CHAPTER

MECHANICS OF
MATERIALS
Stress and Strain
Axial Loading

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contents
Stress & Strain: Axial Loading
Normal Strain
Stress-Strain Test
S
Stress-Strain
S i Diagram:
Di
Ductile
D il Materials
M i l
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity
Elastic vs. Plastic Behavior
Fatigue
Deformations Under Axial Loading
Example 2.01
Sample Problem 2.1
Static Indeterminacy
Example 2.04
Thermal Stresses
Poissons Ratio

Generalized Hookes Law

Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
Shearing Strain
E
Example
l 2.10
2 10
Relation Among E, , and G
Sample Problem 2.5
Composite Materials
Saint-Venants Principle
Stress Concentration: Hole
Stress Concentration: Fillet
Example 2.12
Elastoplastic Materials
Plastic Deformations
Residual Stresses
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Material Properties (Thomas Young, 1810)

Thomas Young helped to develop the
theory of how materials deform elastically.
In particular, he defined an important
material constant, Youngs Modulus.

P
L

Let Axial Stress,

Let Axial Strain,

Internal Normal Force

C.S. Area

Change in Length
Original Length

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(in Units of N/m2

or Pascals (Pa))
(Dimensionless)
2-3

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress-Strain Test

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress-Strain Diagram: Ductile Materials

Mild
Steel
Youngs Mod
E
GPa

210

Aluminium Concrete Wood Nylon

70

18.5

12.5

2.8

Rubber

0.004

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress-Strain Diagram: Brittle Materials

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Hookes Law: Modulus of Elasticity

Below the yield stress

= E
E = Youngs Modulus or
Modulus of Elasticity
Strength is affected by alloying,
heat treating, and manufacturing
process but stiffness (Modulus of
Elasticity) is not.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Fatigue
Fatigue properties are shown on
S-N diagrams.
A member may fail due to fatigue
at stress levels significantly below
the ultimate strength if subjected
to many loading cycles.
When the stress is reduced below
the endurance limit, fatigue
failures do not occur for any
number of cycles.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Deformations Under Axial Loading
From Hookes Law:

= E

P
AE

From the definition of strain:

Equating and solving for the deformation,

PL
=
AE
With variations in loading, cross-section or
material properties,
PL
= i i
A
i i Ei
2-9

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.01
SOLUTION:
Divide the rod into components at
th load
the
l d application
li ti points.
i t
E = 29 10 6 psi
D = 1.07 in. d = 0.618 in.

Determine the deformation of

the steel rod shown under the
given loads.

Apply a free-body analysis on each

component to determine the
internal force
Evaluate the total of the component
deflections.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
SOLUTION:

Apply free-body analysis to each

component to determine internal forces,

Divide the rod into three

components:

P1 = 60 103 lb
P2 = 15 103 lb
P3 = 30 103 lb

Evaluate total deflection,

=
i

Pi Li 1 P1L1 P2 L2 P3 L3

=
+
+
Ai Ei E A1
A2
A3

) (

) (

60 103 12 15 103 12 30 103 16

+
+

0.9
0. 9
0.3
29 10

= 75.9 103 in.

L1 = L2 = 12 in.
A1 = A2 = 0.9 in

L3 = 16 in.
2

A3 = 0.3 in

= 75.9 103 in.

2

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:

The rigid bar BDE is supported by two

links AB and CD.

Apply a free-body analysis to the bar

BDE to find the forces exerted by
links AB and DC.
Evaluate the deformation of links AB
and DC or the displacements of B
and D.

Work out the geometry to find the

Link AB is made of aluminum (E = 70
deflection at E given the deflections
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500
at B and D.
mm2. Link CD is made of steel (E = 200
GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of (600
mm2).
For the 30-kN force shown, determine the
deflection a) of B, b) of D, and c) of E.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 2.1
SOLUTION:

Displacement of B:
B =

Free body: Bar BDE

PL
AE

( 60 103 N)(0.3 m )
(500 10-6 m2 )(70 109 Pa )

= 514 10 6 m

MB = 0
0 = (30 kN 0.6 m ) + FCD 0.2 m

B = 0.514 mm

Displacement of D:
PL
AE

D =

FCD = +90 kN tension

MD = 0

(90 103 N )(0.4 m )

(600 10-6 m2 )(200 109 Pa )

