Ascomycotina Class PPT 2014
Ascomycotina Class PPT 2014
Ascomycotina Class PPT 2014
DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY,
WEST BENGAL STATE UNIVERSITY, BARASAT, KOLKATA- 700126
W.B. INDIA
ASCOMYCOTINA
(The Sac Fungi)
Gk. askos = goat skin, sac
Introduction to Ascomycotina
Ascomycetes (Ascomycotina) represent 75% of all fungi including
fungi in lichen symbioses, mycorrhizal fungi, and fungi that have lost
their sexual phase and rely on production of mitospores (conidia).
All Ascomycetes have meiosis inside asci.
Most have Type I life cycle with short dikaryophase in the ascogenous
hyphal system that develops after fertilization in the developing fruit body.
Croziers in the ascogenous hyphae are probably homologous to clamp
connections.
Division of Ascomycota
Filamentous
ascomycetes
(Euascomycetes)
Absence of ascogenous
hyphae and ascocarps; most
asci without specialized tips
Sacccharomycetales
(Hemiascomycetes)
Basidiomycetes
Classification from Alexopoulos et al. 1996
www.biomed2.man.ac.uk/stewart/home.html
Hemiascomycetes
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fission Yeast
Euascomycetes
Archiascomycetes
May grow as a
mycelium in nature but
as yeasts in the
laboratory.
Taphrina deformans
A) The assimilative mycelium is dikaryotic different from
most other ascomycetes.
(B) It produces an exposed layer of asci on the surface of
the host leaf (top right). No ascoma.
(C) The ascospores often bud, even while still inside the
ascus (left and bottom right).
(D) When the asci open to release their spores, they tend
to split across the tip, rather than around it (bottom,
left), so they are not like the rest of the operculate
group like the asci of the Pezizales.
Members of Archiascomycetes
Ascospore budding
(blastoconidium formation)
Colony on PDA
e: T.caerulescens
d Taphrina deformans
f, g: Protomyces
Hymenium
Galls
cell wall ultrastructure
h-top Rhodosporidium
toruloides;
Left: Taphrina wiesneri;
Rt: Saitoella complicata
Colonies on PDA
i, j Saitoella complicata
Enteroblastic budding
Schizosaccaromyces
pomme
Neolecta
vitellina
l: Pneumocystis
carnii
Taphrina and Protomyces are in the Taphrinales and are plant parasites.
Schizosaccharomyces and Saitoella are saprophytic yeasts.
Pneumocystis is a pulmonary parasite of animals.
The Saccharomycetales include brewers yeast and Candida albicans.
Filamentous Ascomycetes here pertains to the Euascomycetes only
Somatic Structures
Thallus: yeast, mycelial, or dimorphic
Cell walls: chitinous in filamentous forms, mannan and
glucan principal polysaccharide in yeasts, exception
Archiascomycetes
regularly septate hyphae
invagination of plasmalemma
septa includes a small pore
permits flow of cytoplasm and organelles
Woronin bodies
membrane bound structures associated with the septum
frequently plug the septal pores of hyphae
crystalline peroxisome
function in maintaining cellular integrity during hyphal
growth and damage
Concentric bodies
Fungal tissues
Plectenchyma - general term for fungal tissue
Prosenchyma - tissue is loosely woven
mycelial strands
Nuclear condition
Monokaryon
Dikaryon
Heterokaryon (heterokaryosis)
Parasexual Cycle
(Pontecorvo, 1956)
Establishment of heterokaryon
Mutation
Hyphal fusion
http://gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch073.htm
INCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEMS
Homogenic incompatibility
inability of genetically similar individuals to fuse
promotes outcrossing in sexual reproduction
controlled by mating type genes (MAT)
unifactorial (bipolar)
outcrossing individuals are heterothallic
operates in gamatangia and trichogynes
Heterogenic incompatibility
inability of somatic or vegetative hyphae to fuse
somatic or vegetative incompatibility
vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs)
het genes
not homologous
encode for two distinct set of genes but at identical
chromosome location
Prototunicate ascus
Unitunicate ascus
Bitunicate ascus
Ascus
persistent or evanescent
+/- iodine reaction of ascus walls
operculate
inoperculate
unitunicate
bitunicate
prototunicate
Bitunicate asci
www.mycolog.com/CHAP4a.htm
www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/wong/Bot201/Ascomycota/
www.mycolog.com/CHAP4a.htm
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/geiser.html
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/geiser.html
Ascospores
+/- pigmentation
aseptate, uniseptate or multiseptate
+/- appendages
+/- sheaths
variety size, shapes, arrangement in ascus
usually 8 per ascus
www.arches.uga.edu/~newell/pspc.htm
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/geiser.html
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/geiser.html
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/geiser.html
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/geiser.html
Unitunicate Asci
Ascus tip
Operculate
Operculum may be
Ascus tip
Inoperculate
No operculum
Opens by pore e.g Heliotales like Sclerotinia or
May burst by one or two longitudinal slits at the apex
(bilabiate ascus)-e.g Pertusaria, Ascozonus.
Specialised structures found in ascus tips are generally
referred to as the apical apparatus.
Apical ring or annulus are specially
thickened inward extension of the
apical wall of the ascus arranged in
the form of cylindrical flanges. Upon
discharge of ascospore the annulus
is everted inside out like a sleeve.
