An Inconvenient Truth Transcript

An Inconvenient Truth Transcript

Introduction
You look at that river gently flowing by. You notice the leaves rustling with the
wind. You hear the birds; you hear the tree frogs. In the distance you hear a cow.
You feel the grass. The mud gives a little bit on the riverbank. Its quiet; its
peaceful. And all of a sudden, its a gear shift inside you. And its like taking a
deep breath and going, Oh yeah, I forgot about this.

Earth Rise

This is the first picture of the Earth from space that any of us ever saw. It was taken on
Christmas Eve 1968 during the Apollo 8 mission.

An Inconvenient Truth Transcript

Im Al Gore. I used to be the next president of the United States. [laughter and
applause from audience] I dont find that particularly funny.
Ive been trying to tell this story for a long time and I feel as if Ive failed to get
the message across.
I was in politics for a long time. Im proud of my services.
Ray Nagin, Mayor of New Orleans in background discussing the Hurricane
Katrina disaster.
There are good people who are in politics in both parties who hold this at arms
length because if they acknowledge it and recognize it then a moral imperative to
make big changes is inescapable.
And they lost radio contact when they went around to the dark side of the moon
and there was inevitably some suspense. Then when they came back in radio
contact they looked up and snapped this picture and it became known as Earth
Rise. And that one picture exploded in the consciousness of human kind. It led to
dramatic changes. Within 18 months of this picture the modern environmental
movement had begun.

An Inconvenient Truth Transcript

The next picture was taken on the last Apollo mission, Apollo 17. This one was
taken on Dec. 11, 1972 and it is the most commonly published photograph in all
of history. And it is the only picture of Earth from space that we have where the
sun was directly behind the spacecraft so that the Earth is fully lit up, and not
partly in darkness.

The next image Im going to show you has almost never been seen. It was taken
by a spacecraft called the Galileo that went out to explore the solar system. As it
was leaving Earths gravity it turned its cameras around and took a time-lapsed
picture of one days worth of rotation here compressed into 24 seconds. Isnt that
beautiful?
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This image is a magical image in a way. It was made by a friend of mine, Tom
Van Sant. He took 3000 separate satellite pictures taken over a three-year period,
digitally stitched together. He chose images that would give a cloud-free view of
every square inch of the Earths surface. All of the land masses are accurately
portrayed. When that is spread out it becomes an iconic image.

The Most Ridiculous Thing

I show this because I want to tell you a story about two teachers I had, one that I
did not like that much, the other who was a real hero to me. I had a grade school
teacher who taught geography by pulling a map of the world down in front of the
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blackboard. I had a classmate in the sixth grade who raised his hand and he
pointed to the outline of the east coast of South America, and he pointed to the
west coast of Africa, and he asked, Did they ever fit together? And the teacher
said, Of course not! Thats the most ridiculous thing Ive ever heard. That
student went on to be a drug addict and a neer-do-well. That teacher went on to
be science advisor in the current administration.
But you know, the teacher was actually reflecting the conclusion of the scientific
establishment of that time:
Continents are so big, obviously they dont move.
But actually as we now know they did move. They moved apart from one another,
but at one time they did, in fact, fit together. But that assumption was a problem.
It reflected the well-known wisdom:
What gets us into trouble is not what we dont know. Its what we know for
sure that just aint so.
Mark Twain
This is actually an important point, believe it or not because there is another such
assumption that a lot people have in their minds right now about global warming
that just aint so. The assumption goes like this:
The Earth is so big is we cant possibly have any lasting, harmful impact on the
Earths environment.
Maybe that was true at one time, but it is not true anymore. One of the reasons it
is not true anymore is that one of the most vulnerable parts of the Earths
ecological system is the atmosphere. Vulnerable because its so thin. My friend
the late Carl Sagan used to say If you have a big globe with a thin coat of
varnish on it, the thickness of that varnish relative to that globe is pretty much the
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same as the thickness of the Earths atmosphere compared to the Earth itself. It
is thin enough that we are capable of changing its composition.

That brings up the basic science of global warming. Im not going to spend a lot
of time on this because you know it well. The suns radiation comes in in the
form of light waves and heats up the Earth. Some of the radiation that is absorbed
and warms the Earth is re-radiated back into space in the form infrared radiation.
Some of the outgoing infrared radiation is trapped by this layer of atmosphere
and held inside the atmosphere. That is good thing because it keeps the
temperature of the Earth within certain boundaries, keeps it relatively constant
and livable. But the problem is that this thin layer of atmosphere is being
thickened by all of the global warming pollution that is being put up there. What
that does is it thickens this layer of atmosphere. More of the outgoing infrared is
trapped. So the atmosphere heats up worldwide. Thats global warming.

An Inconvenient Truth Transcript

Carbon Dioxide Levels
This is the image that started me in my interest in this issue. I saw it when I was a
college student because I had a professor named Roger Revelle who was the first
person to propose measuring the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earths
atmosphere. He saw where the story was going. After the first few years of data,
he intuited what is meant, for what is yet to come. They designed the experiment
in 1957. He hired Charles David Keeling who was very faithful and precise in
making these measurements for decades. They started sending these weather
balloons up every day. They chose the middle of the Pacific because it was the
area that was the most remote. He was a very hard-nosed scientist. He really
emphasized the hard data. It was a wonderful time for me, because, like a lot of
young people, I came into contact with intellectual ferment, ideas that Id never
considered in my wildest dreams before.
He showed our class the result of these measurements after only a few years. It
was startling to me. He was startled and he made it clear to our class what he felt
the significance of it was. I soaked it up like a sponge. He drew the connections
between the larger changes in our civilization and this pattern that was now
visible in the atmosphere entire planet.
He projected into the future where this was headed unless we made some
adjustments and it was as clear as day. After the first seven, eight, or nine years
you could see the pattern that was developing. But I had to question, Why does
it go up and down once each year? He explained that if you look at the land
mass of the Earth, very little of it is south of the equator. The vast majority of it
is north of the equator. And most of the vegetation is north of the equator. When
the northern hemisphere is tilted toward the sun, as it is in our spring and summer,
the leaves come out and they breathe in the carbon dioxide and the amount in the
atmosphere goes down. When the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the
sun as it is in our fall and winter, the leaves fall and exhale carbon dioxide and
the amount in the atmosphere goes back up again. Its as if the entire Earth once
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each year breathes in and out.

