MCSD Web Applications Certification Windows Azure Web Services

Microsoft
MCSD: 70-487: Developing

Windows Azure and Web
Services Courseware
Version 1.1
1. 1
Module 1
Overview of Service and
Cloud Technologies
Developing Windows Azure
and Web Services
Updated 11th April 2014
1. 2
Developing Windows Azure and Web Services
Course and Exam Contents

Microsoft Official Exam Guide
Deploying Web
Applications
and Services
19%
Creating and
Consuming
Web API-based
services
18%
Designing and
Implementing
WCF Services
19%
Jun 2013 to Jan 2014

130 minutes total
42 questions in total
22 in main section
2 case studies
(9, 11 questions)
Accessing Data
24%
Querying and
Manipulating
Data by Using
the Entity
Framework
20%
Warnings!
Some of the code in questions
miss spaces, commas, or semicolons. Try not to let that put
you off:
var doc = newXDocument();
50% code / 50% configuration

33% data, 33% WCF, 33% other
Microsoft Exam 70-487 Study Guide

http://www.bloggedbychris.com/2013/01/09/microsoft-exam-70-487-study-guide/
1. 3
Developing Windows Azure and Web Services
Estimate of Number of Exam Questions per Module

Module
Qs
1: Overview of Service and Cloud Technologies
2: Querying and Manipulating Data Using Entity Framework
3: Creating and Consuming ASP.NET Web API Services
4: Extending and Securing ASP.NET Web API Services
5: Creating WCF Services
6: Hosting Services
7: Windows Azure Service Bus
8: Deploying Services
9: Windows Azure Storage
10: Monitoring and Diagnostics
12: Scaling Services
A: Designing and Extending WCF Services
B: Implementing Security in WCF Services
C: Classic XML and ADO.NET
D: LINQ
Firebrand Extra Slides
Total questions in exam
42
1. 4
Overview
Data APIs in .NET (2002-2007)

Classic ADO.NET
.NET Framework 1.0, 1.1, and 2.0
DataSet (change tracking, filtering,
sorting, XML/XSD, strongly-typed)
Custom Classes and Collections
DataAdapter
.NET Data Provider

(SqlClient, OracleClient, etc.)
SQL Server
Oracle
Etc.
* .NET 2.0 adds minor improvements like TableAdapters
1. 5
Overview
Object-Relational Mapping
What are ORMs?
Objects are more natural to work with for programmers...
...but relational data is better for storage
Mapping converts CRUD on objects to CRUD on relational data
Philosophy of ORM
If you do most work through stored procedures (SELECT, etc.)
you will gain very little from using an ORM so use Classic
ADO.NET instead
The objects should be persistence ignorant

Members are mostly properties to store column values
Can have methods for validation and business logic
Should NOT have methods to store data
1. 6
Overview
Data APIs in .NET (2008-2011)

LINQ and Entity Framework
.NET Framework 3.5 SP1 and .NET 4
LINQ
LINQ to
DataSets
LINQ
to XML
DataSet (change tracking, filtering, sorting,

XML/XSD, strongly-typed)
LINQ to
Objects
DataAdapter
Entity SQL
LINQ
to SQL
LINQ to Entities
EntityClient
Entity Data Model

.NET Data Provider
.NET Data Provider

SQL Server
Oracle
Etc.
SQL Server
Oracle
Etc.
1. 7
Overview
Entity Framework vs. LINQ to SQL

LINQ to SQL, .NET 3.5
Created by C# team
Simple ORM; one-to-one object-totable mapping (although it does
support a discriminator column for
simple inheritance scenarios)
SQL Server only
Will be supported, but not improved
Entity Framework, .NET 3.5 SP1

Created by SQL Server team
Complex, powerful, flexible ORM
Heterogeneous data sources
Future of Microsoft Data APIs
1. 8
Overview
Data APIs in .NET (2012+)

.NET Framework 4.5
Appendix C: Classic ADO.NET and XML
Appendix D: LINQ (including common providers like LINQ to XML)
Appendix E: Entity Framework 4 (1Visual Studio 2010)
Module 2: Entity Framework 5 (2Visual Studio 2012)

LINQ
LINQ to
DataSets
LINQ
to XML
LINQ to
Objects
LINQ
to SQL
Entity SQL
LINQ to Entities
ObjectContext1
DbContext2 .
EntityClient
Entity Data Model
DataSet (change tracking, filtering, sorting,

XML/XSD, strongly-typed)
DataAdapter
.NET Data Provider (SqlClient, OracleClient, etc.)

.NET Data Provider
SQL Server
Oracle
Etc.
SQL Server
Oracle
Etc.
Overview
1. 9
Entity Framework Assemblies

Entity Framework is implemented in two assemblies
System.Data.Entity.dll is EF 4 (based on ObjectContext)
EntityFramework.dll is EF 4.1+ (based on DbContext)
Some Visual Studio templates do not include the new

EF 4.1+ assembly
e.g. WPF Applications, Windows Forms Applications, Console
You must add the NuGet package for EntityFramework
Overview
1. 10
Data Access APIs: Why Use

Classic ADO.NET
1) legacy code, 2) performance, 3) mostly use stored procedures
ADO.NET Entity Framework

Database-First or Model-First: separate conceptual model from
storage model with complex mappings defined in .EDMX
Code-First with DbContext: for simple one-to-one mapping

models and runtime generation of model and database
WCF Data Services or ASP.NET Web API OData

Expose data via OData (queryable REST-style service)
Windows Azure Storage (scalable, REST-style)

Exam Topic: Choose data access technologies
Choose a technology (ADO.NET, Entity Framework, WCF Data Services,
Azure storage) based on application requirements
Overview
1. 11
Which Databases Work with Entity Framework?

Supported .NET Data Providers
MySQL, Oracle, Progress, VistaDB, SQL Lite, PostgreSQL,
Virtuoso, IBM DB2, Informix, U2, Sybase, Sybase SQL Anywhere,
Synergy, Firebird, Npgsql, and many others
Third-Party Providers
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/dd363565.aspx
Further Study
1. 12
Entity Framework and LINQ

To go deeper with Entity Framework
Programming Entity Framework, 2nd Edition
Experienced author, Julie Lerman
http://thedatafarm.com/blog/
To go further into EF 4.1+
LINQ to Objects using C# 4.0

Using and Extending LINQ to Objects
and Parallel LINQ
Further Study
1. 13
Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)

To go deeper with WCF
Programming WCF Services, 3rd Edition
Experienced author, Juval Lwy
Why this book?

Focuses on the possibilities and
practical aspects of using WCF 4 so it
complements the MOC
Contains many useful utilities, tools,
and helper classes such as
ServiceModelEx
Every Object Should be a WCF Service

http://www.dotnetrocks.com/default.aspx?showNum=520
Programming WCF Services, 3rd Edition

http://shop.oreilly.com/product/9780596805494.do
Further Study
1. 14
ASP.NET Web API

To go deeper with Web API
Designing Evolvable Web APIs with ASP.NET
Experienced authors
Due September 2013 but available now as an
Early Release
To go deeper with general concept of

REST/HTTP style services
RESTful Web Services Cookbook
RESTful Web Services Cookbook

http://www.amazon.co.uk/RESTful-Web-Services-Cookbook-ebook/dp/B0043D2ESQ
Designing Evolvable Web APIs with ASP.NET

http://shop.oreilly.com/product/0636920026617.do
Further Study
1. 15
Windows Azure
Windows Azure is changing so fast that printed books
are not the best choice
Use the official online documentation and blogs
You can also download the 211 page PDF about
Building Real-World Cloud Apps with Windows Azure
using the link below
Windows Azure
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windowsazure/dd163896.aspx
Building Real-World Cloud Apps with Windows Azure

http://www.asp.net/aspnet/overview/developing-apps-with-windows-azure/building-real-world-cloud-apps-with-windows-azure/introduction
2. 1
Module 2
Querying and Manipulating
Data Using Entity Framework
and Web Services
2. 2
Entity Framework
Contents
Topic
Slide
ADO.NET Classic
Connection Strings
Entity Data Models
11
Stored Procs and Functions
17
Code First (and POCO)
22
Inheritance Hierarchies
30
Designer Tools
33
Loading Patterns
38
Entity SQL
39
EntityClient
46
Querying Summary
48
Performance
49
Transactions
50
Exam Topic: Create an Entity Framework data model

Structure the data model using Table per type, table per
class, table per hierarchy
Choose and implement an approach to manage a data
model (code first vs. model first vs. database first)
Implement POCO objects
Describe a data model by using conceptual schema
definitions, storage schema definition, and mapping
language (CSDL, SSDL, MSL)
Exam Topic: Query data by using Data Provider for EF
Query data by using Connection, DataReader, Command
from the System.Data.EntityClient namespace
Perform synchronous and asynchronous operations
Exam Topic: Query and manipulate data by using EF
Query data by using DbContext
Build a query that uses deferred execution
Implement lazy loading and eager loading
Query data by using Entity SQL
Update, and delete data by using DbContext
Create and run compiled queries
Exam Topic: Implement transactions

Manage transactions by using the API from System.Transactions
Implement distributed transactions
Specify transaction isolation level
ADO.NET Classic
2. 3
Connections, Commands, DataReaders

Must have connection open
using System.Data;
using System.Data.SqlClient;
var con = new SqlConnection(conStr);
var cmd = new SqlCommand(sql, con);
con.Open(); // open connection before executing commands
Common CommandBehaviors
CloseConnection, SequentialAccess, SingleResult, SingleRow
var reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior.SingleResult);
while (reader.Read()) // returns true if another row exists
{
// process row
}
// reader.NextResult(); // returns true if another result exists
reader.Close(); // close reader before reading parameters
int outputParam = (int)cmd.Parameters[2].Value;
con.Close(); // or use CommandBehavior.CloseConnection
ADO.NET Classic
2. 4
How to Enable Asynchronous Operations

Asynchronous access can improve performance and
responsiveness of an application (SQL Server only)
To enable asynchronous execution of commands you

must enable the feature in connection string
var conn = new SqlConnection("...;Asynchronous Processing=True;");
ADO.NET Classic
2. 5
How to Execute Asynchronous Operations

ADO.NET 4 and earlier
IAsyncResult task = cmd.BeginExecuteNonQuery();
// do other work; can check task.IsCompleted
int i = cmd.EndExecuteNonQuery(task);
ADO.NET 4.5
Task<int> t = cmd.ExecuteNonQueryAsync();
// do other work
int i = await t;
Connection Strings
2. 6
EDM Embedded in Assembly

By default the three XML files that define an EDM are
embedded in the output assembly as resources
<add name="AdventureWorksEntities"
providerName="System.Data.EntityClient"
connectionString="metadata=
res://*/Properties.Model1.csdl|
res://*/Properties.Model1.ssdl|
res://*/Properties.Model1.msl;
provider=System.Data.SqlClient;
provider connection string='
data source=.\sqlexpress;
initial catalog=AdventureWorks;
integrated security=True;
multipleactiveresultsets=True;
App=EntityFramework'"
/>
Entity Framework
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/aa937723
Connection Strings
2. 7
EDM Stored As Loose Files

Any of the files can be stored outside the assembly but
the connection string must be changed
<add name="AdventureWorksEntities"
providerName="System.Data.EntityClient"
connectionString="metadata=
.\Model1.csdl|
.\Model1.ssdl|
.\Model1.msl;
provider=System.Data.SqlClient;
provider connection string='
data source=.\sqlexpress;
initial catalog=AdventureWorks;
integrated security=True;
multipleactiveresultsets=True;
App=EntityFramework'"
/>
Connection Strings
2. 8
Load Metadata from Resource or File System

metadata=res://<assemblyFullName>/<resourceName>
Option
Description
assemblyFullName
ResourceLib, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral,

PublicKeyToken=null
If you specify wildcard (*) it searches:
1) calling assembly
metadata=res://*/
2) referenced assemblies
3) assemblies in the bin folder
resourceName
The name of the resource, e.g.

AdventureWorksModel.csdl
If not specified, all metadata resources will be loaded
metadata=res://AdventureWorks, 1.0.0.0, neutral, a14...840/model.csdl

| model.ssdl | model.msl
Entity Framework Connection Strings

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc716756.aspx
2. 9
Connection Strings
EntityConnectionStringBuilder
Should be used in conjunction with a
SqlConnectionStringBuilder (or underlying provider)
The connection string for the underlying data source is supplied
by the ProviderConnectionString property which is not checked
for valid keyword/value pairs
var sqlBuilder = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder();
sqlBuilder.DataSource = serverName;
// set other provider-specific properties
var efBuilder = new EntityConnectionStringBuilder();
efBuilder.Provider = providerName;
efBuilder.ProviderConnectionString = sqlBuilder.ToString();
efBuilder.Metadata = @"res://*/AdventureWorksModel.csdl|...";
string s = efBuilder.ConnectionString;
EntityConnectionStringBuilder Class - http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/

system.data.entityclient.entityconnectionstringbuilder.aspx
2. 10
Connection Strings
Configuring Provider Connection Strings

Connection strings provide the necessary information
for an application to connect a data source
Server, database, security information, connection pool size
Many parameters have multiple possible keywords for

backwards compatibility e.g. these all mean the same
Data Source, server, address, addr, Network Address
SQL Server (servername\instancename)

Data Source=FLORIDA\MIAMI;
Initial Catalog=Northwind;
Integrated Security=SSPI;
database=Northwind;
2. 11
Entity Data Models
Defining an Entity
CSDL (Conceptual Schema Definition Language)
<EntityType Name="Accessory">
Class/Entity
<Key>
<PropertyRef Name="ProductID" /> Property
</Key>
<Property Name="ProductID" Type="Int32"
Nullable="false" />
<Property Name="SystemName" Type="String"
Nullable="false"
.NET Type
MaxLength="100" ...="" />
<NavigationProperty Name="Product"
Relationship="..."
FromRole="Accessory" ToRole="Product" />
</EntityType>
2. 12
Entity Data Models
Defining a Table
SSDL (Store Schema Definition Language)
Table
<EntityType Name="Accessory">
Primary Key
<Key>
<PropertyRef Name="ProductID" />
Column
</Key>
<Property Name="ProductID" Type="int" Nullable="false" />
<Property Name="SystemName" Type="nvarchar"
Nullable="false" MaxLength="100" /> Database Type
<Property Name="rowguid" Nullable="false"
Type="uniqueidentifier"
Generated when
StoreGeneratedPattern="Identity" />
entity is inserted
<Property Name="ModifiedDate" Type="timestamp"
StoreGeneratedPattern="Computed" />
Generated when
entity is updated
</EntityType>
2. 13
Entity Data Models
Entity to Table
MSL (Mapping Specification Language)
<EntitySetMapping Name="AccessoryMapping"
StoreEntitySet="Accessory"
TypeName="Accessory">
Table
Class/Entity
Property
<ScalarProperty Name="ProductID"
ColumnName="ProductID" />
Column
<ScalarProperty Name="SystemName"
ColumnName="SystemName" />
</EntitySetMapping>
Entity Data Models
2. 14
Define Complex Types and Properties in CSDL

Use ComplexTypes to group scalar properties for reuse
<Schema Namespace="AdventureWorksModel" Alias="Self"
<ComplexType Name="Address">
<Property Name="Street" Type="String" />
<Property Name="City" Type="String" />
<Property Name="Region" Type="String" />
<Property Name="PostalCode" Type="String" />
</ComplexType>
<EntityType Name="Customer">
<Property Name="CustomerID" ...="" /> This is a complex property
<Property Name="PostalAddress"
Type="Self.Address" Nullable="false" />
...
Alternative to specifying namespace
</EntityType>
Complex types are defined and used in the conceptual layer

and have NO affect on storage structure
Entity Data Models
2. 15
Mapping Complex Properties in MSL

Use MappingFragment to map a complex property
<EntitySetMapping Name="Customers">
<EntityTypeMapping TypeName="Customer">
<MappingFragment StoreEntitySet="Customer">
<ScalarProperty Name="CustomerID"
ColumnName="CId" />
<ComplexProperty Name="PostalAddress"
TypeName="Address">
<ScalarProperty Name="Street"
ColumnName="StreetAddress" />
<ScalarProperty Name="City" ColumnName="City" />
...
</ComplexProperty>
...
Entity Data Models
2. 16
Conditional Mapping Fragments

Use a Condition element to filter rows from table into
an entity
In this example the Person table has a discriminator column
If the value is S it means the person is a student
<EntityTypeMapping TypeName="Student">
<MappingFragment StoreEntitySet="Person">
<ScalarProperty Name="PersonID" ColumnName="pid" />
<ScalarProperty Name="FirstName" ColumnName="fn" />
<Condition ColumnName="PersonCategory" Value="S" />
</MappingFragment>
</EntityTypeMapping>
<EntityTypeMapping TypeName="Employee">
<MappingFragment StoreEntitySet="Person">
<ScalarProperty Name="PersonID" ColumnName="pid" />
<ScalarProperty Name="FirstName" ColumnName="fn" />
<Condition ColumnName="PersonCategory" Value="E" />
Stored Procedures and Functions
2. 17
Adding as a Method on ObjectContext or DbContext

Bill b = db.GetBill(23).First();
CSDL
<FunctionImport Name="GetBill">
<Parameter Name="StartProductID"
Mode="In" Type="Int32" />
MSL
<FunctionImportMapping FunctionImportName="GetBill"
FunctionName="AWModel.Store.uspGetBillOfMaterials" />
SSDL
<Function Name="uspGetBillOfMaterials" ... Schema="dbo">
<Parameter Name="StartProductID" Type="int" Mode="In" />
VS2010 adding a stored procedure adds <Function> to the SSDL, but you must also
import the function to the CSDL which then adds the mapping and method
VS2012 adding a stored procedure does all four parts
2. 18
Using Stored Procedures to Modify Entities

MSL
<EntityTypeMapping TypeName="AdventureWorksModel.Product">
<ModificationFunctionMapping>
<UpdateFunction
FunctionName="AWModel.Store.uspUpdateContact">
<ScalarProperty Name="ProductID"
ParameterName="ProductID" Version="Current" />
Version can be Current or Original
SSDL
<Function Name="uspUpdateProduct" ... Schema="dbo">
<Parameter Name="ProductID" Type="int" Mode="In" />
2. 19
What Are Store-Defined Functions?

