OUTLINES

Introduction
Services offered by BSNL
Types of Exchanges
Layout of Exchanges
Refrences

INTRODUCTION:
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated BSNL) is
a state-owned telecommunications company
headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the
largest Indian cellular service providers, with over 90
million subscribers as of July 2011, and the largest land
line telephone provider in India. However, in recent years
the company's revenue and market share plunged into
heavy losses due to intense competition in Indian
telecommunications sector.
BSNL is India's oldest and largest communication service
provider (CSP). It had a customer base of 90 million as of
June 2008. It has footprints throughout India except for
the metropolitan cities of Mumbai and New Delhi, which
are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam (MTNL). As
of June 30, 2010, BSNL had a customer base of 27.45
million wireline and 72.69 million wireless subscriber.

4th largest telecommunication company in Asia & 7th

largest in the world.
Provides GSM & basic telephony service and 1st
company in India providing 3G.
More than 3 lakhs of employees , officers and
engineers are working at present.
It provides a wide communication network which is
reachable all over country.

Challenges:
During the financial year 2008-2009 (from April 1, 2008
to March 31, 2009) BSNL has added 8.1 million new
customers in various telephone services taking its
customer base to 75.9 million. BSNL's nearest
competitor Bharti Airtel is standing at a customer base of
62.3 million. However, despite impressive growth shown
by BSNL in recent times, the Fixed line customer base of
BSNL is declining. In order to woo back its fixed-line
customers BSNL has brought down long distance calling
rate under OneIndia plan, however, the success of the
scheme is not known.
Access Deficit Charges (ADC, a levy being paid by the
private operators to BSNL for provide service in nonlucrative areas especially rural areas) has been slashed
by 20% by TRAI, w.e.f. April 1, 2009.[13] The reduction in
ADC may hit the bottomlines of BSNL.
BSNL has started 3G services in 290 cities and acquired
more than 6 Lakh customers. It has planned to roll out 3G
services in 760 cities across the country in 2010-11.

BSNL - MTNL Merger Plans:

On February 23, 2011, The Department of
Telecommunications (DoT) said it wanted to revive a
proposal for the merger of state-owned operators BSNL
and MTNL. In its draft plan, the department while showing

concern over the deteriorating performance of BSNL and

MTNL said that BSNL and MTNL should be merged as they
have complimentary operations and can combine their
strengths for synergies. DoT said the government should
set up a multi-stakeholder committee to develop a
restructuring plan for both firms. The committee should
have members from public enterprises, the DoT,
department of IT and ministry of finance. However the
BSNL's staff unions are opposing this merger tooth and
nail realising that MTNL is in dire state and need help of
its big brother ,BSNL,to alleviate itself from getting into
red balance sheet.MTNL in spite of having its operations
in two big metro cities viz.New Delhi & Mumbai is
realising cascading fall in revenue and profits for the past
10 successive years.The telecommunication operators
should focus on enterprise business, services to
government and the public sector, value-added services
and technologies like 3G, the department recommend

Services Offered By BSNL:

BSNL provides almost every telecom service in India.
Following are the main telecom services provided by
BSNL:

Universal Telecom Services : Fixed wireline

services and landline in local loop (WLL) using CDMA
Technology called bfone and Tarang respectively. As
of June 30, 2010, BSNL had 75% marketshare of fixed
lines.

Cellular Mobile Telephone Services: BSNL is

major provider of Cellular Mobile Telephone services
using GSM platform under the brand name Cellone &

Excel (BSNL Mobile). As of June 30, 2010 BSNL has

13.50% share of mobile telephony in the country.

WLL-CDMA Telephone Services: BSNL's WLL

(Wireless in Local Loop)service is a service giving both
fixed line telephony & Mobile telephony.

Internet: BSNL provides Internet access services

through dial-up connection as Prepaid, (NetOne) as
Postpaid and ADSL broadband (BSNL Broadband). BSNL
held 55.76% of the market share with reported
subscriber base of 9.19 million Internet subscribers
with 7.79% of growth at the end of March 2010. Top 12
Dial-up Service providers, based on the subscriber
base, It Also Provides Online Games via Its Games on
Demand (GOD)

Intelligent Network (IN): BSNL offers value-added

services, such as Free Phone Service (FPH), India
Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling
(ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting,
Premium Rae Service (PRM), Universal Access Number
(UAN).

3G:BSNL offers the '3G' or the'3rd Generation'

services which includes facilities like video
calling,mobile broadband, live TV, 3G Video portal,
streaming services like online full length movies and
video on demand etc.