So he started measuring carbon dioxide in 1958. By the middle 60s when he

showed my class this image, it was already clear that it was going up. I respected
him and learned from him so much I followed this.

Political Journey
When I went to the Congress in the middle 1970s I helped organize the first
hearings on global warming, I asked my professor to be the lead off witness. I
thought that would have such a big impact wed be on the way to solving this
problem, but it didnt work out that way. I kept having hearings. In 1984 I went
to the Senate and really dug deeply into this issue with science roundtables and
the like. I wrote a book about it. I ran for president in 1988 partly to try to gain
some visibility for this issue. In 1992 I went to the White House. We passed a
version of a carbon tax and some other measures to try to address this. I went to
Kyoto in 1997 to help get a treaty that is so controversial, in the US, at least. In
2000 my opponent pledged to regulate the CO2. That was not a pledge that was
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kept. The point of this is all this time you can see what I have seen all these years.
It just keeps going up. It is relentless.

Effects of Global Warming

And now were beginning to see the impact in the real world. This is Mount
Kilimanjaro more than 30 years ago, and more recently. And a friend of mine
just came back from Kilimanjaro with a picture he took a couple of months ago.
Another friend, Lonnie Thompson, studies glaciers.

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Heres Lonnie with a last sliver of one of the once mighty glaciers. Within the
decade there will be no more snows of Kilimanjaro.

This is happening in Glacier National Park. I climbed to the top of this in 1998
with one of my daughters. Within 15 years this will be the park formerly known
as Glacier.
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Heres what has been happening year by year to the Columbia Glacier. It
retreats every single every year. And its a shame because these glaciers are so
beautiful. People who go up to see them, heres what theyre seeing every day
now.

In the Himalayas there is a particular problem because 40% of all the people in
the world get their drinking water from rivers and spring systems that are fed
more than half by the melt water coming off the glaciers. Within this next half
century those 40% of the people on Earth are going to face a very serious
shortage because of this melting.
Italy, the Italian Alps, same site today. An old postcard from the Switzerland.
Throughout the Alps we are seeing the same story.

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Its also true in South America. This is Peru 15 years ago. The same glacier
today.
This is Argentina 20 years ago. Same glacier today.

75 years ago in Patagonia on the tip of South America. This vast expanse of ice
is now gone.

Ice Cores: The 650,000-Year Record

There is a message in this. It is worldwide. The ice has a stories to tell. My friend
Lonnie Thompson digs cores in the ice. They dig down and they bring the core
drills back up and they look at the ice and they study it. When the snow falls it

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traps little bubbles of atmosphere. They can go in and measure how much CO2
was in the atmosphere the year that snow fell. Whats even more interesting I
think is they can measure the different isotopes of oxygen and figure out the very
precise thermometer and tell you what the temperature was the year that bubble
was trapped in the snow as it fell.
When I was in Antarctica I saw cores like this and the guy looked at it. He said,
Right here is where the US Congress passed the Clean Air Act. I couldnt
believe it but you can see the difference with the naked eye. Just a couple of
years after that law was passed, its very clearly distinguishable.
They can count back year by year the same way a forester reads tree rings. You
can see each annual layer from the melting and refreezing. They can go back in a
lot of these mountain glaciers a thousand years. They constructed a thermometer
of the temperature. The blue is cold and the red is warm. I show this for a couple
of reasons. Number one the so-called skeptics will sometimes say Oh, this
whole thing is a cyclical phenomenon. There was a medieval warming period
after all. Well, yeah, there was. There it is right there. There are two others. But
compared to what is going on now, there is just no comparison. So if you look at
a thousand years worth of temperature and compare it to a thousand years of
CO2 you can see how closely they fit together. Now, a thousand years of CO2
data in the mountain glaciers. That is one thing. But in Antarctica, they can go
back 650,000 years. This incidentally is the first time anybody outside of a small
group of scientists have seen this image. This is the present day era and thats the
last ice age. Then it goes up. Were going back in time now 650,000 years.
Thats the period of warming between the last two ice ages. Thats the second
and third ice age back. Fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh ice ages back.

CO2 Concentration Is Above 300 PPM

Now an important point: In all of this time, 650,000 years, the CO2 level has
never gone above 300 PPM (parts per million). Now, as I said, they can also
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measure temperature. Here is what the temperature has been on our Earth. One
thing that kind of jumps out at you isLet me put it this way. If my classmate
from the sixth grade that talked about Africa and South America might have said,
Did they ever fit together? Most ridiculous thing I ever heard. But they did of
course. The relationship is actually very complicated. But there is one
relationship that is more far powerful than all the others and it is this. When there
is more carbon dioxide, the temperature gets warmer, because it traps more heat
from the sun inside. In the parts of the United States that contain the modern
cities of Cleveland, Detroit, New York, in the northern tier, this is the difference
between a nice day and having a mile of ice above your head. Keep that in mind
when you look at this fact. Carbon dioxide having never gone above 300 PPM,
here is where CO2 is now. We give off where it has never been as far back as this
record will measure. If you will bear with me I would like to emphasize this
point. Its already right here. Look how far above the natural cycle this is, and
weve done that. But ladies and gentleman, in less than 50 years its going to
continue to go up. When some of these children who are here are my age, heres
where its going to be in less than 50 years.

