

254.664

267.100

279.090

285.943

294.700

301.260

306.887

312.018

316.844

321.476

326.027

330.495

334.938

381.528

310

255.581

268.046

280.039

286.925

295.692

302.262

307.899

313.041

317.908

322.551

327.114

331.593

336.049

382.778

311

256.498

268.963

281.016

287.907

296.712

303.293

308.941

314.094

318.942

323.626

328.200

332.692

337.160

384.028

312

257.387

269.909

281.965

288.889

297.704

304.296

309.983

315.146

320.006

324.701

329.287

333.791

338.272

385.278

313

258.304

270.854

282.942

289.843

298.696

305.326

310.995

316.170

321.070

325.777

330.344

334.890

339.383

386.528

314

259.220

271.800

283.892

290.825

299.688

306.329

312.037

317.222

322.134

326.822

331.431

335.989

340.494

387.778

315

260.137

272.745

284.869

291.807

300.709

307.360

313.050

318.275

323.168

327.897

332.518

337.088

341.605

389.028

316

261.054

273.663

285.846

292.789

301.701

308.362

314.091

319.298

324.232

328.973

333.605

338.156

342.716

390.278

317

261.971

274.608

286.795

293.771

302.693

309.393

315.133

320.351

325.296

330.048

334.692

339.255

343.827

391.528

318

262.887

275.553

287.772

294.753

303.713

310.395

316.146

321.404

326.359

331.123

335.779

340.354

344.938

392.778

319

263.804

276.499

288.721

295.735

304.705

311.426

317.188

322.456

327.394

332.198

336.866

341.453

346.019

394.028

320

264.721

277.444

289.698

296.717

305.697

312.428

318.200

323.480

328.457

333.244

337.923

342.552

347.130

395.278

321

265.638

278.362

290.648

297.699

306.718

313.459

319.242

324.532

329.521

334.319

339.010

343.651

348.241

396.493

322

266.554

279.307

291.625

298.681

307.710

314.462

320.284

325.585

330.585

335.394

340.097

344.750

349.352

397.743

323

267.471

280.252

292.602

299.663

308.702

315.493

321.296

326.608

331.619

336.470

341.184

345.849

350.463

398.993

324

268.388

281.198

293.551

300.645

309.694

316.495

322.338

327.661

332.683

337.545

342.271

346.917

351.574

400.243

325

269.305

282.143

294.528

301.627

310.714

317.526

323.380

328.713

333.747

338.590

343.357

348.016

352.685

401.493

326

270.221

283.089

295.477

302.609

311.706

318.528

324.392

329.766

334.811

339.665

344.414

349.115

353.796

402.743

327

271.138

284.034

296.454

303.591

312.698

319.559

325.434

330.789

335.875

340.741

345.501

350.214

354.907

403.993

328

272.055

284.952

297.432

304.574

313.719

320.561

326.447

331.842

336.909

341.816

346.588

351.313

356.019

405.243

329

272.972

285.897

298.381

305.527

314.711

321.592

327.488

332.895

337.973

342.891

347.675

352.411

357.099

406.493

330

273.888

286.842

299.358

306.510

315.703

322.595

328.530

333.918

339.037

343.967

348.762

353.510

358.210

407.743

9-11

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

331

274.805

287.788

300.307

307.492

316.723

323.625

329.543

334.971

340.100

345.012

349.849

354.609

359.321

408.993

332

275.722

288.733

301.284

308.474

317.715

324.628

330.584

336.023

341.135

346.087

350.936

355.708

360.432

410.243

333

276.639

289.679

302.261

309.456

318.707

325.659

331.626

337.076

342.199

347.162

351.993

356.777

361.543

411.493

334

277.556

290.624

303.210

310.438

319.728

326.661

332.639

338.099

343.262

348.238

353.080

357.875

362.654

412.743

335

278.472

291.542

304.188

311.420

320.720

327.692

333.681

339.152

344.326

349.313

354.167

358.974

363.765

413.993

336

279.389

292.487

305.165

312.402

321.712

328.694

334.693

340.205

345.390

350.358

355.254

360.073

364.877

415.243

337

280.306

293.432

306.114

313.384

322.704

329.725

335.735

341.228

346.424

351.434

356.341

361.172

365.988

416.493

338

281.223

294.378

307.091

314.366

323.724

330.727

336.777

342.281

347.488

352.509

357.428

362.271

367.099

417.743

339

282.139

295.323

308.040

315.348

324.717

331.758

337.789

343.333

348.552

353.584

358.514

363.370

368.179

418.993

340

283.056

296.268

309.017

316.330

325.709

332.761

338.831

344.386

349.616

354.659

359.571

364.469

369.290

420.243

341

283.973

297.214

309.994

317.312

326.729

333.792

339.873

345.409

350.650

355.735

360.658

365.537

370.401

421.493

342

284.890

298.159

310.944

318.294

327.721

334.794

340.885

346.462

351.714

356.780

361.745

366.636

371.512

422.743

343

285.806

299.105

311.921

319.276

328.713

335.825

341.927

347.515

352.778

357.855

362.832

367.735

372.623

423.993

344

286.723

300.050

312.898

320.258

329.734

336.827

342.969

348.538

353.842

358.931

363.919

368.834

373.735

425.243

345

287.668

300.968

313.847

321.240

330.726

337.858

343.981

349.591

354.905

360.006

365.006

369.933

374.846

426.493

346

288.584

301.913

314.824

322.222

331.718

338.860

345.023

350.643

355.940

361.081

366.093

371.032

375.957

427.743

347

289.501

302.858

315.801

323.204

332.738

339.891

346.065

351.696

357.004

362.157

367.150

372.131

377.068

428.993

348

290.418

303.804

316.750

324.186

333.730

340.893

347.078

352.719

358.067

363.202

368.237

373.230

378.179

430.243

349

291.335

304.749

317.728

325.168

334.722

341.924

348.119

353.772

359.131

364.277

369.324

374.328

379.290

431.493

350

292.251

305.695

318.705

326.150

335.743

342.955

349.132

354.825

360.195

365.352

370.411

375.397

380.370

432.743

351

293.168

306.640

319.654

327.132

336.735

343.958

350.174

355.877

361.229

366.428

371.498

376.496

381.481

433.993

352

294.085

307.585

320.631

328.114

337.755

344.989

351.215

356.901

362.293

367.503

372.585

377.595

382.593

435.243

353

295.002

308.531

321.580

329.097

338.747

345.991

352.228

357.953

363.357

368.578

373.671

378.694

383.704

436.493

354

295.946

309.476

322.557

330.079

339.739

347.022

353.270

359.006

364.421

369.624

374.758

379.792

384.815

437.743

355

296.863

310.422

323.534

331.061

340.760

348.024

354.311

360.029

365.455

370.699

375.815

380.891

385.926

438.993

356

297.780

311.367

324.511

332.043

341.752

349.055

355.324

361.082

366.519

371.774

376.902

381.990

387.037

440.243

357

298.697

312.312

325.461

333.025

342.744

350.057

356.366

362.135

367.583

372.849

377.989

383.089

388.148

441.493

358

299.613

313.258

326.438

334.007

343.764

351.088

357.407

363.187

368.647

373.925

379.076

384.188

389.259

442.743

359

300.530

314.203

327.415

334.989

344.756

352.090

358.420

364.211

369.710

375.000

380.163

385.287

390.370

443.993

360

301.447

315.148

328.364

335.971

345.748

353.121

359.462

365.263

370.745

376.045

381.250

386.355

391.481

445.243

9-12

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

361

302.391

316.094

329.341

336.953

346.769

354.124

360.503

366.316

371.809

377.121

382.337

387.454

392.562

446.493

362

303.308

317.039

330.318

337.935

347.761

355.155

361.516

367.368

372.872

378.196

383.424

388.553

393.673

447.743

363

304.225

317.985

331.267

338.917

348.753

356.186

362.558

368.392

373.936

379.271

384.481

389.652

394.784

448.993

364

305.142

318.930

332.245

339.899

349.773

357.188

363.600

369.444

375.000

380.346

385.568

390.751

395.895

450.243

365

306.058

319.875

333.222

340.881

350.765

358.219

364.612

370.497

376.034

381.422

386.655

391.850

397.006

451.493

366

306.975

320.821

334.171

341.863

351.786

359.221

365.654

371.550

377.098

382.467

387.742

392.949

398.117

452.743

367

307.920

321.766

335.148

342.845

352.778

360.252

366.696

372.573

378.162

383.542

388.829

394.048

399.228

453.993

368

308.836

322.684

336.125

343.855

353.770

361.254

367.708

373.626

379.226

384.618

389.915

395.147

400.340

455.243

369

309.753

323.629

337.102

344.837

354.790

362.285

368.750

374.678

380.290

385.693

391.002

396.215

401.451

456.493

370

310.670

324.602

338.051

345.819

355.782

363.288

369.792

375.731

381.324

386.768

392.059

397.314

402.562

457.743

371

311.587

325.548

339.028

346.801

356.774

364.318

370.804

376.754

382.388

387.843

393.146

398.413

403.673

458.993

372

312.531

326.493

340.006

347.783

357.795

365.321

371.846

377.807

383.452

388.889

394.233

399.512

404.784

460.243

373

313.448

327.439

340.955

348.765

358.787

366.352

372.888

378.860

384.515

389.964

395.320

400.611

405.864

461.493

374

314.365

328.384

341.932

349.747

359.807

367.383

373.900

379.912

385.579

391.039

396.407

401.709

406.975

462.743

375

315.282

329.329

342.909

350.730

360.799

368.385

374.942

380.936

386.613

392.115

397.494

402.808

408.086

463.993

376

316.198

330.275

343.886

351.712

361.791

369.416

375.984

381.988

387.677

393.190

398.581

403.907

409.198

465.243

377

317.143

331.220

344.835

352.694

362.812

370.418

376.997

383.041

388.741

394.265

399.668

405.006

410.309

466.493

378

318.060

332.165

345.812

353.676

363.804

371.449

378.038

384.094

389.805

395.341

400.725

406.105

411.420

467.743

379

318.976

333.111

346.790

354.658

364.824

372.451

379.080

385.117

390.869

396.386

401.812

407.173

412.531

468.958

380

319.893

334.056

347.739

355.640

365.816

373.482

380.093

386.170

391.903

397.461

402.899

408.272

413.642

470.208

381

320.838

335.002

348.716

356.622

366.808

374.513

381.134

387.222

392.967

398.536

403.986

409.371

414.753

471.458

382

321.754

335.947

349.693

357.604

367.829

375.515

382.176

388.275

394.031

399.612

405.072

410.470

415.864

472.708

383

322.671

336.892

350.670

358.586

368.821

376.546

383.189

389.298

395.095

400.687

406.159

411.569

416.975

473.958

384

323.588

337.838

351.619

359.568

369.841

377.549

384.230

390.351

396.158

401.762

407.246

412.668

418.086

475.208

385

324.532

338.783

352.596

360.578

370.833

378.580

385.272

391.404

397.222

402.808

408.333

413.767

419.167

476.458

386

325.449

339.729

353.573

361.560

371.825

379.582

386.285

392.456

398.257

403.883

409.420

414.866

420.278

477.708

387

326.366

340.674

354.551

362.542

372.846

380.613

387.326

393.480

399.320

404.958

410.477

415.965

421.389

478.958

388

327.283

341.619

355.500

363.524

373.838

381.644

388.368

394.532

400.384

406.033

411.564

417.063

422.500

480.208

389

328.227

342.565

356.477

364.506

374.858

382.646

389.410

395.585

401.448

407.109

412.651

418.132

423.611

481.458

390

329.144

343.510

357.454

365.488

375.850

383.677

390.422

396.637

402.512

408.184

413.738

419.231

424.722

482.708

9-13

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

391

330.061

344.456

358.431

366.470

376.842

384.679

391.464

397.661

403.546

409.259

414.825

420.330

425.833

483.958

392

330.978

345.401

359.380

367.452

377.863

385.710

392.506

398.713

404.610

410.305

415.912

421.429

426.944

485.208

393

331.922

346.346

360.357

368.434

378.855

386.712

393.519

399.766

405.674

411.380

416.999

422.527

428.056

486.458

394

332.839

347.320

361.334

369.416

379.875

387.743

394.560

400.819

406.738

412.455

418.086

423.626

429.167

487.708

395

333.756

348.265

362.312

370.398

380.867

388.774

395.602

401.842

407.801

413.530

419.143

424.725

430.278

488.958

396

334.700

349.210

363.289

371.380

381.859

389.777

396.615

402.895

408.836

414.606

420.229

425.824

431.389

490.208

397

335.617

350.156

364.238

372.391

382.880

390.808

397.656

403.947

409.900

415.681

421.316

426.923

432.500

491.458

398

336.534

351.101

365.215

373.373

383.872

391.810

398.698

405.000

410.963

416.756

422.403

428.022

433.611

492.708

399

337.478

352.046

366.192

374.355

384.892

392.841

399.711

406.053

412.027

417.802

423.490

429.121

434.691

493.958

400

338.395

352.992

367.169

375.337

385.884

393.872

400.752

407.076

413.091

418.877

424.577

430.189

435.802

495.208

401

339.312

353.937

368.118

376.319

386.876

394.874

401.794

408.129

414.155

419.952

425.664

431.288

436.914

496.458

402

340.256

354.883

369.095

377.301

387.897

395.905

402.836

409.181

415.189

421.027

426.751

432.387

438.025

497.708

403

341.173

355.828

370.073

378.283

388.889

396.907

403.848

410.234

416.253

422.103

427.838

433.486

439.136

498.958

404

342.090

356.773

371.050

379.265

389.909

397.938

404.890

411.257

417.317

423.178

428.895

434.585

440.247

500.208

405

343.007

357.747

372.027

380.247

390.901

398.969

405.932

412.310

418.381

424.253

429.982

435.684

441.358

501.458

406

343.951

358.692

372.976

381.257

391.922

399.971

406.944

413.363

419.444

425.299

431.069

436.783

442.469

502.708

407

344.868

359.637

373.953

382.239

392.914

401.002

407.986

414.415

420.508

426.374

432.156

437.882

443.580

503.958

408

345.812

360.583

374.930

383.221

393.906

402.005

409.028

415.439

421.543

