Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 60 views

    Heidel, W. a. - non-Reciprocal Uses of Ἀλλήλων - CPh, 23, 2 - 1928 - 176-179

    Uploaded by

    the gathering
    This article discusses non-reciprocal uses of the Greek pronoun ἀλλήλων, which is typically translated as "one another" or "each other", implying reciprocity or mutual action. However, the author provides several examples from Greek literature where ἀλλήλων is used in a non-reciprocal sense, such as one group acting upon another or events following sequentially rather than mutually. The author argues this expanded use of ἀλλήλων is more common than typically acknowledged and examines difficulties that can arise in interpretation when reciprocity is not implied.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Heidel, W. a. - non-Reciprocal Uses of Ἀλλήλων - CPh, 23, 2 - 1928 - 176-179

    Uploaded by

    the gathering
    60 views5 pages
    This article discusses non-reciprocal uses of the Greek pronoun ἀλλήλων, which is typically translated as "one another" or "each other", implying reciprocity or mutual action. However, the author provides several examples from Greek literature where ἀλλήλων is used in a non-reciprocal sense, such as one group acting upon another or events following sequentially rather than mutually. The author argues this expanded use of ἀλλήλων is more common than typically acknowledged and examines difficulties that can arise in interpretation when reciprocity is not implied.

    Original Description:

    Heidel, W. a._non-Reciprocal Uses of Ἀλλήλων_CPh, 23, 2_1928_176-179

    Original Title

    Heidel, W. a._non-Reciprocal Uses of Ἀλλήλων_CPh, 23, 2_1928_176-179

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This article discusses non-reciprocal uses of the Greek pronoun ἀλλήλων, which is typically translated as "one another" or "each other", implying reciprocity or mutual action. However, the author provides several examples from Greek literature where ἀλλήλων is used in a non-reciprocal sense, such as one group acting upon another or events following sequentially rather than mutually. The author argues this expanded use of ἀλλήλων is more common than typically acknowledged and examines difficulties that can arise in interpretation when reciprocity is not implied.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    60 views5 pages

    Heidel, W. a. - non-Reciprocal Uses of Ἀλλήλων - CPh, 23, 2 - 1928 - 176-179

    Uploaded by

    the gathering
    This article discusses non-reciprocal uses of the Greek pronoun ἀλλήλων, which is typically translated as "one another" or "each other", implying reciprocity or mutual action. However, the author provides several examples from Greek literature where ἀλλήλων is used in a non-reciprocal sense, such as one group acting upon another or events following sequentially rather than mutually. The author argues this expanded use of ἀλλήλων is more common than typically acknowledged and examines difficulties that can arise in interpretation when reciprocity is not implied.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    Non-Reciprocal Uses of

    Author(s): W. A. Heidel
    Source: Classical Philology, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Apr., 1928), pp. 176-179
    Published by: The University of Chicago Press
    Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/263033
    Accessed: 02-03-2015 22:12 UTC

    Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at
    http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp
    JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content
    in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship.
    For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].

    The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Classical Philology.

    http://www.jstor.org

    This content downloaded from 132.248.9.8 on Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:12:39 UTC
    All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

    176

    NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS

    There is some evidence in favor of frumenTO.Suetonius (Aug. 41) in


    treating the same subject which we have in the eighteenth chapter of the
    Res gestaesays: "Frumentumquoquein annonaedifficultatibussaepe levisnumariasduplisimo, interdumnullo pretio viritim admensusest tesserasque
    cavit." We should note that the substantives which Suetonius used are
    frumentumand tesserasnummarias.
    Likewise,in chapterxv of the Res gestaethere may be some clue to the
    restorationof chapterxviii in the words(of xv): "iterumautemin consulatu
    decimo ex patrimoniomeo sestertios quadringenoscongiariviritim pernumeravi et consul undecimum duodecimfrumentationesfrumentoprivatim
    coemptoemensussum." In these lines Augustusspeaksof money (sestertios)
    which he gave fromhis patrimony(ex patrimoniomeo-exactly the phrasein
    whichhe madefrom
    chap.xviii) and of distributionsof grain(frumentationes)
    grainthat he had privatelypurchased(frumentoprivatimcoempto-Is not the
    expressionsimilarto such a phraseas exfrumento. . . . meo?).
    The readingex frumenTOrequirestwo more spaces than the ex horrEO
    of Ramsay and von Premerstein,but the irregularityof the right margin
    Antiochenum
    and of the size and spacingof the letters in the Monumentum
    readilyaffordsthe roomfor two extraletters. Insteadof the tributusof Ramsay and von Premersteinwe might have tesseraswith the changein gender
    of the adjectivesthat precedethe noun, but tributusagreesbetter with the
    Greektranslationand is more suitablewith the restorationEDIDI.
    K. SCOTT
    YALE UNIVERSITY

