APA Style

I. General Document Guidelines:

A.

Margins: One inch on all sides (top, bottom, left, right)

B.

Font Size and Type: 12-pt. Times New Roman font

C.

Line Spacing: Double-space throughout the paper, including the title page, abstract, body
of the document, references, appendixes, footnotes, tables, and figures.

D.

Spacing after Punctuation: Space once after commas, colons, and semicolons within
sentences. Insert two spaces after punctuation marks that end sentences.

E.

Alignment: Flush left (creating uneven right margin)

F.

Paragraph Indentation: 5-7 spaces

G.

Pagination: The page number appears one inch from the right edge of the paper on the
first line of every page.

H.

Running Head: The running head is a short title that appears at the top of the pages of a
paper or published article. The running head is typed flush left at the top of all pages. The
running head should not exceed 50 characters, including punctuation and spacing. Using
most word processors, the running head and page number can be inserted into a header,
which then automatically appears on all pages.

I.

Active voice: As a general rule, use the active voice rather than the passive voice. For
example, use We predicted that rather than It was predicted that

J.

Order of Pages: Title

Page, Abstract, Body, References, Footnotes, Tables, Figures, Appendixes

II. Title Page

A.

Pagination: The Title Page is page 1.

B.

Running Head: The running head is typed flush left (all uppercase) following Running
head:

C.

Key Elements: Paper title, author(s), institutional affiliation(s), author note.

D.

Paper Title: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the page.

E.

Author(s): Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line following the title.

F.

Institutional affiliation: Uppercase and lowercase letters, centered on the line following
the author(s).

G.

Author Note: Provide information about the authors departmental affiliation,

acknowledgments of assistance or financial support, and a mailing address for
correspondence.

H.

Example of APA-formatted Title Page: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/titlepage.pdf

III. Abstract:
The abstract is a one-paragraph, self-contained summary of the most important elements of the
paper.
A.

Pagination: The abstract begins on a new page (page 2).

B.

Heading: Abstract (centered on the first line below the running head)

C.

Format: The abstract (in block format) begins on the line following the Abstract heading.
The abstract word limit is set by individual journals. Typically, the word limit is between
150 and 250 words. All numbers in the abstract (except those beginning a sentence) should
be typed as digits rather than words.

D.

Example of APA-formatted Abstract: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/abstract.pdf

IV. Body
A.

Pagination: The body of the paper begins on a new page (page 3). Subsections of the
body of the paper do not begin on new pages.

B.

Title: The title of the paper (in uppercase and lowercase letters) is centered on the first
line below the running head.

C.

Introduction: The introduction (which is not labeled) begins on the line following the
paper title.

D.

Headings: Five levels of headings are available to be used to organize the paper and
reflect the relative importance of sections. For example, many empirical research articles
utilize two levels of headings: Main headings (such
as Method, Results, Discussion, References) would use Level 1 (centered, boldface,

uppercase and lowercase letters), and subheadings (such as Participants, Apparatus,

and Procedure as subsections of the Method section) would use Level 2 (flush left,
boldface, uppercase and lowercase letters).
E.

Example of APA-formatted Headings: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/wpcontent/uploads/2011/04/headings.pdf

V. Text citations:
Source material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s)
of the sources. The underlying principle is that ideas and words of others must be formally
acknowledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that
follows the body of the paper.
A.

When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the
sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the
authors. Consider the following example:
o

Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there was a reduction in insulin
dosage over a period of two weeks in the treatment condition compared to the
control condition, the difference was not statistically significant.

[Note: and is used when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal
structure of the sentence. Compare this to the example in the following section.]

B.

When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the
authors and year of publication appear in parentheses. Consider the following example:
o

Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some
types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health
(Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koenig, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton &
Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins,
1991).

[Note: & is used when multiple authors are identified in parenthetical material.
Note also that when several sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered
alphabetically by first authors surnames and separated by semicolons.]

C.

When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the
source is cited.

D.

When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the
first time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first authors surname and
et al. are used. Consider the following example:
o

Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some
types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health
(Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). Payne et al. (1991) showed that

E.

When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first authors surname and et al.
are used every time the source is cited (including the first time).

F.

Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is
necessary to cite a source that you have not read (Grayson in the following example) that
is cited in a source that you have read (Murzynski & Degelman in the following
example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have
read in the References list:
o

Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of
body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

G.

To cite a personal communication (including letters, emails, and telephone interviews),

include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. Because a personal communication
is not recoverable information, it is not included in the References section. For the text
citation, use the following format:
o

H.

B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed

To cite a Web document, use the author-date format. If no author is identified, use the
first few words of the title in place of the author. If no date is provided, use n.d. in place
of the date. Consider the following examples:
o

Degelman (2009) summarizes guidelines for the use of APA writing style.Changes
in Americans views of gender status differences have been documented (Gender
and Society, n.d.).

I.

To cite an entire website, give the address of the site in the text. Example:
o

Eric Chudlers excellent Neuroscience for Kids

(http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/neurok.html) is definitely not only for kids!

[Note: No entry in the References list is needed for the website.]

J.

To cite the Bible, provide the book, chapter, and verse. The first time the Bible is cited in
the text, identify the version used. Consider the following example:
You are forgiving and good, O Lord, abounding in love to all who call to you

(Psalm 86:5, New International Version).