Define a SQL statement that is executed in the
database
<Function Name="UpdateProductInOrder" IsComposable="false">
<CommandText>
UPDATE Orders
Transact-SQL, PL-SQL, and so on.
SET ProductId = @productId
WHERE OrderId = @orderId;
</CommandText>
<Parameter Name="productId" Type="int" Mode="In" />
<Parameter Name="orderId" Type="int" Mode="In" />
</Function>
Expose the function as a method on the ObjectContext or

DbContext by importing it into the conceptual model
2. 20
<Function> Attributes
Attribute Name
Description
Name (required)
Name of the stored procedure or SSDLdefined function
StoreFunctionName
If different from Name
Schema
Name of the schema in which the stored

procedure is defined
Aggregate
True if function returns an aggregate
BuiltIn
True if function is not a user-defined

function or stored procedure
NiladicFunction
True if function has no input parameters and

therefore doesn't need parentheses to call
IsComposable
A function is composable if the output can

be the input for the other function, e.g.,
could be used in a FROM clause
10
2. 21
Summary
public ObjectResult<Department> GetDeptsByGroup(string group) {
return base.ExecuteFunction<Department>("GetDeptsByGroup", ...
<FunctionImport Name="GetDeptsByGroup" ... >
<Parameter ...
<Function Name="GetDeptsByGroup" ... >
<DefiningExpression> /* E-SQL */
CSDL
MSL
<FunctionImportMapping FunctionImportName="GetDeptsByGroup"
FunctionName="AWModel.Store.uspSelectDepartments" />
<EntityTypeMapping TypeName="AdventureWorksModel.Product"> <ModificationFunctionMapping>
<DeleteFunction FunctionName="AWModel.Store.uspDeleteProduct">
<ScalarProperty Name="Name" ParameterName="Name" Version="Current" />
<Function Name="uspSelectDepartments" ... >
<CommandText> /* T-SQL */ </CommandText>
<Parameter ...
<Function Name="uspSelectDepartments" ... >
<Parameter ...
Code First
SSDL
2. 22
What is Microsoft ADO.NET Entity Framework 4.1?

aka Magic Unicorn Edition for VS2010 and later
EF 4.1 introduces two new features
The DbContext API is a simplified abstraction over
ObjectContext and a number of other types
Code First is a new development pattern that provides an
alternative to the Database First and Model First patterns
Code First is focused around defining your model using

.NET classes
These classes can then be mapped to an existing database or be
used to generate a database schema
Additional configuration can be supplied using Data Annotations
or via a fluent API
EF 4.1 Released
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/adonet/archive/2011/04/11/ef-4-1-released.aspx
11
Code First
2. 23
Define the Entities for the Model

Create the entities for the model by defining POCO
(plain old CLR object) classes
public class Category {
public int CategoryID { get; set; }
public string CategoryName { get; set; }
public virtual ICollection<Product> Products { get; set; }
}
public class Product {
public int ProductID { get; set; }
public string ProductName { get; set; }
public string CategoryID { get; set; }
public virtual Category Category { get; set; }
}
Relationships should be virtual to support lazy-loading

Tutorial: Code First with EF 4.1
http://codefirst.codeplex.com/
Code First
2. 24
Define a Context for the Model

Define a context that derives from
System.Data.Entity.DbContext and exposes a typed
DbSet<TEntity> for each class in my model
using System.Data.Entity;
public class NorthwindContext : DbContext
{
public DbSet<Category> Categories { get; set; }
public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
}
You will need to add a reference to the

EntityFramework.dll assembly and import
System.Data.Entity namespace
12
Code First
2. 25
Mapping to an Existing Database

The easiest way to point Code First to an existing
database is to add a .config connection string with the
same name as your derived DbContext
<connectionStrings>
<add name="NorthwindContext"
providerName="System.Data.SqlClient"
connectionString="Data Source=.\SQLEXPRESS;
Initial Catalog=Northwind;
Integrated Security=true;"
/>
</connectionStrings>
Code First
2. 26
Modifying Data
Use the DbContext
using (var db = new NorthwindContext())
{
var food = new Category { CategoryName = "Foods" };
db.Categories.Add(food);
int recordsAffected = db.SaveChanges();
}
If you do not specify a connection string for an existing

database then DbContext by convention creates a
database for you on localhost\SQLEXPRESS
The database will be named after the fully qualified name of
your derived context
13
Code First
2. 27
Annotations
You can apply annotations to your model
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
public class Category
{
[Key]
public int CategoryID { get; set; }
[MaxLength(20, ErrorMessage="20 chars max!")]
public string CategoryName { get; set; }
Annotations include
Key, StringLength, MaxLength, ConcurrencyCheck, Required,
Timestamp, ComplexType, Column, Table, InverseProperty,
ForeignKey, DatabaseGenerated, NotMapped
System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations Namespace
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.componentmodel.dataannotations(v=vs.110).aspx
Code First
2. 28
Fluent API
Considered a more advanced feature and we would
recommend using Data Annotations unless your
requirements require you to use the fluent API
public class NorthwindContext : DbContext
{
protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
modelBuilder.Entity<Supplier>().Property(s => s.Name).IsRequired();
Configuring/Mapping Properties and Types with the Fluent API

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/jj591617#2.4
14
Code First
2. 29
Conventions
Primary key convention
Code First infers that a property is a primary key if a property
on a class is named ID (not case sensitive), or the class name
followed by ID
If the type of the primary key property is numeric or GUID it will
be configured as an identity column
Code First Conventions

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-gb/data/jj679962.aspx
Code First
2. 30
Custom Conventions
Custom primary key convention
Now any property in our model named Key will be configured as
the primary key of whatever entity its part of
public class ProductContext : DbContext
{
static ProductContext()
{
Database.SetInitializer(
new DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<ProductContext>());
}
public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
modelBuilder.Properties()
.Where(p => p.Name == "Key")
.Configure(p => p.IsKey());
Custom Code First Conventions (EF6 onwards)

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-gb/data/jj819164
15
Code First
2. 31
Migration Support
For example, if you wanted to add a new column to a
Blogs table called Url
public partial class AddBlogUrl : DbMigration
{
public override void Up()
{
AddColumn("Blogs", "Url", c => c.String());
}
public override void Down()
{
DropColumn("Blogs", "Url");
}
}
Not on the list of exam 70-487 objectives
EF 4.3 Released
2. 32
Table-per-type vs. table-per-hierarchy

If we start with a model
The database schema can be implemented in two ways

Table-per-hierarchy (TPH)
Table-per-type (TPT): default when generating database from
model (install EF Power Pack for more choices)
16
2. 33
Table-per-hierarchy (TPH)
Characteristics
One table with discriminator column
GadgetId
Discriminator
Vendor
FormFactor
DisplayResolution
Nokia
Monoblock
NULL
Sony
NULL
1024*768
Advantages
High performance of CRUD operations
Minimum number of tables in the database
Disadvantages
Data redundancy which leads to the data integrity violation if
data was changed manually
Complexity of adding and deleting new entities because it is
necessary to add or delete columns to/from the result table
2. 34
Table-per-type (TPT)
Characteristics
One table for each entity
GadgetId
Vendor
Nokia
Sony
MobilePhoneId
FormFactor
NetbookId
Resolution
Monoblock
1280*768
Advantages
Data integrity is preserved with no data redundancy
Flexibility in object model modification
Disadvantages
The speed of the CRUD operation decreases when the number of
classes in the hierarchy grows
A large number of tables in the database
Entity Framework Mapping Scenarios
17
Designer Tools
2. 35
Entity Data Model Tools

Entity Framework Designer and edmgen.exe
Can create a new model
Can validate an existing model
Entity Framework Wizards

Can only perform single, one-time tasks
Third party designers can be used, for example,

LLBLGen Pro designer edits models for
LINQ to SQL
Entity Framework
LLBLGen Pro
nHibernate
Designer Tools
2. 36
Generate Database from Model Wizard

Remember: it does NOT affect underlying database
It creates the scripts, but you must manually execute them to
create the database objects
If you use complex types, the column names will be a

concatenation of the complex type name and the
property names, for example
Address_Street
Address_City
18
2. 37
Designer Tools
Comparing ObjectContext and DbContext

DbContext is simply a wrapper around ObjectContext
For any DbContext instance, cast to IObjectContextAdapter
interface and read the ObjectContext property
var db = new NorthwindEntities(); // a DbContext
var oc = (db as IObjectContextAdapter).ObjectContext;
ObjectContext
.AddObject("entityset", entity)
.DeleteObject("entityset", entity)
ObjectQuery.ToTraceString()
.ExecuteStoreCommand("T-SQL")
.ExecuteStoreQuery("T-SQL")
.LoadProperty(customer, "Orders")
.ContextOptions.LazyLoadingEnabled
.ContextOptions.ProxyCreationEnabled
DbContext
.DbSet.Add(entity)
.DbSet.Remove(entity)
DbQuery.ToString()
.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand("T-SQL")
.Database.SqlQuery("T-SQL")
.Entry(customer).Collection(
"Orders").Load()
.Configuration.LazyLoadingEnabled
.Configuration.ProxyCreationEnabled
DbContext Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.data.entity.dbcontext(v=vs.103).aspx
Designer Tools
2. 38
DbSet<T>, DbQuery<T>, and IQueryable<T>

DbContext uses DbSet<T> for the entity sets
public class NorthwindEntities : DbContext { ...
public DbSet<Product> Products { ...
DbSet<T> inherits from DbQuery<T> and implements

some common interfaces
public class DbSet<TEntity> : DbQuery<TEntity>, IDbSet<TEntity>,
IQueryable<TEntity>, IEnumerable<TEntity>, IQueryable, IEnumerable
where TEntity : class
Use ToString to see the T-SQL (or whatever)

string TSQL = query.ToString();
DbQuery<TResult> Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg696530(v=vs.103).aspx
19
Designer Tools
2. 39
Navigation properties
Navigation properties in designer-generated code
public partial class Customer
{
public virtual ICollection<Order> Orders { get; set; }
public partial class Order
{
public virtual Customer Customer { get; set; }
2. 40
Loading Patterns
Pattern
Description
All in query
Compose a LINQ to Entities or Entity SQL query that uses navigation properties
Explicit
loading
Check Property() or Collection().IsLoaded and then call Property() or

Collection().Load to explicitly control the loading of related entities (requires
MARS and multiple round-trips to the database)
var products = db.Entry(category).Collection(c => c.Products);
if (!products.IsLoaded) products.Load();
Lazy
loading
Related entities are automatically loaded when you access a navigation property
(requires MARS and multiple round-trips to the database) Note: if you create an
.edmx it sets LazyLoadingEnabled = true
Eager
loading
Use Include() to define a query path that controls which related entities to
return so only a single request to the database is required
var contacts = from contact in db.Contacts
.Include("SalesOrderHeaders.SalesOrderDetails")
.Include(c => c.Address);
// to use lambda in Include
using System.Data.Entity;
20
Entity SQL
2. 41
Why use it?

Some edge cases
To build very dynamic queries
To use a database-specific function exposed by the provider
To use QueryViews and Model-Defined Queries
Some queries can be easier to express in Entity SQL
Entity SQL Language

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb399560.aspx
Entity SQL
2. 42
VALUE Keyword
If your query returns a subset of columns then the
DbDataRecord type must be used (VALUE not allowed)
Returns IEnumerable<DbDataRecord>
SELECT p.ProductID, p.ProductName, p.UnitPrice
FROM NorthwindEntities.Products AS p
If your query returns an entire row then the

wrapping of the entity type can prevented using VALUE
SELECT p FROM NorthwindEntities.Products AS p
Returns IEnumerable<Product>
SELECT VALUE p FROM NorthwindEntities.Products AS p
SELECT
21
Entity SQL
2. 43
Projections and the VALUE Keyword

If your query returns a single column then simple
types such as String can be used by using VALUE
SELECT p.ProductName FROM NorthwindEntities.Products AS p
Returns IEnumerable<string>
SELECT VALUE p.ProductName FROM NorthwindEntities.Products AS p
Entity SQL
2. 44
it
In a query builder method you refer to the current
ObjectQuery command by using an alias
By default, the string it is the alias that represents
the current command
var db = new NorthwindEntities(); // a DbContext
var oc = (db as IObjectContextAdapter).ObjectContext;
ObjectQuery<Product> productQuery =
oc.Products.Where("it.StandardCost > @cost",
new ObjectParameter("cost", 23));
You can use a different name

productQuery.Name = "product";
ObjectQuery<Product> filteredProduct = productQuery
.OrderBy("product.ProductID");
22
Entity SQL
2. 45
Paging with TOP, LIMIT, SKIP

The TOP sub-clause specifies that only the first set of
rows will be returned
SELECT VALUE TOP(10) contact
FROM AdventureWorksEntities.Contacts AS contact
Physical paging can be performed by using LIMIT and

SKIP sub-clauses in ORDER BY clause
LIMIT or SKIP cannot be used separately from ORDER BY
SELECT VALUE p
FROM AdventureWorksEntities.Products AS p
ORDER BY p.ListPrice SKIP 50 LIMIT 10
An Entity SQL query is invalid if both the TOP modifier and the
SKIP sub-clause are present in the same expression
Entity SQL
2. 46
Entity Set Operators

EXCEPT
Distinct values from the left that are not also from the right
INTERSECT
Distinct values from both left and right sides
UNION (and UNION ALL)

Distinct values combined from left and right sides (UNION ALL
includes duplicates)
IN
Determines whether a value matches any value in a collection
EXISTS
Determines if a collection is empty
Comparison Semantics
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb896323
23
Entity SQL
2. 47
CREATEREF, DEREF, REF

A REF is a reference to a persisted entity
Its a pointer to an entity so you have to de-reference it (using
the DEREF keyword or by referencing a property) to get to the
actual entity
To get one of these REFs you can either start with an entity (the
REF keyword) or you can make one from a key value (the
CREATEREF keyword)
To create references to the top 5 rows of Customers

SELECT TOP(5) REF(c) FROM NorthwindContext.Customers AS c
Why?
A REF is a lightweight entity in which we dont need to spend
resources in creating and maintaining the full entity
state/values until it is really necessary
EntityClient
2. 48
Using the EntityClient Data Provider

Similar to any other .NET data provider
using System.Data.Entity.Core.EntityClient;
EntityConnection can load a connection string from .config

var con = new EntityConnection("name=NW");
con.Open();
EntityCommand uses Entity SQL

var cmd = new EntityCommand();
cmd.Connection = con;
cmd.CommandText ="SELECT VALUE p.ProductName FROM Products AS p";
EntityDataReader must be opened with sequential access

var reader = cmd.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior.SequentialAccess);
EntityClient Provider for the Entity Framework

24
EntityClient
2. 49
Query Plan Caching

By default, Entity SQL queries are cached to improve
performance if you re-execute the same statement
The strings must be identical (case-sensitive) but can
use parameters
To disable, set EntityCommand objects
EnablePlanCaching property to false
Query Plan Caching

Querying Summary
2. 50
When To Use
LINQ to Entities
Use this most of the time
Materializes data into entities tracked by DbContext
Entity SQL with ObjectQuery (use ObjectContext)

When you need a feature supported by Entity SQL that is not
supported by LINQ to Entities
Materializes data into entities tracked by ObjectContext
Set MergeOption.NoTracking to improve performance
Entity SQL with EntityClient

For best read-only performance because it does NOT materialize
data into entities that are change tracked
25
Performance
2. 51
Comparing EF4 (2010) and EF5 (2012)

Deployed with .NET Framework 4.5
Automatic compilation of LINQ to Entities queries
Support for: enums, table-valued functions, spatial data types
(DbGeography and DbGeometry)
Multiple-diagrams per model
allows you to have several
diagrams that visualize
subsections of your
overall model
Shapes can have
colour applied
Entity Framework 5.0 Performance Improvements

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/adonet/archive/2012/02/14/sneak-preview-entity-framework-5-0-performance-improvements.aspx
Transactions
2. 52
ACID
Atomic aka all or nothing
Groups multiple actions into a single, indivisible transaction
Consistent
Leave the system in a consistent state after the transaction, for
example, if we credit $100, we must also debit $100
Isolated (different levels)

Apply locks while the transaction is occurring to isolate it
Durable (or volatile)

A durable resource manager is one that can recover a failed
transaction (for example, SQL Server uses logs)
A volatile resource manager cannot recover
26
Transactions
2. 53
Durable and Volatile

The durability of a resource manager refers to whether
the resource manager supports failure recovery
If it supports failure recovery, it persists data to durable storage
during Phase1 (prepare) such that if it goes down, it can reenlist in the transaction upon recovery and perform the proper
actions based on notifications from the transaction manager
In order for a resource to participate in a transaction,

it must enlist in the transaction
You use the EnlistVolatile methods for volatile resources, and
the EnlistDurable method for durable resources
Implementing a Resource Manager

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms229975.aspx
Volatile Resource Managers in .NET Bring Transactions to the Common Type

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc163688.aspx
Transactions
2. 54
Isolation Levels
ReadUncommitted (weakest isolation)
Allows dirty reads, non-repeatable reads, and phantom data
ReadCommitted
Allows non-repeatable reads and phantom data
RepeatableRead
Allows phantom data
Serializable (strongest isolation)

Completely isolates the transaction until it completes
Defaults
SQL Server & ADO.NET Classic default to ReadCommitted
TransactionScope defaults to Serializable
27
Transactions
2. 55
Snapshot Isolation
SQL Server 2005 introduced a new isolation level
Once snapshot isolation is enabled, updated row versions for
each transaction are maintained in tempdb
ALTER DATABASE MyDatabase
SET ALLOW_SNAPSHOT_ISOLATION ON
The term snapshot reflects the fact that all queries in the
transaction see the same version, or snapshot, of the database,
based on the state of the database at the moment in time when
the transaction begins
No locks are acquired on the underlying data rows or data pages
in a snapshot transaction, which permits other transactions to
execute without being blocked by a prior transaction
var options = new TransactionOptions {
IsolationLevel = System.Transactions.IsolationLevel.Snapshot };
Transactions
2. 56
TransactionScope
var options = new TransactionOptions {
IsolationLevel = IsolationLevel.ReadCommitted,
Timeout = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(2)
}; // auto-rollback if it doesnt complete in two minutes
using (var tsOuter = new TransactionScope(
TransactionScopeOption.Required, options)) {
// perform action A
OutputTransInfo(); // => {guid}:1
DoWork();
// perform action B
tsOuter.Complete();
}
private void DoWork() {
using(var tsInner = new TransactionScope(
TransactionScopeOption.RequiresNew)) {
OutputTransInfo(); // => {guid}:2
// perform action C
private void OutputTransInfo() {
// perform action D
Console.WriteLine(Transaction
tsInner.Complete();
.Current.TransactionInformation
}
.LocalIdentifier);
}
}
28
Transactions
2. 57
TransactionScopeOption
Required (default)
Uses the ambient transaction if one already exists, otherwise, it
creates a new transaction before entering the scope
Use Transaction.Current to get the ambient transaction
RequiresNew
A new transaction is always created for the scope
Suppress
The ambient transaction context is suppressed when creating
the scope and all operations within the scope are done without
an ambient transaction context
using (var tsPreventRollback = new TransactionScope(
TransactionScopeOption.Suppress)) {
// call method that could throw an exception
}
Transactions
2. 58
DependentTransaction class
A DependentTransaction is a clone of a Transaction
object created using the DependentClone method
Its sole purpose is to allow the application to come to rest and
guarantee that the transaction cannot commit while work is still
being performed on the transaction (for example, on a worker
thread)
When the work done within the cloned transaction is finally

complete and ready to be committed, it can inform the creator
of the transaction using the Complete method
The DependentCloneOption enumeration is used to

determine the behavior on commit
BlockCommitUntilComplete
RollbackIfNotComplete
29
Transactions
2. 59
SQL Server Savepoints

You can set a named savepoint within a transaction
The savepoint defines a location to which a transaction can
return if part of the transaction is conditionally cancelled
SqlTransaction.Save method (ADO.NET Classic)

Creates a savepoint in the transaction that can be used to roll
back a part of the transaction, and specifies the savepoint name
trans.Save("SP_Alpha");
Equivalent to the T-SQL SAVE TRANSACTION statement

