Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Paul Gregory
Regional Engineer

Course Outline
13th

20th

27th

4th

September 2012

September 2012

September 2012

October 2012

11th

October 2012

Basics
EC0, Load cases, EC1, Materials, Cover
Beams
Bending, Shear, Detailing
Columns
Axial load, Column Moments, Buckling, Fire
Slabs
Serviceability, Punching Shear, Tying systems
Foundations
Pads, Retaining Walls, Strut & tie, Piles

Basics
Lecture 1
13th September 2012

The Eurocodes

BS EN 1990 (EC0) : Basis of structural design

BS EN 1991 (EC1) : Actions on Structures

BS EN 1992 (EC2) : Design of concrete structures

BS EN 1993 (EC3) : Design of steel structures

BS EN 1994 (EC4) : Design of composite steel and concrete structures

BS EN 1995 (EC5) : Design of timber structures

BS EN 1996 (EC6) : Design of masonry structures

BS EN 1997 (EC7) : Geotechnical design

BS EN 1998 (EC8) : Design of structures for earthquake resistance

BS EN 1999 (EC9) : Design of aluminium structures

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover
Main text and annexes (which must
be as produced by CEN)

Format of the Eurocodes

Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover
Main text and annexes (which must
be as produced by CEN)
Annexes - can by normative and/or
informative

Format of the Eurocodes

National Annex (NA)

National Annex
The National Annex provides:

Values of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)

(NDPs have been allowed for reasons of safety, economy and durability)

Example: Min diameter for longitudinal steel in columns

min = 8 mm in text min = 12 mm in N.A.

The decision where main text allows alternatives

Example: Load arrangements in Cl. 5.1.3 (1) P

The choice to adopt informative annexes

Example: Annexes E and J are not used in the UK

Non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI)

Example: PD 6687 Background paper to UK National Annexes

Features of the Eurocodes

The Eurocodes contain Principles (P) which comprise:
General statements and definitions for which there is no
alternative, as well as:
Requirements and analytical models for which no
alternative is permitted
They also contain Application Rules, which are generally rules
which comply with the Principles
The Eurocodes also use a comma (,) as the decimal marker

Eurocode 0
BS EN 1990:2002

Eurocode
Basis of structural design
EN 1990 provides comprehensive information and guidance
for all the Eurocodes, on the principles and requirements for
safety and serviceability.
It gives the safety factors for actions and combinations of
actions for the verification of both ultimate and
serviceability limit states.

eg EC0 - Ultimate load can be 1.25 Gk + 1.5 Qk

Limit State Design

Limit states are conditions beyond which some design criterion is
violated.
Generally the structure shall be verified at:
Ultimate Limit State:
Any condition that concerns the safety of people or structure
Serviceability Limit State:
Corresponds to conditions in use of the structure. The limit state
could be related to cracking, deformation or vibration.

Limit State Design

Ultimate Limit State:
Loss of equilibrium

(EQU)

Ed,dst Ed,stb
Internal failure or excessive structural deformation

(STR)

Ed Rd
Failure or excessive deformation of ground

(GEO)

Failure caused by time dependent effects such as fatigue

(FAT)

Verification by Partial Safety

Factor Method
Principle: When using the partial factor method, it shall
be verified that, in all relevant design
situations, no relevant limit state is exceeded
when design values for actions or effects of
actions and resistances are used in the design
models.
e.g. Ed Rd
Ed is the design value of the effect of actions.
Rd is the design value of the corresponding
resistance.

Design Value of Action

Fd
Where:

f Frep

Frep = representative value of action

= Fk

And:

= partial factor for actions

See NA to BS EN 1990: Table NA.A1.2
converts the characteristic value of action
to the representative value.

Compare to
Fd = f F k

BS8110

Representative Values
Each variable action may take one of four representative values,
the main one being the characteristic value.
Other representative values are obtained by the application of
factors
can take one of four values, namely, 1.00 or 0 or 1 or 2.
= 1.00 when only one variable action is present in a combination.
0Qk is the combination value of a variable action.
1Qk is the frequent value.
2Qk is the quasi-permanent value.