Unitunicate-Inoperculate Asci
Series Unitunicatae-Inoperculate
Although none have lids (opercula), the asci of this group
are not as uniform in appearance or structure as we might
like (below). Most have thicker walls at their tips, pierced
by a fine pore. Inside the apices, many have diagnostic
sphincter-like rings, which control the expulsion of the
spores. Some of those rings are amyloid (they stain blue
in iodine), others don't react with iodine, and are called
chitinoid. Some asci don't have rings at all, and in the
lichenized Lecanorales (G) (now placed in the
Class Lecanoromycetes), the ascal apex is extremely thick
and pierced by a narrow canal.
The true relationships among these orders have yet to be
fully worked out.
Bitunicate ascus
Endotunica
Exotunica
Protoventuria barriae
Apical chamber
operculum
Unitunicate,
Inoperculate ascus
Unitunicate,
Operculate ascus
Prototunicate ascus
3. somatogamy
fusion of undifferentiated hyphae; rare in Ascomycota.e.g
Coprobia granulata
Mating behaviour: Heterothallic (Neurospora crassa) and
Homothallic (Emericella nidulans, Pyronema
domesticum, Sordaria fimicola)
Gametangial contact
Isogametangia
- morphologically identical gametangia
- gametangia fuse
- fusion cell becomes ascus
- common in yeasts
Heterogametangia
- morphologically distinct gametangia
- antheridium (male; donates nuclei)
- ascogonium (female; receives nuclei)
- trichogyne: receptive hypha on some ascogonia
- Pyronema domesticum
- male nuclei pass from the antheridium into the ascogonium
- no formation of a "fusion cell
- ascogonium is initially multinucleate; nuclei occurring in
pairs(?)
- hyphae from fertilized ascogonium develop into asci
Development of Ascus
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
www.apsnet.org/education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosA-D/ascogonium.htm
Ascosporogenesis
Formation of ascospores within the ascus occurs by the
Process of free cell formation
Enveloping membrane system (EMS)
(1) envelopment of a nucleus and cytoplasm by two closely
associated membranes (EMS)
(2) Ascospore wall deposition between the two membranes
ascus cell wall
Ascus
ascus plasmalemma
EMS
The EMS
Double membrane (dm) system. Separates from its
close association with the ascus. Plasmalemma
fragments into pieces or sheets. These dm sheets
cleave out the young ascospore
Ascus
ascus plasmalemma
EMS
Epiplasm
ascospore
Functions:
Nourishment of developing spores (?)
Deposition of spore ornamentation
ascus cell wall
Ascus
n
epiplasm
ascus plasmalemma
Ascus
n
ascus plasmalemma
aim
ascospore plasmalemma
ascospore cell wall
From TEXT
Whats inside?
Asci-scattered or in Hymenium
Centrum:- (Hamathecium + asci) excluding ascoma
wall
Hamathecium (Gr. Hama = together + theke = case):
sterile inter-ascal tissue or elements. Lacking in
Eurotiales,clavicipitales,Mycosphaerella.
Cleistothecium
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/geiser.html
www.bsu.edu/classes/ruch/msa/geiser.html
Chasmothesium
Gymnothesium
Ctenomyces
Auxarthron
Apothecium
Perithecium
Ascolocular types
Loculoascomycetes = Dothideomycetes
Pezizomycotina
Laboulbeniomycetes - inoperculate, perithecia
lichen
lichen
lichen
Hysteropatella prostii(Hysteriales)
Pseudothecia
Pyrenophora brizae(Pleosporales)
Hysterothecia
Bitunicate asci,
Multiascus locules
Myriangium duriaei (Myriangiales)
Monascus locules
Bipolaris sp. (Pleosporales)
Trimmatostroma abietis
Broken
Helicoon and Helicoma spp. (Tubeufiaceae).
ectotunica
Stroma
Trimmatostroma abietis
Helical conidia
Conidia and
conidiophore
Chlamydospores
Pseudothecium
Pseudothecium superficially
resembles a perithecium with no
distinct wall.
Characteristic of Pyrenomycetes
excepting Erysiphales
Characteristic of loculoascomycetes
.
Ostiole schizogenous.
Ostiole lysigenous.
Ascoma an aggregation of
vegetative hyphae. Asci develop in
pre-formed locules, the ascolocule.
Presence of Psuedoparaphyses.
Hysterothecium
Hysterium pulicare
Thyrothecium
Schizothyrium rufulum
Without ostiole
Figs. 14-16. Schizothyrium rufulum on Encyclia sp. (Orchidaceae; Mangelsdorff 2247). 14. Longitudinal section through a
thyriothecium. Bar = 25 m. 15. Young and mature asci embedded in ascogenous tissue. Bar = 25 m. 16. Mature ascospores. Bar
= 10 m.
Schizothyrium pomi
Flyspeck, on apple
Without ostiole
Thyriothecium cracks in
the light colored circular
area seen here
Morenoina epilobii
Ostiole
Figs. 7-10. Morenoina epilobii on an unknown host (Hofmann 127). 7. Surface mycelium
with young thyriothecia. Bar = 20 m. 8. Longitudinal section through a thyriothecium with
a basal hymenium. Bar = 10 m. 9. Young and mature asci on ascogenous tissue. Bar =
10 m. 10. Young and mature ascospores. Bar = 5 m.
Ascocarp Types
(a recapitulation)
Ascocarp
Ascocarptypes
types
Cleistothecium
Gymnothecium
Chasmothecium
Stipitate
Apothecium
Apothecium
Compound
ascoma
Compound ascomata
Order Cyttariales Class Leotiomycetes:
Claviceps
Hypocrea
Cordyceps sp
Ascocarp types
Perithecium
Pseudothecium
Ascostromatal types
Hysteriothecium
Pseudothecium
Thyrothecium