11-1
Chapter 11
REFRIGERATION CYCLES
The Reversed Carnot Cycle
11-1C Because the compression process involves the compression of a liquid-vapor mixture which
requires a compressor that will handle two phases, and the expansion process involves the expansion of
high-moisture content refrigerant.
11-2 A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The
coefficient of performance, the amount of heat absorbed from the refrigerated space, and the net work input
are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = 30qC = 303 K and TL = Tsat @ 160 kPa = -15.60qC = 257.4 K, the COP of this
Carnot refrigerator is determined from
COPR,C
1
TH / TL 1
303 K / 257.4 K 1
1
5.64
(b) From the refrigerant tables (Table A-11),
h3
h4
h g @30qC
h f @30qC
qH
h3 h4
Thus,
and
qH
qL
266.66 kJ/kg
93.58 kJ/kg
TL
qH
TH
3
30qC
266.66 93.58 173.08 kJ/kg
TH
o q L
TL
QH
160 kPa
1 QL
2
257.4 K
173.08 kJ/kg 147.03 kJ/kg
303 K
(c) The net work input is determined from
wnet
qH qL
173.08 147.03 26.05 kJ/kg
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-2
11-3E A steady-flow Carnot refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered.
The coefficient of performance, the quality at the beginning of the heat-absorption process, and the net
work input are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) Noting that TH = Tsat @ 90 psia = 72.78qF = 532.8 R and TL = Tsat @ 30 psia = 15.37qF = 475.4 R.
COPR,C
s f
1
TH / TL 1
1
8.28
532.8 R / 475.4 R 1
@ 90 psia
0.07481 0.050.14525
(b) Process 4-1 is isentropic, and thus
s1
x1
s4
x 4 s fg
0.08207 Btu/lbm R
s1 s f
s fg
@ 30 psia
0.08207 0.03793
0.18589
QH
0.2374
1
QL
(c) Remembering that on a T-s diagram the area enclosed
represents the net work, and s3 = sg @ 90 psia = 0.22006 Btu/lbmR,
wnet,in
TH
T L s 3 s 4 (72.78 15.37)0.22006 0.08207 Btu/lbm R
7.92 Btu/lbm
Ideal and Actual Vapor-Compression Cycles
11-4C Yes; the throttling process is an internally irreversible process.
11-5C To make the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle more closely approximate the actual
cycle.
11-6C No. Assuming the water is maintained at 10qC in the evaporator, the evaporator pressure will be
the saturation pressure corresponding to this pressure, which is 1.2 kPa. It is not practical to design
refrigeration or air-conditioning devices that involve such extremely low pressures.
11-7C Allowing a temperature difference of 10qC for effective heat transfer, the condensation temperature
of the refrigerant should be 25qC. The saturation pressure corresponding to 25qC is 0.67 MPa. Therefore,
the recommended pressure would be 0.7 MPa.
11-8C The area enclosed by the cyclic curve on a T-s diagram represents the net work input for the
reversed Carnot cycle, but not so for the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. This is because the
latter cycle involves an irreversible process for which the process path is not known.
11-9C The cycle that involves saturated liquid at 30qC will have a higher COP because, judging from the
T-s diagram, it will require a smaller work input for the same refrigeration capacity.
11-10C The minimum temperature that the refrigerant can be cooled to before throttling is the temperature
of the sink (the cooling medium) since heat is transferred from the refrigerant to the cooling medium.