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Youve heard of off the chart. Within less than 50 years itll be here. Theres not
a single fact or day or number thats been used to make this up that is in any
controversy. The so-called skeptics look at this and say, So, that looks seems
perfectly okay. On the temperature side: If this much on the cold side is a mile
of ice over our heads, what would that much on the warmer side be?
Ultimately, this is really not a political issue so much as a moral issue. If we
allow that to happen, it is deeply unethical. I had such faith in our democratic
system, our self-government, I actually thought and believed that the story would
be compelling enough to cause a real sea change in the way Congress reacted to
that issue. I thought they would be startled, too. They werent.

Children
The struggles, the victories that arent really victories, the defeats that arent
really defeats can serve to magnify the significance of some trivial step forward,
and exaggerate the seeming importance of massive setbacks.
April 3, 1989. My son pulled loose from my hand and chased his friend across
the street. He was six years old. The machine was breathing for him. We were
possibly going to lose him. He finally took a breath. We stayed in the hospital for
a month. It was almost as if you could look at that calendar and gowhew! And
everything just flew off. Seemed trivial, insignificant, He wqas so brave. He was
such a brave guy.
It just turned my whole world

upside down and then shook it until everything

fell out. My way of being in the world. It just changed everything for me. How
should I spend my time on this Earth? I really dug in, trying to learn about it
much more deeply. I went to Antarctica, to the South Pole, North Pole, the
Amazon. I went to places where scientists could help me understand parts of the
issue I didnt really understand in depth. The possibility of losing what was most
precious to me. I gained an ability that I maybe I didnt have before. But when I
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felt it, I felt that we really could lose it. What we take for granted might not be
here for our children.

The 10 Hottest Years

These are actual measurements of atmospheric temperature since our Civil War.
In any given year it might look like its going down, but the overall trend is
extremely clear. In recent years it is uninterrupted and it is intensifying. In fact, if
you look at the 10 hottest years ever measured in this atmospheric record, they
have all occurred in the last 14 years. The hottest of all was 2005. We have
already seen some of the heat waves that are similar to what scientists are saying
are going to be a lot more common. A couple of years ago in Europe they had
that massive heat wave that killed 35,000 people. India didnt get as much
attention, but the same year the temperature there went to 122 degrees Fahrenheit.
This past summer in the American west, there were a lot of cities that broke all
time records for high temperatures and number of consecutive days with
100-degree temperature or more. 200 cities and towns in the West set all time
records. And in the East there were a lot of cities that did the same thing,
including, incidentally, New Orleans.

Its Natural!
So the temperature increases are taking place all over the world, including in the
ocean. This is the natural range of variability for temperature in the oceans. You
know people say, Aw, it just naturally go up and down, so dont worry about it.
This is the range that would be expected over the last 60 years. But the scientists
who specialize in global warming have computer models that long ago predicted
this range of temperature increase.

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Ocean Temperature and Storms
Now Im going to show you, recently released, the actual ocean temperatures. Of
course, when the oceans get warmer, that causes stronger storms. We have seen
in the last couple of years, a lot of big hurricanes. Hurricanes Jeanne, Francis and
Ivan were among them. In the same year we had that string of big hurricanes we
also set an all time record for tornadoes in the United States. Japan again didnt
get as much attention in our news media, but they set an all time record for
typhoons. The previous record was seven. Here are all ten of the ones they had in
2004. The science textbooks that have had to be re-written because they say it is
impossible to have a hurricane in the South Atlantic. But it was the same year
that the first one that ever hit Brazil. The summer of 2005 has been one for the
books. The first one was Emily that socked into Yucatan. Then Hurricane Dennis
came along and it did a lot of damage, including to the oil industry. This is the
largest oil platform in the world after Dennis went through. This one was driven
into the bridge at Mobile. And then, of course, came Katrina. It is worth
remembering that when it hit Florida it was a Category 1, but it killed a lot of
people and caused billions of dollars worth of damage. And then, what
happened? Before it hit New Orleans, it went over warmer waters. As the water
temperature increases, the wind velocity increases and the moisture content
increases. And youll see Hurricane Katrina form over Florida. And then as it
comes into the Gulf over warm water it picks up energy and gets stronger and
stronger and stronger. Look at that hurricanes eye. And of course the
consequences were so horrendous; there are no words to describe it.

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Something new for America. But how in gods name could that happen here?
There had been warnings that hurricanes would get stronger. There were
warnings that this hurricane, days before it hit, would breach the levies and cause
the kind of damage that it ultimately did cause. And one question that we, as a
people, need to decide is how we react when we hear warnings from the leading
scientists in the world.

Winnies Warning
There was another storm in the 1930s of a different kind, a horrible
unprecedented storm in continental Europe. Winston Churchill warned the
people of England that it was different from anything that had ever happened
before, and they had to get ready for it. A lot of people did not want to believe it
and he got real impatient with all the dithering. He said this:

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The era of procrastination, of half measures, of soothing, and baffling

expedience of delays is coming to its close. In its place we are entering a period
of consequences.
Winston Churchill, November 12, 1936
Making mistakes in generations and centuries past would have consequences that
we could overcome. We dont have that luxury anymore. We didnt ask for it, but
here it is.

2000 Election
Background: 2000 election debacle in Florida. Supreme Court throws the
decision to Bush.
Gore: While I strongly disagree with the courts decision, I accept it. I accept the
finality of this outcome.
Well, that was a hard blow. But what do you do? You make the best of it. It
brought into clear focus, the mission that I had been pursuing for all these years. I
started giving the slide show again.

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Insurance

One often unnoticed effect of global warming is it causes more precipitation, but
more of it coming in one-time big storm events because the evaporation off the
oceans puts all the moisture up there when storm conditions trigger the downpour,
more of it falls down. The insurance industry has actually noticed this. Their
recovered losses are going up. See the damage from these severe weather events.
And 2005 is not even on this yet. When it does, it will be off that chart.