    NON-RECIPROCAL USES OF &AXXowv


    Substantially this note was written a score or more years ago, but laid
    aside for fear of saying the obvious. Experience has shown, however, that
    the point to be made needs to be made, not only for the neophyte but also for
    many an accomplished scholar. Grammarians and lexicographers call &XX5Xwv
    a reciprocal pronoun and translate it "one another, each other." On consulting any good dictionary one discovers that "reciprocal" has many uses which
    may well justify the accepted nomenclature; but examples presently to be
    cited likewise excuse the title I have chosen for this note.
    Attentive reading soon makes one aware of marked differences in the use
    of &XX'Xwv. Pindar (0.42) uses aXXaXo4ovta of the slaying of Eteocles and
    Polynices each by the other's hand. The action is mutual, in the strictest
    in
    sense reciprocal. Herodotus, on the other hand, speaks of the aXXAX0opayt7q
    the army of Cambyses, meaning the practice of cannibalism (iii. 25); and
    again, speaking of the final fighting at Thermopylae, says that many of the
    Asiatics KaTeraTE'OVTO ZWo'?vr' &XX4Xwv(vii. 223). In neither case, as Merriam
    remarks on the latter passage, is there any "proper reciprocity." Examples

    This content downloaded from 132.248.9.8 on Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:12:39 UTC
    All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

    177

    NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS

    of the latter sort are numerous. Arist. (Meteor. 356 a 22) says
    Ot 7roTuot

    KaLot 7TaVTEc

    6fatrvovTatTAEVTVWTEsEls TV/VODTavaTT, TOtj` dLSdXXovs-'

    "except

    when one river empties into another." Similarly he defines episodic plots as
    those in which situations follow one another (urt' aXXiX) in accordance with
    neither probability nor necessity (Poet. 1451 b 34), in contrast to those which
    grow one out of the other (1452 a 4). Again (ibid. 1448 b 32) he explains the
    name of iambic verse as arising from the fact oTL ev
    'VTW /uCTpPI TOVrW LaLjupt3ov
    certainly not meaning to imply that everyone who was lampooned
    &AXvXovs,
    wrote "iambic" verse.
    An interesting class of examples uses &AA'Xwvin relation to a special series
    or sequence, which may or may not be circular. The circular sort may be
    illustrated by the Homeric Hymn to Apollo 194 ff.:
    aiTrap iv7rX6KagotXpLTES Kat 64)poves'Upat
    0' dHI7 qe At6 OvyaT71pT' 'A4po5L'T
    'ApMovt&
    b2riKaprqyXetpas IXovwat.
    6pXEVVT ac&XX?Xwv

    Here each held "another," but not each "the others," by the hand. The rectilinear group appears, e.g., in the phrase of Arist. (Cat. 1 b 16), TrW)v EpoyevW^V
    Ka`

    ,ub vr' &XXvXa ErTayjuEVa,used of terms which do not fall one under the other,

    as not belonging to the same order or category. Likewise we hear of various


    early philosophers asserting that life, animal and vegetable, originated by spontaneous generation from the primeval mire, but in process of time organic beings arose St'&XX'Xwv
    or $ JAXvAXwv.
    These phrases may have been unambiguous, but one cannot be quite sure in view of the Heraclitean doctrine of the
    universal flux and the common belief in the KVKXOVyeveaews. Yet one is fairly
    startled by the boldness of Lucretius when he says (ii.75 ff.):
    Sic rerum summa nouatur
    semper, et inter se mortales mutua uiuunt.
    Augescunt aliae gentes, aliae minuuntur,
    inque breui spatio mutantur saecla animantum
    et quasi cursoresuitai lampada tradunt.
    Editors of the poet generally pass over this passage without remark; Giussani
    naturally forms an honorable exception. Lucretius presumably had in mind
    chiefly Plato's description of the relay torch race (Rep. 328 a), XaJU&aM JXOVTCEs
    aU&aSWVTLV (LX7AXOLS, combining it, however, with the same philosopher's more
    precise expression in Legg. 776 b, Ka&adrEp
    XdAVra&L
    ToV/3(ov
    2vrapa&0ov1's !XXots
    (e XXwv.