427.449

433.243

438.980

444.691

505.208

409

346.729

361.528

375.907

384.203

394.926

403.036

410.041

416.491

422.606

428.524

434.330

440.079

445.802

506.458

410

347.646

362.474

376.884

385.185

395.918

404.038

411.082

417.544

423.670

429.600

435.417

441.178

446.914

507.708

411

348.590

363.419

377.834

386.167

396.939

405.069

412.124

418.596

424.734

430.675

436.504

442.247

448.025

508.958

412

349.507

364.364

378.811

387.149

397.931

406.100

413.166

419.649

425.798

431.750

437.591

443.346

449.105

510.208

413

350.424

365.338

379.788

388.131

398.951

407.102

414.178

420.673

426.832

432.826

438.647

444.444

450.216

511.458

414

351.368

366.283

380.765

389.113

399.943

408.133

415.220

421.725

427.896

433.871

439.734

445.543

451.327

512.708

415

352.285

367.228

381.742

390.123

400.935

409.164

416.262

422.778

428.960

434.946

440.821

446.642

452.438

513.958

416

353.202

368.174

382.691

391.105

401.956

410.166

417.274

423.830

430.024

436.022

441.908

447.741

453.549

515.208

417

354.147

369.119

383.668

392.088

402.948

411.197

418.316

424.854

431.087

437.097

442.995

448.840

454.660

516.458

418

355.063

370.065

384.645

393.070

403.968

412.199

419.358

425.906

432.151

438.172

444.082

449.939

455.772

517.708

419

356.008

371.010

385.623

394.052

404.960

413.230

420.370

426.959

433.186

439.247

445.169

451.038

456.883

518.958

420

356.925

371.983

386.600

395.034

405.981

414.261

421.412

428.012

434.249

440.323

446.256

452.137

457.994

520.208

9-14

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

421

357.841

372.928

387.549

396.016

406.973

415.263

422.454

429.064

435.313

441.368

447.343

453.236

459.105

521.458

422

358.786

373.874

388.526

397.026

407.993

416.294

423.495

430.088

436.377

442.443

448.430

454.335

460.216

522.708

423

359.703

374.819

389.503

398.008

408.985

417.297

424.508

431.140

437.441

443.519

449.487

455.403

461.327

523.958

424

360.647

375.765

390.480

398.990

409.977

418.328

425.550

432.193

438.505

444.594

450.574

456.502

462.438

525.208

425

361.564

376.710

391.457

399.972

410.998

419.359

426.591

433.246

439.539

445.669

451.661

457.601

463.549

526.458

426

362.481

377.683

392.434

400.954

411.990

420.361

427.604

434.269

440.603

446.744

452.748

458.700

464.660

527.708

427

363.425

378.629

393.384

401.936

413.010

421.392

428.646

435.322

441.667

447.820

453.835

459.799

465.741

528.958

428

364.342

379.574

394.361

402.918

414.002

422.394

429.688

436.374

442.730

448.895

454.921

460.897

466.852

530.208

429

365.287

380.519

395.338

403.928

415.023

423.425

430.729

437.427

443.794

449.940

456.008

461.996

467.963

531.458

430

366.203

381.465

396.315

404.910

416.015

424.456

431.742

438.480

444.858

451.016

457.095

463.095

469.074

532.708

431

367.120

382.410

397.292

405.892

417.035

425.458

432.784

439.503

445.892

452.091

458.182

464.194

470.185

533.958

432

368.065

383.383

398.269

406.874

418.027

426.489

433.825

440.556

446.956

453.166

459.239

465.293

471.296

535.208

433

368.981

384.329

399.218

407.856

419.048

427.520

434.838

441.608

448.020

454.241

460.326

466.392

472.407

536.458

434

369.926

385.274

400.195

408.838

420.040

428.522

435.880

442.661

449.084

455.317

461.413

467.491

473.519

537.708

435

370.843

386.220

401.173

409.820

421.032

429.553

436.921

443.713

450.148

456.392

462.500

468.559

474.630

538.958

436

371.787

387.165

402.150

410.831

422.052

430.556

437.963

444.737

451.212

457.437

463.587

469.658

475.741

540.208

437

372.704

388.138

403.127

411.813

423.044

431.586

438.976

445.789

452.246

458.513

464.674

470.757

476.852

541.458

438

373.621

389.084

404.104

412.795

424.065

432.617

440.017

446.842

453.310

459.588

465.761

471.856

477.963

542.708

439

374.565

390.029

405.081

413.777

425.057

433.620

441.059

447.895

454.374

460.663

466.848

472.955

479.074

543.958

440

375.482

390.974

406.030

414.759

426.077

434.651

442.101

448.947

455.437

461.738

467.935

474.054

480.185

545.208

441

376.427

391.920

407.007

415.741

427.069

435.653

443.113

449.971

456.501

462.814

469.022

475.153

481.296

546.458

442

377.343

392.893

407.984

416.751

428.090

436.684

444.155

451.023

457.565

463.889

470.079

476.252

482.377

547.708

443

378.288

393.838

408.961

417.733

429.082

437.715

445.197

452.076

458.599

464.964

471.165

477.350

483.488

548.958

444

379.205

394.784

409.939

418.715

430.102

438.717

446.209

453.129

459.663

466.010

472.252

478.449

484.599

550.208

445

380.149

395.729

410.916

419.697

431.094

439.748

447.251

454.152

460.727

467.085

473.339

479.548

485.710

551.458

446

381.066

396.674

411.893

420.679

432.115

440.779

448.293

455.205

461.791

468.160

474.426

480.647

486.821

552.708

447

382.010

397.648

412.870

421.661

433.107

441.781

449.334

456.257

462.855

469.235

475.513

481.746

487.932

553.958

448

382.927

398.593

413.819

422.671

434.127

442.812

450.347

457.310

463.918

470.311

476.600

482.814

489.043

555.208

449

383.872

399.538

414.796

423.653

435.119

443.843

451.389

458.363

464.982

471.386

477.687

483.913

490.154

556.458

450

384.788

400.484

415.773

424.635

436.139

444.845

452.431

459.386

466.017

472.461

478.774

485.012

491.265

557.708

9-15

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

451

385.733

401.457

416.750

425.617

437.132

445.876

453.472

460.439

467.080

473.536

479.861

486.111

492.377

558.958

452

386.650

402.402

417.728

426.599

438.124

446.879

454.485

461.491

468.144

474.582

480.918

487.210

493.488

560.208

453

387.594

403.348

418.705

427.609

439.144

447.910

455.527

462.544

469.208

475.657

482.005

488.309

494.599

561.458

454

388.511

404.293

419.682

428.591

440.136

448.940

456.568

463.596

470.272

476.732

483.092

489.408

495.710

562.708

455

389.456

405.266

420.659

429.574

441.156

449.943

457.610

464.620

471.336

477.808

484.179

490.507

496.821

563.958

456

390.372

406.212

421.608

430.556

442.149

450.974

458.623

465.673

472.370

478.883

485.266

491.606

497.932

565.208

457

391.317

407.157

422.585

431.538

443.169

452.005

459.664

466.725

473.434

479.958

486.353

492.705

499.043

566.458

458

392.234

408.103

423.562

432.520

444.161

453.007

460.706

467.778

474.498

481.033

487.440

493.803

500.123

567.674

459

393.178

409.076

424.539

433.530

445.181

454.038

461.719

468.830

475.561

482.109

488.527

494.902

501.235

568.924

460

394.095

410.021

425.516

434.512

446.173

455.069

462.760

469.854

476.625

483.184

489.614

496.001

502.346

570.174

461

395.040

410.967

426.494

435.494

447.194

456.071

463.802

470.906

477.689

484.229

490.700

497.070

503.457

571.424

462

395.956

411.912

427.471

436.476

448.186

457.102

464.844

471.959

478.753

485.305

491.787

498.168

504.568

572.674

463

396.901

412.885

428.448

437.458

449.206

458.104

465.856

473.012

479.787

486.380

492.844

499.267

505.679

573.924

464

397.818

413.830

429.425

438.468

450.198

459.135

466.898

474.064

480.851

487.455

493.931

500.366

506.790

575.174

465

398.762

414.776

430.374

439.450

451.219

460.166

467.940

475.088

481.915

488.530

495.018

501.465

507.901

576.424

466

399.679

415.721

431.351

440.432

452.211

461.168

468.981

476.140

482.979

489.606

496.105

502.564

509.012

577.674

467

400.623

416.694

432.328

441.414

453.231

462.199

469.994

477.193

484.043

490.681

497.192

503.663

510.123

578.924

468

401.540

417.640

433.305

442.396

454.223

463.230

471.036

478.246

485.106

491.756

498.279

504.762

511.235

580.174

469

402.485

418.585

434.283

443.406

455.244

464.233

472.078

479.298

486.170

492.802

499.366

505.861

512.346

581.424

470

403.401

419.531

435.260

444.388

456.236

465.263

473.119

480.351

487.204

493.877

500.453

506.960

513.457

582.674

471

404.346

420.504

436.237

445.370

457.256

466.294

474.132

481.374

488.268

494.952

501.540

508.059

514.568

583.924

472

405.291

421.449

437.214

446.352

458.248

467.297

475.174

482.427

489.332

496.027

502.627

509.158

515.679

585.174

473

406.207

422.395

438.191

447.334

459.269

468.328

476.215

483.480

490.396

497.103

503.714

510.256

516.790

586.424

474

407.152

423.368

439.168

448.345

460.261

469.359

477.257

484.532

491.460

498.178

504.771

511.325

517.870

587.674

475

408.069

424.313

440.145

449.327

461.281

470.361

478.270

485.585

492.524

499.253

505.857

512.424

518.981

588.924

476

409.013

425.259

441.094

450.309

462.273

471.392

479.311

486.608

493.558

500.329

506.944

513.523

520.093

590.174

477

409.930

426.204

442.071

451.291

463.294

472.423

480.353

487.661

494.622

501.404

508.031

514.621

521.204

591.424

478

410.874

427.177

443.049

452.301

464.286

473.425

481.395

488.713

495.686

502.449

509.118

515.720

522.315

592.674

479

411.819

428.123

444.026

453.283

465.306

474.456

482.407

489.766

496.749

503.524

510.205

516.819

523.426

593.924

480

412.736

429.068

445.003

454.265

466.298

475.487

483.449

490.819

497.813

504.600

511.292

517.918

524.537

595.174

9-16

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

481

413.680

430.041

445.980

455.247

467.319

476.489

484.491

491.842

498.877

505.675

512.379

519.017

525.648

596.424

482

414.597

430.987

446.957

456.229

468.311

477.520

485.532

492.895

499.941

506.750

513.466

520.116

526.759

597.674

483

415.542

431.932

447.934

457.239

469.331

478.522

486.545

493.947

500.975

507.826

514.553

521.215

527.870

598.924

484

416.458

432.877

448.911

458.221

470.323

479.553

487.587

495.000

502.039

508.901

515.640

522.314

528.981

600.174

485

417.403

433.851

449.888

459.203

471.344

480.584

488.628

496.053

503.103

509.976

516.697

523.413

530.093

601.424

486

418.347

434.796

450.865

460.185

472.336

481.586

489.670

497.105

504.167

511.051

517.784

524.512

531.204

602.674

487

419.264

435.741

451.843

461.195

473.356

482.617

490.683

498.129

505.230

512.097

518.871

525.611

532.315

603.924

488

420.209

436.714

452.820

462.177

474.348

483.648

491.725

499.181

506.294

513.172

519.958

526.679

533.426

605.174

489

421.125

437.660

453.797

463.159

475.368

484.651

492.766

500.234

507.358

514.247

521.045

527.778

534.537

606.424

490

422.070

438.605

454.774

464.141

476.361

485.682

493.808

501.287

508.392

515.323

522.132

528.877

535.648

607.674

491

423.015

439.578

455.723

465.152

477.381

486.712

494.821

502.339

509.456

516.398

523.219

529.976

536.759

608.924

492

423.931

440.524

456.700

466.134

478.373

487.715

495.862

503.363

510.520

517.473

524.306

531.074

537.840

610.174

493

424.876

441.469

457.677

467.116

479.393

488.746

496.904

504.415

511.584

518.548

525.393

532.173

538.951

611.424

494

425.793

442.442

458.654

468.098

480.385

489.777

497.946

505.468

512.648

519.624

526.479

533.272

540.062

612.674

495

426.737

443.388

459.631

469.080

481.406

490.779

498.958

506.520

513.712

520.699

527.566

534.371

541.173

613.924

496

427.682

444.333

460.609

470.090

482.398

491.810

500.000

507.573

514.775

521.744

528.653

535.470

542.284

615.174

497

428.598

445.306

461.586

471.072

483.418

492.841

501.042

508.626

515.839

522.820

529.710

536.569

543.395

616.424

498

429.543

446.252

462.563

472.054

484.439

493.843

502.083

509.649

516.874

523.895

530.797

537.668

544.506

617.674

499

430.487

447.197

463.540

473.036

485.431

494.874

503.096

510.702

517.937

524.970

531.884

538.767

545.617

618.924

500

431.404

448.170

464.517

474.046

486.451

495.905

504.138

511.754

519.001

526.045

532.971

539.866

546.728

620.174

501

432.349

449.116

465.494

475.028

487.443

496.907

505.179

512.807

520.065

527.121

534.058

540.965

547.840

621.424

502

433.266

450.061

466.471

476.010

488.464

497.938

506.221

513.860

521.129

528.196

535.145

542.063

548.951

622.674

503

434.210

451.034

467.448

476.992

489.456

498.969

507.234

514.883

522.193

529.271

536.232

543.132

550.062

623.924

504

435.155

451.980

468.425

478.002

490.476

499.971

508.275

515.936

523.257

530.346

537.319

544.231

551.173

625.174

505

436.071

452.925

469.403

478.984

491.468

501.002

509.317

516.988

524.291

531.422

538.406

545.330

552.284

626.424

506

437.016

453.898

470.380

479.966

492.489

502.033

510.359

518.041

525.355

532.467

539.493

546.429

553.395

627.674

507

437.960

454.844

471.357

480.948

493.481

503.036

511.400

519.094

526.418

533.542

540.580

547.527

554.506

628.924

508

438.877

455.789

472.334

481.958