Representative Values

Ref: Gulvanessian, H ICE Proceedings, Civil Engineering 144 November 2001 pp.8-13

Combination of Actions
For each critical load case design values of the effects of actions are
determined by combining the effects of actions that are considered to
act simultaneously
Either
G, jGk,j

+ Q,1 Qk,1

+ Q,i0,iQk,i

Exp. (6.10)

Or (for STR and GEO) the more adverse of

G, jGk,j

+ Q,1 0,1Qk,1 + Q,i0,iQk,i

Exp. (6.10 a)

or
G, jGk,j + Q,1Qk,1

+ Q,i0,iQk,i

The value for for the UK is 0.925

Exp. (6.10 b)

Example: ULS Combination of

Actions for the STR Limit State
Perm. action

+ leading variable action + accompanying action

Dead

+ live (Office)

G, jGk,j + Q,1 Qk,1 + Q,I0,IQk,I

+ wind

Exp. (6.10)

or the more adverse of

G, jGk,j + Q,1 0,1Qk,1 + Q,I0,IQk,I

Exp. (6.10 a)

or
G, jGk,j + Q,1Qk,1 + Q,I0,IQk,I

Exp. (6.10 b)

UK Values of Factor
Table NA.A1.1 UK National Annex of BS EN 1990

Action
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential
Category B : office areas
Category C : congregation areas
Category D : shopping areas
Category E : storage areas
Category F : traffic area, < 30kN
Category G : traffic area, 30 160 kN
Category H : roofs
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l.
Wind loads on buildings

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5

0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.5
0
0.2
0.2

0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.3
0
0
0

Example: ULS Combination of

Actions for the STR Limit State
Partial Factors for Actions (ULS)
G = 1.35

(NA 2.2.3.2 and Table NA.A1.2)

Q = 1.5

(NA 2.2.3.2 and Table NA.A1.2)

Relevant factors
0 office areas = 0.7
0 wind = 0.5

(Table NA.A1.1)
(Table NA.A1.1)

Example: ULS Combination of

Actions for the STR Limit State
1.35 Gk

1.5 Qk,1

+ 0.75Qk,w

Exp. (6.10)

Or the more adverse of

1.35Gk

1.05 Qk,1

+ 0.75Qk,w

1.5

+ 0.75Qk,w

Exp. (6.10 a)

or
1.25Gk

Qk,1

Exp. (6.10 b)

Eurocode ULS (GEO/STR)

Design values of actions, ultimate limit state persistent and transient design situations (Table A1.2(B)
Eurocode)
Combtion
expression
reference

Unfavourable

Favourable

Leading
variable
action

Eqn (6.10)

G,j,sup Gk,j,sup

G,j,inf Gk,j,inf

Q,1 Qk,1

Eqn (6.10a)

G,j,sup Gk,j,sup

G,j,inf Gk,j,inf

Eqn (6.10b)

G,j,supGk,j,sup

G,j,inf Gk,j,inf

Q,1 Qk,1

Q,i 0,i Qk,i

Eqn (6.10)

1.35 Gk

1.0 Gk

1.5 Qk,1

1.5 0,i Qk,i

Eqn (6.10a)

1.35 Gk

1.0 Gk

Eqn (6.10b)

0.925x1.35Gk

1.0 Gk

Permanent actions

Accompanying variable actions

Main(if any)

Q,i 0,i Qk,i

Q,10,1Qk,1

1.5 0,1 Qk
1.5 Qk,1

Others

Q,i 0,i Qk,i

1.5 0,i Qk,i

1.5 0,i Qk,i

Factor, F (Ultimate load = F x Gk)

Eqn (6.10), (6.10a) or (6.10b)?

3.0

Eqn (6.10)
Eqn (6.10a)
Eqn (6.10b)

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0
1

Ratio Gk/Qk

4.5

Eurocode ULS (EQU)

Design values of actions, ultimate limit state persistent and transient design situations (Table A1.2(A)
Eurocode)
Combtion
expression
reference

Permanent actions
Unfavourable

Favourable

Leading
variable
action

Accompanying variable actions

Eqn (6.10)

G,j,sup Gk,j,sup

G,j,inf Gk,j,inf

Q,1 Qk,1

Q,i 0,i Qk,i

Eqn (6.10)

1.10 Gk

0.9 Gk

1.5 Qk,1

1.5 0,i Qk,i

Main(if any)

Others

Note - alternative method may be used when both EQU and STR should
both be checked. See note below this table A1.2(A)

Serviceability Limit State

BS EN 1990 (6.5.3)
Partial Factors for Actions (SLS)
G = 1.00
Q = 1.00

0 - combination value
1- frequent value.
2- quasi-permanent value.