    Sometimes, especially when a considerable group is concerned, XiWAXwv


    is
    used, even when there is no thought of involving all its members, in order to
    suggest that the matter is of common occurrence. Thus Plato says (Prot.
    323 c),

    ova

    yap

    7/yovV7aL

    &UqXXovsKaca

    eXeLv

    acvp'oflO

    4v'%EL v'rv'X7,

    od&s

    Ov,uOVov

    ("Such faults as men think to see in one another, nobody


    rebukes"). The temptation to use AXvXwv
    in reference to a group is so strong
    as to lead at times to an expression which is clearly illogical. In Plato's Apology
    'raL oSIE vovcrdZ

    This content downloaded from 132.248.9.8 on Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:12:39 UTC
    All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

    NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS

    178

    of his interestsanddiscoursesin
    19d, Socratesdenouncesthe misrepresentation
    the Cloudsof Aristophanes,and after disclaimingall knowledgeof the things
    imputedto him, thus appealsto the court: ,uapTvpas 86 atv vZZv TOVS7ro"OvXs
    rapcxO/JLL

    KaL

    a4tL v/,ua' &XXqov5 &UOYKELVrEKa'L(ApJ gELY,


    oXoL 8E VVLOv 0LO1TOLetcT V 4patere

    KocTLE&LXE`yo,uEvov-0
    ITOTEv /KpOV

    -1 /.Lya

    ?)KOVOCTL7S;VJ/JV

    C/OV

    L EOV

    aK27
    7TW7rOTE

    ouv &XX'XoLotsi 7T0)-

    lrEpL TOV TOVO7aTV &cAXyoLEvOu.

    The colloquialturn of the sentence excusesits faults, if such there be; but
    note what is said. The jurors are urged to tell one another, at first quite
    generally;as an after-thoughtthe appealis restrictedto such as have heard
    Socrates discourse, and this group is bidden 4pS4ere QXX-XoLs.It is obvious
    that those who require to be told are not of the number of those who have
    is used. Of course it may be said, and truly said,
    heard him, and yet &XAXIAoLS
    that Socrates wished each juror who had previously heard him to confirm to
    his neighbors the truth of his present assertion, expecting that the testimony
    would reach the ears of such as had no personal knowledge of the facts; but
    is certainly not strictly reciprocal. In the orators also the
    the use of WiXXioXs
    jurors are repeatedly urged to inform their fellows of what they know; but
    I have noted only one instance-Andoc. i.37-in which a&XX-wvis used.
    Akin to the passage from the Apology just mentioned is one in the Euthyphro, which long engaged my thought. It is in fact the one which first drew
    After pointing out that men, while
    my attention to the uses of dXUXXwv.
    should pay the penalty of his
    the
    that
    wrongdoer
    in
    principle
    admitting
    injustice, dispute about details of particular acts, Socrates asks (8 d), OVKOVV
    aVa

    ye

    TavTa

    KaL

    Or

    Oo'