Call the Rollback method to roll back to the savepoint instead of
rolling back to the start of the transaction
trans.Rollback("SP_Alpha");
SqlTransaction.Save Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.data.sqlclient.sqltransaction.save.aspx
30
3. 1
Module 3
Creating and Consuming
ASP.NET Web API Services
and Web Services
ASP.NET Web API
3. 2
Contents
Exam Topics: Design a Web API
Define HTTP resources with HTTP actions
Plan appropriate URI space, map URI space using routing
Choose appropriate HTTP method (get, put, post, delete) to meet requirements
Choose appropriate format (Web API formats) for responses to meet requirements
Plan when to make HTTP actions asynchronous
Exam Topics: Implement a Web API
Accept data in JSON format (in JavaScript, in an AJAX callback)
Use content negotiation to deliver different data formats to clients
Define actions and parameters to handle data binding
Use HttpMessageHandler to process client requests and server responses
Implement dependency injection, along with the dependency resolver, to create more
flexible applications
Implement action filters and exception filters to manage controller execution
Implement asynchronous and synchronous actions
Implement streaming actions
Exam Topics: Consume Web API web services
Consume Web API services by using HttpClient synchronously and asynchronously
Send and receive requests in different formats (JSON/HTML/etc.)
HTTP and REST
3. 3
SOAP Services versus RESTful Services

When developers talk about web services, they
usually mean SOAP services, for example, ASMX files
Actually, SOAP services can use any protocol, since SOAP
defines a message format, not an architectural style, which is
why WCF supports so many bindings
RESTful services are true web services since they are

built on the architecture of the web
Proponents of RESTful services are sometimes called
RESTafarians and are often quite passionate about how
evil SOAP is and how beautiful REST is
In WCF 3.5 Microsoft embraced REST so that you can
use WCF to create both SOAP and RESTful services
In ASP.NET 4.5 Microsoft added Web API which is even better
HTTP and REST
3. 4
21st Century Service-Oriented Architecture

In 2000 Roy Fielding wrote a doctoral dissertation
The web is the worlds largest and most scalable distributed
application platform
He described the architecture of the web and distilled from it
an architectural style based on the factors that led to its
success
He named this style REST and suggested its use to build services
WCF isnt tied to SOAP so Microsoft was able to quickly

embrace REST once its simple power was understood
RESTafarians believe that REST should be your first
choice when building services
HTTP and REST
3. 5
Architecture of the Web

Principles
Addressable resources (URIs)
Uniform interface for interacting with resources
(HTTP verbs: GET, POST, DELETE, PUT, etc.)
Standard resource formats (HTML, JPEG, XML, JSON, etc.)
Statelessness between clients and servers (provides scalability
and manageability)
Hyperlinking for navigation between resources (relationships)
GET
The cacheability of the GET verb contributes to the scalability
of the web
GETs are also considered safe in the sense that they should
not cause side effects i.e. they dont change resources
HTTP and REST
3. 6
SOAP
SOAP doesnt follow the architecture of the web at all
Rather than URIs, SOAP uses actions, which are a thin veneer
over method calls
SOAP services usually have only one URI and many different
actions
SOAP is really an interoperable cross-platform remote
procedure call (RPC) system
When using HTTP, SOAP only uses one HTTP verb, POST
POSTs cannot be cached, so its not as scalable as GET
But SOAP wasnt designed for the web and goes out of
its way to be protocol independent
3. 7
HTTP and REST
REST versus SOAP

REST services combine nouns (e.g. resources defined by
URIs) with verbs (e.g. GET, DELETE)
PUT /AW.svc/Products(123)
Host: http://localhost:801
Content-Length: 223
Content-Type: application/json
{
"ProductID" : "123",
...
SOAP services use a

message to contain
<s:Envelope xmlns:s=" ... >
<s:Header>
the nouns (e.g. the
<To>http://.../Sample.svc</To>
payload in the body)
<Action>AddProduct</Action>
with verbs (the
<s:Body>
action in the
<Product>
<ProductID>123</ProductID>
header)
<ProductName>Fish</ProductName>
HTTP and REST
3. 8
POST versus PUT

The actual function performed by the POST method is
determined by the server and POST is designed to allow a
uniform method to cover the following functions: []
Extending a database through an append operation
So POST can be used to insert and the server should respond
with 201 (Created), or POST can be used for any meaning
PUT If the Request-URI refers to an already existing resource,
the enclosed entity SHOULD be considered as a modified version
of the one residing on the origin server. If the Request-URI does
not point to an existing resource, and that URI is capable of
being defined as a new resource by the requesting user agent,
the origin server can create the resource with that URI
So PUT can be used to insert or update and the server should
respond with either 201 (Created) or 200 (OK) or 204 (No
content)
Method Definitions
http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec9.html
3. 9
HTTP and REST
Designing the URIs

Choose common sense URIs so developers can quickly
work out how to access any resource and your service
becomes almost self-documenting
Design your service API as if you were designing the URLs for a
web site i.e. make them logical enough that an end user could
work out how to use them if shown a few examples
Task
HTTP Method
Relative URI
Retrieve all entities
GET
/api/orders
Retrieve single entity
GET
/api/orders/id
Retrieve by custom
GET
/api/orders?category=category
Create new entity
POST
/api/orders
Update entity
PUT
/api/orders/id
Remove entity
DELETE
/api/orders/id
HTTP and REST
3. 10
Uniform Interface
With REST there is no need to design the semantics of
the actions you want to perform because HTTP already
defines them for you
GET (or HEAD): retrieves a resource (or without the body)
POST: Microsoft recommends this means create a new resource
PUT: Microsoft recommends this means replace an existing
resource with a new version (idempotent1)
PATCH: update a resource with a subset of new values
DELETE: remove a resource (idempotent1)
CONNECT, TRANSFER, OPTIONS, TRACE
The Atom protocol defines

MERGE: update a resource with a subset of new values
1
Idempotent means that the effect of calling it many times is the same as calling it once
HTTP and REST
3. 11
Resource Formats
REST has no restrictions on resource formats
A REST services resource types are known as media types
The media type is returned in the HTTP header as the

Content-Type
XML: application/xml (text/xml is old standard)
Feeds: application/rss+xml or application/atom+xml
HTML and XHTML: text/html or application/xhtml+xml

JavaScript Object Notation: application/json (most popular
media type because it is the most compact)
ASP.NET Web API has built-in support for returning

XML, JSON, and x-www-form-urlencoded, and you can
add support for JSONP and custom formatters
Internet Media Types
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_media_type
ASP.NET Web API
3. 12
Serializing Objects as XML, Atom, JSON

To generate this JSON (or similar XML, Atom, etc.)
{"Name":"Alice","Age":23,"Pets":["Fido","Polly","Spot"]}
Return an anonymous type instance from an ApiControllers

action method
public object Get()
{
return new { Name = "Alice", Age = 23,
Pets = new List<string> { "Fido", "Polly", "Spot" }
};
}
Warning! The XML serializer that would be used with Chrome

(because it adds Accept: XML) breaks with anonymous types so
you must use a named class instead and mark with attributes
JSON and XML Serialization in ASP.NET Web API
http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/formats-and-model-binding/json-and-xml-serialization
3. 13
ASP.NET Web API
Controlling Transfer Mode and Bytes

WCF and Web API can send messages using either
buffered (the default) or streamed transfers
Set TransferMode.Streamed
You can set the maximum amount of bytes sent

config.MaxBufferSize = 1024 * 1024 * 4; // 4 MB
Or received
config.MaxReceivedMessageSize = 1024 * 1024 * 3; // 3 MB
Both defaults are 64 KB

var config = new HttpSelfHostConfiguration(baseAddress);
C# WCF Web Api 4 MaxReceivedMessageSize

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/6462571/c-sharp-wcf-web-api-4-maxreceivedmessagesize
3. 14
ASP.NET Web API
async and await work as a pair

By using the new async and await keywords, you can
use resources to create an asynchronous method almost
as easily as you create a synchronous method
async modifier (required)
Task<T> return type and Async suffix for name (optional)
public async Task<int> AccessTheWebAsync()

{
var client = new HttpClient();
Task<string> getStringTask =
client.GetStringAsync("http://msdn.microsoft.com");
DoIndependentWork(); // executes while async op works
string urlContents = await getStringTask;
return urlContents.Length;
}
Waits until task is complete, control returns to the caller of AccessTheWebAsync
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Net.Http;
ASP.NET Web API
3. 15
Handling Circular References

By default, the JSON and XML formatters write all
objects as values
This is a particular problem if your object graph contains cycles,
because the serializer will throw an exception when it detects a
loop in the graph
To preserve object references in JSON, add the

following code to Application_Start method in the
Global.asax file
var json = GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Formatters.JsonFormatter;
json.SerializerSettings.PreserveReferencesHandling =
Newtonsoft.Json.PreserveReferencesHandling.All;
To preserve object references in JSON, apply DataContract to

classes as you would with WCF
Handling Circular Object References
http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/formats-and-model-binding/json-and-xml-serialization#handling_circular_object_references
ASP.NET Web API
3. 16
Handling Circular References

This fix is decorate attributes on model class to control
the serialization behavior on model or property level
To ignore a property (so it isnt serialized)
{
[JsonIgnore]
// JSON.NET serializer
[IgnoreDataMember] // XML DataContractSerializer
public virtual ICollection<Product> Products { get; set; }
To preserve references
[JsonObject(IsReference = true)]
[DataContract(IsReference = true)]
public class Product
Loop Reference handling in Web API
http://code.msdn.microsoft.com/Loop-Reference-handling-in-caaffaf7
3. 17
ASP.NET Web API
camelCase with JsonFormatter

If you have this C# class
public class Person {
public string FirstName { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
The default serializer will generate this JSON

{"FirstName":"Bob","Age":25}
It feels awkward to work with JavaScript objects where the first

letter of a property name is a capital letter
The serializer will let us be smarter

var json = GlobalConfiguration.Configuration.Formatters.JsonFormatter;
json.SerializerSettings.ContractResolver =
new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver();
using Newtonsoft.Json.Serialization;
ASP.NET WebAPI Tip #3: camelCasing JSON
http://odetocode.com/blogs/scott/archive/2013/03/25/asp-net-webapi-tip-3-camelcasing-json.aspx
ASP.NET Web API
3. 18
Returning Entities from a Model

If you have an Entity Data Model and have created an
ApiController using the scaffolding make sure you
Switch off proxy creation so that EF doesnt make DynamicProxy
objects to track changes for you (they cant be serialized!)
db.Configuration.ProxyCreationEnabled = false;
Switch off lazy loading so that EF doesnt automatically load

related entities when serializing the objects you have chosen to
return
db.Configuration.LazyLoadingEnabled = false;
Use explicit loading instead (call Include method in query)

var products = db.Products.Include(p => p.Category);
4. 1
Module 4
Extending and Securing
ASP.NET Web API Services
and Web Services
Extending and Securing ASP.NET Web API Services
4. 2
Contents
Topic
Slide
OData
WCF Data Services
10
HTTP Methods
13
OData .NET Clients
16
Web API Security
19
Exam Topic: Create and implement a WCF Data Service

Address resources
Implement filtering
Create a query expression
Access payload formats (including JSON)
Use data service interceptors and service operators
From the 20480 HTML5 course review the following

20480.05.Ajax
20480.C.Cross.Domain.Requests
Exam Topics: Secure a Web API
Implement HTTP Basic authentication over SSL
Implement Windows Auth
Enable cross-domain requests
Prevent cross-site request forgery (XSRF)
Implement, and extend, authorization filters to control access to the application
OData
4. 3
Comparing WCF, Web API, and WCF Data Services
How I see Web API

http://thedatafarm.com/blog/asp-net/how-i-see-web-api/
OData
4. 4
Overview
OData is a standard for building
HTTP services that follow standards
for querying the data model
It defines a query syntax using URIs
similar to SQL
Two technologies for creating an

OData service
WCF Data Services (.NET 3.5 +)
ASP.NET Web API OData (.NET 4.5 +)
WCF Data Services and OData At-a-Glance
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/aa937697
WCF Data Services

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/odata.aspx
WCF Data Services Blog

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/astoriateam/
4. 5
OData
URL Query Syntax Basics

To select or order by multiple columns use a commaseparated list
Case-sensitive!
http://.../Northwind.svc/Employees?
$select=FirstName,LastName,Age&
$filter=State eq 'CA' and Price gt 500&
$orderby=LastName,Age&$skip=40&$top=10
Must use $ prefix for keywords

$select, $filter, $orderby, $top, $skip
/$count: returns an int
NW.svc/Products/$count
$inlinecount: a count is included with the feed

NW.svc/Products?$inlinecount=allpages
OData Core
http://www.odata.org/documentation/odata-v3-documentation/odata-core/
OData
4. 6
$format
Allows query to specify return data format
$format=json
$format=atom
$format=xml
$format=service-specific-format
Warning! WCF Data Services ignores $format

Instead you must add an Accept header to the HTTP request
with application/json at the beginning of the list
4. 7
OData
$expand
The syntax of a $expand query option is a commaseparated list of Navigation Properties
Each Navigation Property can be followed by a forward slash
and another Navigation Property to enable identifying a multilevel relationship
/Categories?$expand=Products
/Categories?$expand=Products/Suppliers
/Products?$expand=Category,Suppliers
Expand System Query Option ($expand)
http://www.odata.org/documentation/uri-conventions#ExpandSystemQueryOption
OData
4. 8
$metadata
Returns an EDMX document that contains a complete
description of the feeds, types, properties,
relationships exposed by the service in EDM
It isnt queryable so if you want to find Types that have an
Address property you have to retrieve the whole EDMX and
search the xml yourself
http://services.odata.org/Northwind/Northwind.svc/$metadata
Queryable OData Metadata

http://msopentech.com/odataorg/2010/04/queryable-odata-metadata/
4. 9
OData
URI Query Syntax Examples

URI
Returns
/Customers('ALFKI')/
ContactName
An XML element that contains the ContactName

property value for a specific Customer
/Customers('ALFKI')/
ContactName/$value
Only the string "Maria Anders" without the XML

element
/Customers('ALFKI')/Orders
All the orders that are related to a specific

Customer
/Orders(10643)/Customer
A reference to the Customer entity to which a

specific Order entity belongs
/Orders?$filter=not
endswith(ShipPostalCode,'100')
All the orders the postal codes of which do not

end in 100
/Categories(1)/$links/Products
Links to the data instead of the actual data e.g.

<uri>http://.../Products(4)</uri>
/Categories?$select=Name,
Products&$expand=Products
Must select Products if expanding Products
Accessing Data Service Resources (WCF Data Services)

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd728283.aspx
WCF Data Services
4. 10
How to Create
Project Add New Item WCF Data Service
Create a context class that represents your data
ADO.NET Entity Data Model is easiest
Or any class that has properties of type IQueryable<T> where
T is an entity (and optionally implements IUpdatable)
Use context class in DataService<TContext>
Set permissions for Entity Sets and Service Operations

public class BlogService : DataService<BlogDbContext>
{
public static void InitializeService(DataServiceConfiguration config)
{
config.SetEntitySetAccessRule("Blogs", EntitySetRights.All);
config.SetServiceOperationAccessRule("MyServiceOperation",
ServiceOperationRights.All);
config.DataServiceBehavior.MaxProtocolVersion =
DataServiceProtocolVersion.V3;
4. 11
WCF Data Services
json Support
Differences in OData V2 and V3
In V2 you could ask for application/json in Accept
In V3 you must ask for application/json;odata=verbose
WCF Data Services 5.0 will return a 415 in response to a request
for application/json if the service configuration allows a v3
response and if the client does not specify a
MaxDataServiceVersion header or specifies a
MaxDataServiceVersion header of 3.0
Clients should always send a value for the

MaxDataServiceVersion header to ensure forward
compatibility
GET http://odata.example.org/Items?$top=5
HTTP/1.1
Accept: application/json
MaxDataServiceVersion: 2.0
What happened to application/json in WCF DS 5.0?
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/odatateam/archive/2012/04/11/what-happened-to-application-json-in-wcf-ds-5-0.aspx
WCF Data Services
4. 12
Calling an OData Service from jQuery

Its possible to modify the headers with jQuery
$.ajax(url, {
dataType: "json",
beforeSend: function (xhr) {
xhr.setRequestHeader("Accept", "application/json;odata=verbose");
xhr.setRequestHeader("MaxDataServiceVersion", "3.0");
},
success: function (data) {
// do something interesting with the data you get back.
}
});
How to enable $format support in WCF Data Services

You get the incoming request, remove the $format query option
from the URI, and change the Accept header to application/json
Getting JSON Out of WCF Data Services

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/writingdata_services/archive/2011/02/25/getting-json-out-of-wcf-data-services.aspx
4. 13
WCF Data Services
Intercepting Queries and Changes

WCF Data Services enables an application to intercept
request messages so that you can add custom logic
Define a query interceptor for the Orders entity set
[QueryInterceptor("Orders")]
public Expression<Func<Order, bool>> OnQueryOrders()
{
return o => o.Customer.ContactName ==
HttpContext.Current.User.Identity.Name;
}
Check UpdateOperations parameter to determine type

[ChangeInterceptor("Products")]
public void OnChangeProducts(
Product product, UpdateOperations operation) {
if(operation == UpdateOperations.Delete) {
Interceptors (WCF Data Services)

4. 14
WCF Data Services
Custom Data Service Providers

A Data Service Provider is simply a .NET class that sits
between the Data Services Framework and the
underlying data source thats being exposed
To make your service updatable
public class MyDataSource : IUpdatable {

public IQueryable<Product> Products { get { ...
To make your service queryable
Custom Data Service Providers
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/data/gg191846.aspx
HTTP Methods
4. 15
MERGE and PATCH

To update a column of a record without overwriting
other columns, use MERGE or PATCH verbs and only
pass the changed column values
PATCH /AW.svc/Contacts(23)
Host: AdventureWorks.com
Content-Type: application-json
{ State: 'CA' }
Warning!
By default the WCF Data Services client library passes all
properties using a MERGE, not just the ones that have changed
Use SaveChangesOptions.ReplaceOnUpdate to change to using a
PUT (which requires all properties to be sent)
WCF Data Services: Optimizing bandwidth usage and performance with updates
http://blogs.infosupport.com/wcf-data-services-optimizing-updates-in-the-client-library/
HTTP Methods
4. 16
Support for CRUD Operations

To enable CRUD operations, IIS must allow the
following methods on the .svc extension
PUT
DELETE
HTTP Methods
4. 17
X-HTTP-Method
Some network intermediaries block HTTP verbs like
DELETE or PUT or MERGE
Verb tunnelling or POST tunnelling gets around this
Uses HTTP POST to wrap another verb

POST /Categories(5)
HTTP/1.1
Host: AdventureWorks.com
X-HTTP-Method: DELETE
This feature is automatically enabled in WCF Data

Services
To enable in a .NET client
DataServiceContext.UsePostTunneling = true;
2.2.5.8 X-HTTP-Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd541471(PROT.10).aspx
OData .NET Clients
4. 18
Loading Related Entities

DataServiceContext does not support lazy loading so
you must use the LoadProperty method to explicitly
load related entities just before reading them
Note: DataServiceContext simulates ObjectContext in EF
DataServiceContext.LoadProperty(category, "Products");
foreach(var item in category.Products) {
Or use Expand method to pre-load (eager-loading),

similar to Include method, but re-named to look like
the OData $expand keyword
var query = DataServiceContext.Categories.Expand("Products");
DataServiceContext.LoadProperty Method - http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/

system.data.services.client.dataservicecontext.loadproperty.aspx
OData .NET Clients
4. 19
Troubleshooting
To find out how a LINQ to OData query will translate
into an OData URL use RequestUri
var query = from p in DataServiceContext.Products
where p.Color == "Red"
select p;
string uri = ((DataServiceQuery)query).RequestUri.ToString();
http://localhost:1034/AW.svc/Products()?$filter=Color eq 'Red'
OData .NET Clients
4. 20
Set Headers in the Client Request