Combinations of Actions (SLS)

Characteristic combination
(typically irreversible limit states)
Frequent combination
(typically reversible limit states)

Gk,j + Qk,1 + 0,IQk,I

Gk,j + 1,1Qk,1 + 2,IQk,I

Quasi permanent combination

Gk,j + 2,IQk,I
(typically long term effects and appearance of the structure)

Geotechnical design EC7

The UK National Annex refers only to Design Approach 1. Two
combinations of partial load and partial soil factors need consideration.
Partial material factor, m

Partial load factor

Gk

Qk

tan

cu

Combination 1

1.35

1.5

1.0

1.0

1.0

Combination 2

1.0

1.3

1.25

1.25

1.4

Note: where variable action is favourable Q = 0

angle of shearing resistance (in terms of effective stress)
c cohesion intercept (in terms of effective stress)
cu undrained shear strength

Normally Combination 2 will be critical for sizing the foundation

The loads from Combination 1 should be used to design the concrete section

Load Arrangements
(BS EN 1992, Cl 5.1.3)

EC2

Concise: 5.4.2

Load Cases
EC2 clause 2.4.3 Combinations of actions:

Additional information is in PD 6687-1:2010

See clause 2.9 Simplified load combinations
[BS EN 1992-1-1:2004, 5.1.3 (1)P]

EC2: Load cases & combinations

EC2: Cl 5.1.3 gives one option:

Concise: 5.4.2

UK NA: Arrangement of Actions

NA gives additional options:

Concise: 5.4.2

Alternate spans loaded

1.5 Qk

1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk

All spans loaded

1.5 Qk
1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk

Load Arrangement Exercise

1. Overhanging cantilever beam. Illustrate the load combinations that
should be considered in the design :
a) for equilibrium (EQU) (BS EN 1990, Table A1.2(A) & UK NA)
b) for structural strength (STR) (BS EN 1990, Exp (6.10) & UK NA)

2. Continuous single-way slab. Using the Single load combination

for a three span slab in an office building calculate the value of
ULS total loading (kN/m2) using Exps (6.10), (6.10a) and (6.10b)
(see BS EN 1990 Table A1.2(B) & UK NA).
Which of these expressions will lead to the most economic
design?
Gk = 6 kN/m2, Qk = 4kN/m2

5m

5m

5m

Load Arrangement Exercise

EQU
STR
STR

a
6.10

6.10a

6.10b

5m

5m

5m

Load Arrangement Exercise

Solution (1)
1. Overhanging cantilever beam
a) Combination for equilibrium (EQU)
BS EN 1990 Table A.1.2 (A) & UK NA
1.5Qk

0.9Gk

1.1Gk

b) Combination for structural strength (STR) BS EN 1990 Table A.1.2 (B) & UK NA
and BS EN 1992-1-1, Cl 5.1.3 & UK NA
1.5Qk

1.35Gk

1.35Gk

1.5Qk
1.35Gk

1.35Gk

Load Arrangement Exercise

Solution (2)
2. Continuous single-way slab
(using BS EN 1990 and UK NA and BS 1992-1-2 Cl 5.1.3 & UK NA)

5m

5m

5m

a) Value using Combination from BS EN 1990 Expression (6.10)

G Gk + Q Qk
1.35 x 6 + 1.5 x 4 = 14.1 kN/m2
b1) Value using Combination from BS EN 1990 Expression (6.10a)
and UK National Annex
G Gk + Q 0Qk
1.35 x 6 + 1.5 x 0.7 x 4 = 12.3 kN/m2
b2) Value using Combination from BS EN 1990 Expression (6.10b)
and UK National Annex
G Gk + Q Qk
1.35 x 0.925 x 6 + 1.5 x 4 = 13.5 kN/m2
Expression (6.10b) gives the most economic design

Cantilever
0.9 Gk

1.5 Qk
1.1 Gk

EQU
1.5 Qk

1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk

STR/GEO - 1
1.5 Qk

1.0 Gk

STR/GEO - 2
1.5 Qk

STR/GEO - 3
1.5 Qk

STR/GEO - 3

1.35 Gk or
1.25 Gk
1.0 Gk

Frame

see note in BS EN 1990 Table A.1.2 (A) & UK NA

Qk,S
Gk,1
Qk,1

Qk,W Gk,N Qk, N Qk,SN

Gk,2

Qk,2

Gk,2

0 = 0.7 for Qk,2

0 = 0.7 for Qk,1
0 = 0.5 for Qk,W
0 = 0.7 for Qk,S

Qk,2

Gk,2

Qk,2
A
Check EQU for uplift at A

Wind as leading
variable action
Wind as
accompanying
variable action

1.35 Gk,N + 1.5 Qk,W + 1.5 x 0.7 Qk,N + 1.5 x 0.7 Qk,SN - 1.15 Gk,1 - 1.15 Gk,2
1.35 Gk,N + 1.5 Qk,N + 1.5 x 0.5 Qk,W + 1.5 x 0.7 Qk,SN - 1.15 Gk,1 - 1.15 Gk,2