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-3
11-11 A commercial refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The quality of
the refrigerant at the evaporator inlet, the refrigeration load, the COP of the refrigerator, and the theoretical
maximum refrigeration load for the same power input to the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From refrigerant-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)
P1
T1
P2
T2
60 kPa
h1
34qC
230.03 kJ/kg
1200 kPa
h2
65qC
T3
1200 kPa
h3
42qC
h4
h3
P3
P4
h4
295.16 kJ/kg
QH
Condenser
111.23 kJ/kg
3
x4
111.23 kJ/kg
60 kPa
Expansion
valve
Win
Compressor
0.4795
Using saturated liquid enthalpy at the given
temperature, for water we have (Table A-4)
h f @ 18qC
60 kPa
-34qC
1
Evaporator
75.47 kJ/kg
h f @ 26qC
hw2
1.2 MPa
65qC
42qC
111.23 kJ/kg
hw1
Water
18qC
26qC
QL
108.94 kJ/kg
(b) The mass flow rate of the refrigerant may be determined from an energy balance on the compressor
m R (h2 h3 )
m w (hw 2 hw1 )
m R (295.16 111.23)kJ/kg
(0.25 kg/s)(108.94 75.47)kJ/kg
o m R
0.0455 kg/s
The waste heat transferred from the refrigerant, the compressor power input, and the refrigeration load are
m R (h2 h3 )
Q H
W in
Q L
(0.0455 kg/s)(295.16 111.23)kJ/kg
m R (h2 h1 ) Q in
Q H W in
(0.0455 kg/s)(295.16 230.03)kJ/kg 0.45 kW
8.367 2.513 5.85 kW
(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its
definition
Q L
W
COP
in
8.367 kW
5.85
2.513
2.513 kW
QH
Win
2.33
3
(d) The reversible COP of the refrigerator for the
same temperature limits is
COPmax
1
TH / TL 1
1
(18 273) /(30 273) 1
5.063
QL
1
s
Then, the maximum refrigeration load becomes
Q L,max
COPmax W in
(5.063)(2.513 kW) 12.72 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-4
11-12 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, the power input to the compressor, the
rate of heat rejection to the environment, and the COP are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
P1 120 kPa h1
s
sat. vapor
1
P2
s2
0.7 MPa
s1
h2
P3 0.7 MPa
h3
sat. liquid
h4 # h3
h g @ 120 kPa
s g @ 120 kPa
236.97 kJ/kg
0.94779 kJ/kg K
273.50 kJ/kg T2
34.95qC
hf
88.82 kJ/kg throttling
and
W in
m h2 h1
QH
3 0.7 MPa
@ 0.7 MPa
Win
88.82 kJ/kg
Then the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated
space and the power input to the compressor are
determined from
Q
m h h 0.05 kg/s 236.97 88.82 kJ/kg
L
0.12 MPa
4s
QL
1
s
7.41 kW
0.05 kg/s 273.50 236.97 kJ/kg
1.83 kW
(b) The rate of heat rejection to the environment is determined from
Q H
Q L W in
7.41 1.83 9.23 kW
(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,
Q L
7.41 kW
COPR
4.06
Win 1.83 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-5
11-13 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, the power input to the compressor, the
rate of heat rejection to the environment, and the COP are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
P1 120 kPa h1
s
sat. vapor
1
P2
s2
0.9 MPa
s1
h2
P3 0.9 MPa
h3
sat. liquid
h4 # h3
h g @ 120 kPa
s g @ 120 kPa
236.97 kJ/kg
0.94779 kJ/kg K
278.93 kJ/kg T2
44.45qC
hf
101.61 kJ/kg throttling
and
W in
m h2 h1
QH
3 0.9 MPa
@ 0.9 MPa
Win
101.61 kJ/kg
Then the rate of heat removal from the
refrigerated space and the power input to the
compressor are determined from
Q
m h h 0.05 kg/s 236.97 101.61 kJ/kg
L
0.12 MPa
4s
QL
1
s
6.77 kW
0.05 kg/s 278.93 236.97 kJ/kg
2.10 kW
(b) The rate of heat rejection to the environment is determined from
Q H
Q L W in
6.77 2.10 8.87 kW
(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,
Q L
6.77 kW
COPR
3.23
Win 2.10 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-6
11-14 An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The throttling valve in the cycle is replaced by an isentropic turbine. The percentage increase
in the COP and in the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space due to this replacement are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis If the throttling valve in the previous problem is replaced by an isentropic turbine, we would have
s4s = s3 = sf @ 0.7 MPa = 0.33230 kJ/kgK, and the enthalpy at the turbine exit would be
s3 s f
0.33230 0.09275
0.2802
x4s
T
s fg
0.85503
@ 120 kPa
h4 s
h f
x 4 s h fg
@ 120 kPa
22.49 0.2802214.48 82.58 kJ/kg
m h1 h4 s 0.05 kg/s 236.97 82.58 kJ/kg
Q L
7.72 kW
COPR
4.23
W
1.83 kW
Then, Q L
and
7.72 kW
QH
Then the percentage increase in Q and COP becomes
'Q L 7.72 7.41
Increase in Q L
4.2%
7.41
Q L
'COPR
COPR
4.23 4.06
4.06
Win
0.12 MPa
in
Increase in COPR
3 0.7 MPa
4s
QL
4.2%
