BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

MATH F112 (Mathematics-II)

Complex Analysis

Lecture 27-30
Elementary Functions
BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Dr Trilok Mathur,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mathematics

1. Exponential Functions

2. Trigonometric Functions
3. Hyperbolic Functions
4. Logarithmic Functions
5. Complex Exponents
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Self Study (Sec 36, p.112-115)

6. Inverse Trigonometric Functions

7. Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

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(1) Let z x iy , then

2

z
z
z
exp ( z ) e 1 z ... ...
2! 3!
n!
z
is calledMaclaurin' seriesof e
z

z1

e .e

z2

z1 z2

z1

e
z1 z 2
, z2 e
e
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(2) Let f ( z ) e e
z

e .e
x

x iy

iy

e (cos y i sin y )
x

u iv
u e cos y, v e sin y,
x

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 u x e cos y, u y e sin y
x

vx e sin y, v y e cos y
x

u x v y , u y v x
Thus CR - equations are satisfiedand
clearly u x ,u y ,vx ,v y are continuous
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 f ( z ) is differentiable and
f ( z ) u x i v x
e cos y i e sin y e . e e
x

iy

d z
z

e e
dz

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(3) e e . e ,
z

e cos y i sin y

iy

iy

e cos y sin y 1
iy

e e e as e 0 x R
z

e 0 for any complexnumber z.

z

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We may write e e . e e ,
z

iy

when e e 0 & y
x

arg e y 2n ,
n 0, 1, 2...
z

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(4) cos 2 1 & sin 2 0

Hence e

2 i

cos 2 i sin 2 1

e cos i sin 1
i

e 1 0
e

cos i sin 1
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 i/2

i / 2

cos / 2 i sin / 2 i
cos / 2 i sin / 2
i
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(5).

z 2i

e .e
z

2i

e is periodic with imaginary

period 2i.
z

z 2 ni

e , n 0,1, 2, 3,...
z

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(6). e 0 x
x

But e maybe negative if z C

z

Example : Find z such that e 1

Solution :
z

e 1
z

e . e 1.e
x

iy

i
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 e 1, and
x

y 2n , n 0, 1,2...
x 0 & y 2n
Thus, if z x iy
(2n 1). i ,
n 0, 1, 2,...
then e 1
z

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Excercise :
z

(7) e is not analytic anywhere.

Q. Find all values of z such that
e

2 z 1

1 i

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(1) If x is real , then

e e
cos x
2
ix

e e
sin x
2i
ix

ix

ix

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Similarlyif z is complex, we define

iz

e e
cos z
,
2
iz
iz
e e
sin z
(1)
2i
iz

e cos z i sin z,
iz

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sin z
cos z
tan z
, cot z
,
cos z
sin z
1
1
sec z
, cos ec z
cos z
sin z

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(2). Since ez is analytic z and linear

combination of two analytic functions is

again analytic, hence it follows that

sin z and cos z are analytic functions.

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(3).Using(1) it is easy to prove :

(i) sin( z) sin z

(ii ) cos( z) cos z
d
sin z cos z
(iii )
dz
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(iv )

d
cos z sin z
dz

(v )

d
2
tan z sec z
dz

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(vi) sin( z1 z2 )
sin z1 cos z2 cos z1 sin z2

(vii) cosz1 z2
cos z1. cos z2 sin z1 sin z2
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 iz

e e
4 cos z
,
2
iz
iz
e e
sin z
.
2i
Put x 0, then
iz

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cos iy

i iy

e
2

i iy

e
cosh y
2
y

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1 y y
sin iy (e e )
2i
1 y y
i (e e )
2
i sinh y
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cos z cos( x iy )

cos x cos (iy ) sin x. sin (iy )

cos x . cosh y i sin x .sin hy

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sin z sin x iy
sin x. cos iy cos x. sin iy
sin x. cosh y i cos x . sin hy

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Hence (Exercise)
sin z sin x sinh y
2

cos z cos x sin h y

2

Hints : (Use)
cos h x sinh x 1
2

cos x sin x 1
2

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(5).Analyt icity of tan z & sec z :

sin z
1
tan z
, sec z
cos z
cos z

tan z & sec z are analytic

everywhere except at the points
where
cos z 0
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cos z 0
cos x iy
cos x cos hy i sin x sin hy 0

cos x cos hy 0, &

sin x sinh y 0
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 cosh y 0

e e
( cosh y
2
y

0 e

2y

1 y 1
e y
2
e

1 0)

cos x 0 x 2n 1 , n 0, 1, 2...
2
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But sin x 0 for x 2n 1
2

