Linkers: Cause and Effect

Linkers
This list of linking and connecting words is part of a work in progress and can and will
change at some time. Mainly, I'll be adding in example sentences later on.
cause and effect
neutral & frequent
so / so that
then
because of this
make something happen
bring on
cause
hence
por lo tanto (therefore)
affect
Adapting to particular situations can be difficult and timeproduce
consuming and therefore the root cause of much suffering.
more formal
as a result (of this)
as a consequence
consequently
accordingly
for this reason
therefore
thereby
due to
add reasons & info
also
then too
besides
too
again
once again
add to this
what's more
as well
on top (of this/that)
in my opinion
furthermore
moreover
in addition
additionally
bear in mind
take into account
As we mentioned before
according to
tambin (also)
Also, consumable classroom materials, such as scissors and
paper, generally tend to be paid for by their parents.
Luego tambin (then too)
Then too, (people) can impose further restrictions and
impediments . . .
una vez ms (once again)
And after boxing, I'm just about exhausted, and once
again it's time to eat, and I go home and make dinner.
En mi opinin (in my opinion)
In my opinion, the most important traits of an English teacher
are firmness and adaptability . . .
adems (furthermore)
Furthermore, these characteristics of a good teacher also
apply to being a good student.
tener presente (bear in mind)
Bear in mind that there is no such thing as a satisfactory
superficial education.
. . .talk low, talk slow and don't talk too much. Bear this in
mind when you are planning your presentation . . .
1
como mencionamos antes (as we mentioned before)

Suffice it to say . . .
In light of the fact that . . as we mentioned before - "As we mentioned before, talk
precisely and clearly"
.
segn (according to)
While speaking:
Id like to comment on According to William Glasser, the psychiatrist who founded
Reality Therapy, We learn 10% of what we read, . . .
that .
Sorry, but . . .
Can / May I add
something?
Can / May I ask a
question?
Excuse me for
interrupting, but . .
Can I add here that . . .
Id like to say something
if I may.
Returning to topic
anyway, . . .
as I was saying, . . .
tanto . . . como / ambos (both)
in any case, . . .
Both "make" and "do" mean "hacer" in Spanish.
to get back to what I was
saying, . . .
Where was I?
conjunctions
neutral & frequent
pero (but)
and
. . . are the skeleton key to being a good teacher, but I feel
neither
that none of these . . .
or
so (asi que)
yet
The most important thing to do is to eat breakfast. So, I make
but
myself some coffee and some toast . . . Usually, I start class
for
around 8:30 in the morning.So, I go to my first class, which is
so
in Madrid, in the center of Madrid.
nor
summarizing
neutral & frequent
all in all
that is
in other words
to sum it up
less frequent
in short
by and large
en general (all in all)

All in all, however, my feeling is that youre far safer
spending your money in supermarkets.
All in all, Spanish cuisine is clearly superior to similar anglosaxon fare.
para explicarlo ms claramente (that is)
That is, the waiters amongst them have told me of filthy
kitchens. I don't like violence.
That is, I attack it with everything I've got.
That is, the more we are committed to being transformed by a
matter the better we learn it.
en otras palabras (in other words)
2
In other words, . . . both students and teachers must commit

to a transformation.
para resumir (to sum it up)
To sum it up, the Weeping Willow is the analogy that best
characterizes for me what being a good teacher is all about.
en pocas palabras (in short)
In short, if parents and students obstinately insist on making
teachers and schools completely responsible for their
childrens education, they can actually hinder it.
comparing
neutral & frequent
also
in the same way
by comparison
by far
likewise
so too
as
the same thing
even more
more formal
in a similar manner
similarly
con mucho (by far)

by far
an ms (even more)
However, whats really surprising is that many of their
parents were even more uncooperative with this teachers
approach than their own children.
To complicate things even more, . . .
lo mismo (the same thing, similarly)
The same thing can be said about groups of students.
Similarly, a pre-rehearsed ending to the presentation will
ensure you don't forget . . .
purpose
neutral & frequent
in order to
in order for
in order that
so that
para (in order to, in order for)

. . . the willingness to undergo a transformation in order to
bring one about in . . .
- in order for education to take place and for students to
actually learn English, . . .
para que (so that)
I'm going to tell you about a typical day in my life so
that you can practice listening to the present tense.
showing certainty
neutral & frequent
at least
even so
surely
certainly
no doubt
conceivably
perhaps
probably
more formal
at the same time
after all
apparently
possibly
al menos (at least)

there is no such thing . . ., at least in my experience.
por cierto que, por supuesto que - And certainly the
community knows it.
para decir la verdad (the truth be told)
The truth be told, Ive often been handed a previously used
dish in a restaurant. The truth be told, I've never seen Star
Wars or the Wizard of Oz.
undoubtedly
conclusively
doubtless
evidently
presumably
the truth be told
explaining reasons
neutral & frequent
certainly
actually
really
for example
in fact
as a matter of fact
for that matter
that is
of course
because
since
basically speaking
more formal
for instance
indeed
admittedly
en realidad (actually)
In short, if parents and students obstinately insist on making
teachers and schools completely responsible for their
childrens education, they canactually hinder it.
en realidad, de hecho (in fact)
In fact, its a wonder I go to restaurants at all after that.
In fact, I think that the best teachers should love learning.
Its gone on long enough, far too many years, in fact.
en realidad, de hecho (for that matter)
In fact, its a wonder I go to restaurants at all
Sadly, I think it would take a mighty big-hearted teacher to
risk approaching this particular group of parents, or any
other for that matter, with another project of similar
proportions.
claro, naturalmente (of course)
Of course 2 and 2 is 4, it's perfectly clear.
hay que reconocer (admittedly)
Admittedly, I usually wont spend over 10 euros for a
meal. Admittedly, living in sunny Spain has its advantages.
logical argument
neutral & frequent
Not only ... but also
the more ... the more
whether ... or
either ... or
for instance
this ... that
neither ... nor
for example
here ... there
in particular
since ... then
if ... then
these ... those
more formal
to illustrate
cuanto ms (the more . . . the better, etc)