EC1 Loads/Actions
BS EN 1991

Eurocode 1
Eurocode 1 has ten parts:
1991-1-1

Densities, self-weight and imposed loads

1991-1-2

Actions on structures exposed to fire

1991-1-3

Snow loads

1991-1-4

Wind actions

1991-1-5

Thermal actions

1991-1-6

Actions during execution

1991-1-7

Accidental actions due to impact and explosions

1991-2

Traffic loads on bridges

1991-3

Actions induced by cranes and machinery

1991-4

Actions in silos and tanks

Eurocode 1
Eurocode 1 Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads

Bulk density of mass concrete is 24 kN/m3

Bulk density of reinforced concrete is 25 kN/m3

This represents 1.84% reinforcement

Add 1 kN/m3 for wet concrete

The UK NA uses the same loads as BS 6399

Plant loading not given

Eurocode 1 UK NA - Extracts
Category

Example Use

qk (kN/m2)

Qk (kN)

Char. value of Char. value

udl
of pt load
A1

All uses within self-contained dwelling units

1.5

2.0

A2

Bedrooms and dormitories

1.5

2.0

A3

Bedrooms in hotels and motels, hospital wards and toilets

2.0

2.0

A5

Balconies in single family dwelling units

2.5

2.0

A7

Balconies in hotels and motels

4.0 min

2.0

B1

Offices for general use

2.5

2.7

C5

Assembly area without fixed seating, concert halls, bars, places of

worship

5.0

3.6

D1/2

Shopping areas

4.0

3.6

E12

General storage

2.4 per m ht

7.0

E17

Dense mobile stacking in warehouses

4.8 per m ht (min

15.0)

7.0

Gross vehicle weight 30 kN

2.5

10.0

BS EN 1991 1-3 (NA)

Snow loads

BS EN 1991 1-4 (NA)

Wind speeds
vb,map

Eurocode 2
BS EN 1992
Design of concrete structures

Eurocode 2: Concrete Structures

BS EN 1992

BS EN 1992-1-1: General Rules and Rules For Buildings

BS EN 1992-1-2: Fire Resistance of Concrete Structures
BS EN 1992-2:

Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete

Bridges

BS EN 1992-3:

Liquid Retaining Structures

Eurocode 2 Contents
BS EN 1992-1-1: General Rules and Rules For Buildings
1.

General

2.

Basis of design

3.

Materials

4.

Durability and cover to reinforcement

5.

Structural analysis

6.

Ultimate limit state

7.

Serviceability limit state

8.

Detailing of reinforcement and pre-stressing tendons General

9.

Detailing of member and particular rules

10. Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures

11. Lightweight aggregated concrete structures
12. Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures

Eurocode 2 - Annexes
BS EN 1992-1-1: General Rules and Rules For Buildings
A. (Informative) Modification of partial factors for materials
B. (Informative) Creep and shrinkage strain
C. (Normative)

Reinforcement properties

D. (Informative) Detailed calculation method for pre-stressing steel

relaxation losses
E. (Informative) Indicative Strength Classes for durability Use BS8500
F. (Informative) Reinforcement expressions for in-plane stress
conditions
G. (Informative) Soil structure interaction
H. (Informative) Global second order effects in structures
I. (Informative) Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls
J. (Informative) Examples of regions with discontinuity in geometry
or action (Detailing rules for particular situations)
Alternative J in PD 6687

BS8110 vs EC2
Differences 1
EC2:

1.

Laid out to give advice on phenomena rather than by member type as in

BS8110

2.

Derived design formulae not included in code (contained in Noncontradictory complimentary information NCCI)

3.

Design based on cylinder strength rather than cube strength

4.

Higher strength concrete up to C90/105,

5.

Applicable for ribbed reinforcement fy 400MPa 600MPa (Info on plain

and mild steel given in PD 6687)

6.

Reinforcement partial factor for material m = 1.15 but fy to BS4449

500MPa effect negligible

7.

Effects of geometric imperfections (notional horizontal loads) considered

in addition to lateral loads

BS8110 vs EC2
Differences -2
EC2:
8.

Cover related to requirements for durability, fire and bond also subject
to allowance for deviations due to variations in execution

9.

Variable strut inclination method for shear

10.

Punching shear checks at 2d from support

11.

Rules for determining anchorage and lap lengths.

12.

Serviceability checks

13.

Decimal point replaced by comma

14.