0 = (30 kN 0.4 m ) FAB 0.2 m

FAB = 60 kN compression

= 300 10 6 m

D = 0.300 mm
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 2.1
Displacement of D:
BB BH
=
DD HD
0.514 mm (200 mm ) x
=
x
0.300 mm
x = 73.7 mm
EE HE
=
DD HD

E
0.300 mm

(400 + 73.7 )mm

73.7 mm

E = 1.928 mm
E = 1.928 mm
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy
Structures for which internal forces and reactions
cannot be determined from statics alone are said
to be statically indeterminate.
ill be
b statically
i ll indeterminate
i d
i
A structure will
whenever it is held by more supports than are
required to maintain its equilibrium.
Redundant reactions are replaced with
unknown loads which along with the other
loads must produce compatible deformations.

Deformations due to actual loads and redundant

reactions are determined separately and then added
or superposed.

= L +R = 0

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.04
Determine the reactions at A and B for the steel
bar and loading shown, assuming a close fit at
both supports before the loads are applied.
SOLUTION:
Consider the reaction at B as redundant, release
the bar from that support, and solve for the
displacement at B due to the applied loads.
Solve for the displacement at B due to the
redundant reaction at B.
Require that the displacements due to the loads
and due to the redundant reaction be compatible,
i.e., require that their sum be zero.
Solve for the reaction at A due to applied loads
and the reaction found at B.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.04
SOLUTION:
Solve for the displacement at B due to the applied
loads with the redundant constraint released,
P1 = 0 P2 = P3 = 600 103 N
A1 = A2 = 400 10 6 m 2

P4 = 900 103 N

A3 = A4 = 250 10 6 m 2

L1 = L2 = L3 = L4 = 0.150 m
Pi Li 1.125 109
=
E
i Ai Ei

L =

Solve for the displacement at B due to the redundant

constraint,
P1 = P2 = RB
A1 = 400 10 6 m 2

A2 = 250 10 6 m 2

L1 = L2 = 0.300 m

PL
1.95 103 RB
R = i i =
E
i Ai Ei
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.04
Require that the displacements due to the loads and due to
the redundant reaction be compatible,
= L +R = 0
=

1.125 109 1.95 103 RB

=0

E
E

RB = 577 103 N = 577 kN

Find the reaction at A due to the loads and the reaction at B

Fy = 0 = R A 300 kN 600 kN + 577 kN
R A = 323 kN

R A = 323 kN
RB = 577 kN

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Static Indeterminacy

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Thermal Strains (William Rankine, 1870)

A Scottish engineer, Rankine made observations about
the expansion and contraction of materials due to
changes in temperature.
He noted that these deflections were proportional to
the change in temperature the material experienced .
y

To T

(i.e. T T

= T

y(T )

x = (T )

y = (T )

y
x

x (T )

=Coefficient of Linear Expansion (A material property)

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Thermal Stresses
A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
tthee supports.
suppo ts.
Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
T = (T )L
P =
AE
= thermal expansion coef.
The thermal deformation and the deformation from
th redundant
the
d d t supportt mustt be
b compatible.
tibl

= T + P = 0
(T )L +

= T + P = 0
P = AE (T )

PL
=0
AE

P
= E (T )
A
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MECHANICS
y(T )
From Hookes Law: OF MATERIALS
(Due to Forces and
Temperature Changes)
Thermal
Strain

Mechanical Strain

1
x y z + (T )
E
1
y = y x z + (T )
E
1
z = z x y + (T )
E

x =

Mild
Steel

Aluminium Concrete Wood Nylon

x (T )

Rubber

Coef Th expan

12

23

10.8

0.9

130-200

x 10-6/oC
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12

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

(T )Max

If a steel bar has a maximum axial

stress of 300 MPa, what is the
greatest allowable temperature
increase?

E, , ,

E=200 GPa

=0.25
=0 25
=12x10-6 1/oC

(T )Max = ?

x = E(T )

(T )Max =

x ,Max
E

Compressive
stress relates to
increase in T.

300 x10 6
200 x10 9 12 x10 6

)(

+ ve T

Max

= 125 o C

ve T

+ve (T) i.e. HOT

Compression

-ve (T) i.e. COLD

Tension

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS

Material Properties (Simon Poisson, 1825)

Poisson made important observations and
theories about lateral deflections of materials.
When a bar is placed in tension, lateral
contractions accompany
p y the extension.
Initial
Shape
Final
Shape

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A real math nut.