494.501

504.066

512.413

520.146

527.482

534.618

541.667

548.626

555.617

630.174

509

439.822

456.762

473.311

482.941

495.493

505.097

513.455

521.170

528.546

535.693

542.723

549.725

556.728

631.424

510

440.766

457.708

474.288

483.923

496.514

506.128

514.497

522.222

529.610

536.768

543.810

550.824

557.840

632.674

9-17

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

511

441.683

458.681

475.265

484.905

497.506

507.131

515.538

523.275

530.674

537.843

544.897

551.923

558.920

633.924

512

442.628

459.626

476.242

485.915

498.526

508.162

516.551

524.327

531.708

538.919

545.984

553.022

560.031

635.174

513

443.572

460.572

477.219

486.897

499.518

509.192

517.593

525.380

532.772

539.994

547.071

554.121

561.142

636.424

514

444.489

461.545

478.197

487.879

500.539

510.195

518.634

526.433

533.836

541.069

548.158

555.220

562.253

637.674

515

445.433

462.490

479.174

488.861

501.559

511.226

519.676

527.456

534.900

542.115

549.245

556.319

563.364

638.924

516

446.378

463.436

480.123

489.871

502.551

512.257

520.689

528.509

535.963

543.190

550.332

557.418

564.475

640.174

517

447.295

464.409

481.100

490.853

503.571

513.259

521.730

529.561

537.027

544.265

551.419

558.516

565.586

641.424

518

448.239

465.354

482.077

491.835

504.563

514.290

522.772

530.614

538.091

545.341

552.506

559.615

566.698

642.674

519

449.184

466.300

483.054

492.845

505.584

515.321

523.814

531.667

539.155

546.416

553.593

560.684

567.809

643.924

520

450.101

467.273

484.031

493.827

506.576

516.323

524.826

532.690

540.189

547.491

554.680

561.783

568.920

645.174

521

451.045

468.218

485.008

494.809

507.596

517.354

525.868

533.743

541.253

548.566

555.737

562.882

570.031

646.424

522

451.990

469.191

485.985

495.791

508.588

518.385

526.910

534.795

542.317

549.642

556.824

563.980

571.142

647.674

523

452.906

470.137

486.963

496.801

509.609

519.387

527.951

535.848

543.381

550.717

557.911

565.079

572.253

648.924

524

453.851

471.082

487.940

497.783

510.601

520.418

528.993

536.901

544.444

551.792

558.998

566.178

573.364

650.174

525

454.795

472.055

488.917

498.765

511.621

521.449

530.006

537.953

545.508

552.838

560.085

567.277

574.475

651.424

526

455.740

473.001

489.894

499.747

512.613

522.451

531.047

538.977

546.572

553.913

561.171

568.376

575.586

652.674

527

456.657

473.974

490.871

500.758

513.634

523.482

532.089

540.029

547.636

554.988

562.258

569.475

576.698

653.924

528

457.601

474.919

491.848

501.740

514.654

524.513

533.131

541.082

548.670

556.063

563.345

570.574

577.809

655.174

529

458.546

475.865

492.825

502.722

515.646

525.544

534.144

542.135

549.734

557.139

564.432

571.673

578.920

656.424

530

459.463

476.838

493.802

503.732

516.667

526.546

535.185

543.187

550.798

558.214

565.519

572.772

580.031

657.674

531

460.407

477.783

494.779

504.714

517.659

527.577

536.227

544.240

551.862

559.289

566.606

573.871

581.111

658.924

532

461.352

478.757

495.757

505.696

518.679

528.608

537.269

545.263

552.926

560.364

567.693

574.969

582.222

660.174

533

462.268

479.702

496.734

506.678

519.671

529.611

538.310

546.316

553.989

561.440

568.780

576.068

583.333

661.424

534

463.213

480.647

497.711

507.688

520.692

530.641

539.323

547.368

555.053

562.515

569.837

577.167

584.444

662.674

535

464.158

481.621

498.688

508.670

521.684

531.672

540.365

548.421

556.117

563.590

570.924

578.236

585.556

663.924

536

465.102

482.566

499.665

509.652

522.704

532.675

541.406

549.474

557.151

564.636

572.011

579.335

586.667

665.174

537

466.019

483.539

500.642

510.634

523.724

533.706

542.448

550.526

558.215

565.711

573.098

580.433

587.778

666.424

538

466.963

484.484

501.619

511.644

524.717

534.737

543.461

551.550

559.279

566.786

574.185

581.532

588.889

667.674

539

467.908

485.430

502.596

512.626

525.737

535.739

544.502

552.602

560.343

567.861

575.272

582.631

590.000

668.924

540

468.852

486.403

503.573

513.608

526.729

536.770

545.544

553.655

561.407

568.937

576.359

583.730

591.111

670.174

9-18

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

541

469.769

487.348

504.551

514.618

527.749

537.801

546.586

554.708

562.470

570.012

577.446

584.829

592.222

671.424

542

470.714

488.322

505.528

515.600

528.741

538.832

547.627

555.760

563.534

571.087

578.533

585.928

593.333

672.674

543

471.658

489.267

506.505

516.582

529.762

539.834

548.640

556.813

564.598

572.162

579.620

587.027

594.444

673.924

544

472.603

490.212

507.482

517.593

530.754

540.865

549.682

557.836

565.632

573.238

580.707

588.126

595.556

675.174

545

473.520

491.186

508.459

518.575

531.774

541.896

550.723

558.889

566.696

574.313

581.793

589.225

596.667

676.424

546

474.464

492.131

509.436

519.557

532.795

542.898

551.765

559.942

567.760

575.358

582.880

590.324

597.778

677.674

547

475.409

493.104

510.413

520.539

533.787

543.929

552.778

560.994

568.824

576.434

583.967

591.422

598.889

678.924

548

476.325

494.050

511.418

521.549

534.807

544.960

553.819

562.047

569.888

577.509

585.024

592.521

600.000

680.174

549

477.270

495.023

512.395

522.531

535.799

545.962

554.861

563.099

570.952

578.584

586.111

593.620

601.111

681.424

550

478.214

495.968

513.372

523.513

536.820

546.993

555.903

564.152

572.015

579.659

587.198

594.719

602.222

682.674

551

479.159

496.914

514.350

524.523

537.812

548.024

556.944

565.175

573.079

580.735

588.285

595.818

603.333

683.924

552

480.104

497.887

515.327

525.505

538.832

549.026

557.957

566.228

574.113

581.810

589.372

596.886

604.414

685.174

553

481.020

498.832

516.304

526.487

539.824

550.057

558.999

567.281

575.177

582.885

590.459

597.985

605.525

686.424

554

481.965

499.805

517.281

527.469

540.845

551.088

560.041

568.333

576.241

583.961

591.546

599.084

606.636

687.674

555

482.909

500.751

518.258

528.479

541.865

552.119

561.082

569.386

577.305

585.036

592.633

600.183

607.747

688.924

556

483.854

501.724

519.235

529.461

542.857

553.121

562.124

570.439

578.369

586.111

593.720

601.282

608.858

690.174

557

484.771

502.669

520.212

530.443

543.878

554.152

563.137

571.462

579.433

587.157

594.807

602.381

609.969

691.424

558

485.715

503.643

521.189

531.453

544.870

555.183

564.178

572.515

580.496

588.232

595.894

603.480

611.080

692.674

559

486.660

504.588

522.166

532.435

545.890

556.186

565.220

573.567

581.560

589.307

596.981

604.579

612.191

693.924

560

487.604

505.533

523.143

533.418

546.882

557.216

566.262

574.620

582.595

590.382

598.068

605.678

613.302

695.174

561

488.521

506.507

524.121

534.428

547.902

558.247

567.274

575.673

583.658

591.458

599.124

606.777

614.414

696.424

562

489.466

507.452

525.098

535.410

548.923

559.278

568.316

576.725

584.722

592.533

600.211

607.875

615.525

697.674

563

490.410

508.425

526.075

536.392

549.915

560.281

569.358

577.749

585.786

593.608

601.298

608.974

616.636

698.924

564

491.355

509.370

527.052

537.402

550.935

561.312

570.399

578.801

586.850

594.683

602.385

610.073

617.747

700.174

565

492.299

510.344

528.029

538.384

551.927

562.342

571.441

579.854

587.914

595.759

603.472

611.172

618.858

701.424

566

493.216

511.289

529.006

539.366

552.948

563.345

572.454

580.906

588.978

596.834

604.559

612.271

619.969

702.674

567

494.161

512.262

529.983

540.376

553.940

564.376

573.495

581.959

590.041

597.909

605.646

613.370

621.080

703.924

568

495.105

513.208

530.960

541.358

554.960

565.407

574.537

583.012

591.105

598.955

606.733

614.469

622.191

705.174

569

496.050

514.181

531.937

542.340

555.981

566.438

575.579

584.064

592.139

600.030

607.820

615.568

623.302

706.424

570

496.994

515.126

532.915

543.322

556.973

567.440

576.620

585.088

593.203

601.105

608.907

616.636

624.414

707.674

9-19

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

571

497.911

516.099

533.892

544.332

557.993

568.471

577.633

586.140

594.267

602.180

609.994

617.735

625.525

708.924

572

498.855

517.045

534.869

545.314

558.985

569.502

578.675

587.193

595.331

603.256

611.081

618.834

626.636

710.174

573

499.800

517.990

535.846

546.296

560.006

570.504

579.716

588.246

596.395

604.331

612.168

619.933

627.747

711.424

574

500.745

518.963

536.823

547.306

561.026

571.535

580.758

589.298

597.459

605.406

613.255

621.032

628.827

712.639

575

501.689

519.909

537.828

548.288

562.018

572.566

581.800

590.351

598.522

606.481

614.342

622.131

629.938

713.889

576

502.606

520.882

538.805

549.270

563.039

573.568

582.813

591.374

599.586

607.557

615.399

623.230

631.049

715.139

577

503.550

521.827

539.782

550.281

564.031

574.599

583.854

592.427

600.650

608.632

616.486

624.328

632.160

716.389

578

504.495

522.801

540.759

551.263

565.051

575.630

584.896

593.480

601.684

609.707

617.572

625.427

633.272

717.639

579

505.439

523.746

541.736

552.245

566.043

576.661

585.938

594.532

602.748

610.753

618.659

626.526

634.383

718.889

580

506.384

524.719

542.714

553.255

567.063

577.663

586.979

595.585

603.812

611.828

619.746

627.625

635.494

720.139

581

507.301

525.665

543.691

554.237

568.084

578.694

587.992

596.637

604.876

612.903

620.833

628.724

636.605

721.389

582

508.245

526.638

544.668

555.219

569.076

579.725

589.034

597.690

605.940

613.978

621.920

629.823

637.716

722.639

583

509.190

527.583

545.645

556.229

570.096

580.756

590.075

598.713

607.004

615.054

623.007

630.922

638.827

723.889

584

510.134

528.556

546.622

557.211

571.088

581.758

591.117

599.766

608.067

616.129

624.094

632.021

639.938

725.139

585

511.079

529.502

547.599

558.193

572.109

582.789

592.159

600.819

609.131

617.204

625.181

633.120

641.049

726.389

586

512.023

530.475

548.576

559.203

573.129

583.820

593.171

601.871

610.165

618.280

626.268

634.219

642.160

727.639

587

512.940

531.420

549.553

560.185

574.121

584.822

594.213

602.924

611.229

619.355

627.355

635.317

643.272

728.889

588

513.885

532.394

550.530

561.167

575.142

585.853

595.255

603.977

612.293

620.430

628.442

636.386

644.383

730.139

589

514.829

533.339

551.508

562.177

576.134

586.884

596.296

605.029

613.357

621.505

629.529

637.485

645.494

731.389

590

515.774

534.312

552.485

563.159

577.154

587.915

597.338

606.053

614.421

622.581

630.616

638.584

646.605

732.639

591

516.718

535.257

553.490

564.141

578.146

588.918

598.351

607.105

615.485

623.626

631.673

639.683

647.716

733.889

592

517.663

536.231

554.467

565.152

579.167

589.948

599.392

608.158

616.548

624.701

632.760

640.781

648.827

735.139

593

518.607

537.176

555.444

566.134

580.187

590.979

600.434

609.211

617.612

625.777

633.847

641.880

649.938

736.389

594

519.524

538.149

556.421

567.116

581.179

591.982

601.476

610.263

618.676

626.852

634.934

642.979

651.049

737.639

595

520.469

539.095

557.398

568.126

582.200

593.013

602.517

611.316

619.710

627.927

636.021

644.078

652.160

738.889

596

521.413

540.068

558.375

569.108

583.192

594.044

603.530

612.368

620.774

629.002

637.107

645.177

653.272

740.139

597

522.358

541.013

559.352

570.090

584.212

595.074

604.572

613.392

621.838

630.078

638.194

646.276

654.383

741.389

598

523.302

541.986

560.329

571.100

585.232

596.077

605.613

614.444

622.902

631.153

639.281

647.375

655.463

742.639

599

524.247

542.932

561.307

572.082

586.224

597.108

606.655

615.497

623.966

632.228

640.368

648.474

656.574

743.889

600

525.191

543.905

562.284

573.064

587.245

598.139

607.697

616.550

625.030

633.303

641.455

649.573

657.685

745.139

9-20

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

601

526.108

544.850

563.261

574.074

588.237

599.170

608.709

617.602

626.093

634.379

642.542

650.672

658.796

746.389

602

527.053

545.824

564.238

575.056

589.257

600.172

609.751

618.655

627.157

635.454

643.629

651.770

659.907

747.639

603

527.997

546.769

565.243

576.038

590.278

601.203

610.793

619.708

628.221

636.499

644.716

652.869

661.019

748.889

604

528.942

547.742

566.220

577.048

591.270

602.234

611.834

620.731

629.285

637.575

645.803

653.968

662.130

750.139

605

529.886

548.688

567.197

578.030

592.290

603.236

612.876

621.784

630.319

638.650

646.890

655.067

663.241

751.389

606

530.831

549.661

568.174

579.040

593.282

604.267

613.889

622.836

631.383

639.725

647.947

656.166

664.352

752.639

607

531.775

550.606

569.151

580.022

594.303

605.298