Units of stress MPa

15.

1/1000 expressed as

16.

Axes changed from x, y to y, z

Eurocode 2
Materials

Concrete properties
(Table 3.1)
fck (MPa)
fck,cube
(MPa)
fcm
(MPa)
fctm
(MPa)
fctk,0,05
(MPa)
fctk,0,95
(MPa)
Ecm
(Gpa)
c1 ()
cu1 ()
c2 ()
cu2 ()
n
c3 ()
cu3 ()

12
15

16
20

20
25

25
30

Strength classes for concrete

30
35
40
45
50
55
37
45
50
55
60
67

20

24

28

33

38

43

48

53

58

63

68

78

88

98

1,6

1,9

2,2

2,6

2,9

3,2

3,5

3,8

4,1

4,2

4,4

4,6

4,8

5,0

11

1,3

1,5

1,8

2,0

2,2

2,5

2,7

2,9

3,0

3,1

3,2

3,4

3,5

2,0

2,5

2,9

3,3

3,8

4,2

4,6

4,9

5,3

5,5

5,7

6,0

6,3

6,6

27

29

30

31

32

34

35

36

37

38

39

41

42

44

1,8

1,9

2,0

2,1

2,2
3,5
2,0
3,5
2,0
1,75
3,5

2,25

2,3

2,4

2,45

2,5
3,2
2,2
3,1
1,75
1,8
3,1

2,6
3,0
2,3
2,9
1,6
1,9
2,9

2,7
2,8
2,4
2,7
1,45
2,0
2,7

2,8
2,8
2,5
2,6
1,4
2,2
2,6

2,8
2,8
2,6
2,6
1,4
2,3
2,6

fcm = fck+ 8(MPa)

fctm = 0.30 fck
C50/60
= 2.12 In(1+(fcm/10)) > C50/60

70
85

80
95

90
105

fctk;0,05 = 0,7fctm
5% fractile

(2/3)

60
75

fctk;0,95 = 1,3fctm
95% fractile

Ecm = 22[(fcm)/10]0,3
(fcm in MPa)

Design Strength Values

(3.1.6)
Design compressive strength, fcd
fcd = cc fck /c
Design tensile strength, fctd
fctd = ct fctk,0.05 /c
cc (= 0.85 (flexure) and 1,0 (shear)) and ct (= 1,0) are
coefficients to take account of long term effects on the
compressive and tensile strengths and of unfavourable
effects resulting from the way the load is applied

Elastic Deformation
(3.1.3)
Values given in EC2 are indicative and vary according to
type of aggregate.
Ecm(t) = (fcm(t)/fcm)0,3Ecm
Tangent modulus, Ec , may be taken as 1,05 Ecm
Poissons ratio
for uncracked concrete = 0,2
for cracked concrete = 0
Linear coef. of thermal expansion = 10 x 10-6 K-1

Creep
(3.1.4)
Inside conditions RH = 50%
Example: 300 thick slab, loading at 30 days, C30/37 - = 1,8

t0

1
2

3
5

C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
C55/67
C60/75
C70/85
C80/95
C90/105

10
20
30
50
100
7,0

6,0

(t 0)

5,0

4,0

3,0

2,0

1,0

100

300

500

700

900

1100 1300 1500

h 0 (mm)

h0 = 2Ac/u where Ac is the cross-section area and

u is perimeter of the member in contact with the atmosphere

Shrinkage
(3.1.4)
Shrinkage Strain, cs, is composed of two components:
Drying Shrinkage Strain, cd, develops slowly
Autogenous Shrinkage Strain, ca, develops during the hardening of the
concrete.

Drying shrinkage, cd
cd(t) = ds(t,ts)kh cd,0
Autogenous shrinkage, ca
ca(t) = as(t)ca()

(EC2, Exp (3.9)

(EC2, Exp (3.11)

Annex B
Creep and Shrinkage
Creep
0 is the notional creep coefficient (in Figure 3.1 the notation
used is (,t0))
(t,t0) is the creep at any time, t after time of loading, t0

Shrinkage
cd,0 is the basic drying shrinkage strain
cd,(t) = ds(t,ts)kh cd,0 (Section 3)

