BITS Pilani

Pilani Campus

MATH F112 (Mathematics-II)

Complex Analysis

Lecture 23-24
Complex Functions
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Pilani Campus

Dr Trilok Mathur,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Mathematics

 Function of a complex variable

Let S be a set complex numbers. A function f defined
on S is a rule that assigns to each z in S a complex
number w.
Complex
numbers

S
The domain of definition of f

Complex
numbers

w
S
The range of f
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Suppose that w = u + iv is the value of a function f at

z = x + iy, so that u iv f ( x iy)
Thus each of real number u and v depends on the real
variables x and y, meaning that

f ( z) u( x, y) iv( x, y)
Similarly if the polar coordinates r and , instead of x
and y, are used, we get

f ( z) u(r, ) iv(r, )
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 Properties of a real-valued function of a real variable

are often exhibited by the graph of the function. But
when w = f(z), where z and w are complex, no such
convenient graphical representation is available
because each of the numbers z and w is located in a
plane rather than a line.

We can display some information about the function

by indicating pairs of corresponding points z = (x, y)
and w = (u, v). To do this, it is usually easiest to draw
the z and w planes separately.

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w = f(z)

domain of
definition

z-plane

range

w-plane
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 Example:
If f (z) = z2, then
case #1: z x iy

When v = 0,
f is a real-valued
function.

f ( z) ( x iy)2 x2 y 2 i 2 xy
u( x, y) x 2 y 2 ; v( x, y) 2 xy

case #2: z rei

f ( z) (rei )2 r 2ei 2 r 2 cos 2 ir 2 sin 2
u(r, ) r 2 cos 2 ; v(r, ) r 2 sin 2
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 Example:
A real-valued function is used to illustrate some
important concepts later in this chapter is
f ( z ) | z |2 x2 y 2 i0

Polynomial function:
P( z ) a0 a1 z a2 z 2 ... an z n

where n is zero or a positive integer and a0, a1, an

are complex constants, an is not 0;
The domain of definition is the entire z-plane
Rational function:
the quotients P(z)/Q(z) of polynomials
The domain of definition is Q(z)0

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Suppose the function f is defined in some neighborhood

of z0, except possibly at z0 itself. Then f is said to
possess a limit at z0, written

lim f ( z ) w0

z z0

if for given 0, a 0 such that

f ( z )-w0 whenever 0 z-z0
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meaning the point w = f (z) can be made arbitrarily

chose to w0 if we choose the point z close enough to z0
but distinct from it.

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Thm 1

Let f ( z ) u ( x, y) iv ( x, y),
z0 x0 iy 0 , w0 u0 iv0 ,
Then lim f ( z ) w0
z z0

(i )
(ii )

lim

u ( x,y ) u0

lim

v( x,y ) v0

( x , y ) ( x0 , y 0 )
( x , y ) ( x0 , y 0 )

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Thm 2

Let

lim f ( z ) w0 ,

z z0

lim F(z) W0 . Then

z z0

(i) lim [ f ( z ) F ( z )] w0 W0 .
z z0

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(ii ) lim [ f ( z ) F ( z )] w0 W0 .
z z0

f ( z ) w0
(iii ) lim

,
if
W

0
.
0

z z0
F ( z ) W0
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 Example
Show that f ( z ) iz / 2 in the open disk | z | < 1, then
i
lim f ( z )
z 1
2
Proof:
i
iz i | i || z 1| | z 1|
| f ( z ) || |

2
2 2
2
2

0, 2 , s.t.
when 0 | z 1| ( 2 )
| z 1|
i
0
| f ( z ) |
2
2

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 Example
z
f ( z ) does not exist.
If f ( z ) then the limit lim
z 0
z

x i0
1
z ( x,0) lim
x 0 x i 0

0 iy
z (0, y) lim
1
y 0 0 iy

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The point at infinity is denoted by

, and the complex plane together
with the point at infinity is called
the Extended complex Plane.
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Riemann Sphere & Stereographic Projection

N: The North pole

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 The -Neighborhood of Infinity