His only passion has

been science: he
lived and is dead for
it.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Poissons Ratio
For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:

x =

x
E

y =z = 0

The elongation in the x-direction is

accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
isotropic (no directional dependence),

y = z 0
Poissons ratio is defined as
y

lateral strain
=
=
= z
axial strain
x
x

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Mild
Steel
Poissons
Ratio
v

0.3

Aluminium Concrete Wood Nylon

0.33

0.1-0.2

There exists a theoretical limit: 0.5

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0.4

Rubber

0.45-0.5

Constant volume

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Shearing Strain
A cubic element subjected to a shear stress will
deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding shear
strain is quantified in terms of the change in angle
b t
between
the
th sides,
id

xy = f ( xy )

A plot of shear stress vs. shear strain is similar the

previous plots of normal stress vs. normal strain
except that the strength values are approximately
half. For small strains,

xy = G xy yz = G yz zx = G zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear modulus.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.10
SOLUTION:
Determine the average angular
deformation or shearing strain of
the block.

A rectangular block of material with

modulus of rigidity G = 90 ksi is
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate
l is
i subjected
bj
d to a horizontal
h i
l
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 0.04 in. under the action
of the force, determine a) the average
shearing strain in the material, and b)
the force P exerted on the plate.

Apply Hookes law for shearing stress

and strain to find the corresponding
shearing stress.
Use the definition of shearing stress to
find the force P.

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16

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Determine the average angular deformation
or shearing strain of the block.
xy tan xy =

0.04 in.
2 in.

xy = 0.020 rad

Apply Hookes law for shearing stress and

strain to find the corresponding shearing
stress.

xy = G xy = 90 103 psi (0.020 rad ) = 1800 psi

Use the definition of shearing stress to find

the force P.
P = xy A = (1800 psi )(8 in.)(2.5 in.) = 36 103 lb

P = 36.0 kips

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Relation Among E, , and G

An axially loaded slender bar will

elongate in the axial direction and
contract in the transverse directions.
A
An iinitially
iti ll cubic
bi element
l
t oriented
i t d as in
i
top figure will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped. The axial load produces a
normal strain.
If the cubic element is oriented as in the
bottom figure, it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a shear
strain
strain.
Components of normal and shear strain are
related,
E
= (1 + )
2G
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17

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Sample Problem 2.5
A circle of diameter d = 9 in. is scribed on an
unstressed aluminum plate of thickness t = 3/4
in. Forces acting in the plane of the plate later
cause normal stresses x = 12 ksi and z = 20
ksi.
For E = 10x106 psi and = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a) the length of diameter AB,
b) the length of diameter CD,
c) the thickness of the plate, and
d) the volume of the plate.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Composite Materials
Fiber-reinforced composite materials are formed
from lamina of fibers of graphite, glass, or
polymers embedded in a resin matrix.
N
Normall stresses
t
andd strains
t i are related
l t d by
b Hookes
H k
Law but with directionally dependent moduli of
elasticity,
Ex =

x
x

Ey =

y
y

Ez =

z
z

Transverse contractions are related by directionally

p
values of Poissons ratio,, e.g.,
g,
dependent
xy =

xz = z
x
x

Materials with directionally dependent mechanical

properties are anisotropic.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Saint-Venants Principle
Loads transmitted through rigid
plates result in uniform distribution
of stress and strain.
l d result
l in
i large
l
Concentratedd loads
stresses in the vicinity of the load
application point.
Stress and strain distributions
become uniform at a relatively short
distance from the load application
ppoints.
Saint-Venants Principle:
Stress distribution may be assumed
independent of the mode of load
application except in the immediate
vicinity of load application points.
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Concentration: Hole

Discontinuities of cross section may result in

high localized or concentrated stresses.

K=

max
ave

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Stress Concentration: Fillet

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.12
SOLUTION:

Determine the largest axial load P

that can be safely supported by a
flat steel bar consisting of two
portions, both 10 mm thick, and
respectively 40 and 60 mm wide,
y fillets of radius r = 8
connected by
mm. Assume an allowable normal
stress of 165 MPa.