Effects of Global Warming

Europe has just had a year very similar to the one weve had where they say
nature has just been going crazy. All kinds of unusual catastrophes, like a nature
hike through the book of Revelations.
Flooding in Asia. Mumbai, India this past July (2005): 37 inches of rain in 24
hours, by far the largest downpour that any city in India has ever received. A lot
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of flooding in China, also. Global warming paradoxically causes not only more
flooding, but also more drought. This neighboring province right next door had a
severe drought at the same time these areas were flooding. One of the reasons for
this has to do with the fact that global warming not only increases precipitation
worldwide, but it also relocates the precipitation. Focus most of all on this part of
Africa just on the edge of the Sahara. Unbelievable tragedies have been
unfolding there and there are a lot reasons for it. Darfur and Niger are among
those tragedies. One of the factors that has been compounding this is the lack of
rainfall and the increasing drought. This is Lake Chad, once one of the largest
lakes in the world. It has dried up over the last few decades to almost nothing,
vastly complicating the other problems that they also have. The second reason
why this is a paradox: Global warming creates more evaporation off of the
oceans to seeds the clouds, but it sucks moisture out of the soil. Soil evaporation
increases dramatically with higher temperatures. And that has consequences for
us in the United States, as well.

Change and Timescales

Gore revisits the family farm and reminisces about growing up there.
The places where people live were chosen because of the climate pattern that has
been pretty much the same on Earth since the end of the last ice age. Here on this
farm, the patterns are changing. It seems gradual in the course of a human
lifetime but in the course of time as defined by this river, its happening very,
very quickly.

A Canary in the Coal Mine: The Arctic

Two canaries in the coal mine. The first one is in the Arctic. Of course the Arctic
Ocean has a floating ice cap, Greenland on its side there. I say canary in the coal
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mine because the Arctic is one part of the world that is experiencing faster
impact from global warming. This is the largest ice shelf in the Arctic, the Ward
Hunt Ice Shelf. It just cracked in half three years ago. The scientists were
astonished.

Melting Permafrost

These are called drunken trees just going every which way. This is not caused by
wind damage or alcohol consumption. These trees put their roots down in the
permafrost and the permafrost is thawing, so they just go every which way now.
This building was built on the permafrost and collapsed as the permafrost thawed.
This womans house has had to be abandoned. The pipeline is suffering a great
deal of structural damage. Incidentally, the oil that they want to produce in that
protected area in northern Alaska, which I hope they dont. They have to depend
on trucks to go in and out of there and the trucks go over the frozen ground. This
shows the number of days that the tundra in Alaska is frozen enough to drive on
it. 35 years ago it was 225 days a year. Now its below 75 days a year because
the spring comes earlier and the fall comes later and the temperatures just keep
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on going up.

Fastest Temperature Increase Occurs at the Arctic

I went up to the North Pole. I went under that ice cap in a nuclear submarine that
surfaced through the ice like this. Since they started patrolling in 1957 they have
gone under the ice and measured with their radar looking upward to measure how
thick it is because they can only surface where the thickness of the ice is 3 and
half feet thick or less. So they have kept a meticulous record and they wouldnt
release because it was national security. I went up there in order to persuade them
to release them, and they did. And heres what that record showed.

Starting in 1970 there was a precipitous drop off in the amount and extent and
thickness of the Arctic ice cap. It has diminished by 40 percent in 40 years. There
are two studies showing that in the next 50 to 70 years, in summertime, it will be
completely gone. Now you might say, Why is that a problem? How could the
Arctic ice cap actually melt so quickly? When the suns rays hit the ice, more
than 90 percent of it bounces off right back into space like a mirror. But when it
hits the open ocean more than 90 percent is absorbed. As the surrounding water
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gets warmer, it speeds up the melting of the ice. Right now the arctic ice cap acts
like a giant mirror. All the suns rays bounce off, more than 90 percent, to keep
the Earth cooler. But as it melts and the open ocean receives that suns energy
instead, more than 90 percent is absorbed. So there is a faster build up of heat
here, at the North Pole, in the Arctic Ocean and the Arctic generally, than
anywhere else on the planet. Thats not good for creatures like polar bears that
depend on the ice. A new scientific study shows that for the first time theyre
finding polar bears that have actually drowned, swimming long distances up to
60 miles to find the ice. They did not find that before. What does it mean to us to
look at a vast expanse of open water at the top of our world that used to be
covered by ice? We ought to care a lot because it has planetary effects.

Earths Climate is an Engine

The Earths climate is like a big engine for redistributing heat from the equator to
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the poles. It does that by means of ocean currents and wind currents. They tell us,
the scientists do, that the Earths climate is a non-linear system. Its a fancy way
they have of saying that the changes are not all just gradual. Some of them come
suddenly in big jumps. On a worldwide basis, the annual average temperature is
about 58 degrees Fahrenheit. If we have an increase of 5 degrees, which is on the
low end of the projections, look at how that translates globally. That means an
increase of only 1 degree at the equator, but more than 12 degrees at the poles.
So all those wind and ocean current patterns that have formed since the last ice
age and have been relatively stable, they are all up in the air and they change.
One of the ones they are most worried about where they have spent a lot of time
studying the problem is in the North Atlantic, where the Gulf Stream comes up
and meets the cold wind coming off the arctic over Greenland and evaporates the
heat out of the Gulf Stream and the stream is carried over to western Europe by
the prevailing winds and the Earths rotation. Isnt it interesting that the whole
ocean current system is all linked together in this loop? They call it the ocean
conveyor. The red are the warm surface current, the Gulf Stream is the best
known of them. The blue represents the cold currents running in the opposite
direction. We dont see them at all because they run along the bottom of the
ocean. Up in the North Atlantic, after that heat is pulled out, whats left behind is
colder water and saltier water, because salt doesnt go anywhere. That makes it
denser and heavier. That cold, dense heavy water sinks at a rate of 5 billion
gallons per second. That pulls that current back south.

