Unit 2 - Size Reduction

6/19/2011
Unit 2 Size Reduction

By
Evelyn R. Laurito
Characterization of Particles
Particle Volume, Vp
Vp aD p
Particle Surface Area, Sp
S p 6bD p
Sphericity, s (Table 7.1/158MSH) a 6Vp

s
b D pSp
6/19/2011
ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

UST Faculty of Engineerg
Example 1
Calculate the sphericity of a cylinder of diameter
1 cm and height 3 cm.
s
Surface Area of a Sphere of the same Volume as the Particle

Surface Area of the Particle
Volume of particle = p rc2 h = p x 0.52 x 3 = 2.356 cm3

Radius of sphere of volume 2.356 cm3:4 p rs3 / 3 = 2.356
rs = 0.8255 cm
Surface area of sphere of same volume as the particle = 4 p rs2 = 4 x p x 0.82552
= 8.563 cm2
Surface area of particle = 2 p rc (h + rc) = 2 x p x 0.5 x (3 + 0.5) = 10.996 cm 2
Sphericity (f s) = 8.563/10.996 = 0.779
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6/19/2011
Particle Volume, Vp
Vp aD p
Particle Surface Area, Sp
S p 6bD p
Sphericity, s (Table 7.1/158MSH) a 6Vp

s
b D pSp
Total surface Area, A = NSp
6m
A
s D pp
Total Volume, V=NVp=m/p
6/19/2011

Total Volume, V=NVp=m/p
6m
s D pp
p = bulk density, Table 21-4/21-6 HB

Bulk (or apparent) density , b
is the total mass per unit of total volume.
not an intrinsic characteristic of the material
it varies with the size distribution of the particles
differs from the true density of the material due to presence of void
spaces in a bulk materials.
For a single nonporous particle, the true density equals the bulk density.
Particles of homogeneous solids have the same density as the bulk
material.
6/19/2011

True Density and Bulk Density

Material
Density, lb/cu .ft.

249
Bauxite
159
Barites, BaSO4
280
180 (crushed)
Calcite, CaCO3
169
90-96 ( crushed)
145
80 100 (crushed); 60-80 (powdered)
Gypsum, CaSO4 2H2O

Hematite, Fe2O3
306 330
Pyrite, FeS2
308 318
Halite, NaCl
131 162
Galena, PbS
460-480
Quartz, SiO2
165
Sphalerite, ZnS
255
Beans, corn, flaxseed, wheat
Coal, bituminous
80 (crushed)
150 (crushed)
80 (crushed); 45 (powdered)
100 110 (gravel)
45-48
Cottonseed, oats
25-26
84
Coke
44-52
23-34
Petroleum coke
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Bulk density, lb/cu. ft.
Alumina, Al2O3
Portland
Cement
ChE 211
Course Notes by ERLaurito
35-40
100
6/19/2011
Specific Surface of Mixture, Aw
Particle Size
Volume-surface mean diameter, Ds
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Particle Size
Arithmetic mean diameter, DN
Mass mean diameter, Dw
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Particle Size
Volume mean diameter, DV
Number of Particles in mixture, Nw
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6/19/2011
Screen Analysis of Particles Smaller
than 200 mesh
x
k
a Dp
Dp
X= wt frac retained
Dp= mean particle diameter
log x log Dp log a k log Dp
log x log a (k 1) log Dp
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10
Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

The screen analysis applies to a sample of
crushed quartz. The density of quartz(p) is
2,650 kg/m3 and shape factors are a=2 and
s = 0.571. For the material between 4 and
200 mesh, calculate:
Specific surface, mm2/g
Ds, Dv, Dw
N for particles 150/200
Screen Analysis below 200 mesh
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11

Mesh
Dp, mm
4
6
8
10
14
20
28
35
48
65
100
150
200
Pan
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4.699
3.327
2.362
1.651
1.168
0.833
0.589
0.417
0.295
0.208
0.147
0.104
0.074
Wt frac
0.0000
0.0251
0.1250
0.3207
0.2570
0.1590
0.0538
0.0210
0.0102
0.0077
0.0058
0.0041
0.0031
0.0075

12
6/19/2011

s = 0.571
p=2650 kg/m3
a=2
a)
Click Here to Show Calculations
b)
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13


s = 0.571
p=2650 kg/m3
a=2
Click Here to Show Calculations
c)
6/19/2011
14


s = 0.571
p=2650 kg/m3
a=2
d) Screen Analysis below 200 mesh

270
400
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0.0045
0.003
15
6/19/2011
Mesh Dp, mm Wt Frac,xi Dp mean
AW
xi/Dpi
6
s p
xi
Dp
4.699
0.0000
3.327
0.0251
4.013
0.006255
2.362
0.1250
2.8445
0.043944
10
1.651
0.3207
2.0065
0.159831
14
1.168
0.2570
1.4095
0.182334
20
0.833
0.1590
1.0005
0.158921
28
0.589
0.0538
0.711
0.075668
35
0.417
0.0210
0.503
0.04175
48
0.295
0.0102
0.356
0.028652
65
0.208
0.0077
0.2515
0.030616
100
0.147
0.0058
0.1775
0.032676
Dp
150
0.104
0.0041
0.1255
0.032669
Ds =1.2075 mm
200
0.074
0.0031
0.089
0.034831
Pan
0.0075
i 1
i 1
s = 0.571
p=0.002650 g/mm3
Aw =3308.6 mm2/g
DS
1
N
xi
i 1
xi
= 0.828147
Dpi
Return
1/ 3
1
DV N
xi
3
Dp
i
1
i
Mesh Dp, mm Wt frac,xi Dp mean xi/Dp3