Determine the geometric ratios and

fi d the
find
th stress
t
concentration
t ti factor
f t
from Fig. 2.64b.
Find the allowable average normal
stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
Apply
pp y the definition of normal stress to
find the allowable load.

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Determine the geometric ratios and
find the stress concentration factor
from Fig. 2.64b.
D 60 mm
=
= 1.50
d 40 mm

r
8 mm
=
= 0.20
d 40 mm

K = 1.82

Find the allowable average normal

stress using the material allowable
normal stress and the stress
concentration factor.
ave =

max
K

165 MPa
= 90.7 MPa
1.82

Apply the definition of normal stress

to find the allowable load.
P = A ave = (40 mm )(10 mm )(90.7 MPa )
= 36.3 103 N
P = 36.3 kN
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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Plastic Deformations
A Elastic deformation while maximum

P = ave A = max
stress is less than yield stress
K

A
PY = Y
K

Maximum stress is equal to the yield

stress at the maximum elastic
loading
At loadings above the maximum
elastic load, a region of plastic
deformations develop near the hole

PU = Y A
= K PY

As the loading increases, the plastic

region expands until the section is at
a uniform stress equal to the yield
stress

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Residual Stresses
When a single structural element is loaded uniformly
beyond its yield stress and then unloaded, it is permanently
deformed but all stresses disappear. This is not the general
result.
result
Residual stresses will remain in a structure after
loading and unloading if
- only part of the structure undergoes plastic
deformation
- different parts of the structure undergo different
plastic deformations
Residual stresses also result from the uneven heating or
cooling of structures or structural elements

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
A cylindrical rod is placed inside a tube
of the same length. The ends of the rod
and tube are attached to a rigid support
on one side and a rigid plate on the
other. The load on the rod-tube
assembly is increased from zero to 5.7
kips and decreased back to zero.
a) draw a load-deflection diagram
for the rod-tube assembly
b) determine the maximum
elongation

Ar = 0.075 in.2

At = 0.100 in.2

Er = 30 106 psi

Et = 15 106 psi

Y , r = 36 ksi

Y ,t = 45 ksi

c) determine the permanent set

d) calculate the residual stresses in
the rod and tube.
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22

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
a) draw a load-deflection diagram for the rodtube assembly

PY , r = Y , r Ar = (36 ksi ) 0.075 in 2 = 2.7 kips

Y,r = Y , r L =

Y ,r
EY , r

36 103 psii

L=

30 106 psi

30 in. = 36 10-3 in.

PY ,t = Y ,t At = (45 ksi ) 0.100 in 2 = 4.5 kips

Y,t = Y ,t L =

Y ,t
EY ,t

L=

45 103 psi
15 106 psi

30 in. = 90 10-3 in.

P = Pr + Pt

= r = t

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
determine the maximum elongation and permanent set
Example 2.14, b,c)
2.15,
2.16
at a load of P = 5.7 kips, the rod has reached the
plastic range while the tube is still in the elastic range
Pr = PY , r = 2.7 kips
Pt = P Pr = (5.7 2.7 ) kips = 3.0 kips

t =

Pt 3.0 kips
=
= 30 ksi
At
0.1in 2

t = t L =

t
Et

L=

30 103 psi
15 106 psi

30 in.

max = t = 60 103 in.

the rod-tube assembly unloads along a line parallel to

0 Yr
m=

4.5 kips

36 10-3 in.

= 125 kips in. = slope

5.7 kips
Pmax
=
= 45.6 103 in.
125 kips in.
m

p = max + = (60 45.6 )10 3 in.

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p = 14.4 103 in.

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23

MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Example 2.14, 2.15, 2.16
calculate the residual stresses in the rod and tube.
calculate the reverse stresses in the rod and tube
caused by unloading and add them to the maximum
stresses
stresses.
=

45.6 10 3 in.
= 1.52 103 in. in.
30 in.

(
)(
)

3
6
t = Et = ( 1.52 10 )(15 10 psi ) = 22.8 ksi

r = Er = 1.52 103 30 106 psi = 45.6 ksi

residual , r = r + r = (36 45.6 ) ksi = 9.6 ksi

residual ,t = t + t = (30 22.8) ksi = 7.2 ksi

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 1

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 2

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 3

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 4

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 5

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 6

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 7

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 8

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 9

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 10

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 10 (lanjutan)

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 11

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MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
Contoh Soal 12

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