11-15 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] An ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with
refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The quality of the refrigerant at the end of the
throttling process, the COP, and the power input to the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
P1 140 kPa h1 h g @ 140 kPa 239.16 kJ/kg
s
sat. vapor
1 s g @ 140 kPa 0.94456 kJ/kg K
P2
s2
0.8 MPa
h2
s1
P3 0.8 MPa
sat. liquid
h3
275.37 kJ/kg
hf
QH
95.47 kJ/kg
h4 # h3 95.47 kJ/kg throttling
The quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process is
h4 h f
95.47 27.08
x4
0.322
h fg
212.08
@ 140 kPa
@ 0.8 MPa
3 0.8 MPa
Win
0.14 MPa
4
QL
(b) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,
qL
h1 h4
239.16 95.47
COPR
3.97
win h2 h1 275.37 239.16
(c) The power input to the compressor is determined from
Q L
(300 / 60)kW
W in
1.26 kW
COPR
3.97
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-7
11-16 EES Problem 11-15 is reconsidered. The effect of evaporator pressure on the COP and the power
input is to be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Input Data"
{P[1]=140 [kPa]}
{P[2] = 800 [kPa]
Fluid$='R134a'
Eta_c=1.0 "Compressor isentropic efficiency"
Q_dot_in=300/60 "[kJ/s]"}
"Compressor"
x[1]=1 "assume inlet to be saturated vapor"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[1],P=P[1]) "properties for state 1"
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[1],x=x[1])
h2s=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[2],s=s[1]) "Identifies state 2s as isentropic"
h[1]+Wcs=h2s "energy balance on isentropic compressor"
Wc=Wcs/Eta_c"definition of compressor isentropic efficiency"
h[1]+Wc=h[2] "energy balance on real compressor-assumed adiabatic"
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[2],P=P[2]) "properties for state 2"
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[2],P=P[2])
W_dot_c=m_dot*Wc
"Condenser"
P[3]=P[2] "neglect pressure drops across condenser"
T[3]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[3],P=P[3]) "properties for state 3"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[3],x=0) "properties for state 3"
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[3],x=0)
h[2]=q_out+h[3] "energy balance on condenser"
Q_dot_out=m_dot*q_out
"Valve"
h[4]=h[3] "energy balance on throttle - isenthalpic"
x[4]=quality(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4]) "properties for state 4"
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4])
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4])
"Evaporator"
P[4]=P[1] "neglect pressure drop across evaporator"
q_in + h[4]=h[1] "energy balance on evaporator"
Q_dot_in=m_dot*q_in
COP=Q_dot_in/W_dot_c "definition of COP"
COP_plot = COP
W_dot_in = W_dot_c
P1 [kPa]
100
175
250
325
400
COPplot
3.216
4.656
6.315
8.388
11.15
Win [kW]
1.554
1.074
0.7918
0.5961
0.4483
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-8
R134a
T-s diagram for K= 1.0
125
100
75
50
]
C
[
T
800 kPa
25
0
140 kPa
-25
-50
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
s [kJ/kg-K]
10 4
R134a
P-h diagram for K = 1.0
10 3
P [kPa]
31.33 C
-18.8 C
10 2
10 1
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0,8
1,0
1,2
h [kJ/kg]
125
100
R134a
T-s diagram for K = 0.6
75
50
]
C
[
T
800 kPa
25
0
140 kPa
-25
-50
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
s [kJ/kg-K]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-9
COP vs Com pressor Efficiency for R134a
4.0
3.8
3.6
3.4
COP
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
1.00
Com pressor efficiency
12
11
10
COP plot
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
P[1] [kPa]
1.6
1.4
W in
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
P[1] [kPa]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-10
11-17 A nonideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is
considered. The quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process, the COP, the power input to
the compressor, and the irreversibility rate associated with the compression process are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) The refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and
leaves the condenser as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A12 and A-13),
P1 140 kPa h1
sat . vapor s1
P2 0.8 MPa
s 2 s s1
KC
h2 s
h g @ 140 kPa 239.16 kJ/kg
s g @ 140 kPa 0.94456 kJ/kg K
h4 # h3
h3
QH
275.37 kJ/kg
h1 h2 s h1 / K C
239.16 275.37 239.16 / 0.85
281.76 kJ/kg
h2 s h1
o h2
h2 h1
P3 0.8 MPa