Create an event handler for SendRequest2
DataServiceContext.SendingRequest2 += db_SendingRequest2;
Add the header in the event handler

private void db_SendingRequest2(object sender, SendingRequest2EventArgs e)
{
// Add an Authorization header that contains an
// OAuth WRAP access token to the request
e.RequestMessage.SetHeader(
"Authorization", "WRAP access_token=\"123456789\"");
}
How to: Set Headers in the Client Request (WCF Data Services)
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/gg258441.aspx
10
Web API Security
4. 21
Overview
For the most common scenarioJavaScript in a Web
page accessing a Web API service on the same site
discussing security for ASP.NET Web API is redundant
Provided that you authenticate your users and authorize access
to the Web Forms/Views holding the JavaScript that consumes
your services, youve probably provided all the security your
services need
Theres one exception (and its an important one):

ASP.NET doesnt automatically protect you against Cross-Site
Request Forgery (CSRF/XSRF) attacks
Enabling and Customizing ASP.NET Web API Services Security

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/dn201748.aspx
Web API Security
4. 22
Further Study
Using this book, you can gain a
solid understanding of the
security techniques relevant to
ASP.NET Web API
All the underlying concepts are
introduced from basic principles
and developed to the point where
you can use them confidently,
knowing what you are doing
Pro ASP.NET Web API Security: Securing ASP.NET Web API

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Pro-ASP-NET-Web-API-Security/dp/1430257822/
11
5. 1
Module 5
Creating WCF Services
and Web Services
5. 2
Creating WCF Services
Contents
Topic
Slide
Data Contracts
Service Contracts
17
Bindings
21
Clients
25
Faults
30
RESTful Services
34
Endpoints
39
Behaviors
43
Sessions
51
Summaries
53 Exam Topics: Configure WCF services by using

configuration settings or the API
Configure service behaviors
Configure service endpoints
Configure binding
Specify a service contract
Expose service metadata (XSDs, WSDL, metadata exchange)
Exam Topics: Create a WCF service

Create contracts (service, data, message, callback, and fault)
Exam Topics: Version a WCF service
Version different types of contracts (message, service, data)
Configure address, binding, and routing service versioning
Exam Topics: Consume WCF services
Generate proxies by using SvcUtil
Generate proxies by creating a service reference
Create and implement channel factories
Exam Topics: Host and manage services
Manage services concurrency (single, multiple, reentrant)
Choose an instancing mode (per call, per session, singleton)
5. 3
Data Contracts
Serializing Enumerations
[DataContract]
// optional: rename the type in WSDL
public class Car
[DataContract(Name = "CarCondition")]
{
public enum CarConditionEnum {
[DataMember]
[EnumMember]
public string Model;
New,
[DataMember]
// optional: rename the value
public CarConditionEnum Condition;
[EnumMember(Value = "Used")]
PreviouslyOwned,
[EnumMember]
Rental,
Broken,
If you use an enum value that is not marked as an EnumMember
Stolen
and it is serialized then WCF will throw an exception
}
var car = new Car {
Model = "Volvo",
Condition = CarConditionEnum.PreviouslyOwned
<Model>Volvo</Model>
<Condition>Used</Condition>
EnumMemberAttribute Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtime.serialization.enummemberattribute.aspx
Enumeration Types in Data Contracts

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa347875.aspx
Data Contracts
5. 4
Use Serializable Types

Your data contracts must only use serializable types
For example, Exception is NOT serializable, which is why
Microsoft created an ExceptionDetail type for use when
returning a serialized exception during faults
ExceptionDetail Properties
HelpLink
InnerException (of type ExceptionDetail)
Message
StackTrace
Type
ExceptionDetail Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.exceptiondetail(v=vs.110).aspx
5. 5
Data Contracts
Serializing Object References

DataContractSerializer serializes by value (default)
[DataMember] public Address BillTo = someAddress;
[DataMember] public Address ShipTo = someAddress;
<BillTo>contents of someAddress</BillTo>
<ShipTo>contents of someAddress</ShipTo>
To get the DataContractSerializer to preserve object

references (especially useful for circular references)
[DataContract(IsReference=true)]
public class Order
[DataContract(IsReference=true)]
public class Address
<BillTo id="1">contents of someAddress</BillTo>

<ShipTo ref="1" />
Interoperable Object References
DataContract Serializer and IsReference property

http://zamd.net/2008/05/20/datacontract-serializer-and-isreference-property/
5. 6
Data Contracts
Data Member Default Values

When a reference type is null, xsi:nil is used in XML
[DataMember]
public string FirstName = null;
<FirstName xsi:nil="true" />
To exclude element when values are equal to defaults

[DataMember]
public int Height = 0;
[DataMember]
public int Weight = 10;
[DataMember(EmitDefaultValue=false)]
public int Height = 0;
[DataMember(EmitDefaultValue=false)]
public int Weight = 10;
<Height>0</Height>
<Weight>10</Weight>
<Weight>10</Weight>
DataMemberAttribute.EmitDefaultValue
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtime.serialization.datamemberattribute.emitdefaultvalue.aspx
5. 7
Data Contracts
Data Member Order

Members ordered base type first, then alphabetically
[DataMember] public string FirstName;
[DataMember] public string LastName;
[DataMember] public byte Age;
<Age> ...
<FirstName> ...
<LastName> ...
To order members explicitly

[DataMember(Order = 1)] ... FirstName;
[DataMember(Order = 2)] ... LastName;
[DataMember(Order = 3)] ... Age;
<FirstName> ...
<LastName> ...
<Age> ...
What order would this use?

[DataMember] ... FirstName;
[DataMember(Order = 1)] ... LastName;
[DataMember] ... Age;
<Age> ...
<FirstName> ...
<LastName> ...
Because members without order written first

Data Member Order
Data Contracts
5. 8
XML Namespaces
It is best practice to provide a namespace for your data
contracts rather than use the default (tempuri.org)
[DataContract(Namespace="http://www.firebrand.com/hr/2012/11")]
public class Employee
You can do this globally by using the assembly-level

attribute ContractNamespace
[assembly:ContractNamespace("http://www.firebrand.com/hr/2012/11",
ClrNamespace = "Firebrand")]
namespace Firebrand
{
Data Contract Names

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms731045(v=vs.100).aspx
Data Contracts
5. 9
Versioning
Strict schema validity
This means in both directions (new-to-old and old-to-new) so
data and service contracts must be considered immutable
If a new version is required then a new data contract must be
created with a different name or namespace and the service
contract should add a new operation
Automatic versioning is the default

Missing data members dont cause exceptions so to throw a
SerializationException if a data member is missing when
deserializing set IsRequired to true
[DataMember(IsRequired=true)] //default is false
DataMemberAttribute.IsRequired Property
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtime.serialization.datamemberattribute.isrequired.aspx
Data Contracts
5. 10
Round-Tripping (1/2)
If strict schema validity is NOT required, and you need
to be able to round-trip an instance of a data contract
with older clients, use IExtensibleDataObject
IExtensibleDataObject provides a data structure to store extra
data encountered during deserialization
In a roundtrip operation where data is received, processed, and
sent back, any extra data is returned to the sender intact
If you do not implement the interface, any extra data is ignored
and lost during a roundtrip operation
Useful to store data received from future versions of the
contract
Note: svcutil and VS-generated code implement this but you
need to implement it yourself if reusing data contracts
IExtensibleDataObject Interface
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtime.serialization.iextensibledataobject.aspx
5. 11
Data Contracts
Round-Tripping (2/2)
Must mark versions e.g. Person and PersonV2 with same
Name and Namespace
Best practice to apply an order to new members
[DataContract(Name="Person", Namespace="http://.../")]
public class Person : IExtensibleDataObject
{
public ExtensionDataObject ExtensionData { get; set; }
[DataContract(Name="Person", Namespace="http://.../")]
public class PersonV2 : IExtensibleDataObject
{
public ExtensionDataObject ExtensionData { get; set; }
[DataMember(Order=2)]
public int Age { get; set; } // new member
Best Practices for Handling Change in Your WCF Applications

http://www.devx.com/dotnet/Article/42005/1954
5. 12
Data Contracts
Returning Collections from Operations

Add Service
Reference...
Reuse only applies to
data contracts, not
service & operation
contracts
ChannelFactories
The client should have
a reference to the
contracts so will know
exactly what
collection type to use
5. 13
Data Contracts
Putting Message Properties in SOAP Header

Use MessageHeader to put a property in SOAP header
[MessageContract(WrapperNamespace="http://www.aw.com")]
[MessageHeader(Namespace="http://www.aw.com")]
public int ID { get; set; }
[MessageBodyMember(Namespace="http://www.aw.com")]
<s:Envelope xmlns:s="http://.../soap/envelope">
<s:Header>
<h:ID xmlns:h="http://www.aw.com">123</h:ID>
</s:Header>
<s:Body>
<Person xmlns="http://www.aw.com">
<FirstName xmlns="http://www.aw.com">John</FirstName>
Warning!
If you use MessageContract then you can only have a single
input parameter on the operation of type Message or a class
like the one above that has MessageContract applied
5. 14
Data Contracts
Putting Arrays in SOAP Header

Arrays normally get wrapped
[MessageContract]
public class Software
{
[MessageHeader]
public Key[] Keys { get; set; }
<Keys>
<Key>123</Key>
<Key>456</Key>
<Key>789</Key>
</Keys>
Use MessageHeaderArray to avoid wrappers

[MessageContract]
public class Software
{
[MessageHeaderArray]
public Key[] Keys { get; set; }
<Keys>123</Keys>
<Keys>456</Keys>
<Keys>789</Keys>
Cannot be used with collections
5. 15
Data Contracts
Protecting Individual Properties in a Message

To protect a property such as a credit card number
Change the DataContract to a MessageContract because
DataContracts do not support ProtectionLevel
[MessageContract]
[MessageBodyMember(ProtectionLevel = ProtectionLevel.EncryptAndSign)]
public string CreditCard { get; set; }
ProtectionLevel: None, Sign, EncryptAndSign

Also on ServiceContract, OperationContract, FaultContract
MessageBodyMember uses highest protection set on any member
MessageHeader can be individually set
Warning! You must configure certificates on service and client to perform the encryption
How to: Set the ProtectionLevel Property
using System.Net.Security;
5. 16
Data Contracts
Switching Serializers
WCF can use two different serialization technologies
DataContractSerializer (default) or XmlSerializer
Apply XmlSerializerFormat to interface/class/operation

Use XmlSerializer attributes to customize XML generated
[ServiceContract]
[XmlSerializerFormat]
public interface IHRService
{
[OperationContract]
public void Hire(Employee emp)

{
[XmlAttribute]
[XmlIgnore]
public decimal Salary { get; set; }
Warning! Any DataContract attributes are ignored and all public

fields and properties will be serialized unless you apply XmlIgnore
attribute
Using the XmlSerializer Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms733901
Service Contracts
5. 17
Best Practice
Best practice is to separate contract from
implementation
Use an interface for the contract
[ServiceContract]
public interface ISampleService
Use a class for the implementation

public class SampleService : ISampleService
You can (but shouldnt) use a class for both contract

and implementation
[ServiceContract] // bad practice
public class SampleService
Service Contracts
5. 18
Renaming Services and Operations

To rename a service and its operations
[ServiceContract(Name="Employee")]
public interface Serf
{
[OperationContract(Name="Fire")]
void Terminate();
Other parameters
Service: CallbackContract, Namespace, ConfigurationName
Operation: Action, IsOneWay, ReplyAction
OperationContractAttribute Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.operationcontractattribute.aspx
ServiceContractAttribute Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.servicecontractattribute.aspx
5. 19
Service Contracts
Making an Operation More Flexible

For an operation to accept any SOAP message declare a
single input parameter as a Message instead of a data
contract type
using System.ServiceModel.Channels;
[OperationContract]
void ProcessData(Person p);
[OperationContract]
void ProcessData(Message m);
To read a Message
m.GetReaderAtBodyContents() returns XmlDictionaryReader
m.GetBody() returns the message body as a typed object
if(!m.IsEmpty) { // check for null message in service or client;
// on client-side should also check IsFault
Person p = m.GetBody<Person>();
Using the Message Class
Message Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.channels.message.aspx
Service Contracts
5. 20
Using Message as Return Type

For maximum flexibility in the return values for an
operation, return a Message, for example
public Message GetData()
{
Person p = new Person { Name = "John Doe", Age = 42 };
MessageVersion ver = OperationContext.Current.IncomingMessageVersion;
return Message.CreateMessage(ver, "GetDataResponse", p);
}
To determine what Accepts header was sent by the

client and then return the data in the required format
if(WebOperationContext.Current
.IncomingRequest.Accept.Contains("json"))
IncomingWebRequestContext.Accept
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.web.incomingwebrequestcontext.accept.aspx
10
5. 21
Bindings
Message Encodings
Text: ASCII, UTF16, UTF8 (default)
Binary: uses a WCF proprietary algorithm
Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (MTOM)
MTOM is a mechanism for transmitting large binary attachments
with SOAP messages as raw bytes, allowing for smaller messages
while still interoperating with non-.NET systems
Best for 10kb+ payloads

<system.serviceModel>
<bindings>
<wsHttpBinding>
<binding ... messageEncoding="Mtom">
Choosing a Message Encoder

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa751889(v=vs.100).aspx
5. 22
Bindings
Duplex
Streaming
Basic Profile 1.1 as used by ASP.NET XML Web Services (.asmx)

Every binding uses SOAP messages except webHttpBinding
WS2007 is a later WS-* version with improved reliable sessions
XxxBinding
Interop
Security (default)
Encoding
Sessions
Transactions
WS-*
Choosing a Binding
BasicHttp
Basic
None, Transport, Message
Text, Mtom
WebHttp
REST 2
None, Transport
Text
WS
Text, Mtom
WSHttp
WS2007Http
WS
Text, Mtom
WSDualHttp
WS
None, Message
Text, Mtom
WSFederationHttp
WS-Fed
Text, Mtom
NetTcp
.NET
Binary
NetNamedPipes
.NET
None, Transport
Binary
NetMsmq
.NET
Binary
Others
System-Provided Bindings
11
5. 23
Bindings
Custom Bindings
Order must be
Protocol(s)
MessageEncoding
Transport
EXCEPT
<customBinding>
<binding name="MyBinding" ... >
<protocol1 ... />
<protocol2 ... />
<somethingMessageEncoding ... />
<somethingTransport ... />
</binding>
</customBinding>
Transports that use a stream-oriented protocol such as TCP and

named pipes support stream-based transport upgrades, so you
can add a windowsStreamSecurity or sslStreamSecurity element
between the encoding and transport
REMEMBER: transport is always LAST in list

Choosing a Transport
System-Provided Bindings
Bindings
5. 24
MSMQ Transport Types

msmqTransport
Suitable for cross-machine communication between WCF
applications
msmqIntegrationTransport
Suitable for cross-machine communication between a WCF
application and existing Message Queuing applications
Queuing in WCF
12
Clients
5. 25
Creating .NET Proxies

A proxy to a service can be created at design-time with
Add Service Reference... or SvcUtil.exe
or created at run-time with channel factories
var address = new EndpointAddress(...);
var binding = new BasicHttpBinding();
var factory = new ChannelFactory<ICalc>(binding, address);
ICalc proxy = factory.CreateChannel();
// after using the proxy, you should close it
(proxy as ICommunicationObject).Close();
Can combine interfaces to avoid casting

public interface ICalcWithComm : ICalc, ICommunicationObject { }
var factory = new ChannelFactory<ICalcWithComm>(...);
proxy.Close(); // because proxy now makes BOTH interfaces visible
ChannelFactory<TChannel> Class
Clients
5. 26
Using a Configuration with Channel Factories

Channel factories can load named endpoints from
configuration files
<client>
<endpoint name="MyEndpoint"
address="net.tcp://server/AWService"
binding="netTcpBinding"
contract="Firebrand.IAWService"
/>
var factory = new ChannelFactory<IAWService>("MyEndpoint");
ChannelFactory<TChannel> Constructor (String)

13
Clients
5. 27
How To Reset a Proxy on the Client

After an exception on the client the proxy will be in a
faulted state
Calls to Close (or Dispose!) will cause another exception
Call Abort and then re-create the proxy before trying again
try
{
proxy.ProcessData(data);
}
catch
{
if (proxy.State == CommunicationState.Faulted)
{
proxy.Abort();
proxy = new ServiceClient();
}
}
ICommunicationObject.Abort Method
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.icommunicationobject.abort.aspx
Clients
5. 28
.NET Framework Client Profile (in VS2010 only)

Subset of .NET Framework optimized for client apps
Does NOT include ASP.NET and advanced WCF functionality, for
example, [WebGet] and [WebInvoke] methods for REST in
System.ServiceModel.Web namespace
Project templates that target the client profile

Empty Project
WPF and Windows Forms
Console Application
WCF Service Library
Windows Service
To get full WCF features you

need to change the target
to .NET Framework 4
14
Clients
5. 29
WCF Test Client

C:\Program Files\Microsoft Visual Studio
11.0\Common7\IDE\
The left pane of the main window lists all the available services,
along with their respective endpoints and operations, and
editable App.config file (right-click to edit)
Supported
Service Invocation: Request/Response and One-way message
Bindings: all bindings supported by Svcutil.exe
Controlling Session
NOT supported
Duplex, transactions, Security: Certificate & Username/Pwd
Bindings: WSFederation, Https, WebHttpBinding
WCF Test Client (WcfTestClient.exe)
Faults
5. 30
Including Exception Details in Faults

Set to true to troubleshoot exceptions in a service
As an attribute on the class implementation
[ServiceBehavior(IncludeExceptionDetailInFaults = true)]
As a service behavior in .config

<serviceDebug includeExceptionDetailInFaults="true" />
Serializes any service-side exceptions into a SOAP fault

Allows the service to return any exception that is thrown by the
service code even if the exception is not declared using the
FaultContractAttribute including the server stack trace
Specifies that general unhandled execution exceptions are to be
converted into a FaultException<ExceptionDetail> and sent as a
fault message
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.servicebehaviorattribute.includeexceptiondetailinfaults.aspx
15
5. 31
Faults
Catch Exceptions in the Correct Order

FaultException<T> derives from FaultException, and
FaultException derives from CommunicationException,
so it is important to catch them in the proper order
catch(TimeoutException te) {
// operation exceeded specified timeout
}
catch(FaultException<T> feT) {
// generic fault exception
}
catch(FaultException fe) {
// non-generic fault exception
}
catch(CommunicationException ce) {
// recoverable communication error
}
Sending and Receiving Faults