When the radius R is large enough

i.e. for each small positive number 0

R1

R2

1
R

The region of |z| > R =1 is

called the -Neighborhood
of Infinity()
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1
1. lim f ( z ) lim
0.
z z0
z z0 f ( z )

1
2. lim f ( z ) w0 lim f w0
z
z 0
z
1
3. lim f ( z ) lim
0
z
z 0
1
f
z
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1) lim f ( z ) for each 0,

z z0

a 0 such that
1
f ( z ) whenever 0 z-z0

1
i.e.
0 whenever 0 z-z0
f ( z)
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Thus,
1
lim f ( z ) lim
0.
z z0
z z0 f ( z )

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A function f is continuous at a point z0 if

lim f ( z ) f ( z0 )
z z0

meaning that
1. the function f has a limit at point z0 and
2. the limit is equal to the value of f (z0)
For a given positive number , there exists a positive
number , s.t.
When
| z z0 | | f ( z ) f ( z0 ) |
0 | z z0 | ?
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The function f(z) is said to be

continuous in a region R if it is
continuous at all points of the

region R.
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Theorem 1.
A composition of two continuous functions is itself
continuous.
Theorem 2.
If f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), then f (z) is continuous iff
Re(f (z)) = u(x, y) and Im(f (z)) = v(x, y)
are continuous functions.

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Theorem 3. If f ( z ) and g ( z ) are continuous, then

(a) f ( z ) g ( z )
(b) f ( z ) g ( z )
f ( z)
(c)
, g ( z) 0
g ( z)
are all continuous.

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Theorem 4.
If a function f (z) is continuous and nonzero at a point z0,
then f (z) 0 throughout some neighborhood of that point.
Proof

lim f ( z ) f ( z0 ) 0

z z0

Why?

| f ( z0 ) |

0, 0, s.t.
2
When | z z0 |

f(z)

f(z0)

| f ( z0 ) |
| f ( z ) f ( z0 ) |
2

If f (z) = 0, then

| f ( z0 ) |
| f ( z0 ) |
2

| f ( z0 ) |

Contradiction!

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Theorem 5.
If a function f is continuous throughout a region R that is
both closed and bounded, there exists a nonnegative
real number M such that

| f ( z ) | M

for all points z in R

where equality holds for at least one such z.

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Example: Discuss the continuity of

f (z) at z = 0 if

Re z
(i ) f ( z )
1 z
1

(ii ) f ( z ) z Re z
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Derivatives: Let f (z) be a function defined

on a set S and S contains a nbd of z0. Then
derivative of f (z) at z0, written as f ( z0 ),

is defined by the equation:

f ( z ) f ( z0 )
f ( z0 ) lim
,
(1)
z z0
z z0
provided the limit on RHS exists.

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The function f ( z ) is said to be differentiable at z0

if its derivative at z0 exists.

If z-z0 z, then (1) reduces to

f ( z0 z ) f ( z0 )
f ( z0 ) lim
z 0
z

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Problem: Differentiablity Continuity

Continuity
Differentiablity

Proof : Let f ( z ) is differentiable at z0

f ( z ) f ( z0 )
f ( z0 ) lim
z z0
z z0
Now

f ( z ) f ( z0 )

( z z0 )
lim f ( z ) f ( z0 ) lim
z z0
z z0
z z0

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 f ( z ) f ( z0 )

lim
lim ( z z0 )

z z0
z z0

z
0

f ' ( z0 ) 0 0

lim f ( z ) f ( z0 )
z z0

f ( z ) is continuous at z0
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Continuity

Differentiability

To show this consider the function

f (z) =z2 = x2 + y2 = u(x, y)+ i v(x, y)

u ( x, y ) x y , v( x, y ) 0.
2

Since u and v are continuous everywhere ,

hence f ( z ) is continuous everywhere
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For z z0 , we have
f ( z ) f ( z0 ) z z0

z z0
z z0
2

z z z0 z0

z z0

z z z z0 z z0 z0 z0 z ( z z0 ) z0 ( z z0 )

z z0
z z0
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z
z z0 .
,
z
x iy
z z0 .
x iy

z z0 z
C2
y

z z0 , alongthe path C1

z z0 , alongthe path C2

C1

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Thus, if z0 (0, 0) , then

f ( z ) f ( z0 )
lim
is not unique.
z z0
z z0
When z0 (0,0) , then
f ( z ) f ( z0 )
lim
z0 0.
z z0
z z0
f ( z ) is differentiable at the origin and
no where else.
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1.