sinh y 0 y 0

e e
sinh y
2

0 e 1 y 0

2y

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 z x iy 2n 1

2
tan z & sec z are analytic
every wher e except at

z 2n 1 , n 0, 1 2,...
2
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(6Ex.) Analytici ty of cot z & cos ec z:

cos z
1
cot z
& cos ec z
sin z
sin z
cot z & cos ec z are analytic
everywhere except at the points
where sin z 0
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Definition:
z

e e
sinh z
,
2
z
z
e e
cosh z
.
2
z

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(1). e & e

are analytic
everywhere

sinh z & cosh z are analytic

everywhere .
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d
d e e
(2). sinh z

dz
dz 2
z
z
e e

cosh z
2
d
cosh z sinh z
Similarly,
dz
z

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(3). sinh(-z) - sinh z

cosh z cosh z

cosh z sinh z 1
2

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(4). cos z cosh(iz ),

z

e e
cosh z
2
iz
i z
e e
cosh i z
cos z
2
z

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(5). cosi z cosh z

cos z cosh i z
cos i z cosh i z
cosh z cosh z
2

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(6).

sin z i sinh i z

(7 ).

sin i z i sinh z
i sinh z
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(8). sinh z1 z2
sinh z1. cosh z2 cosh z1. sinh z2

(9). coshz1 z2
cosh z1. cosh z2 sinh z1. sinh z2
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10. sinh z
sinh x . cos y i cosh x . sin y
Soln :

sin i z i sinh z
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sinh z i sin(iz )
i sin(ix y )
i[sin(ix ) cos y

cos(ix ) sin y ]
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 i[i sinh x cos y

cosh x sin y ]
sinh z
sinh x cos y i cosh x sin y
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Excercise :
sinh z sinh x sin y
2

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Similarly
(a) cosh z cosh x. cos y
i sinh x. sin y

Use cosh z cosi z cos(ix y)

(b)

cosh z sinh x cos y

2

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(11). Analyticit y of tanh z & sec hz :

sinh z
tanh z
,
cosh z
1
sec hz
.
cosh z
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 tanh z & sec hz are analytic

everywhere except at the
points where
cosh z 0.
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Now cosh z 0

cos i z cosix y 0
cos i x . cos y sin ix . sin y 0

cosh x . cos y i sinh x. sin y 0

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 cosh x. cos y 0,
and
sinh x. sin y 0.
cosh x 0 cos y 0

y 2n 1 , n 0, 1, 2,...
2
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For y 2n 1 , sin y 0
2
sinh x 0 x 0
z x iy

i
2n 1 ,
2
n 0, 1, 2, ...
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 tanh z & sec hz are

analytic everywhere
except at
i
z 2n 1 , n 0, 1, 2,....
2
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Exercise:
coth z and cosech z are analytic
everywhere except at z = ni,

n 0, 1, 2,.....
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Q. Show that :
(i) sinh Im z sin z cosh Im z
(ii ) sinh Im z cos z cosh Im z
Sol : (i) sin z sin x. cosh y
i cos x. sin h y
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 sin z sin x. cosh y

2

cos x. sinh y
2
2
sin x 1 sinh y

1 sin x . sinh y
2

sin x sinh y
2

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 sinh y sin z sin x sinh y

2

1 sinh y
2

cosh y
2

sinh y sin z cosh y

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(ii ) cos z cos x. cosh y

i sin x. sinh y
cos z cos x. cosh y
2

sin x. sinh y
2

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cos z cos x 1 sinh y

2

1 cos x . sinh y
2

cos x sinh y
2

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sin h y cos z cos x sin h y

2

1 sin h y
2

cosh y
2

sin h y cos z cos hy

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The natural logarithm of z x iy

is denotedby log z,
i.e.
w log z,
and log z is defined for z 0
by the relation
e z ..............(i)
w

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i.e.if e z, then we write

w log z
w

Let w u iv ,
z x iy r cos i r sin
i

r e , where
, Arg z
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Then (i ) e

u iv

e .e r e
u

iv

re

e r z,
u

v 2n ,
n 0, 1, 2,......
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 u ln r ln z ,
v 2n
w log z u i v
ln z i 2n
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Since Arg z ,
and arg z 2n ,
n is any integer

log z ln z i arg z,

z0
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When n 0, then arg z Arg z

When n 0, then the value of log z

is called the principal value of log z
and is denoted by Log z, i.e.
Log z ln z i Arg z, z 0.
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 log z ln z i arg z
ln z i 2n

ln z i i 2n
log z Log z i 2n ,
n 0, 1,2,...
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Remark1:
Since log z ln z i arg z
ln z i 2n ,
n 0, 1, 2,.....
log z is a multivalued function.
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Remark 2 :
Since Log z ln z i ,
Arg z

Log z is a single- valued

function.
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Remark3 :
1
2
2
ln z ln x y
2
is continuous everywhere
except at 0 ,0 .