614.931

623.889

632.447

640.800

649.034

657.265

665.463

753.889

608

532.692

551.579

570.128

581.004

595.323

606.329

615.972

624.942

633.511

641.876

650.121

658.333

666.574

755.139

609

533.637

552.553

571.106

582.015

596.315

607.331

617.014

625.994

634.574

642.951

651.208

659.432

667.685

756.389

610

534.581

553.498

572.083

582.997

597.336

608.362

618.056

627.047

635.638

644.026

652.295

660.531

668.796

757.639

611

535.526

554.471

573.060

583.979

598.328

609.393

619.068

628.070

636.702

645.102

653.382

661.630

669.907

758.889

612

536.470

555.417

574.037

584.989

599.348

610.424

620.110

629.123

637.766

646.177

654.469

662.729

671.019

760.139

613

537.415

556.390

575.014

585.971

600.368

611.426

621.152

630.175

638.830

647.252

655.556

663.828

672.130

761.389

614

538.359

557.335

576.019

586.953

601.361

612.457

622.193

631.228

639.864

648.327

656.643

664.927

673.241

762.639

615

539.304

558.308

576.996

587.963

602.381

613.488

623.235

632.281

640.928

649.373

657.729

666.026

674.352

763.889

616

540.248

559.254

577.973

588.945

603.373

614.490

624.277

633.333

641.992

650.448

658.816

667.125

675.463

765.139

617

541.165

560.227

578.950

589.927

604.393

615.521

625.289

634.386

643.056

651.523

659.903

668.223

676.574

766.389

618

542.110

561.172

579.927

590.937

605.414

616.552

626.331

635.409

644.119

652.599

660.990

669.322

677.685

767.639

619

543.054

562.145

580.905

591.919

606.406

617.583

627.373

636.462

645.183

653.674

662.077

670.421

678.796

768.889

620

543.999

563.091

581.882

592.929

607.426

618.585

628.414

637.515

646.247

654.749

663.164

671.520

679.907

770.139

621

544.943

564.064

582.859

593.911

608.418

619.616

629.456

638.567

647.311

655.824

664.251

672.619

681.019

771.389

622

545.888

565.037

583.836

594.893

609.439

620.647

630.469

639.620

648.375

656.900

665.308

673.718

682.130

772.639

623

546.832

565.983

584.813

595.903

610.459

621.678

631.510

640.673

649.439

657.975

666.395

674.817

683.210

773.889

624

547.777

566.956

585.818

596.886

611.451

622.680

632.552

641.725

650.473

659.050

667.482

675.916

684.321

775.139

625

548.722

567.901

586.795

597.868

612.472

623.711

633.594

642.749

651.537

660.125

668.569

677.015

685.432

776.389

626

549.666

568.874

587.772

598.878

613.492

624.742

634.635

643.801

652.600

661.201

669.656

678.114

686.543

777.639

627

550.611

569.820

588.749

599.860

614.484

625.773

635.648

644.854

653.664

662.276

670.743

679.212

687.654

778.889

628

551.527

570.793

589.726

600.842

615.505

626.775

636.690

645.906

654.728

663.321

671.830

680.281

688.765

780.139

629

552.472

571.738

590.704

601.852

616.497

627.806

637.731

646.959

655.792

664.397

672.917

681.380

689.877

781.389

630

553.416

572.712

591.681

602.834

617.517

628.837

638.773

648.012

656.856

665.472

674.004

682.479

690.988

782.639

9-21

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

631

554.361

573.657

592.658

603.844

618.537

629.868

639.815

649.064

657.920

666.547

675.091

683.578

692.099

783.889

632

555.306

574.630

593.635

604.826

619.529

630.871

640.856

650.088

658.983

667.622

676.178

684.676

693.210

785.139

633

556.250

575.603

594.640

605.808

620.550

631.901

641.869

651.140

660.047

668.698

677.264

685.775

694.321

786.389

634

557.195

576.549

595.617

606.818

621.542

632.932

642.911

652.193

661.082

669.773

678.351

686.874

695.432

787.639

635

558.139

577.522

596.594

607.800

622.562

633.935

643.953

653.246

662.145

670.848

679.438

687.973

696.543

788.889

636

559.084

578.467

597.571

608.782

623.583

634.966

644.994

654.298

663.209

671.924

680.525

689.072

697.654

790.139

637

560.028

579.441

598.548

609.792

624.575

635.997

646.036

655.351

664.273

672.999

681.612

690.171

698.765

791.389

638

560.973

580.386

599.525

610.774

625.595

637.027

647.049

656.404

665.337

674.074

682.669

691.270

699.877

792.639

639

561.917

581.359

600.503

611.785

626.616

638.030

648.090

657.456

666.401

675.149

683.756

692.369

700.988

793.889

640

562.862

582.332

601.480

612.767

627.608

639.061

649.132

658.480

667.465

676.225

684.843

693.468

702.099

795.139

641

563.806

583.278

602.485

613.749

628.628

640.092

650.174

659.532

668.528

677.270

685.930

694.567

703.210

796.389

642

564.723

584.251

603.462

614.759

629.620

641.123

651.215

660.585

669.592

678.345

687.017

695.665

704.321

797.639

643

565.668

585.196

604.439

615.741

630.641

642.125

652.257

661.637

670.656

679.421

688.104

696.764

705.432

798.889

644

566.612

586.170

605.416

616.723

631.661

643.156

653.270

662.690

671.690

680.496

689.191

697.863

706.543

800.139

645

567.557

587.115

606.393

617.733

632.653

644.187

654.311

663.743

672.754

681.571

690.278

698.962

707.654

801.389

646

568.501

588.088

607.370

618.715

633.673

645.218

655.353

664.795

673.818

682.646

691.365

700.061

708.765

802.639

647

569.446

589.061

608.347

619.725

634.694

646.220

656.395

665.848

674.882

683.722

692.452

701.160

709.877

803.889

648

570.390

590.007

609.324

620.707

635.686

647.251

657.436

666.871

675.946

684.797

693.539

702.259

710.988

805.139

649

571.335

590.980

610.329

621.689

636.706

648.282

658.449

667.924

677.009

685.872

694.626

703.358

712.099

806.389

650

572.279

591.925

611.307

622.699

637.698

649.313

659.491

668.977

678.073

686.947

695.713

704.426

713.179

807.639

651

573.224

592.898

612.284

623.681

638.719

650.315

660.532

670.029

679.137

688.023

696.800

705.525

714.290

808.889

652

574.169

593.872

613.261

624.691

639.739

651.346

661.574

671.082

680.201

689.098

697.886

706.624

715.401

810.139

653

575.113

594.817

614.238

625.673

640.731

652.377

662.616

672.135

681.265

690.173

698.973

707.723

716.512

811.389

654

576.058

595.790

615.215

626.655

641.752

653.408

663.657

673.187

682.299

691.219

700.060

708.822

717.623

812.639

655

577.002

596.736

616.192

627.666

642.772

654.410

664.670

674.211

683.363

692.294

701.147

709.921

718.735

813.889

656

577.947

597.709

617.197

628.648

643.764

655.441

665.712

675.263

684.427

693.369

702.204

711.020

719.846

815.139

657

578.891

598.682

618.174

629.630

644.785

656.472

666.753

676.316

685.491

694.444

703.291

712.118

720.957

816.389

658

579.836

599.627

619.151

630.640

645.777

657.503

667.795

677.368

686.554

695.520

704.378

713.217

722.068

817.639

659

580.780

600.601

620.128

631.622

646.797

658.505

668.837

678.421

687.618

696.595

705.465

714.316

723.179

818.889

660

581.725

601.546

621.106

632.632

647.817

659.536

669.850

679.474

688.682

697.670

706.552

715.415

724.290

820.139

9-22

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

661

582.669

602.519

622.083

633.614

648.810

660.567

670.891

680.526

689.746

698.746

707.639

716.514

725.401

821.389

662

583.614

603.492

623.060

634.596

649.830

661.598

671.933

681.579

690.810

699.821

708.726

717.613

726.512

822.639

663

584.558

604.438

624.065

635.606

650.850

662.600

672.975

682.602

691.874

700.896

709.813

718.712

727.623

823.889

664

585.503

605.411

625.042

636.588

651.842

663.631

674.016

683.655

692.908

701.971

710.900

719.811

728.735

825.139

665

586.448

606.356

626.019

637.598

652.863

664.662

675.058

684.708

693.972

703.047

711.987

720.910

729.846

826.389

666

587.392

607.330

626.996

638.580

653.883

665.693

676.071

685.760

695.035

704.122

713.074

722.009

730.957

827.639

667

588.337

608.303

627.973

639.562

654.875

666.695

677.112

686.813

696.099

705.197

714.161

723.107

732.068

828.889

668

589.281

609.248

628.950

640.572

655.896

667.726

678.154

687.865

697.163

706.243

715.248

724.206

733.179

830.139

669

590.226

610.221

629.927

641.554

656.888

668.757

679.196

688.918

698.227

707.318

716.335

725.305

734.290

831.389

670

591.170

611.167

630.932

642.565

657.908

669.788

680.237

689.971

699.291

708.393

717.421

726.404

735.401

832.639

671

592.115

612.140

631.910

643.547

658.929

670.790

681.279

690.994

700.355

709.468

718.508

727.503

736.512

833.889

672

593.059

613.113

632.887

644.529

659.921

671.821

682.292

692.047

701.418

710.544

719.595

728.571

737.623

835.139

673

594.004

614.059

633.864

645.539

660.941

672.852

683.333

693.099

702.482

711.619

720.682

729.670

738.735

836.389

674

594.948

615.032

634.841

646.521

661.961

673.883

684.375

694.152

703.546

712.694

721.739

730.769

739.846

837.639

675

595.893

615.977

635.818

647.531

662.954

674.885

685.417

695.205

704.580

713.769

722.826

731.868

740.957

838.889

676

596.837

616.950

636.823

648.513

663.974

675.916

686.458

696.257

705.644

714.845

723.913

732.967

742.068

840.139

677

597.782

617.923

637.800

649.495

664.994

676.947

687.500

697.310

706.708

715.920

725.000

734.066

743.179

841.389

678

598.727

618.869

638.777

650.505

665.986

677.978

688.513

698.363

707.772

716.995

726.087

735.165

744.259

842.639

679

599.671

619.842

639.754

651.487

667.007

679.009

689.554

699.386

708.836

718.070

727.174

736.264

745.370

843.889

680

600.616

620.815

640.731

652.497

667.999

680.011

690.596

700.439

709.900

719.146

728.261

737.363

746.481

845.139

681

601.560

621.761

641.709

653.479

669.019

681.042

691.638

701.491

710.963

720.221

729.348

738.462

747.593

846.389

682

602.505

622.734

642.686

654.461

670.040

682.073

692.679

702.544

712.027

721.266

730.435

739.560

748.704

847.639

683

603.449

623.679

643.691

655.471

671.032

683.104

693.721

703.596

713.091

722.342

731.522

740.659

749.815

848.889

684

604.394

624.652

644.668

656.453

672.052

684.107

694.734

704.649

714.155

723.417

732.609

741.758

750.926

850.139

685

605.338

625.626

645.645

657.464

673.073

685.137

695.775

705.702

715.219

724.492

733.696

742.857

752.037

851.389

686

606.283

626.571

646.622

658.446

674.065

686.168

696.817

706.754

716.253

725.568

734.783

743.956

753.148

852.639

687

607.227

627.544

647.599

659.456

675.085

687.199

697.859

707.778

717.317

726.643

735.870

745.055

754.259

853.889

688

608.172

628.517

648.576

660.438

676.105

688.202

698.900

708.830

718.381

727.718

736.957

746.154

755.370

855.139

689

609.116

629.463

649.581

661.420

677.098

689.233

699.942

709.883

719.444

728.793

738.043

747.253

756.481

856.389

690

610.061

630.436

650.558

662.430

678.118

690.263

700.955

710.936

720.508

729.869

739.130

748.352

757.593

857.639

9-23

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

691

611.006

631.409

651.535

663.412

679.138

691.294

701.997

711.988

721.572

730.944

740.217

749.451

758.704

858.889

692

611.950

632.355

652.513

664.422

680.130

692.297

703.038

713.041

722.636

732.019

741.274

750.549

759.815

860.139

693

612.895

633.328

653.490

665.404

681.151

693.328

704.080

714.094

723.700

733.094

742.361

751.648

760.926

861.389

694

613.839

634.273

654.467

666.386

682.143

694.359

705.122

715.146

724.764

734.170

743.448

752.747

762.037

862.639

695

614.784

635.246

655.472

667.396

683.163

695.389

706.163

716.170

725.827

735.245

744.535

753.846

763.148

863.889

696

615.728

636.220

656.449

668.378

684.184

696.392

707.176

717.222

726.891

736.290

745.622

754.915

764.259

865.139

697

616.673

637.165

657.426

669.388

685.176

697.423

708.218

718.275

727.926

737.366

746.709

756.013

765.370

866.389

698

617.617

638.138

658.403

670.370

686.196

698.454

709.259

719.327

728.989

738.441

747.796

757.112

766.481

867.639

699

618.562

639.111

659.380

671.380

687.217

699.485

710.301

720.380

730.053

739.516

748.883

758.211

767.593

868.889

700

619.506

640.057

660.385

672.363

688.209

700.515

711.343

721.433

731.117

740.591

749.970

759.310

768.704

870.139

701

620.451

641.030

661.362

673.345

689.229

701.518

712.384

722.485

732.181

741.667

751.057

760.409

769.815

871.389

702

621.395

642.003

662.339

674.355

690.249

702.549

713.397

723.538

733.245

742.742

752.144

761.508

770.926

872.639

703

622.340

642.949

663.317

675.337

691.241

703.580

714.439

724.591

734.309

743.817

753.231

762.607

772.037

873.889

704

623.285

643.922

664.294

676.347

692.262

704.611

715.480

725.614

735.372

744.892

754.318

763.706

773.148

875.139

705

624.229

644.895

665.271

677.329

693.282

705.613

716.522

726.667

736.436

745.968

755.405

764.805

774.259

876.389

706

625.174

645.840

666.276

678.339

694.274

706.644

717.564

727.719

737.500

747.043

756.492

765.904

775.370

877.639

707

626.118