Concrete Stress Blocks

(3.1.5 and 3.1.7)
For section analysis

For structural analysis

Schematic

Parabola-rectangle

fcm

fck

fck

fcd

fcd

Bi-linear

0,4 fcm
tan

= E cm

c1

cu1

c1 () 0,7 fcm0,31
cu1 () =
2,8 + 27[(98-fcm)/100]4 fcm)/100]4
for fck 50 MPa otherwise 3.5

c2

c fcd 1

c fcd for

cu2

c
1
for 0 c c2
c2

c2 c cu2
n

n = 1,4 + 23,4 [(90- fck)/100]4

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 2,0

c2 () = 2,0 + 0,085(fck-50)0,53
for fck 50 MPa otherwise 2,0

cu2 () = 2,6 + 35 [(90-fck)/100]4

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 3,5

c3

cu3

c3 () = 1,75 + 0,55 [(fck-50)/40]

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 1,75

cu3 () =2,6+35[(90-fck)/100]4

for fck 50 MPa otherwise 3,5

Rectangular Concrete Stress

Block (3.1.7, figure 3.5)
cu3
Ac

fcd
Fc

x
d

As

Fs

s
= 0,8 for fck 50 MPa
0,8

= 1,0

(f ck 50 )
400

for 50 < fck 90 MPa

for fck 50 MPa

= 1,0 (fck 50)/200 for 50 < fck 90 MPa

Confined Concrete
(3.1.9)
c

1 = fck,c

fck,c
fck
fcd,c
A

3 ( = 2)
cu c2,c

0
fck,c = fck (1.000 + 5.0 2/fck)
2 0.05fck

for

= fck (1.125 + 2.50 2/fck) for 2 > 0.05fck

c2,c = c2 (fck,c/fck)2

cu2,c = cu2 + 0,2 2/fck

cu2,c c

Reinforcement (1)
(3.2.1 and 3.2.2)
EC2 does not cover the use of plain reinforcement
Principles and Rules are given for deformed bars,
decoiled rods, welded fabric and lattice girders.
EN 10080 provides the performance characteristics and
testing methods but does not specify the material
properties. These are given in Annex C of EC2

Reinforcement (2) From

Annex C
Product form

Class
Characteristic yield
strength fyk or f0,2k (MPa)

Bars and de-coiled rods

cold worked

Wire Fabrics

400 to 600
hot rolled

seismic

k = (ft/fy)k

1,05

1,08

1,15
<1,35

1,05

1,08

1,15
<1,35

Characteristic strain at
maximum force, uk (%)

2,5

5,0

7,5

2,5

5,0

7,5

Fatigue stress range

(N = 2 x 106) (MPa) with
an upper limit of 0.6fyk

150

100

The UK has chosen a maximum value of characteristic yield strength, fyk, = 600
MPa, but 500 MPa is the value assumed in BS 4449 and 4483 for normal supply.

Reinforcement (3)
(3.2.4, figure 3.7)

ft = kfykt

ft = kf0.2k
f0.2k

fyk

uk

Hot rolled steel

0.2%

uk
Cold worked steel

The design value for Es may be assumed to be 200 GPa

Reinforcement (4) Design

Stress/Strain Curve (3.2.7,
Figure 3.8)

Alternative design stress/strain relationships are permitted:

- inclined top branch with a limit to the ultimate strain horizontal
- horizontal top branch with no strain limit

Idealised

kfyk

kfyk/s

fyk
fyd = fyk/s
Design

k = (ft/fy)k

ud= 0.9 uk
fyd/Es

ud uk

Prestressing Steel (1)

(3.3.1 and 3.3.2)
Unlike EN 10080 the harmonised standard for prestressing steel,
EN10138, provides all the mechanical properties. The reason given
is that there are only a few types of prestressing steel and they
can all be included within the Standard.
Adequate ductility is assumed if fpk/fp0,1k 1.1
the mean density of prestressing tendons may be taken as 7850
kg/m3
Prestressing steel losses are defined for:
Class 1: wire or strand ordinary relaxation
Class 2: wire or strand low relaxation
Class 3: hot rolled and processed bars

Pre-stressing Strands Commonly

Used in the UK
Strand
type

Steel
Number

Nominal
tensile
strength
(MPa)

Nominal
diameter
(mm)

Crosssectional
area
(mm2)

Nominal
mass
(kg/m)

Characteristic
value of
maximum
force (kN)

Maximum
value of
maximum
force
(kN)

Characteristic value
of 0.1%
proof force
(kN)

12.9
Super

1.1373

1860

12.9

100

0,781

186

213

160

12.7
Super

1.1372

1860

12.7

112

0.875

209

238

180

15.7
Super

1.1375

1770

15.7

150

1.17

265

302

228

15.7
Euro

1.1373

1860

15.7

150

1.17

279

319

240

15.2
Drawn

1.1371

1820

15.2

165

1.290

300

342

258

Prestressing Devices
(3.4)

Anchorages and Couplers should be in accordance

with the relevant European Technical Approval.
External non-bonded tendons situated outside the
original section and connected to the structure by
anchorages and deviators only, should be in
accordance with the relevant European Technical
Approval.