2.
3.

d
f ( z )
f ( z)
dz
d
c 0,
dz
d
z 1,
dz
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4.

d n
n 1
z nz ,
dz

5.

d
d
cf z c f z
dz
dz
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d
f ( z) g ( z) f ( z) g ( z)
6.
dz
d
f ( z) g ( z) f ( z) g ( z) f ( z) g ( z)
7.
dz
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d f ( z ) g ( z ) f ( z ) g ( z ) f ( z )

8.
,
2
dz g ( z )
( g ( z ))
if g ( z ) 0

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Let F(z) = g(f (z)), and assume that f (z) is

differentiable at z0 & g is differentiable at
f (z0), then F(z) is differentiable at z0 and

F ( z0 ) g ( f ( z0 )) f ( z0 )

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Ex. Let w f ( z ) and W g ( w)

dW dW dw
W F ( z ), hence by Chain rule

dz
dw dz
Q 8 :(a) f ( z ) z , show that f ( z ) does not exist
at any point z.
Solution : Let z z0 , then
f ( z ) f ( z0 ) z z0
z z0

z z0
z z0
z z0
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f ( z0 z ) f ( z0 ) z x iy

z
z x iy
lim f ( z0 z ) f ( z0 )

z 0
z
1 along C1

1 along C2
f ( z ) does not exist any where

C2
y

C1

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Q.9 Let f be a function defined by

z
, z0

z
f ( z)
0,
z 0

Show that f (0) does NOT exist.

2

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Suppose that f ( z ) u ( x, y ) iv ( x, y )
and that f ( z ) exists at a point
z0 x0 iy 0

Then the first - order partial derivative s

u x ,u y ,vx and v y must exist at ( x0 , y0 )
and they satisfy the CR - equations
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Also,
f ( z0 ) can be written

as

f ' ( z0 ) u x ( x0 , y0 ) iv x ( x0 , y0 ).
Proof
Since f ( z ) is differentiable at

z0

f ( z0 z ) f ( z0 )
f ( z0 ) lim
...... (1)
z 0
z
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Note that z x iy , z0 x0 iy 0
z x iy
f ( z0 ) u ( x0 , y0 ) i v( x0 , y0 )

f ( z0 z ) u ( x0 x, y0 y)
iv ( x0 x, y0 y)
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Eq. (1) gives

f ( z0 )
lim
u ( x0 x, y0 y ) u ( x0 , y0 )

(x, y ) (0, 0)
x iy
v( x0 x, y0 y ) v( x0 , y0 )
i

x iy

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f ( z0 )
u x ( x0 y0 ) i v x ( x0 y0 ),

along C1

i u y ( x0 , y0 ) v y ( x0 , y0 ),

along C2

y
C2
C1
x
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 ux vy ,

u y v x at ( x0 , y0 ),

and f ( z0 ) u x i v x at ( x0 , y0 )
WHY ???
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Let f ( z ) u ( x,y ) i v ( x, y ) be any

function defined throughout in some
neighbourhood of the point z0 x0 iy 0
suchthat :

(i) u x , u y , vx , v y exist in that nbd. of z0 ,

(ii ) ux , u y , vx , v y are continuous at ( x0 , y0 )

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(iii ) the first order partial derivative s satisfy

the CR - equations, u x v y , u y vx at ( x0 , y0 ).

Then

f ( z) exists at z0 .