646.813

667.253

679.321

695.295

707.675

718.605

728.772

738.564

748.118

757.579

767.002

776.481

878.889

708

627.063

647.787

668.230

680.303

696.315

708.706

719.618

729.825

739.598

749.194

758.665

768.101

777.593

880.139

709

628.007

648.732

669.207

681.313

697.307

709.708

720.660

730.877

740.662

750.269

759.752

769.200

778.673

881.389

710

628.952

649.705

670.184

682.295

698.328

710.739

721.701

731.930

741.726

751.344

760.839

770.299

779.784

882.639

711

629.924

650.678

671.189

683.305

699.348

711.770

722.743

732.982

742.790

752.389

761.926

771.398

780.895

883.889

712

630.869

651.624

672.166

684.287

700.340

712.801

723.785

734.006

743.853

753.465

762.983

772.497

782.006

885.139

713

631.813

652.597

673.143

685.297

701.361

713.832

724.826

735.058

744.917

754.540

764.070

773.596

783.117

886.389

714

632.758

653.570

674.121

686.279

702.381

714.834

725.839

736.111

745.981

755.615

765.157

774.695

784.228

887.639

715

633.702

654.516

675.098

687.262

703.373

715.865

726.881

737.164

747.045

756.691

766.244

775.794

785.340

888.889

716

634.647

655.489

676.103

688.272

704.393

716.896

727.922

738.216

748.109

757.766

767.331

776.893

786.451

890.139

717

635.591

656.462

677.080

689.254

705.414

717.927

728.964

739.269

749.173

758.841

768.418

777.991

787.562

891.389

718

636.536

657.407

678.057

690.264

706.406

718.929

730.006

740.322

750.236

759.916

769.505

779.090

788.673

892.639

719

637.480

658.381

679.034

691.246

707.426

719.960

731.047

741.374

751.300

760.992

770.592

780.189

789.784

893.889

720

638.425

659.354

680.011

692.256

708.418

720.991

732.089

742.427

752.335

762.067

771.679

781.288

790.895

895.139

9-24

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

721

639.369

660.299

680.988

693.238

709.439

722.022

733.102

743.450

753.398

763.142

772.766

782.357

792.006

896.389

722

640.314

661.272

681.993

694.220

710.459

723.053

734.144

744.503

754.462

764.217

773.853

783.455

793.117

897.639

723

641.259

662.246

682.970

695.230

711.451

724.055

735.185

745.556

755.526

765.293

774.940

784.554

794.228

898.889

724

642.203

663.191

683.948

696.212

712.472

725.086

736.227

746.608

756.590

766.368

776.027

785.653

795.340

900.139

725

643.175

664.164

684.925

697.222

713.492

726.117

737.269

747.661

757.654

767.443

777.114

786.752

796.451

901.389

726

644.120

665.137

685.902

698.204

714.484

727.148

738.310

748.713

758.717

768.519

778.200

787.851

797.562

902.639

727

645.065

666.083

686.907

699.214

715.505

728.150

739.323

749.766

759.781

769.564

779.287

788.950

798.673

903.889

728

646.009

667.056

687.884

700.196

716.525

729.181

740.365

750.819

760.845

770.639

780.374

790.049

799.784

905.139

729

646.954

668.029

688.861

701.178

717.517

730.212

741.406

751.871

761.909

771.714

781.461

791.148

800.895

906.389

730

647.898

668.975

689.838

702.189

718.537

731.243

742.448

752.895

762.973

772.790

782.548

792.247

802.006

907.639

731

648.843

669.948

690.815

703.171

719.558

732.274

743.490

753.947

764.037

773.865

783.635

793.346

803.117

908.889

732

649.787

670.921

691.820

704.181

720.550

733.276

744.531

755.000

765.071

774.940

784.692

794.444

804.228

910.139

733

650.732

671.866

692.797

705.163

721.570

734.307

745.544

756.053

766.135

776.016

785.779

795.543

805.340

911.389

734

651.676

672.840

693.774

706.173

722.591

735.338

746.586

757.105

767.199

777.091

786.866

796.642

806.451

912.639

735

652.621

673.813

694.752

707.155

723.583

736.369

747.627

758.158

768.262

778.166

787.953

797.741

807.562

913.889

736

653.565

674.758

695.757

708.165

724.603

737.371

748.669

759.211

769.326

779.241

789.040

798.840

808.673

915.139

737

654.538

675.731

696.734

709.147

725.624

738.402

749.711

760.263

770.390

780.317

790.127

799.939

809.784

916.389

738

655.482

676.704

697.711

710.129

726.616

739.433

750.752

761.316

771.454

781.392

791.214

801.038

810.895

917.639

739

656.427

677.678

698.688

711.139

727.636

740.464

751.794

762.339

772.518

782.467

792.301

802.137

812.006

918.889

740

657.371

678.623

699.665

712.121

728.656

741.495

752.807

763.392

773.582

783.542

793.388

803.236

813.117

920.139

741

658.316

679.596

700.670

713.131

729.649

742.497

753.848

764.444

774.645

784.618

794.475

804.335

814.228

921.389

742

659.260

680.569

701.647

714.113

730.669

743.528

754.890

765.497

775.709

785.693

795.562

805.433

815.309

922.639

743

660.205

681.515

702.624

715.123

731.689

744.559

755.932

766.550

776.773

786.738

796.649

806.532

816.420

923.889

744

661.149

682.488

703.601

716.105

732.681

745.590

756.973

767.602

777.807

787.814

797.736

807.631

817.531

925.139

745

662.094

683.461

704.578

717.116

733.702

746.592

758.015

768.655

778.871

788.889

798.822

808.730

818.642

926.389

746

663.039

684.407

705.583

718.098

734.722

747.623

759.028

769.708

779.935

789.964

799.909

809.829

819.753

927.639

747

664.011

685.380

706.561

719.108

735.714

748.654

760.069

770.760

780.999

791.039

800.996

810.928

820.864

928.889

748

664.955

686.353

707.538

720.090

736.735

749.685

761.111

771.784

782.063

792.115

802.083

811.996

821.975

930.139

749

665.900

687.326

708.515

721.072

737.755

750.716

762.153

772.836

783.126

793.190

803.170

813.095

823.086

931.389

750

666.844

688.272

709.492

722.082

738.747

751.718

763.194

773.889

784.190

794.265

804.257

814.194

824.198

932.639

9-25

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

751

667.789

689.245

710.497

723.064

739.768

752.749

764.236

774.942

785.254

795.341

805.344

815.293

825.309

933.889

752

668.734

690.218

711.474

724.074

740.788

753.780

765.278

775.994

786.318

796.416

806.431

816.392

826.420

935.139

753

669.678

691.163

712.451

725.056

741.808

754.811

766.291

777.047

787.382

797.491

807.488

817.491

827.531

936.389

754

670.623

692.137

713.428

726.066

742.800

755.813

767.332

778.099

788.446

798.566

808.575

818.590

828.642

937.639

755

671.595

693.110

714.433

727.048

743.821

756.844

768.374

779.152

789.509

799.642

809.662

819.689

829.753

938.889

756

672.539

694.055

715.410

728.058

744.841

757.875

769.416

780.205

790.544

800.717

810.749

820.788

830.864

940.104

757

673.484

695.028

716.387

729.040

745.833

758.906

770.457

781.228

791.608

801.792

811.836

821.886

831.975

941.354

758

674.429

696.002

717.365

730.051

746.854

759.937

771.499

782.281

792.671

802.867

812.923

822.985

833.086

942.604

759

675.373

696.975

718.342

731.033

747.874

760.939

772.541

783.333

793.735

803.913

814.010

824.084

834.198

943.854

760

676.318

697.920

719.347

732.015

748.866

761.970

773.553

784.386

794.799

804.988

815.097

825.183

835.309

945.104

761

677.262

698.893

720.324

733.025

749.887

763.001

774.595

785.439

795.863

806.063

816.184

826.282

836.420

946.354

762

678.207

699.867

721.301

734.007

750.907

764.032

775.637

786.491

796.927

807.139

817.271

827.381

837.531

947.604

763

679.179

700.840

722.278

735.017

751.899

765.063

776.678

787.544

797.991

808.214

818.357

828.480

838.642

948.854

764

680.124

701.785

723.283

735.999

752.920

766.065

777.720

788.596

799.054

809.289

819.444

829.579

839.753

950.104

765

681.068

702.758

724.260

737.009

753.940

767.096

778.762

789.649

800.118

810.364

820.531

830.678

840.864

951.354

766

682.013

703.732

725.237

737.991

754.932

768.127

779.774

790.673

801.182

811.440

821.618

831.777

841.975

952.604

767

682.957

704.677

726.214

739.001

755.952

769.158

780.816

791.725

802.246

812.515

822.705

832.875

843.086

953.854

768

683.902

705.650

727.219

739.983

756.973

770.160

781.858

792.778

803.310

813.590

823.792

833.974

844.198

955.104

769

684.846

706.623

728.197

740.993

757.965

771.191

782.899

793.830

804.344

814.665

824.879

835.073

845.309

956.354

770

685.819

707.596

729.174

741.975

758.985

772.222

783.941

794.883

805.408

815.741

825.966

836.172

846.420

957.604

771

686.763

708.542

730.151

742.985

760.006

773.253

784.983

795.936

806.472

816.816

827.053

837.271

847.531

958.854

772

687.708

709.515

731.128

743.967

760.998

774.284

786.024

796.988

807.535

817.891

828.140

838.370

848.642

960.104

773

688.652

710.488

732.133

744.949

762.018

775.286

787.037

798.041

808.599

818.967

829.227

839.469

849.753

961.354

774

689.597

711.434

733.110

745.960

763.039

776.317

788.079

799.094

809.663

820.042

830.314

840.568

850.864

962.604

775

690.541

712.407

734.087

746.942

764.031

777.348

789.120

800.146

810.727

821.117

831.371

841.667

851.975

963.854

776

691.486

713.380

735.064

747.952

765.051

778.379

790.162

801.170

811.791

822.162

832.458

842.735

853.086

965.104

777

692.458

714.353

736.069

748.934

766.071

779.410

791.204

802.222

812.855

823.238

833.545

843.834

854.198

966.354

778

693.403

715.299

737.046

749.944

767.092

780.412

792.245

803.275

813.918

824.313

834.632

844.933

855.278

967.604

779

694.347

716.272

738.023

750.926

768.084

781.443

793.287

804.327

814.982

825.388

835.719

846.032

856.389

968.854

780

695.292

717.245

739.001

751.936

769.104

782.474

794.300

805.380

816.046

826.464

836.806

847.131

857.500

970.104

9-26

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

781

696.236

718.218

740.006

752.918

770.125

783.505

795.341

806.433

817.110

827.539

837.893

848.230

858.611

971.354

782

697.181

719.164

740.983

753.928

771.117

784.536

796.383

807.485

818.144

828.614

838.979

849.328

859.722

972.604

783

698.125

720.137

741.960

754.910

772.137

785.538

797.425

808.538

819.208

829.689

840.066

850.427

860.833

973.854

784

699.098

721.110

742.937

755.920

773.158

786.569

798.466

809.591

820.272

830.765

841.153

851.526

861.944

975.104

785

700.042

722.083

743.942

756.902

774.150

787.600

799.508

810.614

821.336

831.840

842.240

852.625

863.056

976.354

786

700.987

723.029

744.919

757.912

775.170

788.631

800.550

811.667

822.400

832.915

843.327

853.724

864.167

977.604

787

701.931

724.002

745.896

758.895

776.190

789.662

801.563

812.719

823.463

833.990

844.414

854.823

865.278

978.854

788

702.876

724.975

746.873

759.877

777.183

790.664

802.604

813.772

824.527

835.066

845.501

855.922

866.389

980.104

789

703.820

725.948

747.878

760.887

778.203

791.695

803.646

814.825

825.591

836.141

846.588

857.021

867.500

981.354

790

704.793

726.894

748.855

761.869

779.223

792.726

804.688

815.877

826.655

837.216

847.675

858.120

868.611

982.604

791

705.737

727.867

749.832

762.879

780.215

793.757

805.729

816.930

827.719

838.292

848.762

859.219

869.722

983.854

792

706.682

728.840

750.810

763.861

781.236

794.788

806.771

817.982

828.783

839.367

849.849

860.317

870.833

985.104

793

707.626

729.813

751.815

764.871

782.256

795.790

807.813

819.035

829.846

840.442

850.936

861.416

871.944

986.354

794

708.571

730.759

752.792

765.853

783.277

796.821

808.825

820.088

830.910

841.487

852.023

862.515

873.056

987.604

795

709.515

731.732

753.769

766.863

784.269

797.852

809.867

821.111

831.944

842.563

853.110

863.614

874.167

988.854

796

710.488

732.705

754.746

767.845

785.289

798.883

810.909

822.164

833.008

843.638

854.197

864.713

875.278

990.104

797

711.432

733.678

755.751

768.855

786.310

799.885

811.950

823.216

834.072

844.713

855.284

865.812

876.389

991.354

798

712.377

734.624

756.728

769.837

787.302

800.916

812.992

824.269

835.136

845.789

856.341

866.911

877.500

992.604

799

713.321

735.597

757.705

770.847

788.322

801.947

814.034

825.322

836.200

846.864

857.428

868.010

878.611

993.854

800

714.266

736.570

758.682

771.829

789.342

802.978

815.075

826.374

837.264

847.939

858.514

869.109

879.722

995.104

801

715.238

737.543

759.687

772.840

790.334

804.009

816.088

827.427

838.327

849.014

859.601

870.208

880.833

996.354

802

716.183

738.488

760.664

773.822

791.355

805.011

817.130

828.480

839.391

850.090

860.688

871.306

881.944

997.604

803

717.127

739.462

761.642

774.832

792.375

806.042

818.171

829.532

840.455

851.165

861.775

872.405

883.056

998.854

804

718.072

740.435

762.619

775.814

793.367

807.073

819.213

830.585

841.519

852.240

862.862

873.504

884.167

1000.104

805

719.016

741.408

763.624

776.824

794.388

808.104

820.255

831.608

842.583

853.315

863.949

874.603

885.278

1001.354

806

719.989

742.353

764.601

777.806

795.408

809.135

821.296

832.661

843.647

854.391