5. 32
Faults
Faults, Exceptions, and Debugging

IncludeExceptionDetailInFaults
True
False
FaultException<T>
SOAP Fault containing T as the Detail property, so

catch FaultException<T> on client
Any other .NET exception
SOAP Fault with serialized SOAP Fault with no detail,

exception as the Detail
so catch FaultException
property including server on client
stack trace so catch
FaultException<Exception
Detail> on client
16
Faults
5. 33
Fault Contracts
To exclude any stack trace information when an
exception occurs, throw a new instance of a custom
fault exception
[ServiceContract]
public interface IPersonService
{
[OperationContract]
[FaultContract(typeof(PersonFault))]
void AddPerson(Person p);
public class PersonService : IPersonService
{
public void AddPerson(Person p)
{
...
catch(IOException ex)
{
throw new FaultException<PersonFault>(personFault,
new FaultReason("I/O exception"));
RESTful Services
5. 34
Enabling REST
To create a REST-compliant endpoint
Use webHttpBinding and apply webHttp as an endpoint behavior
<endpoint address="kermit"
binding="webHttpBinding"
behaviorConfiguration="RESTful"
contract="Firebrand.ISampleService"
webHttp changes messages
<endpointBehaviors>
from SOAP to XML/JSON
<behavior name="RESTful">
<webHttp helpEnabled="true"
automaticFormatSelectionEnabled="true" />
webHttp behavior can auto-document the endpoint and switch

on automatic response format selection (XML or JSON)
http://localhost:801/Sample/kermit/Help
17
5. 35
RESTful Services
Invoking REST
SOAP only uses POST; REST uses POST (by default)
Or you can apply [WebInvoke] to map an operation to another
HTTP verb such as PUT
WebInvoke/WebGet require
System.ServiceModel.Web
assembly and namespace
[OperationContract]
[WebInvoke(Method = "PUT")]
public string AddName(string newName);
PUT http://localhost:801/Sample/kermit/AddName
...
<newName>Alice</newName>
Apply [WebGet] to pass simple types in a query string

[OperationContract]
[WebGet]
public string AddName(string newName);
GET http://localhost:801/Sample/kermit/AddName?newName='Alice'
5. 36
RESTful Services
Quirks with REST Operations

REST does not allow multiple arguments in the body
without a wrapper
Since we have an operation with multiple arguments we could:
(1) change to a single argument using a data contract
public class Numbers {
public int A { get; set; }
public int B { get; set; }
[OperationContract]
public int AddNumbers(Numbers n);
Note: this is good practice anyway since it allows versioning

or (2) apply [WebGet] since the types are simple and could
therefore be passed in a query string
[OperationContract]
[WebGet]
public int AddNumbers(int a, int b);
http://localhost:801/Sample/kermit/AddNumbers?a=4&b=5
18
RESTful Services
5. 37
Return Content Type Formatting

Automatic formatting (off by default)
Request messages Accept header
Request messages Content-type
Default format setting for operation and WebHttpBehavior
To force an operation to return JSON

[OperationContract]
[WebGet(ResponseFormat = WebMessageFormat.Json)]
public DateTime GetLunchTime();
Body style (bare or wrapped)

Bare only allows one parameter; Wrapped supports multiple
[WebInvoke(BodyStyle = WebMessageBodyStyle.Wrapped)]
Wrapped BodyStyle in WCF Rest

http://dotnetfriendly.blogspot.co.uk/2010/08/bare-and-wrapped-message-in-wcf-rest.html
RESTful Services
5. 38
URI Templates
To customize the URL path use a UriTemplate
Path variables must use string
[OperationContract]
[WebGet(UriTemplate = "weather/{state}/{city}")]
string GetWeather(string state, string city);
[OperationContract]
[WebInvoke(UriTemplate = "order/{id}", Method = "DELETE")]
void DeleteOrder(string id);
To pass non-strings, you must use a query string

[OperationContract]
[WebGet(UriTemplate = "add?a={a}&b={b}")]
int AddNumbers(int a, int b);
19
Endpoints
5. 39
Define separate endpoints for different transports

Scenario
You already have a service with a HTTP endpoint
Requirement
Expose the service over TCP
Solution
Leave the existing endpoint as-is and define a new endpoint for
TCP
<service name="Firebrand.SampleService">
<endpoint address="net.tcp://.../"
contract="Firebrand.ISampleService" />
<endpoint address="http://.../"
binding="wsHttpBinding"
Endpoints
5. 40
ClientVia
A service can use a logical address while using a
different address and binding for the transport
<client>
<endpoint address="http://www.aw.com/Calc"
behaviorConfiguration="viaBehavior"
contract="ServiceReference.ICalc" />
<endpointBehaviours>
<behaviour name="viaBehavior">
<clientVia viaUri="net.tcp://www.aw.com/ICalc" />
// or use code
client.Endpoint.Behaviors.Add(new ClientViaBehavior(
new Uri("net.tcp://www.aw.com/ICalc"));
ClientViaBehavior Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.description.clientviabehavior.aspx
20
Endpoints
5. 41
Why Use ClientVia?

Facilitates debugging scenarios
Normally the client sends the message to the service directly
and to ensure against attacks the service checks the requesting
address with the actual address from which the request was
sent
However this causes problems if you have intermediate services
that might be used for debugging or other reasons because the
service will receive the message from the intermediary
If you set the viaUri to the address of the intermediary then the
service wont reject the forwarded messages
For another example see link below
WCF Intermediate Service between Client and Server

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/29775/WCF-Intermediate-Service-between-Client-and-Server
Endpoints
5. 42
Standard Endpoints
Standard endpoints enable a developer to define an
endpoint that has default values or where one or more
endpoints properties does not change
For example, to enable cross-domain script access for all
instances of a web script endpoint
<serviceHostingEnvironment aspNetCompatibilityEnabled="true" />
<standardEndpoints>
<webScriptEndpoint>
<standardEndpoint crossDomainScriptAccessEnabled="true" />
Standard Endpoints
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee358762(v=vs.110).aspx
21
5. 43
Behaviors
Applying Named and Default Behaviors

To define a default behavior that automatically applies
to ALL services in this host leave its name empty
<behaviors>
<serviceBehaviors>
<behavior>
<serviceThrottling maxConcurrentCalls="100"
maxConcurrentSessions="50" />
Unnamed behaviors are combined with one named behavior that

can be set explicitly on each service
If a behavior has a name you must explicitly apply it

Even if its name is Default!
<behavior name="Default">
<service behaviorConfiguration="Default">
<behavior> of <serviceBehaviors>
Behaviors
5. 44
How to Apply Behaviors

Behaviors can be applied to many parts of WCF
Service and endpoint behaviors can be applied in .config
<behaviors>
<serviceBehaviors> ...
<endpointBehaviors> ...
Some behaviors can be applied in code using attributes

[ServiceBehavior(...)]
public class SampleService : ISampleService
{
[OperationBehavior(...)]
public int AddNumbers(...)
All behaviors can be applied by using procedural code

proxy.Endpoint.Behaviors.Add(...);
22
Behaviors
5. 45
ConcurrencyMode Service Behavior

Specifies whether a service class supports singlethreaded or multi-threaded modes of operation
Single (default)
Service instance is single-threaded and does not accept
reentrant calls
Multiple
Service instance is multi-threaded
Reentrant
Service instance is single-threaded and accepts reentrant calls
when you call another service
It is your responsibility to leave your object state consistent
before callouts and you must confirm that operation-local data
is valid after callouts
Behaviors
5. 46
InstanceContextMode Service Behavior

PerSession (default)
A new InstanceContext object is created for each session
PerCall
A new InstanceContext object is created prior to and recycled
subsequent to each call
Single
Only one InstanceContext object is used for all incoming calls
and is not recycled subsequent to the calls
If a service object is not passed to the ServiceHost constructor,
one (and only one) is created automatically on first call
Your service can only process one message at a time unless you
also set the ConcurrencyMode value to Multiple
InstanceContextMode Enumeration
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.instancecontextmode.aspx
23
5. 47
Behaviors
Instancing and Concurrency Matrix
Concurrency
Instancing
Single
PerSession
PerCall
Notes
Single
n/a
One thread, so create an instance

per session (default) or per call
Reentrant
n/a
One thread, but if it calls out to a

service it does not block an
incoming call
Multiple
n/a
Shared state must be thread-safe
If Instancing is PerCall, Concurrency is ignored because only one thread will ever be created.
Scenario
Solution
A service uses InstanceContextMode

Two possible solutions:
.Single. How can you increase the rate by ConcurrencyMode.Multiple or change the
which clients get the response?
InstanceContextMode
An operation in a service makes a call to
another service and does not perform
well.
ConcurrencyMode.Reentrant on
ServiceBehavior
(not CallbackBehavior)
Behaviors
5. 48
Stateful Services with Many Clients

To service many clients and requests simultaneously
and to share state for subsequent individual client
requests, use multiple concurrency mode and enable
per session instancing
[ServiceBehavior(
InstanceContextMode = InstanceContextMode.PerSession,
ConcurrencyMode = ConcurrencyMode.Multiple)]
Since PerSession is the default anyway, we could use

[ServiceBehavior(
ConcurrencyMode = ConcurrencyMode.Multiple)]
To share state between clients use

InstanceContextMode.Single
Sessions, Instancing, and Concurrency
24
5. 49
Behaviors
Publishing Metadata
HTTP(S) GET metadata endpoints are easily enabled
and use the base address
<serviceBehaviors>
<behavior> 
<serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true" />
For other metadata endpoints use WS-MetadataExchange

<serviceBehaviors>
<behavior>
<serviceMetadata />
<endpoint address="mex"
binding="mexTcpBinding"
contract="IMetadataExchange" />
Do NOT specify the full namespace i.e. NOT System.ServiceModel.Description
mexHttpsBinding,
mexNamedPipeBinding,
mexTcpBinding
Publishing Metadata
Behaviors
5. 50
Publishing Custom Metadata

You can specify an alternative location for returning the
metadata instead of it being automatically generated
<serviceMetadata httpGetEnabled="true"
externalMetadataLocation="MyCustomWsdl.wsdl" />
To return custom WSDL for different scenarios, create a

service and operation, and reference that instead
[ServiceContract]
public interface ICustomWsdl
{
[OperationContract]
[WebGet]
Stream Metadata(string name, string ext);
}
externalMetadataLocation="http://.../CustomWsdl/Metadata?name=BBC&ext=wsdl"
Custom wsdl from WCF Davids Blog
http://www.codehosting.net/blog/BlogEngine/post/Custom-wsdl-from-WCF.aspx
25
Sessions
5. 51
What Is a Session?
Correlates a group of messages into a conversation
Do NOT confuse with Session state in ASP.NET
Session can be provided by the transport protocol (e.g.

TCP) or by some other mechanism (e.g. WS-*)
Although PerSession is the default instance mode, a
session is only created if the binding supports sessions
NO support for sessions: BasicHttpBinding and WebHttpBinding
SessionId can be read from proxys InnerChannel
WCF Sessions - Brief Introduction

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/188749/WCF-Sessions-Brief-Introduction
Sessions
5. 52
Initiating and Terminating Operations

Operations can be marked so they either initiate a
session or terminate a session
Service must require sessions
By default, IsInitiating=true and IsTerminating=false
[ServiceContract(SessionMode = SessionMode.Required)]
public interface IMyService
{
[OperationContract]
void CreateShoppingCart();
[OperationContract(IsInitiating = false)]
void AddItemToCart();
[OperationContract(IsInitiating = false, IsTerminating = true)]
void CheckOut();
}
26
5. 53
Summaries
Data Contracts
Member Opt-In
Member Opt-Out (3.5 SP1 or later)

public class Person
{
public int PersonID { get; set; }
// Salary not serialized
[IgnoreDataMember]
[DataContract(...)]
public class Person
{
[DataMember(...)]
public int PersonID { get; set; }
// Salary not serialized
To move members to header or to protect members

[MessageContract(...)]
public class Person
{
[MessageHeader] public int PersonID { get; set; }
[MessageBodyMember] public decimal Salary { get; set; }
[MessageBodyMember(ProtectionLevel = ProtectionLevel.EncryptAndSign)]
public string CreditCardNumber { get; set; }
5. 54
Summaries
Service Contracts and Implementation

On Interface/Class (Contract)
[ServiceContract(...)]
public interface IInterfaceName
{
[OperationContract(...)]
[FaultContract(...)]
[TransactionFlow(...)]
[WebGet(...)]
void Method(...);
On Class (Implementation)
[ServiceBehavior(...)]
public class ClassName : IInterfaceName
{
[OperationBehavior(...)]
public void Method(...)
{
...
}
See the next slide for the details of the
attributes for services and operations
On Interface/Class (Contract)
[FaultContract(Type, ...)]
Action, Name, Namespace, ProtectionLevel
[TransactionFlow(TransactionFlowOption)]
Allowed, Mandatory, NotAllowed
[WebGet(UriTemplate = "", ...)]
RequestFormat, ResponseFormat: Json, Xml
Many exam questions require

you to know what WCF does
automatically and the defaults
for attributes and
configuration
27
5. 55
Summaries
Service Contracts and Implementation Parameters

On Interface (Contract)
On Class (Implementation)
[ServiceContract(
CallbackContract (null)
ConfigurationName
("qualified.classname")
HasProtectionLevel,
ProtectionLevel (None,
Sign, EncryptAndSign)
Name, Namespace
SessionMode (Allowed,
Required, NotAllowed)
[ServiceBehavior( N.B. not all listed here

AutomaticSessionShutdown (true)
ConcurrencyMode (Single, Multiple, Reentrant)
InstanceContextMode (Single, PerCall, PerSession)
ConfigurationName ("qualified.typename")
IncludeExceptionDetailInFaults (false)
Name, Namespace
ReleaseServiceInstanceOnTransactionComplete (true
TransactionAutoCompleteOnSessionClose (false)
TransactionIsolationLevel, TransactionTimeout
[OperationContract(
Action, ReplyAction
AsyncPattern (false)
ProtectionLevel (None)
IsInitiating (true)
IsTerminating (false)
IsOneWay (false)
Name
[OperationBehavior(
AutoDisposeParameters (true)
Impersonation (NotAllowed, Allowed, Required)
ReleaseInstanceMode (None*, BeforeCall, AfterCall,
BeforeAndAfterCall)
TransactionAutoComplete (true)
TransactionScopeRequired (false)
* Uses InstanceContextMode setting
Summaries
5. 56
System.Runtime.Serialization Assembly
Namespace: System.Runtime.Serialization
[DataContract]
[DataMember]
[IgnoreDataMember]
[EnumMember]
[KnownType]
ExtensionDataObject
IExtensibleDataObject
DataContractSerializer
Namespace: System.Runtime.Serialization.Json
DataContractJsonSerializer
28
Summaries
5. 57
System.ServiceModel Assembly (1/2)

Namespace: System.ServiceModel
[MessageContract], [MessageHeader], [MessageBodyMember]
[ServiceContract], [ServiceKnownType], [OperationContract], [FaultContract]
[ServiceBehavior], [OperationBehavior]
BasicHttpBinding, WSHttpBinding, NetTcpBinding, NetMsmqBinding, and so on
ChannelFactory<T>, DuplexChannelFactory<T>
ClientBase<T>, DuplexClientBase<T>
EndpointAddress, EndpointAddress10 (serializable)
FaultException<T>, ExceptionDetail, FaultReason, FaultReasonText
ICommunicationObject
InstanceContext, OperationContext, SecurityContext
ServiceHost, ServiceHostBase
Summaries
5. 58
System.ServiceModel Assembly (2/2)

Namespace: System.ServiceModel.Activation
AspNetCompatibilityRequirementsAttribute
ServiceHostFactory
Namespace: System.ServiceModel.Channels
Message
MessageBuffer, MessageFault
MessageHeader, MessageVersion
Namespace: System.ServiceModel.Description
IMetadataExchange
IEndpointBehavior, IOperationBehavior
IServiceBehavior, and so on
Namespace: System.ServiceModel.Dispatcher
ClientOperation, ClientRuntime
DispatchOperation, DispatchRuntime
IErrorHandler
IClientMessageInspector, and so on
29
Summaries
5. 59
WCF Configuration Schema
Windows Communication Foundation Configuration Schema

30
6. 1
Module 6
Hosting Services
and Web Services
6. 2
Hosting Services
Contents
Topic
Slide
WCF Hosting
WCF Hosting in IIS

and/or WAS
WCF Hosting in
Windows Apps
ASP.NET
Compatibility
Mode
Syndication (RSS)
11
Web API Hosting
15

Create service hosts
Choose a hosting mechanism
Activate and manage a service by using AppFabric
Host services in an Windows Azure worker role
Exam Topics: Host and manage Web API
Host Web API in an ASP.NET app
Self-host a Web API in your own process (a Windows service)
Host services in a Windows Azure worker role
Restricting message size
Configure the host server for streaming
6. 3
WCF Hosting
Choosing a Host
Host/Transport
HTTP
Others
IIS 7+ and WAS
Windows Service, Console, Windows application,

and so on
IIS 6
IIS 7+ only
Windows Process Activation Service (WAS) only
WCF Hosting
6. 4
How to Instantiate a ServiceHost

If you self-host a service, pass the type of class name
of the service implementation into the constructor of
ServiceHost
host = new ServiceHost(typeof(CalcService));
For PerSession (default) and PerCall instance context

modes the host will then automatically instantiate an
instance whenever required
ServiceHost Constructor (Type, Uri[])

6. 5
WCF Hosting
How to Instantiate a Singleton ServiceHost

If you only want a single instance (aka singleton) you
must use Single instancing mode
[ServiceBehavior(InstanceContextMode=InstanceContextMode.Single)]
public class CalcService
You can leave the host to create the instance

automatically on first client call or you can passing an
instance into the constructor of ServiceHost
var calc = new CalcService();
host = new ServiceHost(calc);
An exception will be thrown if you do this without setting Single

instance mode
ServiceHost Constructor (Object, Uri[])

6. 6
WCF Hosting in IIS and/or WAS
Activating with .svc file
using System.ServiceModel;
using System.ServiceModel.Activation;
Represented by .svc files

<%@ ServiceHost
Service="Firebrand.CalcService"
Factory="Firebrand.CalcHostFactory" %>
To dynamically customize the service host create a class that

inherits from ServiceHostFactory and specify it as the factory
public class CalcHostFactory : ServiceHostFactory
protected override ServiceHost CreateServiceHost
(Type serviceType, Uri[] baseAddresses)
You do not specify a base address in .config because IIS

uses the URL of the .svc file as the base address
Deploy the service implementation DLL to bin folder
WCF Hosting in IIS and/or WAS
6. 7
Activating with Configuration

You can activate services without a physical file
<serviceHostingEnvironment>
<serviceActivations>
<add relativeAddress="Fake.svc"
service="Firebrand.CalcService"
factory="optional factory class" />
File extensions supported include .svc, .xoml

To use others you can register them (but you dont need to
know how)
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee816902.aspx
WCF Hosting in Windows Applications
6. 8
UI Thread Problems
When using a Windows application to host a service you
must ensure that the UI thread does not block the
service
[ServiceBehavior(UseSynchronizationContext = false)]
Default is true which causes deadlock problems if the

ServiceHost was created on the main thread and you
then call the service from the same thread
Synchronization Contexts in WCF