    a tYVep
    7relrOaa-vO

    a7TaW,o1RL

    lrepL

    TOV

    SLKaCWV KaL

    This
    has been a crux to all editors. Most have retained the reading of the MSS;
    but that admirable Platonist, James Adam, proposed to emend by reading
    aAA'aXXovs.Those who observed the letter did all manner of violence to the
    spirit, as may be seen by a few examples. Wohlrab interpreted the text by
    paraphrasingit thus: KiaX XJXAoV &&8KOVVTE; or .LEv 4aoLv a'ZKLv, O' & OV
    How an editor of Plato should come to make such a suggestion is
    XaaYLv.
    incomprehensible; for his Greek must mean "Though they wrong one another, some assert that they (themselves) are in the wrong, while others plead
    'not-guilty.'" Fritzsche also offers a paraphrase which has the double merit
    \XkAXovS,Ka'L OLe/V
    of being possible Greek and making sense: a8LKo'VaV
    4XaYLV (a&8LKc1COaL), oL 8e ou 4)aow (&&KCZV).But this is truly, as he says, mira
    breuitas. Professor Burnet, whom no one will accuse of not knowing Plato,
    in his annotated edition (Plato's Euthyphro, Apology of Socrates, and Crito,
    1924), writes as follows: "The meaning of the reciprocal pronoun is a little
    as determined by the
    ....
    We must, then, take &U'XKovg
    hard to catch.
    meaning of the whole sentence, not by that of the clause in which it happens
    to stand, and we must render, 'Each party says of the other that it is in
    the wrong, and the other denies.' That means a good deal more than the

    c8LKWVy, US

    ao' Aoyos, Ka'L

    O'

    /LV

    4avLY

    &XVA)XOV; G&SKELV~ or

    &

    ov

    waav.

    This content downloaded from 132.248.9.8 on Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:12:39 UTC
    All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

    179

    NOTES AND DISCUSSIONS

    more obvious ot ,ucv roi's Trepovs caxLv a8&KCLV,which would not imply that
    the charge was reciprocated."These editors have this in common that
    as strictly reciprocaland as referringto the groups
    they regard WXqAovu
    o v ....
    ot 8C. This interpretationleads to difficultieswhich all in
    their severalways confess-Wohlrab and Fritzscheby actual transposition,
    Burnet by saying that the meaning of DA&Xovs is not to be explained
    by the clause in which it happens to stand. It will readily be admitted
    that the presumptionis againsttheir view of the sentence,and this presumption is confirmedwhen one considersthe context. The point is not that
    the gods fall into two groups who recriminateeach other, but that they
    must, on Euthyphro'sview, differ,one groupfrom the other, about what is
    it is only
    7rEpL TWv
    right and what is wrong(OTaaatovaL
    LKaLWJV Ka"L&8tLKwv);
    must be strictly reciprocaland referto these
    the assumptionthat dAXiBXovs
    groupswho pass judgmenton the acts that createsthe difficulty. This I saw
    long ago and in my editionsubstituted&Xovsfor &XX
    'ovs, but soonrepented
    of my sin, becauseI becameawarethat the changewas not necessary.The
    meaningis simply that the gods differ,one groupassertingthat A wrongsB,
    while anotherholds him guiltless. Schanzwas quite right in his laconicnote
    on DAXXovs,"hier die einen die andern."The passagefrom the Apology
    ot 8c.
    showsthat neitherA nor B need be includedin oLpuEv....
    derivesfrom aXXos
    this is intelligibleenough;it is just
    If aXXAXkwv
    aXXov,
    like "oneanother"and einander.Strict reciprocitywouldcometo be denoted
    by such an expressionnot inevitablybut ratherby chance. The development
    mightbe comparedto the single-poleswitchbeingcrowdedbut not superseded
    by the three-wayswitch, whichworksequallywell from either end. It seems
    that a comprehensivestudy of so-called "reciprocal"expressionsin a large
    groupof languageswouldrewardone who inclinesto semantics.
    W. A. HEIDEL
    WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY

    PUBLIUS FLAVONIUS PAULINUS


    A senatorialcareerwhich has several interestingpoints is given in the
    followinginscriptionfrom PisidianAntioch,recentlypublishedby Professor
    D. M. Robinson.'
    II. 4Xauwvop IIavXeTPop nrv vXajuLrp6rarop j-yejuoPa Xe-yeC7vos ALyulrrKo(D),

    -paL-

    ropa, Kovalaro[paj, raw4ap


    E7rapXLasKbvrpov, irpeo' Transactions

    of the American Philological

    Association,

    LVII

    (1926), 230, n. 62;

    cf. Plate XXXV, Fig. 62.

    This content downloaded from 132.248.9.8 on Mon, 02 Mar 2015 22:12:39 UTC
    All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions

    You might also like