sat. liquid
95.47 kJ/kg throttling
@ 0.8 MPa
Win
3 0.8 MPa
0.14 MPa
4
hf
2s
QL
95.47 kJ/kg
The quality of the refrigerant at the end of the throttling process is
x4
h4 h f
h fg
@ 140 kPa
95.47 27.08
212.08
0.322
(b) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,
COPR
qL
win
h1 h4
h2 h1
239.16 95.47
281.76 239.16
3.37
(c) The power input to the compressor is determined from
Q L
5 kW
W in
1.48 kW
COPR
3.37
The exergy destruction associated with the compression process is determined from
X destroyed
T0 S gen
q
T0 m s 2 s1 surr
T0
Q L
h1 h4
5 kJ/s
239.16 95.47 kJ/kg
T m s s
0
2
1
where
m
Q L
qL
P2
0.8 MPa
h2
s2
281.76 kJ/kg
Thus,
X destroyed
0.0348 kg/s
0.96483 kJ/kg K
298 K 0.0348 kg/s 0.96483 0.94456 kJ/kg K
0.210 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-11
11-18 A refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The rate of heat removal
from the refrigerated space, the power input to the compressor, the isentropic efficiency of the compressor,
and the COP of the refrigerator are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
0.14 MPa h1
s
10qC
1
P1
T1
0.7 MPa
h2
50qC
P2
T2
P2 s
s2s
P3
T3
246.36 kJ/kg
0.97236 kJ/kg K
h4 # h3
0.65 MPa
24qC
288.53 kJ/kg
0.7 MPa
h2 s
s1
0.65 MPa
h3
24qC
hf
@ 24qC
84.98 kJ/kg throttling
and
W in
m h2 h1
2s
QH
2 0.7 MPa
50qC
Win
281.16 kJ/kg
0.15 MPa
84.98 kJ/kg
QL
0.14 MPa
-10qC
s
Then the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space and
the power input to the compressor are determined from
Q
m h h 0.12 kg/s 246.36 84.98 kJ/kg
L
19.4 kW
0.12 kg/s 288.53 246.36 kJ/kg
5.06 kW
(b) The adiabatic efficiency of the compressor is determined from
KC
h2 s h1
h2 h1
281.16 246.36
288.53 246.36
82.5%
(c) The COP of the refrigerator is determined from its definition,
Q L 19.4 kW
COPR
3.83
W in 5.06 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-12
11-19E An ice-making machine operates on the ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, using
refrigerant-134a as the working fluid. The power input to the ice machine is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis In an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle, the compression process is isentropic, the
refrigerant enters the compressor as a saturated vapor at the evaporator pressure, and leaves the condenser
as saturated liquid at the condenser pressure. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12E and A-13E),
P1 20 psia h1
sat. vapor s1
P2
s2
80 psia
s1
h2
P3 80 psia
h
sat. liquid 3
h4 # h3
h g @ 20 psia
s g @ 20 psia
102.73 Btu/lbm
0.22567 Btu/lbm R
QH
115.00 Btu/lbm
hf
3 80 psia
33.39 Btu/lbm
33.39 Btu/lbm throttling
m ice 'h ice
@ 80 psia
Win
20 psia
4
15/3600 lbm/s169 Btu/lbm
QL
1
s
The cooling load of this refrigerator is
Q L
0.7042 Btu/s
Then the mass flow rate of the refrigerant and the power input become
m R
and
W in
Q L
h1 h4
0.7042 Btu/s
102.73 33.39 Btu/lbm
m R h2 h1
0.01016 lbm/s
0.01016 lbm/s115.00 102.73 Btu/lbm
1 hp
0.7068 Btu/s
0.176 hp
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-13
11-20 A refrigerator with refrigerant-134a as the working fluid is considered. The power input to the
compressor, the rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space, and the pressure drop and the rate of heat
gain in the line between the evaporator and the compressor are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-12 and A-13),
h1
140 kPa
s
10qC 1
P1
T1
v1
P2 1.0 MPa
h2 s
s 2 s s1
P3
T3
246.36 kJ/kg
0.97236 kJ/kg K
0.14605 m 3 /kg
1 MPa
2s
QH
Win
3
@ 30 qC
93.58 kJ/kg throttling
T5 18.5qC P5
h
sat. vapor
5
0.95 MPa
30qC
289.20 kJ/kg
0.95 MPa
h3 # h f
30qC
h4 # h3
93.58 kJ/kg
0.15 MPa
4
QL
0.14165 MPa
239.33 kJ/kg
0.14 MPa
-10qC
-18.5qC
s
Then the mass flow rate of the refrigerant and the power input becomes
m
Win
V1
v1
0.3/60 m3/s
0.14605 m3/kg
m h2 s h1 /KC
m h5 h4
0.03423 kg/s
0.03423
kg/s >289.20 246.36 kJ/kg @/ 0.78 1.88 kW
0.03423 kg/s 239.33 93.58 kJ/kg
(b) The rate of heat removal from the refrigerated space is
Q L
4.99 kW
(c) The pressure drop and the heat gain in the line between the evaporator and the compressor are
'P
and
Q gain
P5 P1
141.65 140 1.65
m h1 h5
0.03423 kg/s 246.36 239.33 kJ/kg
0.241 kW
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-14
11-21 EES Problem 11-20 is reconsidered. The effects of the compressor isentropic efficiency and the
compressor inlet volume flow rate on the power input and the rate of refrigeration are to be investigated.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.