ASP.NET Compatibility Mode
6. 9
What Is It?
In compatibility mode, WCF services use the HTTP
pipeline through an IHttpHandler implementation so
WCF behaves identically to ASMX with respect to the
following ASP.NET features (therefore must use HTTP)
HttpContext: can access Current and its associated state
File-based authorization: can be secure by attaching file system
access control lists (ACLs) to the services .svc file
Configurable URL authorization: ASP.NETs URL authorization
rules are enforced for WCF requests
HttpModuleCollection extensibility: any HTTP module
configured in the HTTP pipeline is able to operate on WCF
requests both before and after service invocation
ASP.NET Impersonation: WCF services run using the current
identity of the ASP.NET impersonated thread
ASP.NET Compatibility Mode
6. 10
How to Use It
Enable compatibility mode in .config
<serviceHostingEnvironment aspNetCompatibilityEnabled="true" />
Service implementations can control if they run if

compatibility mode is enabled
using System.ServiceModel.Activation;
[AspNetCompatibilityRequirements(RequirementsMode =
AspNetCompatibilityRequirementsMode.Required)]
public class CalculatorService : ICalculator
Required, Allowed, NotAllowed
An activation error occurs when the service receives a

message if the options conflict
Causes exception: true+NotAllowed or false+Required
Syndication Support
6. 11
System.ServiceModel.Syndication namespace
Publish and consume RSS and Atom syndication feeds
Reference System.ServiceModel.Web.dll for .NET 3.5
Classes
Atom10FeedFormatter: (De)serializes a feed in Atom 1.0 format
Rss20FeedFormatter: (De)serializes a feed in RSS 2.0 format
SyndicationFeed: a top-level feed object
SyndicationItem: a feed item

TextSyndicationContent: content intended to be displayed to an
end user
UrlSyndicationContent: content that consists of a URL to
another resource
Syndication Support
6. 12
Publish Example (1/2)

using System.ServiceModel.Syndication;
Feed contract
public interface INewsFeed {
[OperationContract]
[WebGet(UriTemplate = "GetNews?format={format}")]
SyndicationFeedFormatter GetNews(string format);
http://localhost:8000/NewsFeedService/GetNews?format=rss
Feed implementation
public SyndicationFeedFormatter GetNews(string format)
{
var feed = new SyndicationFeed(...);
feed.Authors.Add(new SyndicationPerson("[email protected]"));
feed.Categories.Add(new SyndicationCategory("Tech News"));
Syndication Support
6. 13
Publish Example (2/2)

Create a new list
var items = new List<SyndicationItem>();
Add one (of many) items

var textContent = new TextSyndicationContent("Some text content ...");
var item1 = new SyndicationItem("Item Title", textContent,
new Uri("http://news.bbc.co.uk"),
System.Guid.NewGuid().ToString(), DateTime.Now);
items.Add(item1);
Return the feed in the correct format

if (format == "rss")
return new Rss20FeedFormatter(feed);
else if (format == "atom")
return new Atom10FeedFormatter(feed);
Syndication Support
6. 14
Consume Example
Load the feed
var atomReader = XmlReader.Create(
"http://.../NewsFeedService/GetNews?format=atom");
var feed = SyndicationFeed.Load(atomReader);
Enumerate the items

foreach (SyndicationItem item in feed.Items)
{
Debug.Print(item.Title.Type);
Debug.Print(item.Title.Text);
Debug.Print(item.Summary.Text);
// ...
}
TextSyndicationContent can contain HTML, XHTML, or

plain text indicated by Type being "html", and so on
Web API Hosting
6. 15
Self-Host Web API

ASP.NET Web API does not require IIS
You can self-host a web API in your own host process
Self-Host a Web API

http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/hosting-aspnet-web-api/self-host-a-web-api
Web API Hosting
6. 16
Host Web API in Windows Azure

Open Web Interface for .NET defines an abstraction
between .NET web servers and web applications
OWIN decouples the web application from the server, which
makes OWIN ideal for self-hosting a web application in your own
process, outside of IISfor example, inside an Azure worker role
Host ASP.NET Web API in an Azure Worker Role

http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/hosting-aspnet-web-api/host-aspnet-web-api-in-an-azure-worker-role
7. 1
Module 7
Windows Azure Service Bus
and Web Services
Windows Azure Service Bus
7. 2
Contents
Exam Topics: Create and configure a WCF service on Windows Azure
Create and configure bindings for WCF services (Azure SDK extensions to WCF)
Relay bindings to Azure using service bus endpoints
Integrate with the Azure service bus relay
Exam Topics: Implement messaging patterns
Implement Windows Azure Service Bus and Windows Azure Queues
How to Use the Service Bus Relay Service

http://www.windowsazure.com/en-us/develop/net/how-to-guides/service-bus-relay/
7. 3
Configuring Service Bus Endpoints

Replace *** with your registered namespace
<services>
<service name="Service.ProblemSolver">
Must use a binding with
<endpoint contract="Service.IProblemSolver"
Relay in the name
binding="netTcpRelayBinding"
address="sb://***.servicebus.windows.net/solver"
behaviorConfiguration="sbTokenProvider"/>
Use your key provider for the issuer name

<behaviors>
<endpointBehaviors>
<behavior name="sbTokenProvider">
<transportClientEndpointBehavior>
issuerName must be owner
<tokenProvider>
<sharedSecret issuerName="owner"
issuerSecret is the secret key
issuerSecret="**key**"
/>
Securing and authenticating azure service bus relay messages using a shared secret
http://acaseyblog.wordpress.com/2013/03/22/securing-and-authenticating-azure-service-bus-relay-messages-using-a-shared-secret/
8. 1
Module 8
Deploying Services
and Web Services
8. 2
Deploying Services
Contents (1 of 2)
Topic
Slide
Designing for Deployment
Deployment Tools
Windows Azure
NuGet
Exam Topics: Design a deployment strategy

Create an IIS install package
Deploy to web farms
Deploy a web application by using Xcopy
Automate a deployment from TFS or Build Server
Exam Topics: Configure a web application for deployment

Switch from production/release mode to debug mode
Use SetParameters to set up an IIS app pool, set permissions and passwords)
Configure WCF endpoints, bindings, and behaviors
Transform web.config by using XSLT (for example, across development, test,
and production/release environments)
Configure Azure configuration settings
Exam Topics: Choose a deployment strategy for a Windows Azure web application
Perform an in-place upgrade and VIP swap
Configure an upgrade domain
Create and configure input and internal endpoints
Specify operating system configuration
Deploying Services
8. 3
Contents (2 of 2)
Exam Topics: Manage packages by using NuGet
Create and configure a NuGet package
Install and update an existing NuGet package
Connect to a local repository cache for NuGet, set up your own package repository
Exam Topics: Create, configure, and publish a web package
Create an IIS InstallPackage
Configure the build process to output a web package
Apply pre- and post- condition actions to ensure that transformations are correctly applied
Include appropriate assets (web content, certificates)
Exam Topics: Share assemblies between multiple applications and servers
Prepare the environment for use of assemblies across multiple servers (interning)
Sign assemblies by using a strong name
Deploy assemblies to the global assembly cache
Implement assembly versioning
Create an assembly manifest
Configure assembly binding redirects (for example, from MVC2 to MVC3)
Designing for Deployment
8. 4
Assembly Libraries
If you want to use an assembly in multiple web
applications and services, deploy to the GAC
If you deploy a private assembly and then release a
new version, you might need to force a bindingRedirect
<configuration>
<runtime>
<assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">
<dependentAssembly>
<assemblyIdentity name="myAssembly"
publicKeyToken="32ab4ba45e0a69a1"
culture="neutral" />
<bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0"
newVersion="2.0.0.0"/>
Deployment Tools
8. 5
Web Deploy
For any question about deployment tools, the answer is
almost always use Web Deploy because
It works securely
It is powerful and flexible by changing the web publish pipeline
You can install SSL certificates using a custom target
Only choose to use FTP, XCopy, VPN, SSH, and so on if

you have a very good reason
Windows Azure
8. 6
Swapping Staging and Production

A packaged application can be deployed to the staging
environment in Windows Azure to be tested before you
move it to the production environment in which the
application is accessible on the Internet
The staging environment is exactly like the production
environment, except that you can only access the
staged application with an obfuscated (GUID-based)
URL that is generated by Windows Azure
After you have verified that your application is working
correctly, it can be deployed to the production
environment by performing a Virtual IP (VIP) swap
Windows Azure
8. 7
Endpoints in Service Definition Files

The Windows Azure service definition file
Contains the definitions for the roles available to a service,
specifies the service endpoints, and establishes configuration
<ServiceDefinition ...>
<WebRole name="web-role-name" ...
<Endpoints>
<InputEndpoint name="endpoint-name" protocol="HTTP" port="80" ...
<InternalEndpoint ...
<InstanceInputEndpoint ...
InputEndpoint: an endpoint to a role from the external world

InternalEndpoint: available only to other role instances running
within the service
InstanceInputEndpoint: associated with a specific role instance
by using port forwarding in the load balancer
WebRole Schema
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windowsazure/gg557553.aspx
NuGet
8. 8
What Is It?
NuGet is a Visual Studio extension that makes it easy to
install and update third-party libraries and tools
Choose Library Package Manager from the Tools menu
NuGet
8. 9
Hosting Your Own NuGet Feeds

You can configure Visual Studio to offer that feed
instead of or in addition to the official feed
A feed can be local (a folder on the local machine or a network
folder) or remote (an internet URL)
A local feed
Hosting Your Own NuGet Feeds

http://docs.nuget.org/docs/creating-packages/hosting-your-own-nuget-feeds
NuGet
8. 10
Creating Remote Feeds

Install the NuGet.Server Package into a new ASP.NET
Empty Application project
The NuGet.Server package just converted your empty website

into a site thats ready to serve up the OData package feed
Configure the Packages folder

<appSettings>

<add key="packagesPath" value="C:\MyPackages" />
Just add packages into the Packages folder and theyll show up
9. 1
Module 9
Windows Azure Storage
and Web Services
9. 2
Contents
Exam Topic: Implement data storage in Windows Azure
Access data storage in Windows Azure
Choose data storage mechanism in Windows Azure (blobs, tables, queues, SQL Database)
Distribute data by using the Content delivery network (CDN)
Handle exceptions by using retries (SQL Database)
Manage Windows Azure Caching
Developing Cloud Applications With Windows Azure Storage

http://www.amazon.co.uk/Developing-Cloud-Applications-Windows-Storage/dp/0735667985/
9. 3
Your Choices
Windows Azure storage (100TB per account)
Table: each structured entry (up to 1MB), table (unlimited)
Blob: block (up to 200GB) or page (up to 1TB) e.g. videos
Queue: message exchange (up to 64KB)
Drive: permanent files in separate VM defined by a VHD
Local: temporary files in a role VM (could be lost at any time)
Why use Windows Azure storage?

It is comparatively cheap
BUT you have other choices, for example, instead of WA Queue
Service Bus queues, MSMQ, Google App Engine queues, etc.
SQL Database aka SQL Server in the cloud

Three replicated copies of your database with auto-failover
9. 4
Table Storage Design

PartitionKey
Tables are partitioned to support load balancing
A partition is a consecutive range of entities possessing the
same partition key value
The partition key forms the first part of an entity's primary key
The partition key may be a string value up to 1 KB in size
RowKey
The second part of the primary key is the row key
A unique identifier for an entity within a given partition
Together the PartitionKey and RowKey uniquely identify every
entity within a table
The row key is a string value that may be up to 1 KB in size
Designing a Scalable Partitioning Strategy for Windows Azure Table Storage
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windowsazure/hh508997.aspx
9. 5
Table Entity Design

Entities must have three properties
PartitionKey, RowKey: strings of up to 1024 bytes
TimeStamp: DateTime (can be auto-created but then you wont
be able to get or set the value assigned)
Entities can only use the following types

string, int, long, DateTime, byte[], bool, double, Guid
You cannot use your own subtypes
10. 1
Module 10
Monitoring and Diagnostics
and Web Services
10. 2
Monitoring and Diagnostics
Contents
Topic
Slide
Troubleshooting
Tracing
Performance Counters
Stopwatch
12
Debugging
13
Error Handlers
14
Throttling
15
Exam Topics: None
10. 3
Tracing
WCF Milestones
System.ServiceModel trace source
General WCF trace source records processing milestones across
the WCF communication stack, from entering/leaving transport
to entering/leaving user code
<system.diagnostics>
<sources>
<source name="System.ServiceModel">
<listeners>
<add name="traces"
type="System.Diagnostics.XmlWriterTraceListener"
initializeData="c:\logs\traces.svclog" />
To correlate
traces across
tiers
<source name="System.ServiceModel"
propagateActivity="true"
switchValue="Warning, ActivityTracing">
Configuring Tracing
Tracing
10. 4
Logging Messages
To configure a service to log messages from a client
<system.diagnostics>
<sources>
<source name="System.ServiceModel.MessageLogging">
<listeners>
<add name="messages"
type="System.Diagnostics.XmlWriterTraceListener"
initializeData="c:\logs\messages.svclog" />
<diagnostics>
<messageLogging logEntireMessage="true"
logMessagesAtServiceLevel="true"
logMessagesAtTransportLevel="false"
Configuring Message Logging

Tracing
10. 5
Messaging Logging Options

logEntireMessage (default is false)
Specifies if the entire message (header and body) is logged
Affects service, transport, and malformed logging levels
logMessagesAtServiceLevel (default is false)

Specifies whether messages are traced at the service level
(before encryption- and transport-related transforms)
logMessagesAtTransportLevel (default is false)

Specifies whether messages are traced at the transport level
Any filters specified in the config file are applied, and only
messages that match the filters are traced
The filters element holds a collection of XPath filters
<messageLogging>
Tracing
10. 6
Logging Security Information with Messages

To include security tokens aka personally identifiable
information (PII) in logged messages
Machine.config
<machineSettings enableLoggingKnownPii="true" ...
App.config or Web.config
<diagnostics>
<messageLogging logKnownPii="true" ...
10. 7
How to Enable WCF Performance Counters

To enable all performance counters exposed by the
ServiceModelService counter group
<diagnostics performanceCounters="ServiceOnly" ...
Options
All: ServiceModelService, ServiceModelEndpoint and
ServiceModelOperation
ServiceOnly: ServiceModelService
None
To read the counters

ServiceModelX 4.0.0.0\CounterName e.g. Calls, Instances
Where X is either Service, Endpoint, or Operation
WCF Performance Counters
10. 8
Performance Counters in PerfMon.exe
10. 9
Performance Counters in Code

To programmatically read a performance counter
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Reflection;
string category = ".NET Data Provider for SqlServer";
string counter = "NumberOfReclaimedConnections";
string instance = string.Format("{0}[{1}]",
Assembly.GetEntryAssembly().GetName().Name,
Process.GetCurrentProcess().Id);
var pc = new PerformanceCounter(category, counter, instance);
10. 10
Stopwatch
Using the Stopwatch class

Two ways to create and use
var s = Stopwatch.StartNew();
// do some work
var s = new Stopwatch();

s.Start();
s.Stop();
TimeSpan ts = s.Elapsed;
long ms = s.ElapsedMilliseconds;
Stop method
Stop and retain cumulative elapsed time
Reset method
Stop and reset the elapsed time to zero
Restart method is equivalent to: Reset then Start
Error Handlers
10. 11
Processing Messages
The body of a Message instance can only be accessed or
written once
If you have an operation that accepts the Message type
and you need to process it multiple times you must
Call the CreateBufferedCopy method to load into memory
Call the CreateMessage method of the MessageBuffer
MessageBuffer Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.channels.messagebuffer.aspx
Throttling
10. 12
MaxReceivedMessageSize
Gets and sets the maximum allowable message size,
measured in bytes, that can be received
Default is 65536 bytes (64 KB)
For example, you might want to increase the maximum size of a
message that a service can receive to 256 KB
<wsHttpBinding>
<binding maxReceivedMessageSize="262144"
var binding = new WSHttpBinding();
binding.MaxReceivedMessageSize = 256 * 1024;
TransportBindingElement.MaxReceivedMessageSize - http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/
system.servicemodel.channels.transportbindingelement.maxreceivedmessagesize.aspx
12. 1
Module 12
Scaling Services
and Web Services
12. 2
Scaling Services
Contents
Topic
Slide
System.Runtime.Caching
Real-Time Synchronization
Transient Fault Handling
Exam Topics: Implement caching

Cache static data, apply cache policy (including expirations)
Use CacheDependency to refresh cache data
Query notifications
System.Runtime.Caching
12. 3
CacheItemPolicy
Represents a set of eviction and expiration details
Some methods in the MemoryCache (inherits from ObjectCache)
classes accept a CacheItemPolicy instance
ObjectCache cache = MemoryCache.Default;
string fileContents = cache["filecontents"].ToString();
string root = HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath("~");
if (fileContents == null)
{
CacheItemPolicy policy = new CacheItemPolicy();
policy.AbsoluteExpiration = DateTimeOffset.Now.AddSeconds(60.0);
policy.ChangeMonitors.Add(new HostFileChangeMonitor(
new List<string> { root + "\\cache.txt" }));
fileContents = File.ReadAllText(root + "\\cache.txt");
cache.Set("filecontents", fileContents, policy);
}
CacheItemPolicy Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.runtime.caching.cacheitempolicy.aspx
12. 4
Query Notifications
Built upon the Service Broker infrastructure
SQL Server 2005 or later
System.Data.SqlClient.SqlDependency
High-level implementation; least developer effort
Designed for small number of middle-tier objects; you should
limit the number of listeners
System.Data.Sql.SqlNotificationRequest
Low-level implementation; requires you to implement the entire
listening infrastructure yourself
Can receive messages even if not running at time of notification
Query Notifications in SQL Server (ADO.NET)

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/t9x04ed2.aspx
12. 5
Enabling Query Notifications

Enable Service Broker on database
ALTER DATABASE AdventureWorks SET ENABLE_BROKER;
Grant the user rights to subscribe to notifications

GRANT SUBSCRIBE QUERY NOTIFICATIONS TO Fred;
Start listening
using System.Data.SqlClient;
SqlDependency.Start(connectionString);
Add command dependency (cannot use SELECT * ...)

var cmd = new SqlCommand(
"SELECT CustomerID, CompanyName FROM dbo.Customers");
var dep = new SqlDependency(cmd);
Must also use two-part names for objects
12. 6
Handling Query Notifications

Handle OnChange event
dep.OnChange += dep_OnChange;
private void dep_OnChange(object sender, SqlNotificationsEventArgs e) {
// e.Info, e.Source, e.Type
}
Or poll the HasChanges property
Stop listening when done

SqlDependency.Stop(connectionString);
12. 7
What Is It?
When youre designing a real world cloud app, one of
the things you have to think about is how to handle
temporary service interruptions
You can frequently get little glitches that are typically selfhealing, and if you arent prepared to handle them intelligently,
theyll result in a bad experience for your customers
Use smart retry/back-off logic to mitigate the effect of

transient failures
Instead of throwing an exception and displaying a not available
or error page to your customer, you can recognize errors that
are typically transient, and automatically retry the operation
that resulted in the error, in hopes that before long youll be
successful
http://www.asp.net/aspnet/overview/developing-apps-with-windows-azure/building-real-world-cloud-apps-with-windows-azure/transient-fault-handling
12. 8
Implementing Smart Retry Logic

Several ways you can implement smart retry logic
Microsoft Patterns & Practices group has a Transient Fault
Handling Application Block that does everything for you if
youre using ADO.NET for SQL Database access (not through
Entity Framework)
var policy = RetryPolicy.Create<SqlAzureTransientErrorDetectionStrategy>(
retryCount: 3, retryInterval: TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
using (var conn = new ReliableSqlConnection(connStr, policy))
Entity Framework 6 builds this kind of retry logic right into the
framework
public class EFConfiguration : DbConfiguration {
public EFConfiguration() {
AddExecutionStrategy(() => new SqlAzureExecutionStrategy());
}
Transient Fault Handling Application Block
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn440719(v=pandp.60).aspx
A. 1
Appendix A
Designing and Extending WCF
Services
and Web Services
Designing and Extending WCF Services
A. 2
Contents
Topic
Slide
MEP Contracts
Asynchronous Operations
Extending WCF
Transactions
Discovery
13
Routing
17
Exam Topics: Create a WCF service