IPTV:BSNL also offers the 'Internet Protocol

Television' facility which enables watch television
through internet.

FTTH:Fibre To The Home facility that offers a higher

bandwidth for data transfer. This idea was proposed on
post-December 2009.

Helpdesk: BSNL's Helpdesk (Helpdesk) provide help

desk support to their customers for their services.

VVoIP: BSNL, along with Sai Infosystem - an

Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs)
provider - has launched Voice and Video Over Internet
Protocol (VVoIP). This will allow to make audio as well
as video calls to any landline, mobile, or IP phone
anywhere in the world, provided that the requisite
video phone equipment is available at both ends.

WiMax: BSNL has introduced India's first 4th

Generation High-Speed Wireless Broadband Access
Technology with the minimum speed of 256kbps. The
focus of this service is mainly rural customer where the
wired broadband facility is not available.

Types of Exchanges:
There are various types of exchanges like:
C-DOT
E-10B
OCB-283
Previously electro mechanically exchanges for use in
India namely Strowger type exchange, cross bar
exchange were there. These manual telephone
exchanges suffered from some disadvantages. To
overcome these an automatic exchange was introduced
in this system. In 1980s PITHROTHA LTD. Introduced CDOT exchange in India. These exchanges replaced by

electro mechanical exchange. These exchange which has

wide range of capacity replaced electro
mechanical exchange, C-DOT-128, C-DOT-256, C-DOT512, C-DOT-1024(SBM) exchange,
C-DOT-2048(MBM) exchange and so on. Besides C-DOT
exchange ILT exchange, E-10B exchange also proved of
mild stone in Telecommunication Sector to replace
electromechanical
exchanges, which were most sophisticated and modern
latest techniques electronics exchanges.
There after it was OCB-283 exchange which proved very
important exchange in this series to replace electro
mechanical exchanges.

OCB-283:

O- ORGAN
C- COMMAND OR CONTROL
B- VERSION
2- 2nd GENERATION
83- MICRO PROCESSOR UNIT
OCB-283 is digital switching system which supports a
variety of
communication needs like basic telephony, ISDN, etc.
This system has been developed by CIT ALCATEL of

France and therefore has many similarities to its

predecessor E-10B (also known as OCB-181 in France).
This system has been developed by ALKATEL of
France.
The 1st OCB-283 exchange came to India in 1993.
It supports a variety of communication needs like
basic telephony, data comm. etc.

FEATURES OF OCB-283:
It supports both analog and digital subscribers.
Provides telephony, Data comm. & other value added
services.
All accounts of subscribers are automatic saved in
the disc, which avoids the loss in case of battery or
total power failure.
The system has automatic recovery feature.

Main Divisions of OCB-283:

MDF
Switching Room
Power Plant

MDF

POWER PLANT

SWITCHING ROOM

MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME:


The function of MDF is to remove fault.
It is also known as Fault Remove
Section.

Telephone numbers are also

disconnected in the MDF because of
some Fault.
The switching equipment, common to all the subscribers
of the area is located in an exchange. To make possible
for a subscriber to communicate with remaining
subscribers, telephone of each and every subscriber must
be connected to the exchange. The function of MDF is to
provide a means for connecting side is terminated at OCB
where the switching take place. From OCB, through PCM
connected to various sections like WLL,TAX etc. A line
from the subscribers
telephone set involves :
Subscribers House wiring
Overhead wires
Cable Distribution Point
Underground cables
Exchange Main Distribution Frame
The MDF is properly earthed for the protection of the
equipment. The external pairs are area wise terminated
on the line side of the frame, while connection from the
equipment is done on the exchange side in a numerical
order. By interconnections at this frame with the help of
jumper wires, any subscriber in any
area can be given any exchange number. This MDF
mounts Delay Fuses only.

FUNCTION OF MDF :

 A fixed means of terminating the external cables.

A means for mounting the protective devices for
incoming circuits.
A convenient point of interception for locating of faults.
A means for cross connecting the external circuits to
the appropriate internal circuits.