Disruption of the Ocean Conveyor

At the end of the last ice age, as the last glacier was receding from North
America, the ice melted and a giant pool of fresh water formed in North America.
The Great Lakes are the remnants of that huge lake. An ice dam on the eastern
border formed, and one day it broke. All that fresh water came rushing out,
ripping open the St. Lawrence, there. It diluted the salty dense cold water, made
it fresher and lighter so it stopped sinking. And that pump shut off and the heat
transfer stopped, and Europe went back into an ice age for another 900 or 1000
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years. The change from conditions we have here today to an ice age took place in
perhaps as little as 10 years time. That is a sudden jump. Of course thats not
going to happen again, because the glaciers of North America are not there. Is
there any big chunk of ice anywhere near there? Oh yeah, (pointing at
Greenland). Well come back to that one.

Politics: Reagan, Bush1 and Kyoto

It is extremely frustrating to me to communicate over and over again as clearly as
I can. And we are still by far the worst contributor to the problem. I look around
and look for really meaningful signs that we are about to really change. I dont
see it right now.
(Video clips of three politicians speaking.)
Ronald Reagan: Very reputable scientists have said that one factor of air
pollution is oxides of nitrogen from decaying vegetation. This is what causes the
haze that gave the Big Smokey Mountains their name.
George H.W. Bush: This guy is so far off on the environmental extremes, well be
up to our neck in owls and out of work for every American. This guys crazy!
Senator James Inhof: Even if humans were causing global warming, and were
not, this could be maybe the greatest hoax perpetuated on the American People.
If it is not on the tips of their constituents tongues, its easy for them to ignore it.
They say, Well, lets deal with that tomorrow.

Predator/Prey Disruptions and Misplaced Cities

So this same phenomenon of changing all these patterns is also affecting the
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seasons. Here is a study from the Netherlands. The peak arrival date for
migratory birds 25 years ago was April 25. Their chicks hatched on June 3, just
at the time when the caterpillars were coming out: Natures plan. But 20 years of
warming later the caterpillars peaked two weeks earlier. The chicks tried to catch
up with it, but they couldnt. So they are in trouble.
There are millions of ecological niches that are affected by global warming in
just this way.
This is the number of days with frost in southern Switzerland over the last one
hundred years. It has gone down rapidly. But now watch this. This is the number
of invasive exotic species that have rushed in to fill the new ecological niches
that are opening up.
Thats happening here in the United States too. Youve heard of the pine beetle
problem? Those pine beetles used to be killed by the cold winters, but there are
fewer days of frost. So the pine trees are being devastated. This is part of the 14
million acres of spruce trees in Alaska that have been killed by bark beetles, the
exact same phenomenon. There are cities that were founded because they were
just above the mosquito line. Nairobi is one. Harare is another. There are plenty
of others. Now the mosquitoes with warming are climbing to higher altitudes.

Infectious Disease
There are a lot of vectors for infectious diseases that are worrisome to us that are
also expanding their range, not only mosquitoes but all these others as well.
Weve had 30 so-called new diseases that have emerged in just the last quarter
century. A lot of them like SARS have caused tremendous problems. The
resistant forms of tuberculosis. There are others. There has been a re-emergence
of some diseases that were once under control. The Avian flu, of course, is quite
a serious matter, as you know. West Nile Virus came to the eastern shore of
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Maryland in 1999. Two years later it was across the Mississippi. And two years
after that it had spread across the continent. These are very troubling signs.

Coral Reefs
Coral reefs all over the world, because of global warming and other factors, are
bleaching and they end up like this. All the fish species that depend on the coral
reef are also in jeopardy as a result. Overall species loss is now occurring at a
rate 1000 times greater than the natural background rate.

The Second Canary: Antarctic Peninsula Sea Ice

This brings me to the second canary in the coal mine, Antarctica, the largest mass
of ice on the planet by far. A friend of mine said in 1978, If you see the break up
of ice shelves along the Antarctic Peninsula, watch out, because that should be
seen as an alarm bell for global warming. And actually, if you look at the
peninsula up close, every place where you see one of these green blotches is an
ice shelf larger than the state of Rhode Island that has broken up in just the last
15 to 20 years. I want to focus on just one of them called Larsen B.

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I want you to look at these black pools here. It makes it seem almost as if we are
looking through the ice to the ocean beneath. But thats an illusion. This is
melting water that forms in pools. If you were flying over it in a helicopter, youd
see its 700 feet tall. They are so majestic, so massive. In the distance are the
mountains, and just before the mountains is the shelf of the continent. This is
floating ice, and there is land-based ice on the down-slope of those mountains.
From here to the mountains is about 20 to 25 miles. They thought this would be
stable for at least a hundred years, even with global warming. The scientists who
study these ice shelves were absolutely astonished when they were looking at
these images. Starting on January 31, 2002, in a period of 35 days, this ice shelf
completely disappeared. They could not figure out how in the world this
happened so rapidly. They went back to figure out where they had gone wrong.
Thats when they focused on those pools of melting water. Even before they
could figure out what had happened there, something else started going wrong.
When the floating sea-based ice cracked up, it no longer held back the ice on the
land. The land-based ice then started falling into the ocean. It was like letting the
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cork out of a bottle. Theres a difference between floating ice and land-based ice.
Its like the difference between an ice cube floating in a glass of water, which
when it melts doesnt raise the level of water in the glass, and a cube sitting atop
a stack of ice cubes, which melts and flows over the edge. Thats why the
citizens of these pacific nations had all had to evacuate to New Zealand.