Implement message inspectors
Implement asynchronous operations in the service
Exam Topics: Implement messaging patterns

Implement one way, request/reply, streaming, and duplex communication
Exam Topics: Configure WCF services by using configuration settings or the API
WCF routing and discovery features
Implement transactional services
MEP Contracts
A. 3
One-Way Considerations
With a one-way operation the receiver does not send a
reply message there is no response message to carry
fault information back to the client
You may be able to detect error conditions by using features of
the underlying binding, such as reliable sessions
Most one-way operations return as soon as the

outbound data is written to the network connection
Operation call can block if ConcurrencyMode is Single and the
binding uses sessions
If the transport cannot find the endpoint a
EndpointNotFoundException is thrown
If the SendTimeout period on the client transport binding is
exceeded a TimeoutException is thrown
One-Way Services
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/vstudio/ms730149(v=vs.110).aspx
A. 4
Asynchronous Clients (WCF 3.0)

To call a service asynchronously without affecting any
other clients or changing the service, the proxy
generated can implement the .NET APM
var client = new CalcServiceClient();
client.BeginAddNumbers(1, 1, OnComplete, client);
private void OnComplete(IAsyncResult result)
{
var client = result.AsyncState as CalcServiceClient;
int answer = client.EndAddNumbers(result);
Use svcutil.exe with /a or /async switch to generate

asynchronous methods like BeginX and EndX
ServiceModel Metadata Utility Tool (Svcutil.exe)

A. 5

Instead of calling BeginX and EndX methods, can set up
a handler for the XCompleted event and then call
XAsync method to start the call
svcutil http://localhost:8000/OrderService/mex /a /tcv:Version35
client.AddNumbersCompleted +=
new EventHandler<AddNumbersCompletedEventArgs>(OnComplete);
client.AddNumbersAsync(1, 1);
private void OnComplete(object sender, AddNumbersCompletedEventArgs e)
{
int answer = e.Result;
Event-based Asynchronous Pattern Overview

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/wewwczdw.aspx
A. 6

Instead of handling the old XxxCompleted event and
calling the old XxxAsync method, call the XxxAsync
method that returns a Task<T>
var task = client.AddNumbersAsync(1, 1);
// do independent work
var int = await task;
A. 7
Extending WCF
Dispatch = server-side
Client = client-side
Implement these interfaces:

IDispatchMessageFormatter,
IDispatchMessageInspector,
IDispatchOperationSelector
Implement these interfaces:

IClientMessageFormatter,
IClientMessageInspector,
IClientOperationSelector
Attach to these objects:
Attach to these objects:
DispatchOperation
ParameterInspectors,
Formatter
DispatchRuntime
MessageInspectors
ClientOperation
ParameterInspectors,
Formatter
ClientRuntime
MessageInspectors
Extending WCFs Client and Dispatcher Runtimes

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff183867.aspx
Transactions
A. 8
Enabling Transactions
For an operation to automatically participate in an
existing transaction or to create a new transaction if
one does not exist (default is false)
[OperationBehavior(TransactionScopeRequired=true)]
public bool ValidateCredit(string cardNumber)
For a service to support transactions it must also

require sessions
[ServiceContract(SessionMode=SessionMode.Required)]
public interface IDataUpdate
Transactions
A. 9
Service Behaviors for Transactions

To automatically destroy the service instance when the
transaction completes (default is false)
[ServiceBehavior(ReleaseServiceInstanceOnTransactionComplete=true)]
public class Calculator
You must set at least one operation to require a transaction

You must NOT set concurrency mode to multiple
To automatically complete the transaction when the

session ends i.e. client closes proxy (default is false)
[ServiceBehavior(TransactionAutoCompleteOnSessionClose=true)]
public class Calculator
Transactions
A. 10
Operation Behaviors for Transactions

TransactionScopeRequired (default is false)
Indicates whether the method requires a transaction scope for
its execution
Must be true on at least one operation if
ReleaseServiceInstanceOnTransactionComplete is true
TransactionAutoComplete (default is true)

Indicates whether to automatically complete the current
transaction scope if no unhandled exceptions occur
Set to false to complete or abort transactions directly in the
code for the operation
Handled exceptions can be thrown in the course of the
operation without automatically aborting the transaction
Unhandled exceptions trigger an automatic abort
Transactions
A. 11
Transaction Flow on Operation Contract

TransactionFlowOption
Specifies whether a service operation accepts incoming
transactions from a client, or if the operation requires the
client to always flow a transaction
NotAllowed (default): transaction should not be flowed
Allowed: transaction may be flowed
Mandatory: transaction must be flowed
[ServiceContract(SessionMode=SessionMode.Required)]
public interface IDataUpdate
[OperationContract]
[TransactionFlow(TransactionFlowOption.Mandatory]
void ProcessOrders();
Transactions
A. 12
Integration with COM+

WCF transaction protocols
OleTransactions (default and uses MSDTC)
WSAtomicTransaction11 (good when not using MSDTC, 2007)
WSAtomicTransactionOctober2004
To integrate with COM+, set up an endpoint configured

to use OleTransactions
<netTcpBinding>
<binding name="TransactionTcpBinding"
transactionFlow="true"
transactionProtocol="OleTransactions">
Integrating with COM+ Applications Overview

TransactionProtocol Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.transactionprotocol.aspx
Discovery
A. 13
Announcements
AnnouncementService
Used by clients to listen for and act on incoming messages on a
standard announcement endpoint (AnnouncementEndpoint)
Provides event notification when Hello or Bye announcement
messages arrive
AnnouncementClient
Used by services to send discovery announcement messages
An announcement message contains information about the
service such as its fully-qualified contract name, any scopes
that the service is operating in as well as any custom metadata
the service wants to send
You do not need an AnnouncementClient if you want to service
to make announcements automatically when the host opens and
closes
Discovery
A. 14
Configuring Announcements and Discovery

You must enable discovery behavior for the service
and discovery and announcement endpoints with code
var disc = new ServiceDiscoveryBehavior();
disc.AnnouncementEndpoints.Add(new UdpAnnouncementEndpoint());
host.Description.Behaviors.Add(disc);
host.AddServiceEndpoint(new UdpDiscoveryEndpoint());
or with configuration
<services>
<service name="MyService">
<endpoint kind="udpDiscoveryEndpoint" />
<behaviors>
<serviceBehaviors>
<behavior>
<serviceDiscovery>
<announcementEndpoints>
<endpoint kind="udpAnnouncementEndpoint" />
Discovery
A. 15
Find and FindAsync with FindCriteria

Both methods pass in a FindCriteria
Has several properties, which can be grouped into search
criteria, which specify what services you are looking for, and
find termination criteria (how long the search should last)
Search criteria include:

ContractTypeNames: if more than one contract name is
specified, only service endpoints matching ALL contracts reply
Scopes: absolute URIs that are used to categorize individual
service endpoints
ScopeMatchBy: ScopeMatchByExact, ScopeMatchByPrefix,
ScopeMatchByLdap, and so on
Termination criteria include Duration and MaxResults

Discovery Find and FindCriteria
Discovery
A. 16
FindResponse
FindResponse
Represents the response from a find request
FindResponse.Endpoints Property
Gets a collection of EndpointDiscoveryMetadata for the
discoverable services that matched the find request
EndpointDiscoveryMetadata
Address: Gets or sets the endpoint address
ContractTypeNames: Gets a collection of contract type names
implemented by the service
ListenUris: Gets the listen URIs for the service
Extensions, Scopes, and Version: other properties
EndpointDiscoveryMetadata Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.discovery.endpointdiscoverymetadata
A. 17
Routing
Routing Service Client Contracts

<client> 
<endpoint name="Calc"
address="http://localhost:8080/CalcService"
binding="basicHttpBinding"
contract="*" />
When configuring the router it acts as a client to many potential

services so the contract element of an endpoint can use a
wildcard
Mapping MEPs to routing interfaces

Message Exchange Pattern (MEP)
Interface
Request-Response
IRequestReplyRouter
One-Way
ISimplexDatagramRouter
One-Way (with sessions)
ISimplexSessionRouter
Duplex
IDuplexSessionRouter
Routing Service and Content Based Routing

http://www.prideparrot.com/blog/archive/2011/8/routing_service_and_content_based_routing
Routing
A. 18
Combining Filters and Setting Priorities

You may have multiple services that need to handle
messages filtered by message content, for example
Service1 must handle orders worth up to 100
Service2 must handle orders worth more than 100
<filter name="LessThan100" filterType="XPath"
filterData="//fb:OrderValue < 100" />
<filter name="EverythingElse" filterType="MatchAll" />
<filterTable name="EventRoutingTable">
<add filterName="LessThan100"
endpointName="Service1" priority="2" />
<add filterName="EverythingElse"
endpointName="Service2" priority="1" />
http://seroter.wordpress.com/2011/01/13/wcf-routing-service-deep-dive-part-iiusing-filters/
Message Filters
B. 1
Appendix B
Implementing Security in
WCF Services
and Web Services
B. 2
WCF Security
Contents
Topic
Slide
Certificates
Comparison
Authentication
Authorization
11
Impersonation
14
Auditing
16
Protection
17
WCF 4.5 Bindings
20
Improving Web Services Security:

Scenarios and Implementation Guidance for WCF
Exam Topics: Secure a WCF service

Implement message level security, transport level security
Certificates
Certificates
B. 3
What is X.509?
In cryptography, X.509 is a standard for a public key
infrastructure (PKI)
X.509 specifies, amongst other things:
Formats for public key certificates
Certificate revocation lists
Certification path validation algorithm
Assumes a strict hierarchical system of certificate

authorities (CAs) for issuing the certificates
The chain of trust
If a certificate is revoked, all under it are revoked too
Working with Certificates

Certificates
B. 4
What is a Certificate Authority (CA)?

A certificate authority or certification authority (CA) is
an entity that issues digital certificates
The digital certificate certifies the ownership of a public key by
the named subject of the certificate
This allows others (relying parties) to rely upon signatures or
assertions made by the private key that corresponds to the
public key that is certified
An organizations trusted root certificates can be

distributed to all employees so that they can use the
company PKI system
Certificates
B. 5
Sample
Certificate:
Data:
Version: 1 (0x0)
Serial Number: 7829 (0x1e95)
Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
Issuer: C=ZA, ST=Western Cape, L=Cape Town, O=Thawte Consulting cc,
OU=Certification Services Division,
CN=Thawte Server CA/[email protected]
Validity
Not Before: Jul 9 16:04:02 1998 GMT
Not After : Jul 9 16:04:02 1999 GMT
Subject: C=US, ST=Maryland, L=Pasadena, O=Brent Baccala,
OU=FreeSoft, CN=www.freesoft.org/[email protected]
Subject Public Key Info:
Public Key Algorithm: rsaEncryption
RSA Public Key: (1024 bit)
Modulus (1024 bit):
00:b4:31:98:0a:c4:bc:62:c1:88:aa:dc:b0:c8:bb:
33:35:19:d5:0c:64:b9:3d:41:b2:96:fc:f3:31:e1:
...
e8:35:1c:9e:27:52:7e:41:8f
Exponent: 65537 (0x10001)
Signature Algorithm: md5WithRSAEncryption
93:5f:8f:5f:c5:af:bf:0a:ab:a5:6d:fb:24:5f:b6:59:5d:9d:
...
Certificates
B. 6
What are X.509 Certificates Used For?

Multiple reasons: Authenticate, Encrypt, Sign
X509CertificateInitiatorClientCredential.SetCertificate():
Used by a client to identify itself
X509CertificateInitiatorServiceCredential.SetCertificate():
Used by a service to validate a client certificate
X509CertificateRecipientServiceCredential.SetCertificate():
Used by a service to identify itself
You can also set certificates by using configuration

If you are creating a service, credentials (including certificates)
are specified under the serviceBehaviors section
When you are programming a client, credentials (including
certificates) are specified under the endpointBehaviors section
X509CertificateRecipientServiceCredential Methods
B. 7
Comparison
Security Modes
Security Mode
Encryption
Authentication
None
None
None
Transport
SSL
(point-to-point)
Basic, Digest, Certificate,

Windows, NTLM
TransportWith
MessageCredential
SSL
(point-to-point)
In SOAP Header (Certificate,

UserName, IssuedToken,
Windows*, Custom)
Message
Only if ProtectionLevel is
set in service, operation,
fault, or message
contracts (end-to-end)
In SOAP Header (Certificate,

UserName, IssuedToken,
Windows*, Custom)
Transport
CredentialOnly
None
Basic, Digest, Certificate,

Windows*, NTLM
<basicHttpBinding>
<binding name="kermit">
<security mode="TransportCredentialOnly">
<transport clientCredentialType="Windows" />
*Kerberos
B. 8
Comparison
Security Types
Transport (e.g. HTTPS) Message (SOAP)
Speed
Faster (and can be

hardware accelerated)
Slower
Extensible
No
Yes
Authentication
Choices
Basic, Digest, NTLM,

Windows, Certificate
Windows, UserName,
Certificate, IssuedToken, Custom
Encryption
Point-to-point
End-to-end
Warning!
You cannot use Message security
with a REST endpoint because there
wont be a SOAP message to use
WCF Security Guidelines

Authentication
B. 9
Validating Identity with DNS

A services endpoint identity is a value propagated to
any client and used to authenticate the service
At design time, the client developer determines the services
identity from the endpoint's metadata (exposed through WSDL)
At runtime, the client application checks the claims of the
services security credentials before sending any messages to
the service
Identity types
Domain Name System (DNS), Certificate or Certificate
Reference, RSA, User principal name, Service principal name
A DNS check enables you to use certificates reissued with a new
RSA key but the same DNS or subject name, so the identity
check is still valid
Service Identity and Authentication
Authentication
B. 10
Caching the Security Context Token

Support for security context tokens (SCT)
For clients that support SCT, key exchange and validation can
be done once and cached for the session
For clients that do not, key exchange and validation must be
done per call
In environments that require maximum security you can

force clients to authenticate on every call by disabling
SCT support
<bindings>
<wsHttpBinding>
<binding ... >
<security ... >
<message establishSecurityContext="false" ...
http://stackoverflow.com/questions/1683724/what-are-the-impacts-of-setting-establishsecuritycontextfalse-if-i-use-https
Authorization
B. 11
Restricting Operations Calls By Role

Use PrincipalPermission to ensure only members of a
Windows Group or ASP.NET role can call an operation
using System.Security.Permissions;
[PrincipalPermission(SecurityAction.Demand, Role="Sales")]
public int AddNumbers(int a, int b)
Name="Alice,Bob", Role="Admin,Sales", Authenticated="true"

Note: by default, the role is a Windows group name
SecurityAction
Demand: throw exception if security context does NOT match
Deny: throw exception if security context DOES match
PrincipalPermissionAttribute Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.security.permissions.principalpermissionattribute.aspx
Authorization
B. 12
Service Authorization
principalPermissionMode
None, UseWindowsGroups, UseAspNetRoles, Custom
roleProviderName can be any ASP.NET Role Provider

e.g. use "SqlProvider" to specify a SQL Server database for roles
<behaviors>
<serviceBehaviors>
<behavior name="kermit">

<serviceAuthorization
impersonateCallerForAllOperations="false"
principalPermissionMode="UseWindowsGroups"
roleProviderName=""
serviceAuthorizationManagerType="" />
<authorizationPolicies>
<add policyType="" />
<serviceAuthorization> element
Authorization
B. 13
Getting the Identity of the Caller

Self-hosted service needs to retrieve a callers identity
ServiceSecurityContext represents the security context of a
remote party
On the client, represents the service identity and, on the
service, represents the client identity
Correct (will always get name of caller)

ServiceSecurityContext.Current.PrimaryIdentity.Name
OperationContext.Current.
ServiceSecurityContext.PrimaryIdentity.Name
Wrong (wont work if not using impersonation)

HttpContext.Current.User.Identity.Name
Thread.CurrentPrincipal.Identity.Name
ServiceSecurityContext Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.servicesecuritycontext.aspx
Impersonation
B. 14
Executing Operations Under Different Identities

ImpersonateCallerForAllOperations (default is false)
Gets or sets a value that indicates whether the service performs
impersonation for all the operations that it supports
A value of false indicates that impersonation is specified for
each operation
OperationBehavior.Impersonation (default NotAllowed)

ImpersonationOption.Required: impersonation is performed
ImpersonationOption.Allowed: impersonation is performed if
ImpersonateCallerForAllOperations is true
ImpersonationOption.NotAllowed: throws exception if
ImpersonateCallerForAllOperations is true
Delegation and Impersonation with WCF

Impersonation
B. 15
Level
To access out-of-process resources on behalf of a caller
using System.Security.Principal;
ServiceSecurityContext.Current.WindowsIdentity
.ImpersonationLevel = TokenImpersonationLevel.Delegation;
TokenImpersonationLevel
None, Anonymous: no impersonation
Identification: identify but not impersonate
Impersonation: impersonates the clients security context on its
local system, but not on remote systems
Delegation: impersonates the clients security context on
remote systems
TokenImpersonationLevel Enumeration
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.security.principal.tokenimpersonationlevel.aspx
Auditing
B. 16
How to Enable Logging

To audit attempts to access a secure service
<serviceSecurityAudit
auditLogLocation="Default"
messageAuthenticationAuditLevel="None"
serviceAuthorizationAuditLevel="None"
suppressAuditFailure="true" />
Audit levels
None (default), Success, Failure, SuccessAndFailure
Audit log location

Default (default depends on OS), Application, Security
Suppress audit failure

If we fail to write to the log, no exception is thrown by default
<serviceSecurityAudit>
Protection
B. 17
Securing Streams
Scenario
Need to stream sensitive BLOBs over a public network
A possible correct solution

Use basicHttpBinding with transport security
Streaming is only available for: BasicHttpBinding,
NetTcpBinding, NetNamedPipeBinding, WebHttpBinding
Wrong solutions include anything that uses SOAP

Message security: digital signatures for the message body cannot
be performed because they require computing a hash over the
entire message content; with streaming the content is not
available when the headers are constructed
Reliable sessions: these must buffer the message so it can be resent and must hold a copy; cannot be used with streaming
Protection
B. 18
Algorithm Suite for Message Security

Algorithm suites are described in the WS-SecurityPolicy
specification
Can be set in configuration of a binding for message-level
security
<bindings>
<wsHttpBinding>
<binding name="strongerWSBinding">
<security mode="Message">
<message algorithmSuite="TripleDes"
clientCredentialType="UserName" />
Other options
Basic256 (default), Basic128, Basic128Rsa15, Basic128Sha256,
TripleDesSha256Rsa15, and so on
SecurityAlgorithmSuite Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.servicemodel.security.securityalgorithmsuite(v=vs.110).aspx
B. 19
Protection
Algorithm Suite for Transport Security

If you need to control the algorithm used by SSL then
you must create a custom binding
<bindings>
<customBinding>
<binding name="strongerSSL" ...
<security defaultAlgorithmSuite="TripleDesSha256">
...
<textMessageEncoding ... />
<httpsTransport ... />
</binding>
Other values include

Basic128, TripleDes, Basic256Sha256Rsa15, and so on
B. 20
WCF 4.5 Bindings
WCF Security Bindings in .NET 4.5 are Simpler

Instead of configuring like this in WCF 4
<services>
<endpoint address=""
bindingConfiguration="kermit"
<bindings>
<basicHttpBinding>
<binding name="kermit">
<security mode="Transport" />
You can now configure like this in WCF 4.5