the more we are committed to being transformed by a matter
the better we learn it.
ya sea por obra o por omisn
whether by commission or omission the eager teachers
first two projects were shot down in their infancy.
para demostrar (to illustrate)
To illustrate the obstacles that parents unconsciously place
in their childrens educational path, Ill tell you a little story.
conditions
neutral & frequent
if
depending on . . . (dependiendo de)

Well, I wake up at around 7 o'clock depending on the day.
si . . . (if)
4
although
even if
in spite of
otherwise
though
even though
unless
depending on
at the same time
in this case
more formal
under such
circumstances
provided that
as long as
this (that) being so
in this event
nevertheless
in these circumstances
nonetheless
despite
introducing a topic
as for
with regard to
with respect to
concerning
as regards
concerning
say
by the way
chronological order
neutral & frequent
later
in the meantime
finally
when / while / was
then
after something
after that
then
earlier
meanwhile
before that
at last
afterwards
If I have a break around one o'clock, I make lunch.

My favorite place is the Chinese restaurant in Plaza de
Espaa, if you can get a table.
if parents and students obstinately insist on making teachers
and schools completely responsible for their childrens
education, they can actually hinder it.
en este caso (in this case)
(this) really helps one to better learn the subject at hand, in
this case English.
cambiando de tema (say ... )

Say, you know the other day I needed a satellite dish installed
right up on the roof there.
luego (then)
And, then I continue having class.
Note - This is a common error: In Spanish you say: "y luego
continuo dando clase," which you frequently translate
directly to English as: "and after I continue having class". In
English this means something similar to "despues de algo"
(the next vocabulary point below).
despues de algo (after something)
And after the painting class, I go to the gym.
And after boxing, I go home and make dinner.
After dinner and after I make sure my cats have eaten as
well, I usually watch TV for a little while and then go to bed.
despues de eso (after that)
5
first, second, ...

now
shortly
already
by that / the time
until / till
more formal
previously
subsequently
at length
simultaneously
concurrently
formerly
since
first and foremost
last, but not least
beforehand
After that, I have my own classes.

after that. . . . the teacher stated that after having evaluated
the students development during the first week of class, her
evaluation was that her primary objectives would include . . .
despues (afterwards)
Stress important words or phrases for emphasis and
pause afterwards to ensure the audience . . .
hasta (until, till)
Sometimes I don't have time for lunch and I teach all the
way till about 4 o'clock.
antes, de antemano (beforehand)
you should write a script for the first part of the introduction
and the last part of the conclusion beforehand.
contrast
instead
anyhow
rather than
but
on the other hand
still
however
in spite of that
otherwise
more formal
conversely
despite
on the contrary
yet
sin embargo (however)

However , whats really surprising is that many of their
parents were even more uncooperative with this teachers
approach than their own children.
However, the upshot of this is that this commitment to a
personal transformation actually really helps.
However, by carefully planning your
presentation we have reduced the amount of
pero (but)
I think that the best teachers should love learning, but that is a
matter that would best be left for another article.
concession
neutral & frequent
all the same
obviously
of course
at any rate
in any case
anyway
however
still
it goes without saying
that
more formal
de todas formas (anyway)

Anyway, the first general parent-teacher meeting was held.
Well, Im not here to talk about teaching anyway.
de todas formas, sin embargo (all the same)
I've heard the snails are really good, but all the same, I'll
have a hamburger.
no te lo discuto, de acuerdo (granted)
Granted, their opinions are to be respected, but whether by
commission or omission the eager teachers first two projects
were shot down in their infancy.
Granted, many will claim that traits such as being friendly,
dynamic, native and/or well-prepared are the skeleton
key to being a good teacher . . .
6
to be sure
granted
admittedly
it is true that
after all
nevertheless
in spite of
frequency and time
from time to time
every now and then
more often than not
Other
both
de vez en cuando (from time to time)

I go for a walk from time to time.
cada vez en cuando - I eat out every now and then and I know
Im taking my chances each time.
I watch a film every now and then.
La mayora del tiempo (more often than not)
More often than not, the programmes on tv are rotten.
tanto . . . como / ambos (both)
Both "make" and "do" mean "hacer" in Spanish.

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Linkers

como mencionamos antes (as we mentioned before)

en general (all in all)

In other words, . . . both students and teachers must commit

con mucho (by far)

para (in order to, in order for)

al menos (at least)

cuanto ms (the more . . . the better, etc)

depending on . . . (dependiendo de)

If I have a break around one o'clock, I make lunch.

cambiando de tema (say ... )

first, second, ...

After that, I have my own classes.

sin embargo (however)

de todas formas (anyway)

de vez en cuando (from time to time)

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