Eurocode 2
Durability and Cover

Concrete Cover
The Nominal Cover, Cnom, the cover specified on the drawings, is
defined as:
Cnom = Cmin + Cdev

Cmin = max{Cmin,b; Cmin,dur; 10mm}

Bond

durability

Durability of Structures
Cover density and quality is achieved by:
Controlling the maximum water/cement ratio
Controlling the cement content.

but Annex E does not apply. The UK has

produced its own tables

Exposure Classes
Table 4.1 (based on EN 206-1) provides the definitions of
exposure classes for different environmental conditions.

XO no risk of corrosion or attack

XC risk of carbonation-induced corrosion
XS risk of chloride-induced corrosion (sea water)
XD - risk of chloride-induced corrosion
XF risk of freeze/thaw attack
XA (DC - BS8500) risk of chemical attack in ground

Minimum Cover for Durability,

cmin,dur
The UK National annex provides a table for cmin,dur
In EC2 this can be modified by further factors
But in the UK these are all 0
ie: Values of cdur,, cdur,st and cdur,add are taken as 0 in the
UK unless reference is made to specialist literature.
Subclause

Nationally
Determined
Parameter

Eurocode
Recommendation

UK Decision

4.4.1.2 (5)

Structural
classification and
values of
minimum cover
due to
environmental
conditions cmin,dur

Table 4.3N for structural

classification Tables 4.4N
and 4.5N for values of
cmin,dur

Use BS 8500-1:2006, Tables A.3,

A.4, A.5 and A.9 for
recommendations for concrete
quality for a particular exposure
class and cover reinforcement c.

Cmin,dur = Cover for Durability

50 year life. Taken from BS 8500

Minimum Cover for Bond, Cmin,b

For bars: Cmin,b = Bar diameter
For Post-tensioned tendons:
Circular ducts: Duct diameter
Rectangular ducts: The greater of: l
the smaller dimension or
C
half the greater dimension

minb=

For pre-tensioned tendons:

1,5 x diameter of strand or wire
2,5 x diameter of indented wire

m
l
Cminb= m

Allowance in Design for

Deviation
cdev: Allowance for deviation = 10mm
A reduction in cdev may be permitted:
quality assurance system, which includes measuring
concrete cover, 10 mm cdev 5 mm
where very accurate measurements are taken and non
conforming members are rejected (e.g. precast
elements), 10 mm cdev 0 mm
RECAP : cnom = cmin + cdev

Fire
BS EN 1992 1-2
Tabular Data
Simplified Methods
Axis Distance a is specified (not cover). This is distance
from the face to the centre of the main bar.
(Fire will be covered in Lecture 3)

Axis
Distance

Cover Example (Fire and

Durability)
What are the nominal cover and element size for a car
park slab with hour fire resistance?
Assume the max bar size in the slab is 20mm.
Assume the concrete is C28/35 with cement type IIIB
Assume design life 50 years and in-situ construction

Cover Example
BOND
EC2-1-1 Table 4.2 (4.2)

Cminb =.

DURABILITY
EC2-1-1 Table 4.1 (Table 4.1)

Durability Class.

BS8500-1:2006 Table A.4 (Table 4.2)

Cmindur =.

DEVIATION
EC2-1-1Cl. 4.4.1.3 (4.5)

Cdev =

FIRE
EC2-1-2 Table 5.8 (Table 4.7)

Min thickness hs=..

Min axis distance a=..

Nominal Cover governed by = ..mm

Cover Example
BOND
EC2-1-1 Table 4.2 (4.2)

Cminb = 20mm

DURABILITY
EC2-1-1 Table 4.1 (Table 4.1)

Durability Class = XD3

BS8500-1:2006 Table A.4 (Table 4.2)

Cmindur = 45mm

DEVIATION
EC2-1-1Cl. 4.4.1.3 (4.5)

Cdev = 10mm

FIRE
EC2-1-2 Table 5.8 (Table 4.7)

Min thickness hs= 60mm

Min axis distance a= 10mm

Nominal Cover governed by durability = 55mm

Eurocode 2
Structural Analysis

Structural Analysis
(5.1.1)
Common idealisations used:
linear elastic behaviour
linear elastic behaviour with limited redistribution
plastic behaviour
non-linear behaviour
Local analyses are required where linear strain distribution is not
valid:
In the vicinity of supports
Local to concentrated loads
In beam/column intersections
In anchorage zones
At changes in cross section