West Antarctica Land Based Ice

I want to focus on West Antarctica, because it illustrates two factors about
land-based ice and sea-based ice. Its a little of both. Its propped on tops of
islands, but the ocean comes up underneath it. So as the ocean gets warmer, it has
an impact on it. If this were to go, sea level worldwide would go up 20 feet.
Theyve measured disturbing changes on the underside of this ice sheet. Its
considered relatively more stable, however, than another big body of ice that is
roughly the same size. Greenland would also raise sea level almost 20 feet if it
went. A friend of mine has just brought back some pictures of whats going on in
Greenland right now. Dramatic changes. These are the same kinds of pools that
formed here, on this ice shelf in Antarctica. And the scientists thought that when
that water seeped back into the ice, it would just refreeze. But they found out that
actually what happens is that it just keeps on going, It tunnels to the bottom and
makes the ice like Swiss cheese, sort of like termites. This shows what happens
to the crevasses, and when lakes form, they create what are called moulins. The
water goes down to the bottom and it lubricates where the ice meets the bedrock.

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See these people here for scale? This is not the edge of Greenland. This is the
middle of the ice mass. This is a massive rushing torrent of fresh melt water
tunneling straight down through the Greenland ice to the bedrock below. Now, to
some extent, there has always been seasonal melting and moulins have formed in
the past, but not like now.

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Impact of 20 Foot Rise in Sea Level

In 1992, they measured this amount of melting in Greenland. Ten years later, this
is what happened. And here is the melting from 2005. Tony Blairs scientific
advisor has said that because of what is happening in Greenland right now, the
maps of the world will have to be redrawn. If Greenland broke up and melted,
or if half of Greenland and half of West Antarctica broke up and melted, this is
what would happen to the sea level in Florida. This is what would happen in the
San Francisco Bay. A lot of people live in these areas. The Netherlands, the
low-countries: absolutely devastating. The area around Beijing is home to tens of
millions of people. Even worse, in the area around Shanghai, there are 40 million
people. Worse still, Calcutta and, to the east, Bangladesh: the area covered
includes 60 million people. Think of the impact of a couple hundred thousand
refugees when they are displaced by an environmental event and then imagine
the impact of a hundred million or more. Here is Manhattan. This is the World
Trade Center Memorial Site. After the horrible events of 9/11 we said, Never
again. But this is what would happen to Manhattan. They can measure this
precisely, just as the scientists could predict precisely how much water would
breech the levees in New Orleans. The area where the World Trade Center
Memorial is to be located would be under water. Is it possible that we should
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prepare against other threats besides terrorists? Maybe we should be concerned
about other problems as well.

Civilization and Earth

1.3 billion people. An economy thats surging. More and more energy needs.
Massive coal reserves.

(Gore and Chinese scientists discussing coal reserves in China.)

Every time Ive visited China, Ive learned from their scientists. Theyre right on
the cutting edge.
This issue is really the same for China as it is for the US. We are both using old
technologies that are dirty and polluting.
Gore speaking on global warming at a seminar in China: Separating the truth
from the fiction and the accurate connection from the misunderstandings is part
of what you learn here. When the warnings are accurate and based on sound
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science, then we as human beings, whatever country we live in, have to find a way
to make sure that the warnings are heard and responded to.
We both have a hard time shaking loose the familiar patterns that we relied on in
the past. We both face completely unacceptable consequences.
We are witnessing a collision between our civilization and the Earth. There are
three factors that are causing this collision.

1) Population - When my generation, the baby boom generation, was born after
WW II, the population had just crossed the 2 billion mark. Im in my 50s and its
already gone to almost 6 and a half billion. If I reach the demographic
expectation for the baby boomers, it will go over 9 billion. If it takes 10,000
generations to reach 2 billion and then, in one human lifetime, ours, it goes from
2 billion to 9 billion, something profoundly different is going on right now.
Were putting more pressure on the Earth. Most of its in the poorer nations of
the world. It puts pressure on food demand. It puts pressure on water demand. It
puts pressure on vulnerable natural resources, and this pressure is one of the
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reasons we have seen such devastation of the forest, not only tropical but
elsewhere. It is a political issue. This is the border between Haiti and the
Dominican Republic. One set of policies here. Another set of policies here. Much
of it comes not only from cutting, but also burning. Almost 30% of the CO2 that
goes up into the atmosphere each year is from forest burning. This is a time-lapse
picture of the Earth at night over a six month period showing the lights of the
cities in white and the burning forests and brush fires in red. The yellow areas are
the gas flares like these in Siberia.
2) Science - The scientific and technological revolution is a great blessing in that
it has given us tremendous benefits in areas like medicine and communication.
But this new power that we have also brings a responsibility to think about its
consequences. Heres a formula to think about. Old habits plus old technology
have predictable consequences. Old habits plus new technology can have
dramatically altered consequences. Warfare with spears and bows and arrows and
rifles and machine guns, thats one thing. But then a new technology came.
(Atomic bomb blast.) We have to think differently about war because the new
technologies so completely transformed the consequences of that old habit that
we cant just mindlessly continue the patterns of the past. In the same way we
have always exploited the Earth for sustenance. For most of our existence we
used relatively simple tools: the plow, the tractor. But even tools like shovels are
different now. A shovel used to be like this. Shovels have gotten bigger and
every year they get more powerful. Our ability to have an effect on the surface of
the Earth is utterly transformed. You can say the same thing about irrigation,
which is a great thing, but when we divert rivers without considering the
consequences, sometimes the rivers no longer reach the sea. There were two
rivers in central Asia that were used by the former Soviet Union that were used
for irrigating cotton fields unwisely. The Aral Sea was fed by them. It used to be
the fourth largest inland sea in the world. When I went there I saw this strange
sight of an enormous fishing fleet resting in the sand. This is the canal that the
fishing industry desperately tried to build to get to the receding shoreline.
Making mistakes in our dealings with nature can have bigger consequences now
because our technologies are often bigger than the human scale. When you put
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them all together they made us a force of nature. This is also a political issue.