865.036

875.672

886.389

1002.604

807

720.933

743.327

765.578

778.816

796.429

810.137

822.338

833.713

844.710

855.466

866.123

876.770

887.500

1003.854

808

721.878

744.300

766.555

779.798

797.421

811.168

823.351

834.766

845.774

856.541

867.210

877.869

888.611

1005.104

809

722.822

745.273

767.560

780.808

798.441

812.199

824.392

835.819

846.809

857.616

868.297

878.968

889.722

1006.354

810

723.767

746.218

768.537

781.790

799.461

813.230

825.434

836.871

847.872

858.692

869.384

880.067

890.833

1007.604

9-27

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

811

724.711

747.192

769.514

782.800

800.454

814.261

826.476

837.924

848.936

859.767

870.471

881.166

891.944

1008.854

812

725.684

748.165

770.491

783.782

801.474

815.263

827.517

838.977

850.000

860.812

871.558

882.265

893.056

1010.104

813

726.628

749.138

771.496

784.792

802.494

816.294

828.559

840.029

851.064

861.888

872.645

883.364

894.167

1011.354

814

727.573

750.111

772.473

785.774

803.486

817.325

829.601

841.082

852.128

862.963

873.732

884.463

895.278

1012.604

815

728.517

751.057

773.451

786.785

804.507

818.356

830.642

842.105

853.191

864.038

874.819

885.562

896.389

1013.854

816

729.462

752.030

774.428

787.767

805.527

819.387

831.655

843.158

854.255

865.114

875.906

886.661

897.469

1015.104

817

730.434

753.003

775.433

788.749

806.519

820.389

832.697

844.211

855.319

866.189

876.993

887.759

898.580

1016.354

818

731.379

753.976

776.410

789.759

807.540

821.420

833.738

845.263

856.383

867.264

878.080

888.858

899.691

1017.604

819

732.323

754.922

777.387

790.741

808.560

822.451

834.780

846.316

857.447

868.339

879.167

889.957

900.802

1018.854

820

733.268

755.895

778.392

791.751

809.580

823.482

835.822

847.368

858.511

869.415

880.254

891.056

901.914

1020.104

821

734.212

756.868

779.369

792.733

810.573

824.513

836.863

848.421

859.574

870.490

881.341

892.155

903.025

1021.354

822

735.185

757.841

780.346

793.743

811.593

825.544

837.905

849.474

860.609

871.565

882.397

893.254

904.136

1022.604

823

736.129

758.787

781.323

794.725

812.613

826.546

838.918

850.526

861.673

872.640

883.484

894.353

905.247

1023.854

824

737.074

759.760

782.328

795.735

813.605

827.577

839.959

851.579

862.736

873.716

884.571

895.452

906.358

1025.104

825

738.018

760.733

783.305

796.717

814.626

828.608

841.001

852.632

863.800

874.791

885.658

896.551

907.469

1026.354

826

738.991

761.706

784.283

797.727

815.646

829.639

842.043

853.655

864.864

875.866

886.745

897.650

908.580

1027.604

827

739.935

762.679

785.260

798.709

816.638

830.670

843.084

854.708

865.928

876.941

887.832

898.748

909.691

1028.854

828

740.880

763.625

786.265

799.719

817.659

831.672

844.126

855.760

866.992

878.017

888.919

899.847

910.802

1030.104

829

741.824

764.598

787.242

800.701

818.679

832.703

845.168

856.813

868.056

879.092

890.006

900.946

911.914

1031.354

830

742.769

765.571

788.219

801.712

819.700

833.734

846.181

857.865

869.119

880.137

891.093

902.045

913.025

1032.604

831

743.741

766.544

789.224

802.694

820.692

834.765

847.222

858.918

870.183

881.213

892.180

903.144

914.136

1033.854

832

744.686

767.518

790.201

803.704

821.712

835.796

848.264

859.971

871.247

882.288

893.267

904.243

915.247

1035.104

833

745.630

768.463

791.178

804.686

822.732

836.798

849.306

861.023

872.311

883.363

894.354

905.342

916.358

1036.354

834

746.575

769.436

792.155

805.696

823.724

837.829

850.347

862.076

873.375

884.438

895.441

906.441

917.469

1037.604

835

747.547

770.409

793.160

806.678

824.745

838.860

851.389

863.129

874.439

885.514

896.528

907.540

918.580

1038.854

836

748.492

771.382

794.137

807.688

825.765

839.891

852.431

864.152

875.502

886.589

897.615

908.639

919.691

1040.104

837

749.436

772.328

795.114

808.670

826.786

840.922

853.472

865.205

876.537

887.664

898.702

909.707

920.802

1041.354

838

750.381

773.301

796.092

809.680

827.778

841.924

854.485

866.257

877.600

888.740

899.789

910.806

921.914

1042.604

839

751.325

774.274

797.097

810.662

828.798

842.955

855.527

867.310

878.664

889.815

900.876

911.905

923.025

1043.854

840

752.297

775.247

798.074

811.672

829.819

843.986

856.568

868.363

879.728

890.890

901.963

913.004

924.136

1045.104

9-28

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

841

753.242

776.221

799.051

812.654

830.811

845.017

857.610

869.415

880.792

891.965

903.050

914.103

925.247

1046.354

842

754.187

777.166

800.056

813.664

831.831

846.048

858.652

870.468

881.856

893.041

904.136

915.201

926.358

1047.604

843

755.131

778.139

801.033

814.646

832.851

847.050

859.693

871.520

882.920

894.116

905.223

916.300

927.469

1048.854

844

756.103

779.112

802.010

815.657

833.844

848.081

860.735

872.573

883.983

895.191

906.310

917.399

928.580

1050.104

845

757.048

780.086

802.987

816.639

834.864

849.112

861.777

873.626

885.047

896.266

907.397

918.498

929.691

1051.354

846

757.992

781.059

803.992

817.649

835.884

850.143

862.789

874.678

886.111

897.342

908.484

919.597

930.802

1052.604

847

758.937

782.004

804.969

818.631

836.905

851.174

863.831

875.702

887.175

898.417

909.541

920.696

931.914

1053.854

848

759.909

782.977

805.946

819.641

837.897

852.176

864.873

876.754

888.239

899.492

910.628

921.795

933.025

1055.104

849

760.854

783.951

806.951

820.623

838.917

853.207

865.914

877.807

889.303

900.568

911.715

922.894

934.136

1056.354

850

761.798

784.924

807.929

821.633

839.938

854.238

866.956

878.860

890.366

901.613

912.802

923.993

935.247

1057.604

851

762.743

785.897

808.906

822.615

840.930

855.269

867.998

879.912

891.401

902.688

913.889

925.092

936.358

1058.854

852

763.715

786.842

809.883

823.625

841.950

856.300

869.039

880.965

892.465

903.763

914.976

926.190

937.469

1060.104

853

764.660

787.816

810.888

824.607

842.971

857.331

870.052

882.018

893.528

904.839

916.063

927.289

938.580

1061.354

854

765.604

788.789

811.865

825.617

843.991

858.333

871.094

883.070

894.592

905.914

917.150

928.388

939.691

1062.604

855

766.549

789.762

812.842

826.599

844.983

859.364

872.135

884.123

895.656

906.989

918.237

929.487

940.802

1063.854

856

767.521

790.735

813.847

827.609

846.003

860.395

873.177

885.175

896.720

908.065

919.324

930.586

941.914

1065.104

857

768.466

791.681

814.824

828.591

847.024

861.426

874.219

886.199

897.784

909.140

920.411

931.685

943.025

1066.354

858

769.410

792.654

815.801

829.602

848.016

862.457

875.260

887.251

898.848

910.215

921.498

932.784

944.105

1067.604

859

770.355

793.627

816.778

830.584

849.036

863.459

876.302

888.304

899.911

911.290

922.585

933.883

945.216

1068.854

860

771.327

794.600

817.783

831.594

850.057

864.490

877.344

889.357

900.975

912.366

923.671

934.982

946.327

1070.104

861

772.272

795.573

818.760

832.604

851.077

865.521

878.356

890.409

902.039

913.441

924.758

936.081

947.438

1071.354

862

773.216

796.547

819.738

833.586

852.069

866.552

879.398

891.462

903.103

914.516

925.845

937.179

948.549

1072.604

863

774.161

797.492

820.743

834.596

853.090

867.583

880.440

892.515

904.167

915.591

926.932

938.278

949.660

1073.854

864

775.133

798.465

821.720

835.578

854.110

868.585

881.481

893.567

905.230

916.667

928.019

939.377

950.772

1075.104

865

776.078

799.438

822.697

836.588

855.102

869.616

882.523

894.620

906.294

917.742

929.106

940.476

951.883

1076.354

866

777.022

800.412

823.702

837.570

856.122

870.647

883.565

895.673

907.329

918.817

930.193

941.575

952.994

1077.604

867

777.967

801.385

824.679

838.580

857.143

871.678

884.606

896.725

908.392

919.892

931.280

942.674

954.105

1078.854

868

778.939

802.330

825.656

839.562

858.163

872.709

885.648

897.749

909.456

920.968

932.367

943.773

955.216

1080.104

869

779.884

803.303

826.633

840.572

859.155

873.740

886.661

898.801

910.520

922.043

933.454

944.872

956.327

1081.354

870

780.828

804.276

827.638

841.554

860.176

874.742

887.703

899.854

911.584

923.088

934.541

945.971

957.438

1082.604

9-29

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

871

781.773

805.250

828.615

842.565

861.196

875.773

888.744

900.906

912.648

924.164

935.628

947.039

958.549

1083.854

872

782.745

806.223

829.592

843.547

862.188

876.804

889.786

901.959

913.712

925.239

936.715

948.138

959.660

1085.104

873

783.689

807.196

830.597

844.557

863.209

877.835

890.828

903.012

914.775

926.314

937.772

949.237

960.772

1086.354

874

784.634

808.141

831.575

845.539

864.229

878.866

891.869

904.064

915.839

927.389

938.859

950.336

961.883

1087.604

875

785.579

809.115

832.552

846.549

865.249

879.868

892.911

905.117

916.903

928.465

939.946

951.435

962.994

1088.854

876

786.551

810.088

833.529

847.531

866.241

880.899

893.953

906.170

917.967

929.540

941.033

952.534

964.105

1090.104

877

787.495

811.061

834.534

848.541

867.262

881.930

894.965

907.222

919.031

930.615

942.120

953.632

965.216

1091.354

878

788.440

812.034

835.511

849.523

868.282

882.961

896.007

908.275

920.095

931.691

943.207

954.731

966.327

1092.604

879

789.412

812.980

836.488

850.533

869.274

883.992

897.049

909.327

921.158

932.766

944.293

955.830

967.438

1093.854

880

790.357

813.953

837.493

851.515

870.295

885.023

898.090

910.351

922.222

933.841

945.380

956.929

968.549

1095.104

881

791.301

814.926

838.470

852.525

871.315

886.025

899.132

911.404

923.257

934.916

946.467

958.028

969.660

1096.354

882

792.246

815.899

839.447

853.507

872.336

887.056

900.174

912.456

924.320

935.992

947.554

959.127

970.772

1097.604

883

793.218

816.872

840.452

854.517

873.328

888.087

901.215

913.509

925.384

937.067

948.641

960.226

971.883

1098.854

884

794.163

817.846

841.429

855.499

874.348

889.118

902.257

914.561

926.448

938.142

949.728

961.325

972.994

1100.104

885

795.107

818.791

842.406

856.510

875.368

890.149

903.270

915.614

927.512

939.217

950.815

962.424

974.105

1101.354

886

796.080

819.764

843.412

857.492

876.389

891.151

904.311

916.667

928.576

940.293

951.902

963.523

975.216

1102.604

887

797.024

820.737

844.389

858.502

877.381

892.182

905.353

917.719

929.639

941.368

952.989

964.621

976.327

1103.854

888

797.969

821.711

845.366

859.484

878.401

893.213

906.395

918.772

930.703

942.443

954.076

965.720

977.438

1105.104

889

798.913

822.684

846.343

860.494

879.422

894.244

907.436

919.825

931.767

943.519

955.163

966.819

978.549

1106.354

890

799.886

823.657

847.348

861.504

880.414

895.275

908.478

920.877

932.831

944.564

956.250

967.918

979.660

1107.604

891

800.830

824.602

848.325

862.486

881.434

896.306

909.520

921.901

933.895

945.639

957.337

969.017

980.772

1108.854

892

801.775

825.576

849.302

863.496

882.455

897.308

910.561

922.953

934.959

946.714

958.424

970.116

981.883

1110.104

893

802.747

826.549

850.307

864.478

883.475

898.339

911.574

924.006

936.022

947.790

959.511

971.215

982.994

1111.354

894

803.691

827.522

851.284

865.488

884.467

899.370

912.616

925.058

937.086

948.865

960.598

972.314

984.105

1112.604

895

804.636

828.495

852.261

866.470

885.488

900.401

913.657

926.111

938.150

949.940

961.685

973.413

985.216

1113.854

896

805.581

829.468

853.266

867.480

886.508

901.432

914.699

927.164

939.214

951.016

962.772

974.512

986.327

1115.104

897

806.553

830.414

854.243

868.462

887.500

902.434

915.741

928.216

940.248

952.091

963.859

975.611

987.438

1116.354

898

807.497

831.387

855.221

869.473

888.520

903.465

916.782

929.269

941.312

953.166

964.946

976.709

988.549

1117.604

899

808.442

832.360

856.226

870.455

889.541

904.496

917.824

930.322

942.376

954.241

966.033

977.808

989.660

1118.854

900

809.414

833.333

857.203

871.465

890.561

905.527

918.866

931.374

943.440

955.317

967.089

978.907

990.772

1120.104

9-30

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

901

810.359

834.307

858.180

872.447

891.553

906.558

919.878

932.427

944.504

956.392

968.176

980.006

991.883

1121.354

902

811.303

835.280

859.185

873.457

892.574

907.589

920.920

933.450

945.567

957.467

969.263

981.105

992.963

1122.604

903

812.276

836.253

860.162

874.439

893.594

908.591

921.962

934.503

946.631

958.542

970.350

982.204

994.074

1123.854

904

813.220

837.198

861.139

875.449

894.615

909.622

923.003

935.556

947.695

959.618

971.437

983.303

995.185

1125.104

905

814.165