MAKING A TELEPHONE CALL:

Subscriber picks up the handset from its cradle which
releases a hook switch and causes a dc current to
flow.
Central office monitors the loop current & interpret it
as the request for service.
It acknowledges the request for service by sending
the dial tone.
A telephone call starts when the caller lifts the handsets
of the base. Once the dial tone is heard, the caller uses a
rotary or a push button dial mounted either on the
handset or on the base to enter a sequence of digits, the
telephone number of called party. The switching
equipment from the exchange removes the dial tone from
the line after the first digit is received and after receiving
the last digit, determines the called party is in the same
exchange or a different ones. If the called is in the same
exchange, burst of ringing current is applied to the called
partys line. Each telephone contains a ringer that
responds to specific electric frequency. When the called

party answers the telephone by pocking up the handset,

steady start to flow in the called partys line and is
detected by the exchange. The exchange than stops
applying ringing and sets up the connection between the
caller and the called party. If the called party is in
different exchange from the caller, the caller exchange
set up the connection over the telephone network to the
called partys exchange. The called party then handles
the process of ringing, detecting an answer, and notifying
the calling and billing machinery when the call is
completed. When conversation is over, one or both
parties hang up by replacing their handset on the base,
stopping the flow of current. The exchange when initiates
the process of taking down the connection, including
notifying billing equipment of the duration of the call if
appropriate.

TELEPHONE NO. FORMAT:

11 2 729 XXXX
Area code/

Identifies the

STD code

telecom operator

Exchange

Subscriber no.
code

PROTECTIVE DEVICES USED IN MDF:

Fuses
Gas Discharge Tube(G.D Tube)

VDR(voltage dependent resistors)

GD TUBES ARE PRIMARY PROTECTION

DEVICE:

CABLES

MDF
GD
TUBES

GROUNDED
due to high voltage, ionization of GD tubes
takes place and the cable containing high
voltage or current is earthed.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FAULT:
LOOP FAULT:- Arise due to improper connection of wire.
EARTH FAULT:-If two wires get scrape at some places
and if these wires come in contact with tree, pillar or any
metal objects then this type of fault occurs.
DISCONNECT FAULT:-This type of fault occurs due to
the breaking of wires between the Line & Exchange side.

Switching Room:

It consists of Racks that has card fitted in it.

RACKS:
SMC: Main Control Station
SMA: Auxiliary Equipment Multiprocessor Station
SMT:

Trunk Multiprocessor Station

SMM: Maintenance Multiprocessor Station

SMT-Trunk Multiprocessors Station:

It is also known as PCM trunk control station. The smt is a
interface for PCMs coming from the particular exchange
and the remaining world.The current version of SMT being
supplied to India is SMT 2G.

SMA-Auxiliary Multiprocessor Station:

It is used in:
*Tone Generation
*Conference Call

Types Of Cards:

 For Analog Signal : TABAF, TABASE

For Digital Signal:

TABND

TABAF card is for STD subscriber.

TABASE card is for local subscriber.
TABND card is for ISD subscriber.

Exploitation Room:

 Also known as Operational and Maintenance Room

(OMR).
All the operations are done through system software
by operating different system software by operating
different commands over there.
Computers present in the room are having Software's
like DOT-SOFT.
These Computers have all the records, facilities of
subscriber.

OTDR(OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN

REFLECTOMETER:
An OTDR may be used for estimating the fiber's length
and overall attenuation & losses. It may also be used to
locate faults, such as breaks, and to measure optical
return loss.
(a)

(b)

Fig(a) shows TDR

Fig(b) shows the graph taken from TDR
From this graph we can come to know that where the fault has
been occurred in the cable at exact location.
When the graph goes down this indicate thar fault has been
occurred at from the TDR we can find the exact location(in kms)
where the fault or where the cable has been cut or broken.

Refrences:
www.wikipedia.com
www.bsnl.co.in

REPORT
On
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM
LIMITED

BY
SHWETA SINGH
EC 7TH SEM
ROLL NO:-0703031103
Department of Electronics and communication
Engineering

Inderprastha Engineering College, Sahibabad,

Ghaziabad.........201010.

Acknowledgement

Behind the completion of any successful work there lies the

contribution of not one but many individuals who may have
directly or indirectly contributed to it.
First and foremost I am grateful to the management of BHARAT
SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED, GHAZIABAD for providing me the
opportunity to undertake my Summer

Training in the

organization. I specially convey my thanks to all the staff

members for their precious guidance during our training . I Feel
privilege

to express my deep regards and gratitude to all the

Engineers and staffs of BSNL.

I am much indent to my friends whose moral support always
inspired me to come out with the best. Its great pleasure to
extend my heartfelt thanks to everybody who helped me through
the successful completion of my training The acknowledgement
would be incomplete if

I fail to express

deep sense of

my

obligation and reverence to my parents without whom this work

would not have seen the light of the day.

SHWETA SINGH