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Remark 4 : Let be any real number,

and consider
f z log z ln z i
ln r i ,
r 0, 2

ur, ln r, vr,
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x
Then log z is single- valued and
continuous in the domain
D {z: z 0, 2 }
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Remark 5: The function log z is NOT

continuous on the line = as arg z is NOT
continuous on the line = .
For if z is a point on the ray = then
there are points arbitrary close to z at
which the values of v are nearer to , and
also there are points such that the values
of v are nearer to + 2.
lim arg z does not exist.
z

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Remark 6 :
(i ) log z ln r i

is analytic

in domain
D1 {z : z r 0, ( arg z ) 2 }

(ii ) Log z ln r i is analytic in the

domain
D2 {z : z r 0, ( Arg z ) }
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As , u r , ln r , vr ,
1
ur , u 0
r
vr 0, v 1
CR - equations in polar form
r ur v , u r vr
are satisfied and first - order partial
derivative s are continuous.
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d
i

f z log z e ur i vr
dz

1
1
i in
re
z

D1

In particular, when
d
1
Log z in D2 .
dz
z
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Remark : 7
Log z is analytic on the whole complex
plane except at 0,0 and on the ray

- , i.e.on negative real axis.

i.e. singularties of Log z are given by
Re z 0 and Im z 0.
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Definition:
A branch of a multiple- valued function
f z defined on a set S is any single
valued function F ( z ) that is analytic in
some domain D S such that for all

z D, F z is one of the values of f z .

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Ex. For each fixed ,

log z ln z i ,

z 0, 2

is a branch of
log z ln z i arg z
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Log z ln z i ,

z 0,
is called the principalbranch.

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Q.9(a) p. 97 : Show that the function

Log z i is analytic everywhere
except on the half line y 1 x 0.
Solution: We have f z Log z i
singularity of f z is given by

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Re z i 0 & Imz i 0

Rex i y 1 0 &
Imx i y 1 0

x 0 & y 1

y=1

O
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Q 9 b Show that the function

Log z 4
f z
2
z i
is analytic everywhere except at
the points 1 i / 2 and on the
portion x 4 of the real axis.
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If z1 & z2 be any two non zero

complex numbers,then

(1) logz1 z2 log z1 log z2

z1
(2) log log z1 log z2
z2
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But
Log z1 z2 Log z1 Log z2
z1
Log Log z1 Log z2
z
2
n
Log z n Log z
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Ex (1) Let z1 1, z2 1
z1= -1+i0

z1

z1 z 2
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Log z1 ln z1 i Arg z1
Log 1 ln 1 i Arg z1
0 i
Log z1 Logz2 2 i
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But

z1.z2 1

Log z1 z2 ln z1 z2 i Arg z1 z2
0 i. 0 0

Thus
Log z1 z2 Log z1 Log z2
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Q.3(b) p. 97 Log 1 i 2 Log 1 i

2

LHS Log 1 i

Log 1 i 2 i
2

Log 2 i

ln 2i iArg 2i
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ln 2 i
2
ln 2 i

2
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RHS 2 Log 1 i

2ln 1 i i Arg 1 i

2ln 2 i
4

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1
3
2[ ln 2 i
]
2
4
3
ln 2 i
2
LHS RHS
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Q.4 p.97 : Show that

(a) log i 2 log i, when

log z ln r i ,
2

9
r z 0,
4
4
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b log i

2 log i,

when

log z ln r i ,
r z 0,
3
11

4
4
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(1) Let z 0 be a complex no., and

c

c is any complex no.Then z is defined

as z e
c

c log z

If log z is replacedby Log z, then

z e
c

c Logz
c

is called the principal value of z .

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Q.2 a p.104 : Show that i is real and

find its principal value.
i

Soln : i e
i

i logi

logi ln i i arg i
1

0 i 2n 2n i
2
2

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 i e
i

2 n
2

, which is real,
i

Principal value of i is

(n 0).
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b Find P.V. of

-i

i .

Solution :
i

i e
e

i logi

2 n
2

i 2 n i
2

, n 0, 1, 2,..
i

Principal value of i e

2
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(c) Write log( Log i) in terms of a ib

We have Log i i
2

log Log i log i ln i i arg i
2
2
2

ln 2 i 2n
2

Principal value of

Log Log i is ln 2 i

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Q. Find the principal value of 1 i

1i

Solution: 1 i e
1i

1i log1i

-i

- / 4
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10
2
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