C Review

EE319K: Introduction to Embedded Systems

Spring 2015

Outline

Hello World!

Common Data Types

Operators

Control Statements

Functions

Macros

Pointers

Arrays

Struct

Linked List

Hello World
// test.c
#include <stdio.h>

/*
this is a block comment

*/

Output:
Hello World!

int main(){
printf("Hello World!\n");
}

Common Data Types

Integer types:

int

Floating point
types:

unsigned int

float

int16_t

double

uint16_t

Other types:

int32_t

bool

uint32_t

void

char (int8_t)

unsigned char (uint8_t)

Declaring and Defining Variables

Every variable needs a type

type variable_name;

Examples:
bool finished; // declaration
uint32_t size = 42; // declaration and definition

Rules for variable names:

Can

only consist of alphabets, digits and

underscore
Cannot start with a digit

Declaring and Defining Variables cont.

Conventions:
Use

meaningful names (but not too long)

Use average, sum, rather than x, y

Constants

are usually all caps

const double PI = 3.14;

Unlike

Java, underscore is used to break up

multiple words in variable names
int grade_average; vs. int gradeAverage;

Operators Arithmetic
Operator Description

Example

Addition

a + b

Subtraction

a b

Multiplication

a * b

Division

b / a

Modulus

b % a

++

Increment (by 1)

a++ or ++a

--

Decrement (by 1)

a-- or --a

Source: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ansi_c/c_operator_types.htm

Operators Logical (or Relational)

Operator Description
==
Equal

Example
a == b

!=

Not equal

a != b

>

Greater than

a > b

<

Less than

a < b

>=

Grater than or equal

a >= b

<=

Less than or equal

a <= b

&&

Logical AND

a && b

||

Logical OR

a || b

Logical NOT

!a

Source: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ansi_c/c_operator_types.htm

Operators Bitwise
Operator Description

Example

&

Bitwise AND

a & b

Bitwise OR

a | b

Bitwise XOR

a ^ b

~a

<<

Bitwise NOT/Ones
Compliment
Left shift

>>

Right shift

a >> 2

Source: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ansi_c/c_operator_types.htm

a << 2

Operators Assignment
Operator Description

Example

Assignment

C = A + B

+=

Add AND assignment

C += A;

// c = c + a

-=

Subtract AND
C -= A;
assignment
Multiply AND
C *= A;
assignment
Divide AND assignment C /= A

// c = c - a

*=
/=

%=

Modulus AND
assignment

Source: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ansi_c/c_operator_types.htm

C %= A

// c = c * a

Operators Assignment cont.

Operator Description

Example

<<=

Left shift AND assign C <<= 2

>>=

Right shift AND

assign
Bitwise AND assign

C >>= 2

bitwise exclusive OR
and assign
bitwise inclusive OR
and assign

C ^= 2

&=
^=
|=

Source: http://www.tutorialspoint.com/ansi_c/c_operator_types.htm

C &= 2

C |= 2

Control Statements - conditional

if statement
if (expression){
statement;
statement;

}
if else statement
if (expression){
statements;
}
else{
statements;
}

Example:

if (temperature > 99.6){

fever = true;
printf(You are having a fever!);

}
Example:
if (temperature > 90)
fever = true;
else
fever = false;

Control Statements - conditional

if else if statement

if (expression){

Example:

if (grade > 90){

statements;

printf(You got an A!);

else if (expression){

else if (grade > 80){

statements;

printf(You got an B!);

else {

else if (grade > 70){

printf(You got an C!);

Control Statements conditional cont.

Switch statement

switch(expression){ // note: expression MUST be

integer type
case some_value: statements; break;

case some_value: statements; break;

Example:
default: statements; char letter_grade;
switch (letter_grade){
case A: gpa += 4; break;
case B: gpa += 3; break;
case C: gpa += 2; break;
defuault: gpa += 0;
}

Control Statements conditional cont.

Selector
(expression)? value_if_true:value_if_false;

Generally used in assignment

Example:
int min = (a > b)? b:a;

Control Statement - looping

for loop
for(initialization; termination; increment){
statements;

}
Example:
for(int i = 0; i < 5; ++i)

printf(%d\n, i);

Output:
0
1
2
3
4

Control Statement looping cont.

while loop
while(expression){
statements;

Example:
int num = 5;
int factorial = 1;

do-while loop

do{
statements;
}while(expression);

while(num > 1){

factorial *= num;
--num;
}

Control Statement looping cont.

continue
skips the
statements below
and move on to the
next iteration

for(int x = 0; x < 10; ++x)

{
if(x==5)
continue;
printf("%d\n",x);
}

break
exits out of the
loop completely

for(int x = 0; x < 10; ++x)

{
if(x==5)
break;
printf("%d\n",x);
}

Functions

Similar to subroutines in assembly language

4 important parts: return type, function

name, argument list, and function body

Example:
int sum (int a, int b){
int c = a + b;
return c;
}

IMPORTANT: function needs to be declared

before use

Functions cont.
int main (){
int x = 2, y = 3;
int z = sum(x, y);
printf(%d\n, z);
}
int sum(int a, int b){
return a + b;
}

Compile
Error!!

Functions cont.
int sum(int a, int b);

int main (){

int x = 2, y = 3;
int z = sum(x, y);
printf(%d\n, z);
}
int sum(int a, int b){
return a + b;
}

Output:
5

Scope
// example.c

int x; // x is global
int main(){
int y = 4; // y is local

x = 0;
for(int i = 0; i < y; ++i)
// i is only defined inside the for loop

++x;
}
void foo(int a){ // a is local
int y; // this y is different from y in main
int x; // this x is different from global
}

Macros

Use #define to define a label/symbol

Example:
// example.c
#include <stdio.h>

#define SW1 0x01

int main(){

int input = data_reg & SW1;

}

Pointers

Pointers are addresses to data in memory

Pointers of any type can be declared with *

Examples:
int *p; // this is a pointer to an integer
char* name_p; // pointer of char

Two new operators:

& : address of

* : dereference

Pointers cont.
// example.c

int main(){
int x = 5;
int *p = &x; // p is address of x
*p = 14; // assign 14 to the location
pointed by p

printf(x = %d\n, x);

}

Output:
x = 14;

Arrays

Data structure that stores data sequentially in memory

FIXED LENGTH!!

type array_name[array_size];

All arrays starts with index 0

Example:
int main(){

int grades[10]; // allocates a block of memory for 10

integers
grades[0] = 95; // assign 95 to first element of grades

grades[10] = 100; // segmentation fault!

double prices[] = {1.1, 2.2, 3.3, 4.4, 5.5};

Arrays and Pointers

array_name is actually a pointer to the first

element
int x[10], *ptr;

ptr = x; // is the same thing as ptr = &x[0];

Examples of pointer arithmetic

*(ptr + 2) = 14; // x[2] = 14;

ptr++; // ptr now points to x[1];

Struct

Struct is a way to group data together

Allows user to define his/her own type

Example:
struct Student{
char name[50];
int id;
}; // make sure to end with semicolon here!
int main(){
struct Student s= {Jenny Chen, 12345};
printf(ID: %d\n, s.id );
// use . to access object member
}

Struct cont.

Pointer to struct, use -> to access elements

Example:

struct Student *s_ptr= &(Student_node){ Jenny

Chen , 12345};
printf(ID: %d\n, s_ptr->id );
// use -> to access member using a pointer

Lined List

Stores a list of data, but not in sequential order

Instead, use pointers to point to the next element

Example:
struct Student_node{
char name[50];

int id;
struct Student_node* next;
};
Jenny

Matt

Steven

12345

54321

56789