This is a computer map of the world that purports to show the relative
contribution to global warming. In our country we are responsible for more than
all of South America, all of Africa, all of the Middle East, all of Asia all
combined. The per capita average in Africa, India, China, Japan, EU, Russia,
heres where we are way, way above everyone else. If you take population into
account, its a little bit different. Chinas playing a bigger role, so is Europe, but
we are still, by all odds, the largest contributor. And so it is up to us to look at
how we think about.
3) Way of Thinking - The way we think about it is the third and final factor that
transforms our relationship to the Earth. If a frog jumps into a pot of boiling
water, it jumps right out again, because it senses the danger. But the very same
frog, if it jumps into a pot of lukewarm water that is slowly brought to a boil, will
just sit there and it wont move. It will just sit there even as the temperature
continues to go up and up. It will stay there until.. until.. it is rescued. It is
important to rescue the frog. The point is this: Our collective nervous system is
like that frogs nervous system. It takes a sudden jolt sometimes before we
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become aware of a danger. If it seems gradual, even it really is happening
quickly, we are capable of just sitting there and not responding and not reacting.

The Tobacco Industry

I dont remember a time when I was a kid when summertime didnt mean
working with tobacco. I used to love it. It was during that period when working
with the guys on the farm seemed like fun to me.
Starting in 1964 with the Surgeon Generals report, the evidence was laid out on
the connection between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer. We kept growing
tobacco.
Nancy was almost 10 years older than me, and there were only two of us. She
was my protector and my friend at the same time. She started smoking when she
was a teenager and never stopped. She died of lung cancer. Thats one of the
ways you dont want to die. The idea that we had been part of that economic
pattern that produced the cigarettes that produced the cancer, it was so painful at
so many levels. My father, he had grown tobacco all his life. He stopped it.
Whatever explanation that seemed to make sense in the past, just didnt cut it
anymore. He stopped it. Its just human nature to take time to connect the dots. I
know that. But I also know that there can be a day of reckoning when you wished
you had connected the dots more quickly.

Three Misconceptions
There are three misconceptions that bedevil our thinking.
1) First, isnt there a disagreement among scientists about whether the problem
is real or not? Actually, not really. There was a massive study of every
scientific article in a peer-reviewed article written on global warming for the
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last ten years. They took a big sample of 10 percent, 928 articles. And you
know the number of those that disagreed with the scientific consensus that
were causing global warming and that is a serious problem out of the 928:
Zero. The misconception that there is disagreement about the science has
been deliberately created by a relatively small group of people. One of their
internal memos leaked and here is what it said according to the press. Their
objective is to reposition global warming as a theory rather than fact. This has
happened before. After the Surgeon Generals report. One of their memos,
leaked 40 years ago. They said, Doubt is our product, since it is the best
means of creating a controversy in the publics mind. But have they
succeeded? Youll remember that there were 928 peer-reviewed articles. Zero
percent disagreed with the consensus. There was another study of all the
articles in the popular press. Over the last fourteen years they looked at a
sample of 636. More than half of them said, Well, we are not sure. It could
be a problem, may not be a problem. So no wonder people are confused.
Scientists have an independent obligation to respect and present the truth as
they see it. Ive seen scientists who were persecuted, ridiculed, deprived of
jobs, income simply because the facts they discovered led them to an
inconvenient truth that they insisted on telling.. You know more than a
hundred years ago, Upton Sinclair wrote this: Its difficult to get a man to
understand something if his salary depends upon him not understanding it.
2) The second misconception: Do we have to choose between the economy and
the environment? This is a big one. A lot of people say we do. I was trying to
convince the first Bush administration to go to the Earth Summit. They
organized a big White House conference to say, Were on top of this. One
of these viewgraphs caught my attention and I want to talk about it for a
minute. Here is the choice we have to make according to this group. We have
here a scale that balances two different things. On one side, we have gold bars.
Mmmmm. Dont they look good! Id just like to have some of those gold bars.
On the other side of the scale we have. The Entire Planet! Hmm? I think this
is a false choice for two reasons. Number one, if we dont have a planet. The
other reason is that if we do the right thing, then we are going to create a lot
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of wealth and we are going to create a lot of jobs, because doing the right
thing moves us forward. Ive probably given this slide show a thousand times.
Ive tried to identify all those things in peoples minds that serve as obstacles
to them understanding this. Whenever I feel like Ive identified an obstacle, I
try to take it apart, roll it away, remove it, blow it up. I set myself a goal:
communicate this real clearly. The only way I know to do it is city by city,
person by person, family by family. And I have faith that pretty soon enough
minds are changed that we cross a threshold. Let me give you an example of
the wrong way to balance the economy and the environment. One part of this
issue involves automobiles. Japan has mileage standards up here. Europe
plans to pass Japan. Our allies in Australia and Canada are leaving us behind.
Heres where we are. There is a reason for it. They say that we cant protect
the environment too much without threatening the economy and threatening
the automakers, because automakers in China might come in and just steal all
our markets. Well, here is where Chinas auto mileage standards are now. We
cant sell our cars in China today because we dont meet Chinas
environmental standards. California has taken an initiative to have higher
mileage cars sold in California. The auto companies have sued California to
prevent this law from taking effect because, as they point out, eleven years
from now this would mean California would have to have cars for sale that
are as efficient eleven years from now as Chinas are today: clearly too
onerous a provision to comply with. Is this helping our companies to
succeed? Actually, if you look at whos doing well in the world its the
companies that are building more efficient cars. Our companies are in deep
trouble.