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Let f(z) u (r, ) i v(r, ) be differentiable

at any given point z0 r0 ei0 .Then the partial
derivative s ur , u , vr , v exist at ( r0 ,0 ) and they
satisfy

1
1
ur v , vr u
r
r
and
i

f ( z0 ) e ur i vr ro ,o
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Example 1: For the function

f ( z) z ,
2

find out the points where the function

is differentiable. Also find f (z )
Solution : Consider
f ( z ) z x y i 2 xy u iv
2

u( x, y) x y , v( x, y) 2 xy
2

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 u x 2 x, u y 2 y ,
v x 2 y, v y 2 x
u x v y & u y vx
(i) CR - equations are satisfiedfor all x, y
(ii) u x , u y , vx , and v y are continuous for

all x, y
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 f ( z ) z is differentiable at any point z,

and
f ( z ) u x iv x 2 x i 2 y 2 z
2

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Example 2 : For the function

f ( z) z ,
2

find out the points where the function

is differentiable. Also find f (z )

Consider f ( z ) z x y
2

u( x, y) x y & v( x, y) 0
2

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 u x 2 x, u y 2 y, vx 0, v y 0,
If CR - equations are satisfied,
then we must have
x 0 y.

f ( z ) is differentiable only at (0,0)

and no where else.Further
f (0) u x (0,0) iv x (0,0) 0
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Page 72 Q.6 : Let u & v denote the

real & imaginaryparts of the
function f defined by

,
z

0
f ( z) z
0, z 0
2

Show that CR - equations are satisfied at (0,0)

although f is NOT differentiable at (0,0).
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Q. Let f ( z ) z . Does f ( z ) exist?

Method I
We have
f ( z z )-f ( z )
f ( z ) lim
z 0
z
z z z
lim
z 0
z

z
lim
z 0 z
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x iy

lim
x , y ( 0 , 0 ) x iy
1 along the path C1

1 alongthe path C2
f ( z ) does not exist at any point.
c2

z = x + i y

c2
c1
c1
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Method - II
f ( z ) z x-iy
u x, v -y
u x 1, u y 0,
v x 0,

v y 1

Thus u x v y , u y v x

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 C.R. equationsare not satisfied

f (z ) is not differentiable at any point.

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Q 2b. Let f ( z ) e . Show that f ( z )

is differentiable and find
f ( z ) and f ( z ).

Solution

f ( z) e e

x iy

e (cos y i sin y )
x

u e cos y ,

v e sin y
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u x e cos y,
x

u y e sin y,
x

v x e sin y,
x

v y e cos y.
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Clearly
(1) u x v y & u y v x
(2)

u x , u y , vx , v y
are continuous at any
point ( x,y ).

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 f ( z ) exists and
f ( z ) u x iv x
x

e cos y i e sin y
x

e . e

iy

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To find f ( z ) :
Let F ( z ) f ( z )
x

-e cos y i e sin y
U i V (say)
-x

U -e cos y,
-x

V e sin y
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U x e cos y,
x

U y e sin y,
x

Vx e sin y,
x

V y e cos y.
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Thus,
(1) U x V y & U y Vx
(2)

U x , U y , Vx , V y are
continuous at any
point ( x, y )
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 F ( z ) exists &
F ( z ) f ( z ) U x iV x
x

e cos y i(e sin y )

x

e .e
e

iy

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A function f ( z ) is said to be analytic

at a point z0 if
(i) f ( z ) is differentiable at z0 , and
(ii ) f ( z ) is differentiable in some
neighbourhood of z0 .
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A function f ( z ) is analytic in an
open set S if f is differentiable at
each point of the set S.
Remark :
Differentiablity does not imply analyticity.
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Ex : f ( z ) z

f (z) is differentiable at origin and

no where else.

But f (z) is not analytic at the origin

as it is not differentiable in any
neighborhood of origin.
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Theorem :
If f ( z ) 0 everywhere in a domain D,
then f ( z ) is constant throughout in D.

Entire function: A function f(z) is said to

be an Entire function if f(z) is analytic

at each point in the entire finite plane.

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Example: Every polynomial is an entire

function.
Singular Point:
Let a function f (z) is, not analytic at
a point z0, but analytic at some point
in every neighbourhood of z0.
Then z0 is called a singularity of f(z).
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Examples
(1)

1
f ( z)
z

z 0 is a singularity of f ( z).

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(2)

f ( z) z

f ( z) is not analytic anywhere

f (z) has no singular point
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