[Note: No entry in the References list is needed for the Bible.]

VI. Quotations:
When a direct quotation is used, always include the author, year, and page number as part of the
citation.
A.

A quotation of fewer than 40 words should be enclosed in double quotation marks and
should be incorporated into the formal structure of the sentence. Consider the following
example:
Patients receiving prayer had less congestive heart failure, required less diuretic

and antibiotic therapy, had fewer episodes of pneumonia, had fewer cardiac arrests,
and were less frequently intubated and ventilated (Byrd, 1988, p. 829).
B.

A lengthier quotation of 40 or more words should appear (without quotation marks) apart
from the surrounding text, in block format, with each line indented five spaces from the left
margin.

VII. References:
All sources included in the References section must be cited in the body of the paper (and all
sources cited in the paper must be included in the References section).
A.

Pagination: The References section begins on a new page.

B.

Heading: References (centered on the first line below the running head)

C.

Format: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the References
heading. Entries are organized alphabetically by surnames of first authors. Most reference
entries have the following components:
1.

Authors: Authors are listed in the same order as specified in the source, using
surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are eight or more
authors, list the first six authors followed by three ellipses () and then the final
author. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference.

2.

Year of Publication: In parentheses following authors, with a period following the

closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use n.d. in parentheses
following the authors.

3.

Source Reference: Includes title, journal, volume, pages (for journal article) or
title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of
periodicals, and periodical volume numbers.

4.

Electronic Retrieval Information: Electronic retrieval information may include

digital object identifiers (DOIs) or uniform resource locators (URLs). DOIs are
unique alphanumeric identifiers that lead users to digital source material. To learn
whether an article has been assigned a DOI, go
to http://www.crossref.org/guestquery/.

D.

Example of APA-formatted References: Go to http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/references.pdf

E.

Examples of sources
1.

Journal article with DOI

Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and

judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Social

Psychology, 26, 1617-1626. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1996.tb00088.x
2.

Journal article without DOI, print version

Koenig, H. G. (1990). Research on religion and mental health in later life:

A review and commentary. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 23, 23-53.

3.

Journal article without DOI, retrieved online [Note: For articles retrieved from
databases, include the URL of the journal home page. Database information is not
needed. Do not include the date of retrieval.]
Aldridge, D. (1991). Spirituality, healing and medicine. British Journal of

General Practice, 41,425-427. Retrieved from

http://www.rcgp.org.uk/publications/bjgp.aspx
4.

Book

Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion (2nd ed.).

Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

5.

Informally published Web document

Degelman, D. (2009). APA style essentials. Retrieved from

http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.aspx?doc_id=796

6.

Informally published Web document (no date)

Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of religion. Retrieved

from http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm

7.

Informally published Web document (no author, no date)

Gender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html

8.

Abstract from secondary database

Garrity, K., & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on

restaurant tipping.Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172.
Abstract retrieved from PsycINFO database.

9.

Article or chapter in an edited book

Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schumaker

(Ed.), Religion and mental health (pp. 70-84). New York, NY: Oxford
University Press.

10.

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical

manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric
Publishing.

VIII. Footnotes:
Content footnotes are occasionally used to support substantive information in the text. A content
footnote may be placed at the bottom of the page on which it is discussed or on a separate page
following the References.
A.

Pagination: Footnotes begin on a separate page.

B.

Heading: Footnotes is centered on the first line below the running head.

C.

Format: Indent the first line of each footnote 5-7 spaces and number the foonotes
(slightly above the line) as they are identified in the text.

D.

Example of APA-formatted Footnotes: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/Footnote.pdf

IX. Tables:
A common use of tables is to present quantitative data or the results of statistical analyses (such
as ANOVA). See the Publication Manual (2010, pp. 128-150) for detailed examples. Tables must
be mentioned in the text.
A.

Pagination: Each Table begins on a separate page.

B.

Heading: Table 1 (or 2 or 3, etc.) is typed flush left on the first line below the running
head. Double-space and type the table title flush left (italicized in uppercase and lowercase
letters).

C.

Example of APA-formatted Tables: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/table.pdf

X. Figures
A common use of Figures is to present graphs, photographs, or other illustrations (other than
tables). See the Publication Manual (2010, pp. 150-167) for detailed examples.
A.

Pagination: Figures begin on a separate page.

B.

Figure Caption: Figure 1. (or 2 or 3, etc.) is typed flush left and italicized on the first
line below the figure, immediately followed on the same line by the caption (which should
be a brief descriptive phrase).

C.

Example of APA-formatted Figure: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/figure.pdf

XI. Appendixes:
A common use of appendixes is to present unpublished tests or to describe complex equipment
or stimulus materials.
A.

Pagination: Each Appendix begins on a separate page.

B.

Heading:If there is only one appendix, Appendix is centered on the first line below the
manuscript page header. If there is more than one appendix, use Appendix A (or B or C,
etc.). Double-space and type the appendix title (centered in uppercase and lowercase
letters).

C.

Format: Indent the first line 5-7 spaces.

D.

Example of APA-formatted Appendix: http://www.vanguard.edu/psychology/wpcontent/uploads/2010/12/Appendix.pdf