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3) Final misconception: If we accept that this problem is real, maybe it is just

too big to do anything about. There are a lot of people who go straight from
denial to despair without pausing on the intermediate step of actually doing
something about the problem. Thats what I would like to finish with: the fact
that we already know everything we need to know to effectively address this
problem. Weve got to do a lot of things, not just one. Increasing end use
efficiency we can remove global warming pollution that would other wise be
put into the atmosphere.
*

More efficient electrical appliances

Higher mileage cars

Other transport efficiency

Renewable technology

Carbon capture sequestration

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They all add up and pretty soon we are below our 1970 emissions. We have
everything we need, save perhaps political will. In America, political will is a
renewable resource. We have the ability to do this. Each one of us is a cause of
global warming, but each of us can make choices to change that with the things
we buy, with the electricity we use, the cars we drive. We can make choices to
bring our individual carbon emissions to zero. The solutions are in our hands. We
just have to have the determination to make them happen.

States and Cities

Are we going to be left behind as the rest of the world moves forward? All of
these nations have ratified Kyoto. There are only two advanced nations in the
world that have not ratified Kyoto, and we are one of them. The other is Australia.
Luckily several states are taking the initiative. The nine northeastern states have
banded together on reducing CO2. California and Oregon are taking the initiative.
Pennsylvania is exercising leadership on solar power and wind power. US cities
are stepping up to the plate. One after the other, we have seen all these cities
pledge to take on global warming.

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Rising to the Occasion
What about the rest of us? Ultimately this question comes down to this: Are we,
as Americans, capable of doing great things even though they are difficult? Are
we capable of rising above ourselves and above history? The record indicates
that we do have that capacity. We formed a nation. We fought a revolution and
brought something new to this Earth, a free nation guaranteeing individual liberty.
America made a moral decision that slavery was wrong and that we could not be
half free and half slave. We as Americans decided that of course women should
have the right vote. We defeated totalitarianism and won a war in the Pacific and
the Atlantic simultaneously. We desegregated our schools and cured fearsome
diseases like polio. We landed on the moon, the very example of whats possible
when we are at our best. We worked together in a completely bipartisan way to
bring down communism. We have even solved a global environmental crisis
before, the hole in the stratospheric ozone layer. This was said to be an
impossible problem to solve because its a global environmental challenge
requiring cooperation from every nation in the world. But we took it on, and the
United States took the lead in phasing out the chemicals that caused that problem.
So now we have to use our political processes in our democracy and then decide
to act together to solve those problems. But we have to have a different
perspective on this one. It is different than any problem we have ever faced
before.

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Our Only Home

You remember that home movie of the Earth spinning in space. One of those
spacecraft continuing on out into the universe, when it got 4 billion miles out in
space, Carl Sagan said, Lets take another picture of the Earth. See that pale
blue dot. Thats us. Everything that has ever happened in all of human history
has happened on that pixel. All the triumphs and all the tragedies, all the wars, all
the famines, all the major advances: its our only home. And that is what is at
stake: our ability to live on planet Earth, to have a future as a civilization.
I believe this is a moral issue. It is your time to seize this issue. It is our time to
rise again to secure our future.
Theres nothing that unusual about what Im doing. What is unusual is that I had
the privilege to be shown it as a young man. It is almost as if a window was
opened through which the future was very clearly visible. See that, he said.
That is the future in which you are going to live your life.
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Future generations may well have occasion to ask themselves. What were our
parents thinking? Why didnt they wake up when they had a chance?
We have to hear that question from them, now.

End Credits

Are you ready to change the way you live?

The climate crisis can be solved.
Heres how to start: go to www.climatecrisis.net.
You can reduce your carbon emissions. In fact, you can
reduce your carbon emissions to zero.
Buy energy efficient appliances and light bulbs.
Change your thermostat (and use clock thermostats) to
reduce energy for heating and cooling.
Weatherize your house, increase insulation, get an energy
audit.
Recycle.
If you can, buy a hybrid car.
When you can, walk or ride a bicycle.
When you can, use light rail and mass transit.
Tell your parents not to ruin the world that you will live
in.
If you are a parent, join with your children to save the

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world they will live in.

Switch to renewable sources of energy.
Call your power company to see if they offer green energy.
If they dont, ask why not?
Vote for leaders who pledge to solve the crisis.
Write to Congress. If they dont listen, run for Congress.
Plant trees. Lots of trees.
Speak up in your community.
Call radio shows and write newspapers.
Insists that America freeze CO2 emissions and join
international efforts to stop global warming.
Reduce our dependence on foreign oil; help farmers grow
alcohol fuels.
Raise fuel economy standards; require lower emissions
from automobiles.
If you believe in prayer, pray that people will find the
strength to change. In the words of the African proverb,
When you pray, move your feet.
Encourage everyone you know to see this movie.
Learn as much as you can about the climate crisis. Then
put your knowledge into action.

Song: I Need to Wake Up

Recorded by: Melissa Etheridge
Album: Greatest Hits: The Road Less Traveled (2005)
Academy Award Winning Song for film: "An Inconvenient
Truth" (2006)
Have I been sleeping?
I've been so still
Afraid of crumbling
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An Inconvenient Truth Transcript

Have I been careless?
Dismissing all the distant rumblings
Take me where I am supposed to be
To comprehend the things that I can't see
Cause I need to move
I need to wake up
I need to change
I need to shake up
I need to speak out
Something's got to break up
I've been asleep
And I need to wake up
Now
And as a child
I danced like it was 1999
My dreams were wild
The promise of this new world
Would be mine
Now I am throwing off the carelessness of youth
To listen to an inconvenient truth
That I need to move
I need to wake up
I need to change
I need to shake up
I need to speak out
Something's got to break up
I've been asleep
And I need to wake up
Now

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An Inconvenient Truth Transcript

I am not an island
I am not alone
I am my intentions
Trapped here in this flesh and bone
And I need to move
I need to wake up
I need to change
I need to shake up
I need to speak out
Something's got to break up
I've been asleep
And I need to wake up
Now
I want to change
I need to shake up
I need to speak out
Oh, Something's got to break up
I've been asleep
And I need to wake up
Now

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