Soil/Structure Interaction
(5.1.2)
Where soil/structure interaction has a significant affect
on the structure use EN 1997-1
Simplifications (see Annex G) include:
flexible superstructure
rigid superstructure; settlements lie in a plane
foundation system or supporting ground assumed to
be rigid
Relative stiffness between the structural system and
the ground > 0.5 indicate rigid structural system

Second Order Effects

(5.1.4)
For buildings 2nd order effects may be ignored if they are
less than 10% of the corresponding 1st order effects
Two alternative methods of analysis are permitted:
Method A based on nominal stiffnesses (5.8.7)
Method B based on nominal curvature (5.8.8)

Linear Elastic Analysis

(5.4)
Linear elastic analysis may be used for both ULS and SLS

Linear elastic analysis may be carried assuming:

uncracked sections (concrete section only)
linear stress-strain relationships
mean value of the modulus of elasticity
For thermal deformation, settlement and shrinkage effects
at ULS a reduced stiffness corresponding to cracked sections
may be assumed.

Linear Elastic Analysis with

Limited Redistribution (5.5)
In continuous beams or slabs which are mainly subject to
flexure and for which the ratio of adjacent spans is
between 0,5 and 2
0,4 + (0,6 + 0,0014/cu2)xu/d
0,7 for Class B and C reinforcement
0,8 for Class A reinforcement
where is (distributed moment)/(elastic moment)
xu is the neutral axis depth after redistribution
For column design the elastic values from the frame
analysis should be used (not the redistributed values).

Redistribution Limits for Class B

& C Steel
35
30

% redist

25
20
15
10
5
0
0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

x /d
fck =70

fck =60

fck =50

0.55

0.60

Redistribution Limits for Class A

Steel
25

% redist

20
15
10
5
0
0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

x /d
fck =70

fck =60

fck =50

0.55

0.60

Idealisation of the structure

(5.3)
Beam: Span 3h otherwise it is a deep beam
Slab: Minimum panel dimension 5h
One-way spanning
Ribbed or waffle slabs need not be treated as discrete
elements provided that:
rib spacing 1500mm
rib depth below flange 4b
flange depth 1/10 clear distance between ribs or
50mm transverse ribs are provided with a clear spacing
10 h
Column: h 4b and L 3h otherwise it should be
considered as a wall

Effective Flange Width

(5.3.2.1)
beff = beff,i + bw b
Where beff,i = 0,2bi + 0,1l0 0,2l0 and beff,I bi
beff

beff,2

beff,1
bw

bw
b1

b2

b1

b2

l0, is the distance between points of zero moment.

It may be taken as:

l0 = 0,85 l1
l1

l0 =
0,15(l1 + l2 )

l0 = 0,7 l2
l2

l0 = 0,15 l2 + l3
l3

Effective Length of Beam or

Slab
(5.3.2.2)
leff = ln + a1 + a2
h
a i = min {1/2h; 1/2t }

ln

leff

ai

ln

leff
t

The design moment and reaction for monolithic support

should generally be taken as the greater of the elastic
and redistributed values ( 0,65 the full fixed moment).
Permitted reduction, MEd = FEd.supt/8

Geometric Imperfections
(5.2)
Deviations in cross-section dimensions are normally
taken into account in the material factors and should
not be included in structural analysis
Imperfections need not be considered for SLS
Out-of-plumb is represented by an inclination, l
l = 0 h m where 0 = 1/200
h = 2/l; 2/3 h 1
m = (0,5(1+1/m)
l is the height of member (m)
m is the number of vert. members

Isolated Members
(5.2)
ei

ei
N

Hi

Unbraced

l = l0 / 2

Braced

ei = i l0/2 for walls and isolated columns ei = l0/400

or
Hi = iN for unbraced members
Hi = 2iN for braced members

Hi

l = l0

Structures
(5.2)
i

Hi

Na
Nb

i /2

i
Na

Hi

i /2

Nb

Bracing System

Floor Diaphragm

Roof

Hi = i (Nb-Na)

Hi = i (Nb+Na)/2

Hi = i Na

Equivalent Frame Analysis

Annex I
lx (> ly)

ly/4 ly/4

B = lx - ly/2
ly/4
ly/4
B = ly/2

ly

A Column strip
A = ly/2

B Middle strip

Negative moments

Positive moments

Column Strip

60 - 80%

50 - 70%

Middle Strip

40 - 20%

50 - 30%

Note: Total negative and positive moments to be resisted by the column and
middle strips together should always add up to 100%.