"Input Data"
"T[5]=-18.5 [C]
P[1]=140 [kPa]
T[1] = -10 [C]}
V_dot[1]=0.1 [m^3/min]
P[2] = 1000 [kPa]
P[3]=950 [kPa]
T[3] = 30 [C]
Eta_c=0.78
Fluid$='R134a'"
"Compressor"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],T=T[1]) "properties for state 1"
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],T=T[1])
v[1]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],T=T[1])"[m^3/kg]"
m_dot=V_dot[1]/v[1]*convert(m^3/min,m^3/s)"[kg/s]"
h2s=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[2],s=s[1]) "Identifies state 2s as isentropic"
h[1]+Wcs=h2s "energy balance on isentropic compressor"
Wc=Wcs/Eta_c"definition of compressor isentropic efficiency"
h[1]+Wc=h[2] "energy balance on real compressor-assumed adiabatic"
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[2],P=P[2]) "properties for state 2"
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[2],P=P[2])
W_dot_c=m_dot*Wc
"Condenser"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[3],T=T[3]) "properties for state 3"
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[3],T=T[3])
h[2]=q_out+h[3] "energy balance on condenser"
Q_dot_out=m_dot*q_out
"Throttle Valve"
h[4]=h[3] "energy balance on throttle - isenthalpic"
x[4]=quality(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4]) "properties for state 4"
s[4]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4])
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[4],P=P[4])
"Evaporator"
P[4]=pressure(Fluid$,T=T[5],x=0)"pressure=Psat at evaporator exit temp."
P[5] = P[4]
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],x=1) "properties for state 5"
q_in + h[4]=h[5] "energy balance on evaporator"
Q_dot_in=m_dot*q_in
COP=Q_dot_in/W_dot_c "definition of COP"
COP_plot = COP
W_dot_in = W_dot_c
Q_dot_line5to1=m_dot*(h[1]-h[5])"[kW]"
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-15
COPplot
Win
[kW]
0.8149
0.6985
0.6112
0.5433
0.4889
2.041
2.381
2.721
3.062
3.402
Kc
[kW]
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Qin
[kW]
1.663
1.663
1.663
1.663
1.663
V 1 m /m in
1.0
0.5
8
7
0.1
W in
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
Kc
0.85
0.9
0.95
4
3.5
3
COP plot
2.5
V 1 m /m in
1.0
1.5
0.5
0.1
1
0.5
0
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
Kc
0.85
0.9
0.95
0.95
18
V 1 m /m in
Q in [kW ]
14.4
1.0
10.8
0.5
0.1
7.2
3.6
0
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
Kc
0.85
0.9
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
11-16
11-22 A refrigerator uses refrigerant-134a as the working fluid and operates on the ideal vaporcompression refrigeration cycle. The mass flow rate of the refrigerant, the condenser pressure, and the COP
of the refrigerator are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) (b) From the refrigerant-134a tables (Tables A-11 through A-13)
P4
x4
h3
h3
x3
P2
P2
T2
P1
x1
120 kPa
h4
0.30
h4
.
60qC
86.83 kJ/kg
P3
0 (sat. liq.)
P3
671.8 kPa
h2
60qC
120 kPa
h1
1 (sat. vap.)
P4
QH
86.83 kJ/kg
Condenser
3
671.8 kPa
298.87 kJ/kg
Expansion
valve
W in
h2 h1
Compressor
1
4
Evaporator
236.97 kJ/kg
0.45 kW
(298.87 236.97)kJ/kg
120 kPa
x=0.3
The mass flow rate of the refrigerant is
determined from
m
.
Win
QL
T
QH
0.00727 kg/s
3
Win
(c) The refrigeration load and the COP are
Q L
m (h1 h4 )
COP
(0.0727 kg/s)(236.97 86.83)kJ/kg 1.091 kW
Q L
W
in
1.091 kW
0.45 kW
0.12 MPa
4s
2.43
QL
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.