838.172

862.116

876.431

895.607

910.653

924.045

936.608

948.759

960.693

972.524

984.402

996.296

1126.354

906

815.109

839.145

863.121

877.441

896.627

911.684

925.087

937.661

949.823

961.768

973.611

985.501

997.407

1127.604

907

816.082

840.118

864.098

878.451

897.647

912.715

926.128

938.713

950.887

962.843

974.698

986.569

998.519

1128.854

908

817.026

841.091

865.075

879.433

898.639

913.746

927.170

939.766

951.950

963.919

975.785

987.668

999.630

1130.104

909

817.971

842.064

866.080

880.443

899.660

914.748

928.183

940.819

953.014

964.994

976.872

988.767

1000.741

1131.354

910

818.943

843.010

867.058

881.425

900.680

915.779

929.225

941.871

954.078

966.069

977.959

989.866

1001.852

1132.604

911

819.888

843.983

868.035

882.435

901.701

916.810

930.266

942.924

955.142

967.145

979.046

990.965

1002.963

1133.854

912

820.832

844.956

869.040

883.418

902.693

917.841

931.308

943.977

956.206

968.190

980.133

992.063

1004.074

1135.104

913

821.804

845.929

870.017

884.428

903.713

918.872

932.350

945.029

957.240

969.265

981.220

993.162

1005.185

1136.354

914

822.749

846.902

870.994

885.410

904.734

919.874

933.391

946.053

958.304

970.341

982.307

994.261

1006.296

1137.604

915

823.693

847.876

871.999

886.420

905.754

920.905

934.433

947.105

959.368

971.416

983.394

995.360

1007.407

1138.854

916

824.666

848.849

872.976

887.402

906.746

921.936

935.475

948.158

960.431

972.491

984.481

996.459

1008.519

1140.104

917

825.610

849.794

873.953

888.412

907.766

922.967

936.516

949.211

961.495

973.566

985.568

997.558

1009.630

1141.354

918

826.555

850.767

874.958

889.394

908.787

923.998

937.529

950.263

962.559

974.642

986.655

998.657

1010.741

1142.604

919

827.527

851.741

875.935

890.404

909.779

925.029

938.571

951.316

963.623

975.717

987.742

999.756

1011.852

1143.854

920

828.472

852.714

876.912

891.386

910.799

926.031

939.612

952.368

964.687

976.792

988.829

1000.855

1012.963

1145.104

921

829.416

853.687

877.917

892.396

911.820

927.062

940.654

953.421

965.751

977.867

989.915

1001.954

1014.074

1146.354

922

830.361

854.660

878.894

893.406

912.840

928.093

941.696

954.474

966.814

978.943

991.002

1003.053

1015.185

1147.604

923

831.333

855.633

879.872

894.388

913.832

929.124

942.737

955.526

967.878

980.018

992.089

1004.151

1016.296

1148.854

924

832.278

856.607

880.877

895.398

914.853

930.155

943.779

956.579

968.942

981.093

993.176

1005.250

1017.407

1150.104

925

833.222

857.552

881.854

896.380

915.873

931.186

944.821

957.632

970.006

982.168

994.263

1006.349

1018.519

1151.354

926

834.195

858.525

882.831

897.391

916.893

932.188

945.833

958.655

971.070

983.244

995.350

1007.448

1019.630

1152.604

927

835.139

859.498

883.836

898.373

917.885

933.219

946.875

959.708

972.134

984.319

996.437

1008.547

1020.741

1153.854

928

836.084

860.472

884.813

899.383

918.906

934.250

947.917

960.760

973.197

985.394

997.524

1009.646

1021.852

1155.104

929

837.056

861.445

885.790

900.365

919.926

935.281

948.958

961.813

974.232

986.470

998.581

1010.745

1022.963

1156.354

930

838.000

862.418

886.795

901.375

920.947

936.312

950.000

962.865

975.296

987.545

999.668

1011.844

1024.074

1157.604

9-31

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

931

838.945

863.391

887.772

902.357

921.939

937.342

951.042

963.918

976.359

988.620

1000.755

1012.943

1025.185

1158.854

932

839.917

864.337

888.749

903.367

922.959

938.345

952.083

964.971

977.423

989.695

1001.842

1014.042

1026.296

1160.104

933

840.862

865.310

889.754

904.349

923.980

939.376

953.125

966.023

978.487

990.771

1002.929

1015.140

1027.407

1161.354

934

841.806

866.283

890.731

905.359

924.972

940.407

954.167

967.076

979.551

991.816

1004.016

1016.239

1028.519

1162.604

935

842.779

867.256

891.709

906.369

925.992

941.438

955.179

968.129

980.615

992.891

1005.103

1017.338

1029.630

1163.854

936

843.723

868.229

892.714

907.351

927.012

942.468

956.221

969.181

981.678

993.967

1006.190

1018.437

1030.741

1165.104

937

844.668

869.203

893.691

908.361

928.033

943.499

957.263

970.234

982.742

995.042

1007.277

1019.536

1031.852

1166.354

938

845.640

870.176

894.668

909.343

929.025

944.502

958.304

971.257

983.806

996.117

1008.364

1020.635

1032.963

1167.604

939

846.585

871.149

895.673

910.354

930.045

945.533

959.346

972.310

984.870

997.192

1009.450

1021.734

1034.074

1168.854

940

847.529

872.094

896.650

911.336

931.066

946.564

960.388

973.363

985.934

998.268

1010.537

1022.833

1035.185

1170.104

941

848.502

873.068

897.627

912.346

932.086

947.595

961.429

974.415

986.998

999.343

1011.624

1023.932

1036.296

1171.354

942

849.446

874.041

898.632

913.328

933.078

948.625

962.471

975.468

988.061

1000.418

1012.711

1025.031

1037.407

1172.604

943

850.391

875.014

899.609

914.338

934.099

949.656

963.484

976.520

989.125

1001.493

1013.798

1026.129

1038.519

1173.854

944

851.363

875.987

900.586

915.320

935.119

950.659

964.525

977.573

990.189

1002.569

1014.885

1027.228

1039.630

1175.104

945

852.307

876.960

901.591

916.330

936.139

951.690

965.567

978.626

991.253

1003.644

1015.972

1028.297

1040.741

1176.354

946

853.252

877.933

902.568

917.340

937.132

952.721

966.609

979.678

992.287

1004.719

1017.059

1029.396

1041.852

1177.604

947

854.224

878.907

903.546

918.322

938.152

953.751

967.650

980.731

993.351

1005.795

1018.146

1030.495

1042.963

1178.854

948

855.169

879.852

904.551

919.332

939.172

954.782

968.692

981.784

994.415

1006.870

1019.233

1031.593

1044.074

1180.104

949

856.141

880.825

905.528

920.314

940.193

955.785

969.734

982.836

995.479

1007.945

1020.320

1032.692

1045.185

1181.354

950

857.086

881.798

906.505

921.324

941.185

956.816

970.775

983.889

996.543

1009.020

1021.407

1033.791

1046.296

1182.604

951

858.030

882.772

907.510

922.306

942.205

957.847

971.817

984.912

997.606

1010.096

1022.494

1034.890

1047.377

1183.854

952

859.003

883.745

908.487

923.316

943.226

958.877

972.830

985.965

998.670

1011.171

1023.581

1035.989

1048.488

1185.104

953

859.947

884.718

909.464

924.299

944.246

959.908

973.872

987.018

999.734

1012.246

1024.668

1037.088

1049.599

1186.354

954

860.892

885.691

910.469

925.309

945.238

960.939

974.913

988.070

1000.798

1013.321

1025.755

1038.187

1050.710

1187.604

955

861.864

886.664

911.446

926.319

946.259

961.942

975.955

989.123

1001.862

1014.397

1026.842

1039.286

1051.821

1188.854

956

862.809

887.638

912.423

927.301

947.279

962.973

976.997

990.175

1002.926

1015.472

1027.929

1040.385

1052.932

1190.104

957

863.753

888.583

913.428

928.311

948.271

964.003

978.038

991.228

1003.989

1016.517

1029.016

1041.484

1054.043

1191.354

958

864.725

889.556

914.405

929.293

949.291

965.034

979.080

992.281

1005.053

1017.593

1030.103

1042.582

1055.154

1192.604

959

865.670

890.529

915.382

930.303

950.312

966.065

980.122

993.333

1006.117

1018.668

1031.159

1043.681

1056.265

1193.854

960

866.614

891.503

916.387

931.285

951.332

967.096

981.163

994.386

1007.181

1019.743

1032.246

1044.780

1057.377

1195.104

9-32

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

961

867.587

892.476

917.365

932.295

952.324

968.127

982.176

995.439

1008.245

1020.818

1033.333

1045.879

1058.488

1196.354

962

868.531

893.449

918.342

933.277

953.345

969.129

983.218

996.491

1009.309

1021.894

1034.420

1046.978

1059.599

1197.604

963

869.504

894.422

919.347

934.287

954.365

970.160

984.259

997.515

1010.343

1022.969

1035.507

1048.077

1060.710

1198.854

964

870.448

895.395

920.324

935.269

955.385

971.191

985.301

998.567

1011.407

1024.044

1036.594

1049.176

1061.821

1200.104

965

871.393

896.369

921.329

936.279

956.378

972.222

986.343

999.620

1012.470

1025.119

1037.681

1050.275

1062.932

1201.354

966

872.365

897.314

922.306

937.290

957.398

973.253

987.384

1000.673

1013.534

1026.195

1038.768

1051.374

1064.043

1202.604

967

873.310

898.287

923.283

938.272

958.418

974.284

988.426

1001.725

1014.598

1027.270

1039.855

1052.473

1065.154

1203.854

968

874.254

899.260

924.288

939.282

959.439

975.286

989.468

1002.778

1015.662

1028.345

1040.942

1053.571

1066.265

1205.104

969

875.226

900.234

925.265

940.264

960.431

976.317

990.509

1003.830

1016.726

1029.421

1042.029

1054.670

1067.377

1206.354

970

876.171

901.207

926.242

941.274

961.451

977.348

991.522

1004.883

1017.790

1030.496

1043.116

1055.769

1068.488

1207.604

971

877.115

902.180

927.247

942.256

962.472

978.379

992.564

1005.936

1018.853

1031.571

1044.203

1056.868

1069.599

1208.854

972

878.088

903.153

928.224

943.266

963.492

979.410

993.605

1006.988

1019.917

1032.646

1045.290

1057.967

1070.710

1210.104

973

879.032

904.126

929.202

944.276

964.484

980.441

994.647

1008.041

1020.981

1033.722

1046.377

1059.066

1071.821

1211.354

974

880.005

905.100

930.207

945.258

965.505

981.443

995.689

1009.094

1022.045

1034.797

1047.464

1060.165

1072.932

1212.604

975

880.949

906.045

931.184

946.268

966.525

982.474

996.730

1010.146

1023.109

1035.872

1048.551

1061.264

1074.043

1213.854

976

881.894

907.018

932.161

947.250

967.545

983.505

997.772

1011.170

1024.173

1036.947

1049.638

1062.363

1075.154

1215.104

977

882.866

907.991

933.166

948.260

968.537

984.536

998.814

1012.222

1025.236

1038.023

1050.725

1063.462

1076.265

1216.354

978

883.811

908.965

934.143

949.242

969.558

985.567

999.855

1013.275

1026.300

1039.098

1051.812

1064.560

1077.377

1217.604

979

884.755

909.938

935.120

950.253

970.578

986.598

1000.868

1014.327

1027.364

1040.173

1052.899

1065.659

1078.488

1218.854

980

885.727

910.911

936.125

951.235

971.599

987.600

1001.910

1015.380

1028.428

1041.219

1053.986

1066.758

1079.599

1220.104

981

886.672

911.884

937.102

952.245

972.591

988.631

1002.951

1016.433

1029.462

1042.294

1055.072

1067.857

1080.710

1221.354

982

887.644

912.857

938.107

953.255

973.611

989.662

1003.993

1017.485

1030.526

1043.369

1056.159

1068.956

1081.821

1222.604

983

888.589

913.830

939.084

954.237

974.632

990.693

1005.035

1018.538

1031.590

1044.444

1057.246

1070.055

1082.932

1223.854

984

889.533

914.804

940.061

955.247

975.652

991.724

1006.076

1019.591

1032.654

1045.520

1058.333

1071.154

1084.043

1225.104

985

890.506

915.777

941.066

956.229

976.644

992.755

1007.118

1020.643

1033.717

1046.595

1059.420

1072.222

1085.154

1226.354

986

891.450

916.722

942.044

957.239

977.664

993.757

1008.160

1021.696

1034.781

1047.670

1060.507

1073.321

1086.265

1227.604

987

892.395

917.695

943.021

958.221

978.685

994.788

1009.201

1022.749

1035.845

1048.746

1061.594

1074.420

1087.377

1228.854

988

893.367

918.669

944.026

959.231

979.705

995.819

1010.214

1023.801

1036.909

1049.821

1062.681

1075.519

1088.488

1230.104

989

894.312

919.642

945.003

960.213

980.697

996.850

1011.256

1024.825

1037.973

1050.896

1063.768

1076.618

1089.599

1231.354

990

895.284

920.615

945.980

961.223

981.718

997.881

1012.297

1025.877

1039.037

1051.971

1064.855

1077.717

1090.710

1232.604

9-33

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

991

896.229

921.588

946.985

962.233

982.738

998.912

1013.339

1026.930

1040.100

1053.047

1065.912

1078.816

1091.821

1233.854

992

897.173

922.561

947.962

963.215

983.759

999.914

1014.381

1027.982

1041.164

1054.122

1066.999

1079.915

1092.932

1235.104

993

898.145

923.535

948.967

964.226

984.751

1000.945

1015.422

1029.035

1042.228

1055.197

1068.086

1081.013

1094.043

1236.354

994

899.090

924.508

949.944

965.208

985.771

1001.976

1016.464

1030.088

1043.292

1056.272

1069.173

1082.112

1095.154

1237.604

995

900.062

925.481

950.921

966.218

986.791

1003.007

1017.506

1031.140

1044.356

1057.348

1070.260

1083.211

1096.265

1238.854

996

901.007

926.454

951.926

967.200

987.812

1004.038

1018.547

1032.193

1045.420

1058.423

1071.347

1084.310

1097.377

1240.104

997

901.951

927.400

952.903

968.210

988.804

1005.069

1019.560

1033.246

1046.483

1059.498

1072.434

1085.409

1098.488

1241.354

998

902.924

928.373

953.881

969.220

989.824

1006.100

1020.602

1034.298

1047.547

1060.573

1073.521

1086.508

1099.599

1242.604

999

903.868

929.346

954.886

970.202

990.845

1007.102

1021.644

1035.351

1048.582

1061.649

1074.607

1087.607

1100.710

1243.854

1000

904.840

930.319

955.863

971.212

991.865

1008.133

1022.685

1036.404

1049.645

1062.724

1075.694

1088.706