4
4.699
0.0000
6
3.327
0.0251
4.013 0.006255
8
2.362
0.1250
2.8445 0.043944
10
1.651
0.3207
2.0065 0.159831
14
1.168
0.2570
1.4095 0.182334
20
0.833
0.1590
1.0005 0.158921
28
0.589
0.0538
0.711 0.075668
35
0.417
0.0210
0.503
48
0.295
0.0102
0.356 0.028652
65
0.208
0.0077
0.2515 0.030616
100
0.147
0.0058
0.1775 0.032676
150
0.104
0.0041
0.1255 0.032669
200
0.074
0.0031
0.089 0.034831
Pan
0.0075
Dv =0.48382 mm
0.04175
xi
Dp
i 1
NW
1
a p
i 1
xi
Dpi
a =2 p = .000265
Nw =1666/(.0031)
= 8.829557947
3
Return
Analysis below 200 mesh

last 5 pts: y = 0.8686x - 1.5959
0.0
-0.5
log xi
-1.0
R = 0.9986
last 4 pts:
y = 0.8883x - 1.5781
2
R = 0.9982
-1.5
last 3 pts:
-2.0
y = 0.9076x - 1.5598
2
R = 0.9965
-2.5
-3.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
log Dp
6/19/2011

18
6/19/2011
Analysis below 200 mesh

last 5 pts: y = 0.8686x - 1.5959
R = 0.9986
Mesh
Dp
230
0.0675
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270
0.057
325
0.048
400
0.0405
log
(Dp)[x y=log xi
xi=10^y
-1.1707
-2.61277
0.0024
-1.24413
-2.67655
0.0021
-1.31876
-2.74137
0.0018
-1.39254
-2.80546
0.0016
19

Sphericity
Material
Spheri
city,
s
Spheri
city,
s
Spheres, cubes, short cylinder (L= Dp)
1.0
Mica flakes
0.28
Berl saddles
0.30
Coal dust, natural (up to 3/8 in.)
0.65
Raschig rings (L = Dp)

L = Do , Di = 0.5 Do
L = Do , Di = 0.75 Do
0.58
0.33
Coal dust, pulverized
0.73
Sand ( average for various types)
0.75
Cork
0.69
Crushed glass
0.65
Flue dust ( fused, aggregates)
0.55
Flue dust ( fused, spherical)
0.89
Glass, crushed, jagged
0.65
*Values from Unit Operation by McCabe and Smith 6th Ed p. 158, 2001 and
R.H. Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook, 6th Ed. P.5-54, 1984
6/19/2011
Material

Sand, rounded
0.83
Sand, angular
0.73
Flint sand, jagged
0.65
Ottawa sand
0.95
Wilcox sand
0.60
Tungsten powder
0.89
20

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6/19/2011

Unit 2 Size Reduction

Particle Surface Area, Sp

Sphericity, s (Table 7.1/158MSH) a 6Vp

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Surface Area of a Sphere of the same Volume as the Particle

Volume of particle = p rc2 h = p x 0.52 x 3 = 2.356 cm3

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Particle Surface Area, Sp

Sphericity, s (Table 7.1/158MSH) a 6Vp

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

p = bulk density, Table 21-4/21-6 HB

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

True Density and Bulk Density

Density, lb/cu .ft.

80 100 (crushed); 60-80 (powdered)

Gypsum, CaSO4 2H2O

Beans, corn, flaxseed, wheat

100 110 (gravel)

Bulk density, lb/cu. ft.

UST Faculty of Engineerg

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Mass mean diameter, Dw

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Volume mean diameter, DV

Number of Particles in mixture, Nw

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

log x log Dp log a k log Dp

log x log a (k 1) log Dp

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

Click Here to Show Calculations

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Example 2, Ex 28-1/950 MSH

d) Screen Analysis below 200 mesh

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Mesh Dp, mm Wt Frac,xi Dp mean

Mesh Dp, mm Wt frac,xi Dp mean xi/Dp3

Analysis below 200 mesh

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Analysis below 200 mesh

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Spheres, cubes, short cylinder (L= Dp)

Coal dust, natural (up to 3/8 in.)

Raschig rings (L = Dp)

Coal dust, pulverized

Sand ( average for various types)

Flue dust ( fused, aggregates)

Flue dust ( fused, spherical)

Glass, crushed, jagged

ChE 211 Course Notes by ERLaurito

Flint sand, jagged

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