1101.821

1245.104

1100 1000.517 1027.500 1054.662

1071.044

1093.226

1110.796

1126.563

1141.462

1155.881

1170.131

1184.300

1198.535

1212.870

1370.069

1200 1096.387 1124.847 1153.573

1170.988

1194.671

1213.517

1230.469

1246.520

1262.145

1277.569

1292.935

1308.364

1323.920

1495.069

1300 1192.480 1222.333 1252.568

1270.988

1296.145

1316.237

1334.404

1351.637

1368.410

1385.006

1401.570

1418.223

1435.000

1620.069

1400 1288.740 1319.931 1351.647

1371.072

1397.647

1419.015

1438.368

1456.754

1474.675

1492.443

1510.205

1528.053

1546.080

1745.069

1500 1385.139 1417.640 1450.810

1471.184

1499.206

1521.821

1542.332

1561.871

1580.969

1599.910

1618.841

1637.912

1657.160

1870.069

1600 1481.676 1515.460 1550.056

1571.352

1600.822

1624.628

1646.325

1667.018

1687.264

1707.378

1727.506

1747.772

1768.241

1995.069

1700 1578.324 1613.363 1649.330

1671.577

1702.438

1727.463

1750.318

1772.164

1793.587

1814.845

1836.141

1857.631

1879.352

2120.069

1800 1675.112 1711.350 1748.688

1771.857

1804.082

1830.326

1854.340

1877.339

1899.882

1922.312

1944.807

1967.491

1990.432

2245.069

1900 1771.983 1809.421 1848.074

1872.138

1905.754

1933.219

1958.362

1982.515

2006.206

2029.809

2053.472

2077.350

2101.512

2370.035

2000 1868.937 1907.546 1947.515

1972.475

2007.426

2036.082

2062.413

2087.690

2112.530

2137.276

2162.138

2187.210

2212.623

2495.035

2100 1965.974 2005.728 2046.985

2072.840

2109.155

2139.003

2166.435

2192.865

2218.853

2244.773

2270.803

2297.070

2323.704

2620.035

2200 2063.095 2103.965 2146.482

2173.204

2210.884

2241.896

2270.486

2298.041

2325.207

2352.270

2379.469

2406.960

2434.815

2745.035

2300 2160.299 2202.258 2246.036

2273.625

2312.613

2344.817

2374.566

2403.246

2431.531

2459.767

2488.134

2516.819

2545.895

2870.035

2400 2257.559 2300.606 2345.617

2374.074

2414.371

2447.738

2478.617

2508.450

2537.855

2567.264

2596.830

2626.709

2657.006

2995.035

2500 2354.902 2399.010 2445.226

2474.523

2516.128

2550.687

2582.697

2613.655

2644.208

2674.761

2705.495

2736.569

2768.086

3120.035

2600 2452.301 2497.442 2544.863

2575.000

2617.914

2653.637

2686.777

2718.860

2750.561

2782.258

2814.161

2846.459

2879.198

3245.035

2700 2549.755 2595.929 2644.528

2675.505

2719.700

2756.586

2790.856

2824.064

2856.885

2889.755

2922.856

2956.319

2990.309

3370.035

2800 2647.265 2694.444 2744.221

2776.010

2821.514

2859.536

2894.936

2929.269

2963.239

2997.252

3031.522

3066.209

3101.389

3495.035

2900 2744.802 2792.987 2843.942

2876.543

2923.328

2962.514

2999.016

3034.474

3069.592

3104.749

3140.217

3176.068

3212.500

3620.035

3000 2842.423 2891.586 2943.663

2977.076

3025.142

3065.493

3103.125

3139.708

3175.946

3212.276

3248.883

3285.958

3323.611

3745.035

9-34

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

3100 2940.072 2990.185 3043.412

3077.637

3126.956

3168.471

3207.234

3244.912

3282.299

3319.773

3357.579

3395.849

3434.722

3870.035

3200 3037.748 3088.839 3143.188

3178.227

3228.798

3271.449

3311.314

3350.146

3388.652

3427.270

3466.244

3505.708

3545.802

3995.035

3300 3135.480 3187.521 3242.965

3278.816

3330.641

3374.427

3415.422

3455.351

3495.006

3534.797

3574.940

3615.598

3656.914

4120.035

3400 3233.268 3286.231 3342.797

3379.405

3432.511

3477.405

3519.531

3560.585

3601.359

3642.294

3683.605

3725.488

3768.025

4245.035

3500 3331.083 3384.968 3442.602

3480.022

3534.354

3580.412

3623.640

3665.819

3707.742

3749.821

3792.301

3835.348

3879.136

4370.035

3600 3428.926 3483.734 3542.462

3580.640

3636.224

3683.419

3727.749

3771.053

3814.096

3857.318

3900.966

3945.238

3990.216

4495.035

3700 3526.797 3582.499 3642.295

3681.257

3738.095

3786.426

3831.858

3876.287

3920.449

3964.845

4009.662

4055.128

4101.327

4620.035

3800 3624.696 3681.320 3742.183

3781.902

3839.966

3889.404

3935.966

3981.491

4026.803

4072.342

4118.357

4165.018

4212.438

4745.035

3900 3722.650 3780.141 3842.071

3882.548

3941.837

3992.411

4040.104

4086.725

4133.186

4179.869

4227.023

4274.908

4323.549

4870.035

4000 3820.632 3878.990 3941.960

3983.221

4043.736

4095.447

4144.213

4191.959

4239.539

4287.366

4335.719

4384.768

4434.660

4995.035

4100 3918.642 3977.867 4041.876

4083.866

4145.607

4198.454

4248.351

4297.222

4345.892

4394.892

4444.414

4494.658

4545.772

5120.035

4200 4016.652 4076.743 4141.792

4184.568

4247.506

4301.460

4352.459

4402.456

4452.275

4502.389

4553.110

4604.548

4656.852

5245.035

4300 4114.717 4175.648 4241.709

4285.241

4349.405

4404.496

4456.597

4507.690

4558.629

4609.916

4661.775

4714.438

4767.963

5370.035

4400 4212.810 4274.580 4341.653

4385.915

4451.304

4507.503

4560.706

4612.924

4665.012

4717.443

4770.471

4824.328

4879.074

5495.035

4500 4310.903 4373.540 4441.625

4486.616

4553.231

4610.538

4664.844

4718.158

4771.365

4824.940

4879.167

4934.188

4990.185

5620.035

4600 4409.052 4472.500 4541.569

4587.318

4655.130

4713.545

4768.981

4823.392

4877.748

4932.467

4987.862

5044.078

5101.296

5745.035

4700 4507.201 4571.460 4641.541

4688.047

4757.029

4816.581

4873.090

4928.626

4984.102

5039.994

5096.528

5153.968

5212.407

5870.035

4800 4605.377 4670.476 4741.541

4788.749

4858.957

4919.616

4977.228

5033.889

5090.485

5147.491

5205.223

5263.858

5323.519

5995.035

4900 4703.581 4769.464 4841.513

4889.478

4960.884

5022.652

5081.366

5139.123

5196.838

5255.018

5313.919

5373.748

5434.630

6120.035

5000 4801.814 4868.507 4941.513

4990.208

5062.812

5125.687

5185.503

5244.357

5303.221

5362.545

5422.615

5483.639

5545.710

6245.035

5100 4900.046 4967.523 5041.541

5090.937

5164.739

5228.723

5289.641

5349.620

5409.574

5470.042

5531.310

5593.498

5656.821

6370.035

5200 4998.305 5066.594 5141.541

5191.695

5266.667

5331.758

5393.779

5454.854

5515.957

5577.569

5639.976

5703.388

5767.932

6495.035

5300 5096.593 5165.638 5241.569

5292.424

5368.594

5434.794

5497.917

5560.088

5622.340

5685.096

5748.671

5813.278

5879.043

6620.035

5400 5194.908 5264.737 5341.625

5393.182

5470.522

5537.829

5602.025

5665.351

5728.694

5792.622

5857.367

5923.168

5990.154

6745.035

5500 5293.224 5363.808 5441.653

5493.939

5572.449

5640.865

5706.163

5770.585

5835.077

5900.119

5966.063

6033.059

6101.265

6870.035

5600 5391.567 5462.907 5541.709

5594.697

5674.405

5743.900

5810.330

5875.848

5941.460

6007.646

6074.758

6142.949

6212.377

6995.035

5700 5489.910 5562.034 5641.764

5695.455

5776.332

5846.964

5914.468

5981.082

6047.813

6115.173

6183.454

6252.839

6323.488

7120.000

5800 5588.281 5661.161 5741.820

5796.240

5878.288

5950.000

6018.605

6086.345

6154.196

6222.700

6292.120

6362.729

6434.599

7245.000

5900 5686.680 5760.288 5841.876

5897.026

5980.215

6053.036

6122.743

6191.579

6260.579

6330.227

6400.815

6472.589

6545.710

7370.000

6000 5785.079 5859.443 5941.960

5997.783

6082.171

6156.100

6226.881

6296.842

6366.933

6437.724

6509.511

6582.479

6656.821

7495.000

9-35

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

6100 5883.477 5958.597 6042.044

6098.569

6184.127

6259.135

6331.019

6402.076

6473.316

6545.251

6618.207

6692.369

6767.932

7620.000

6200 5981.932 6057.752 6142.127

6199.355

6286.083

6362.199

6435.156

6507.339

6579.699

6652.778

6726.902

6802.259

6879.012

7745.000

6300 6080.358 6156.935 6242.211

6300.140

6388.039

6465.235

6539.323

6612.573

6686.052

6760.305

6835.598

6912.149

6990.123

7870.000

6400 6178.840 6256.117 6342.323

6400.954

6489.994

6568.299

6643.461

6717.836

6792.435

6867.832

6944.293

7022.039

7101.235

7995.000

6500 6277.322 6355.328 6442.406

6501.740

6591.950

6671.334

6747.598

6823.070

6898.818

6975.329

7052.959

7131.929

7212.346

8120.000

6600 6375.804 6454.538 6542.518

6602.525

6693.906

6774.399

6851.736

6928.333

7005.201

7082.855

7161.655

7241.819

7323.457

8245.000

6700 6474.314 6553.748 6642.630

6703.339

6795.862

6877.463

6955.903

7033.567

7111.554

7190.382

7270.350

7351.709

7434.568

8370.000

6800 6572.824 6652.986 6742.769

6804.153

6897.817

6980.498

7060.041

7138.830

7217.937

7297.909

7379.046

7461.600

7545.679

8495.000

6900 6671.334 6752.197 6842.881

6904.966

6999.773

7083.562

7164.178

7244.094

7324.320

7405.436

7487.742

7571.490

7656.790

8620.000

7000 6769.899 6851.463 6943.021

7005.780

7101.757

7186.627

7268.345

7349.327

7430.703

7512.963

7596.437

7681.380

7767.901

8745.000

7100 6868.437 6950.701 7043.132

7106.594

7203.713

7289.691

7372.483

7454.591

7537.057

7620.460

7705.133

7791.239

7879.012

8870.000

7200 6967.002 7049.967 7143.272

7207.407

7305.669

7392.726

7476.620

7559.825

7643.440

7727.987

7813.829

7901.129

7990.123

8995.000

7300 7065.595 7149.233 7243.412

7308.221

7407.653

7495.790

7580.787

7665.088

7749.823

7835.514

7922.524

8011.020

8101.235

9120.000

7400 7164.161 7248.498 7343.579

7409.063

7509.609

7598.855

7684.925

7770.351

7856.206

7943.041

8031.220

8120.910

8212.346

9245.000

7500 7262.782 7347.792 7443.719

7509.877

7611.593

7701.919

7789.063

7875.585

7962.559

8050.568

8139.885

8230.800

8323.457

9370.000

7600 7361.375 7447.058 7543.886

7610.718

7713.577

7804.983

7893.229

7980.848

8068.942

8158.094

8248.581

8340.690

8434.568

9495.000

7700 7459.996 7546.352 7644.026

7711.532

7815.533

7908.047

7997.367

8086.111

8175.325

8265.621

8357.277

8450.580

8545.679

9620.000

7800 7558.645 7645.673 7744.193

7812.374

7917.517

8011.111

8101.534

8191.345

8281.708

8373.118

8465.972

8560.470

8656.790

9745.000

7900 7657.266 7744.967 7844.361

7913.215

8019.501

8114.175

8205.671

8296.608

8388.091

8480.645

8574.668

8670.360

8767.901

9870.000

8000 7755.942 7844.289 7944.528

8014.057

8121.457

8217.239

8309.838

8401.871

8494.444

8588.172

8683.364

8780.250

8878.981

9995.000

8100 7854.591 7943.610 8044.696

8114.899

8223.441

8320.304

8413.976

8507.135

8600.827

8695.699

8792.059

8890.140

8990.093 10120.000

8200 7953.268 8042.960 8144.891

8215.741

8325.425

8423.368

8518.142

8612.368

8707.210

8803.226

8900.755

9000.031

9101.204 10245.000

8300 8051.944 8142.281 8245.059

8316.582

8427.409

8526.432

8622.280

8717.632

8813.593

8910.753

9009.450

9109.921

9212.315 10370.000

8400 8150.621 8241.631 8345.254

8417.424

8529.393

8629.496

8726.447

8822.895

8919.976

9018.280

9118.146

9219.811

9323.426 10495.000

8500 8249.325 8340.980 8445.449

8518.294

8631.378

8732.560

8830.584

8928.129

9026.359

9125.806

9226.842

9329.701

9434.537 10620.000

8600 8348.029 8440.329 8545.617

8619.136

8733.362

8835.624

8934.751

9033.392

9132.713

9233.303

9335.537

9439.591

9545.648 10745.000

8700 8446.761 8539.679 8645.812

8719.978

8835.346

8938.688

9038.889

9138.655

9239.096

9340.830

9444.203

9549.451

9656.759 10870.000

8800 8545.493 8639.056 8746.036

8820.847

8937.330

9041.753

9143.056

9243.918

9345.479

9448.357

9552.899

9659.341

9767.870 10995.000

8900 8644.226 8738.433 8846.231

8921.689

9039.314

9144.817

9247.193

9349.152

9451.862

9555.884

9661.594

9769.231

9878.981 11120.000

9000 8742.958 8837.810 8946.427

9022.559

9141.298

9247.881

9351.360

9454.415

9558.245

9663.411

9770.290

9879.121

9990.093 11245.000

9-36

Erlang Tables

Blocking
Rate

0.01%

0.10%

0.50%

1%

2%

3%

4%

5%

6%

7%

8%

9%

10%

20%

Channels

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

Offered

9100 8841.718 8937.187 9046.622

9123.429

9243.282

9350.974

9455.498

9559.678

9664.628

9770.938

9878.986

9200 8940.477 9036.564 9146.845

9224.299

9345.266

9454.038

9559.664

9664.942

9771.011

9878.465

9987.681 10098.901 10212.315 11495.000

9300 9039.237 9135.969 9247.069

9325.140

9447.251

9557.102

9663.831

9770.175

9877.364

9985.992 10096.377 10208.791 10323.426 11620.000

9400 9137.997 9235.374 9347.264

9426.010

9549.235

9660.166

9767.969

9875.439

9983.747 10093.519 10205.072 10318.681 10434.537 11745.000

9500 9236.785 9334.779 9447.487

9526.880

9651.247

9763.230

9872.135

9980.702 10090.130 10201.045 10313.768 10428.571 10545.648 11870.000

9600 9335.572 9434.184 9547.711

9627.750

9753.231

9866.323

9976.273 10085.965 10196.513 10308.572 10422.464 10538.462 10656.759 11995.000

9700 9434.388 9533.589 9647.934

9728.620

9855.215

9969.387 10080.440 10191.199 10302.896 10416.069 10531.159 10648.352 10767.870 12120.000

9800 9533.176 9633.022 9748.157

9829.517

9957.228 10072.451 10184.606 10296.462 10409.279 10523.596 10639.855 10758.242 10878.981 12245.000

9900 9631.991 9732.427 9848.381

9930.387 10059.212 10175.515 10288.744 10401.725 10515.662 10631.123 10748.551 10868.132 10990.093 12370.000

9989.011 10101.204 11370.000

10000 9730.806 9831.860 9948.632 10031.257 10161.196 10278.608 10392.911 10506.988 10622.015 10738.650 10857.246 10978.022 11101.204 12495.000

9-37

Erlang Tables

^ End of document ]

9-38