<services>
binding="basicHttpsBinding"
Note the s
10
C. 1
Appendix C
Classic XML and ADO.NET
and Web Services
Classic XML and ADO.NET
C. 2
Contents
Topic
Slide
System.Xml
DataSets and XML
11
XPath
15
Connections
17
Protecting Data
28
Factories
34
Commands
36
DataReaders
40
DataAdapters
44
DataSets
48
SQL Server
57
Slides 3-27 are most likely to appear in the exam
Exam Topic: Manipulate XML data structures

Read, filter, create, modify XML data structures
Manipulate XML data by using XMLReader, XMLWriter,
XMLDocument, XPath, transform XML by using XSLT
transformations
Exam Topic: Query and manipulate data by using ADO.NET
Query and manipulate data by using Connection,
DataReader, Command, DataAdapter, DataSet
Perform synchronous and asynchronous operations
Manage transactions (API)
C. 3
System.Xml (aka Classic XML)
XML Processing (.NET 1.0 and later)

For fast, memory-efficient processing of XML
These use 8KB cache to load each node one at a time
XmlReader (forward-only, read-only, fast, low-overhead)
XmlWriter
For DOM-based XML

These must load the entire file into memory
XmlDocument: full functionality

XmlDataDocument: an XmlDocument that can be sync-ed with
DataSet
XPathDocument: read-only but faster XPath queries and
transformations
XML Documents and Data

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/2bcctyt8.aspx
C. 4
System.Xml
Reading XML Efficiently

Properties
Name, NodeType, HasValue, Value,
HasAttributes, AttributeCount, EOF
Methods
<book>
<title>C# Rocks!</title>
</book>
<book>
<title>C# Rocks!</title>
</book>
Read, ReadContentAs, ReadElementContentAs, ReadInnerXml,

ReadOuterXml, ReadToDescendant, ReadToNextSibling, etc.
MoveToAttribute, MoveToContent, MoveToElement, Skip
MoveToFirstAttribute, MoveToNextAttribute, GetAttribute
IsStartElement
var myReader = XmlReader.Create("SampleXml.xml");
while (myReader.Read()) {
if (myReader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element)
Console.WriteLine(myReader.Name);
else if (myReader.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Text)
Console.WriteLine(myReader.Value);
System.Xml
C. 5
Validating XML with XmlReader

Use XmlReaderSettings class with an XmlReader to
perform validation
var xrs = new XmlReaderSettings();
xrs.ValidationType = ValidationType.Schema;
xrs.Schemas.Add(null, "books.xsd");
xrs.ValidationEventHandler += xrs_VEH;
var xr = XmlReader.Create("books.xml", xrs);
public void xrs_VEH(object sender, ValidationEventArgs e)
{
// e.Error, e.Message
}
When adding a schema, pass null or empty string to

specify the default XML namespace
Reading XML with the XmlReader
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/9d83k261.aspx
System.Xml
C. 6
XML Namespaces
Whats the difference between Name and LocalName?
XML can have namespaces with prefixes to differentiate
elements and attributes defined by different schemas
Elements without prefixes belong to the default namespace
<item xmlns:media="http://schemas.microsoft.com/video/2006/04">
<title>Article 1</title>
<description><![CDATA[How to use StackOverflow.com]]></description>
<link>http://youtube.com/?v=y6_-cLWwEU0</link>
<media:player url="http://youtube.com/?v=y6_-cLWwEU0"
/>
<media:thumbnail url="http://img.youtube.com/vi/y6_-cLWwEU0/default.jpg"
width="120" height="90" />
Use Name to retrieve the prefix:name (e.g. media:player) or

LocalName to retrieve just the name without the prefix (player)
Understanding XML Namespaces
XmlNode.LocalName Property
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.xml.xmlnode.localname(v=vs.110).aspx
System.Xml
C. 7
Writing XML with the XmlWriter Class

Abstract class that allows you to write XML to a file,
console, stream, or other output types
Configure using an XmlWriterSettings object
var settings = new XmlWriterSettings();
settings.Indent = true;
var aWriter = XmlWriter.Create("newfile.xml", settings);
Writing XML with the XmlWriter

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/4d1k42hb.aspx
System.Xml
C. 8
Writing Elements
Write methods efficiently generate well-formed XML
WriteStartDocument, WriteEndDocument
WriteElementString, WriteStartElement, WriteEndElement,
WriteFullEndElement
WriteAttributeString, WriteComment, and so on
myWriter.WriteStartElement("FirstNames");
myWriter.WriteAttributeString("color", "Red");
myWriter.WriteElementString("Name", "Libby");
myWriter.WriteEndElement();
myWriter.WriteStartElement("LastNames");
myWriter.WriteEndElement();
<FirstNames color="Red">
<Name>Libby</Name>
</FirstNames>
<LastNames />
System.Xml
C. 9
XmlDocument
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<books>
<book>
<author>Carson</author>
<price format="dollar">31.95</price>
<pubdate>05/01/2001</pubdate>
</book>
<pubinfo>
<publisher>MSPress</publisher>
<state>WA</state>
</pubinfo>
</books>
Process XML Data Using the DOM Model

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/t058x2df.aspx
System.Xml
C. 10
XSLT Transformations
The Transform method accepts three input types for
the source document: an object that implements the
IXPathNavigable interface, an XmlReader object that
reads the source document, or a string URI
using System.Xml;
using System.Xml.XPath;
using System.Xml.Xsl;
var doc = new XPathDocument("books.xml");
var writer = XmlWriter.Create("books.html");
var transform = new XslCompiledTransform();
var settings = new XsltSettings();
settings.EnableScript = true; // if you use scripting in the XSLT
transform.Load("transform.xsl", settings, null);
transform.Transform(doc, writer);
XSLT Transformations
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/14689742.aspx
DataSets and XML
C. 11
DataSet.WriteXml
WriteXml method can be used to write the data to an
XML file or a stream
aDataSet.WriteXml(HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath(
@"App_Data\employee.xml"));
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes" ?>
<NewDataSet>
<Employee>
<Eid>123456789A</Eid>
<FirstName>Nancy</FirstName>
...
</Employee>
<Employee>
...
DataSets and XML
C. 12
Writing a DataSet as XML

GetXml method
Returns XML as a string
XmlWriteMode enumeration
IgnoreSchema (default): outputs data only
WriteSchema: outputs an inline schema as well as data
DiffGram: outputs original and changed data
For multiple tables in a DataSet

The result of the WriteXml is XML that lists each table in the
order they were defined in the DataSets table collection
To enforce nesting of nodes for related tables, set the Nested
property of the DataRelation object to true
DataSets and XML
C. 13
Using Diffgrams
Diffgrams maintain row state and versions
<diffgr:diffgram
xmlns:msdata="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-msdata"
xmlns:diffgr="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:xml-diffgram-v1">
<AWDataSet> ... </AWDataSet>
<diffgr:before> ... </diffgr:before>
<diffgr:errors> ... </diffgr:errors>
</diffgr:diffgram>
DataSets and XML
C. 14
Reading XML with a DataSet

ReadXml method
Not all XML files can be read into a DataSet
May need to explicitly Clear a DataSet before reading into it
XmlReadMode enumeration
Auto (default)
DiffGram: if XML is in DiffGram format
Fragment: allows multiple root elements
ReadSchema: if XML contains schema, it is processed
IgnoreSchema: if XML contains schema, it is ignored
InferSchema: if XML contains schema, it is ignored; schema
inferred from data; all column data types are strings
InferTypedSchema: column data types are inferred
C. 15
XPath
Overview
Use / to define a path to
elements and attributes
Name of all author elements
bookstore/author/name
All period attributes

bookstore/author/@period
Use * as a wildcard
Name of all authors and books
bookstore/*/name
Name and nationality of all

authors
<bookstore>
<author>
<name>Victor Hugo</name>
<nationality>French</nationality>
</author>
<author period="classical">
<name>Sophocles</name>
<nationality>Greek</nationality>
</author>
<author>
<name>Leo Tolstoy</name>
<nationality>Russian</nationality>
</author>
<author>
<name>Alexander Pushkin</name>
<nationality>Russian</nationality>
</author>
<book period="classical">
<name>Plato's Works</name>
<price>24.95</price>
</book>
</bookstore>
bookstore/author/*
XPath
C. 16
Context and Filtering

Context is very important for XPath statements
Author at root of document
/author
Authors anywhere in document

//author
Use [ ] to define criteria to select nodes

Names of authors with Russian nationality
//author[nationality='Russian']/name
Nationalities of authors not from the classical period

//author[@period!='Classical']/nationality
Connections
C. 17
SqlConnection Extra Members

SqlConnection only
EnlistDistributedTransaction(EnterpriseServices.ITransaction)
PacketSize, ServerVersion, WorkstationId
StatisticsEnabled, RetrieveStatistics(), ResetStatistics()
FireInfoMessageOnUserErrors: False (default), True
Class (severity) 1-10: raises InfoMessage event
Class 11-16: throws SqlException (when

FireInfoMessageOnUserErrors is False) or raises InfoMessage
event (when FireInfoMessageOnUserErrors is True)
Class 17+: throws SqlException and closes connection
RAISERROR
RAISERROR 'Error message', 11, 1234567
RAISERROR
Connections
C. 18
Detecting Information with the Connection Event

InfoMessage event
Raised when PRINT and RAISERROR SQL statements are used
conn.InfoMessage += conn_InfoMessage;
private void conn_InfoMessage(object sender, SqlInfoMessageEventArgs e)
{
// e.Errors is a collection of SqlError objects
}
C. 19
Connections
Configuring Connection Strings

Connection strings provide the necessary information
for an application to connect a data source
Server, database, security information, connection pool size
Many parameters have multiple possible keywords for

backwards compatibility e.g. these all mean the same
Data Source, server, address, addr, Network Address
SQL Server (servername\instancename)

Data Source=FLORIDA\MIAMI;Initial Catalog=Northwind;
Integrated Security=SSPI;
database=Northwind;
OLEDB for Microsoft Access

Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;
Data Source=C:\MyDataFiles\MyDb.mdb;
C. 20
Connections
Security
Windows Authentication
Secure as no password is transmitted across the network
Not easy to configure across domains or firewalls
Use of service accounts is highly recommended to aid pooling
"...;Integrated Security=SSPI;"
"...;Trusted_Connection=true;"
Mixed (aka SQL) Authentication

Not as secure because user id and password sent across network
Works across domains and through firewalls
Only option when using SQL Databases in Windows Azure
"...;User Id=Fred;Password=secret;Persist Security Info=false;"
"...;uid=Fred;pwd=secret;PersistSecurityInfo=false;"
10
Connections
C. 21
Database InstancesDefault and User Instances

To attach a local database file as a user instance
User Instance=true;
Data Source=.\SQLExpress;
AttachDbFilename=|DataDirectory|\pubs.mdf;
Integrated Security=true;
|DataDirectory| means App_Data for a web site

Can also use an absolute path
Connections
C. 22
Encrypting Data Transmission

Transmission between client and database server
Enable SSL in connection string
"...;Encrypt=true;"
SQL Server must be properly configured with a valid

certificate installed
Exception will be thrown on Open method call, for example:
A connection was successfully established with the server, but
then an error occurred during the pre-login handshake.
(provider: SSL provider, error: 0 - The certificate chain was
issued by an authority that is not trusted.)
11
C. 23
Connections
Lifetime and Pooling

Connection exists between Open and Close
Connections use resources on client and server
Connection pools
Reusing existing connections to reduce overhead and increase
performance
Pooled connections must have identical connection string
Pools are separated by process, application domain,

connection string, and for each user context when using
integrated security
Pool is on client-side; server has no idea pooling is being used
C. 24
Connections
Connection Pooling Keywords

Name
Default Description
Connection 0
Lifetime or
Load
Balance
Timeout
If the number of seconds since creation is greater

than the value, then the connection is destroyed
when returned to the pool
Connection True
Reset
Ensures the connection points to the original

database when returned to the pool (change to false
to improve performance)
Enlist
True
Enlist in the threads current transaction context
Max/Min
Pool Size
100/0
The maximum/minimum number of connections

allowed in the pool
Pooling
True
Connection pooling is enabled or disabled
12
C. 25
Connections
Multiple Active Result Sets (MARS)

On a standard connection only one result set can be
processed at a time and no other operations can occur
through the connection until the result set is closed
MARS allows a connection to be reused in some
situations
MARS must be supported by the database
SQL Server 2005 or later supports MARS
MARS must be enabled in the connection string

"...;MultipleActiveResultSets=true;"
C. 26
Connections
Protecting Configuration Files
using System.Configuration;
How to protect <connectionStrings> programmatically

var s = config.GetSection("connectionStrings") as ConnectionStringsSection;
s.SectionInformation.ProtectSection("RsaProtectedConfigurationProvider");
Use UnprotectSection() to decrypt
Two providers
RsaProtectedConfigurationProvider
DataProtectionConfigurationProvider
Warning!
To use the same encrypted configuration file on multiple
servers, such as a Web farm, only the
RsaProtectedConfigurationProvider enables you to export the
keys and import them on another server
13
Connections
C. 27
ConnectionStringBuilder
To dynamically but safely build a connection string
var sb = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder();
sb["Data Source"] = @".\SQLEXPRESS"; // or sb.DataSource
sb["database"] = "AdventureWorks";
// or sb["Initial Catalog"]
sb["Integrated Security"] = true;
// this connection string will use the modern keywords
string connectionString = sb.ConnectionString;
Can also be used to test a connection string

An exception is thrown if any values are invalid
var sb = new SqlConnectionStringBuilder(conStrToTest);
// or set ConnectionString property
Protecting Data
C. 28
Three Techniques
Encrypt
Two-way operation (i.e. can be decrypted)
Best choice for data such as credit card numbers
Hash (integrity check)

One-way operation (i.e. cannot create original data from hash)
A checksum that is unique to a piece of data to ensure no

modification occurs
Best choice for data such as passwords
Sign (authentication check)

A digital signature is a value that is appended to electronic data
to prove it was created by someone who possesses a specific
private key; the public key is used to verify the signature at the
receiver's end
14
Protecting Data
C. 29
Three Types of Algorithm

Non-Keyed
Simple to code but weak
Symmetric Key (aka secret or shared key)

Same key on both sides
Asymmetric Keys
Public-private key pair
Mathematically linked but cannot derive one from the other
Protecting Data
C. 30
Symmetric Encryption
Good
Fast, large amounts of data
Bad
Need a way to share the key
OS-Implemented Algorithms (unmanaged code)

DES (common but should be avoided)
TripleDES
RC2 (official replacement for DES)
Managed Algorithms (supports partially-trusted code)

RijndahlManaged, AesManaged
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is Rijndael with fixed block
size and iteration count: best choice
15
Protecting Data
C. 31
Asymmetric Encryption
Good
More secure than symmetric encryption
Bad
Slow, small amounts of data
Algorithm
RSACryptoServiceProvider: encrypt (and also sign!)
Name comes from initials of three men who invented it
How it works
Sender uses receiver's public key to encrypt data
Receiver uses their private key to decrypt
Often combined with symmetric for best of both worlds, for
example, HTTPS/SSL
Protecting Data
C. 32
Hash and Sign

Non-Keyed Hash Algorithms
Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) with different hash sizes
SHA1 (160 bit), SHA256, SHA384, SHA512
MD5: Message Digest 5 (128 bit hash)
Symmetric Keyed Hash Algorithms

HMACSHA1: Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC)
MACTripleDES: 8, 16, 24 byte keys; 8 byte hash size (64 bit)
Asymmetric Keyed Hash and Sign Algorithm

Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA)
DSACryptoServiceProvider: hash and sign data
DSA cannot encrypt data, only hashes!
Do not confuse with RSACryptoServiceProvider
16
C. 33
Protecting Data
Random Number Generators and Salts

RNGCryptoServiceProvider class
The class can be used to generate a random number for use
various types of cryptography and other operations
Example
To store user passwords in the database in a way that they
cannot be extracted, the passwords need to be hashed using a
one-way hashing algorithm such as SHA1
To do so, use the RNGCryptoServiceProvider to create a random
salt, append the salt to the password, hash it using SHA1
CryptoServiceProvider class, and store the resulting string in the
database along with the salt
The benefit provided by using a salted password is making a
lookup table assisted dictionary attack against the stored values
impractical, provided the salt is large enough
C. 34
Factories
DbProviderFactories
using System.Data.Common;
Pass a string containing invariant name for provider

var factory = DbProviderFactories.GetFactory("System.Data.SqlClient");
GetFactoryClasses method
Returns a DataTable loaded from Machine.config
0:Name, 1:Description, 2:InvariantName, 3:AssemblyQualifiedName
Use the factory to create any subsequent objects

DbConnection connection = factory.CreateConnection();
DbCommand command = factory.CreateCommand();
DbParameter param = factory.CreateParameter();
You can also get a list of available sources of data, for

example, SQL Servers
DataTable sources = factory.GetDataSourceEnumerator().GetDataSources();
17
Commands
C. 35
DbCommand Members
Methods
ExecuteNonQuery: returns Int32
ExecuteReader: returns DbDataReader-derived object
ExecuteScalar: returns Object
Prepare, Cancel
Properties
CommandType: TableDirect, StoredProcedure, Text (default)
CommandText: name of table, stored procedure, or SQL
CommandTimeout: default 30 seconds
Connection, Transaction: objects associated with this command
Parameters: collection of DbParameters
Commands
C. 36
SqlCommand.ExecuteXmlReader
SQL Server 2000 and later supports FOR XML
AUTO means use attributes for column names and values
cmd.CommandText = "SELECT CustomerID, CompanyName, " +
"Country FROM Customers FOR XML AUTO";
<Customers CustomerID="ALFKI"
CompanyName="Alfreds Futterkiste" Country="Germany" />
XmlReader xr = cmd.ExecuteXmlReader();
while (xr.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine(xr.GetAttribute("CompanyName"));
}
Warning! Use ExecuteScalar to return the result as a string if

you just need to write the XML to a file or stream rather than
immediately process it with a reader
18
C. 37
Commands
DbParameter
Properties
ParameterName: string
Value: object
DbType: DbType enumeration
Binary, Byte, Boolean, Currency, and so on
Size: in bytes
Direction: ParameterDirection enumeration

Input, Output, InputOutput, ReturnValue
IsNullable: true or false
SourceColumn, SourceVersion: used to set value when used
during DbDataAdapter.Update
C. 38
Commands
ExecuteNonQuery with Stored Procedures

ExecuteNonQuery returns -1 when executing a stored
procedure so you must use a ReturnValue or output
parameters
You can only have
one return value
but you can have
multiple output
parameters
CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.InsertCategory

@CategoryName nvarchar(15),
@Identity int OUT -- or OUTPUT
AS
INSERT INTO Categories (CategoryName)
VALUES(@CategoryName)
SET @Identity = SCOPE_IDENTITY()
RETURN @@ROWCOUNT
var param1 = cmd.Parameters.Add("@RowCount", SqlDbType.Int);

param1.Direction = ParameterDirection.ReturnValue;
var param2 = cmd.Parameters.Add("@Identity", SqlDbType.Int, 4);
param2.Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;
19
DataReaders
C. 39
ExecuteReader
CommandBehavior values
CloseConnection: close related connection when close reader
Default: equivalent to no parameter
SchemaOnly: returns column information (call GetSchemaTable
method of reader to return a DataTable); SqlCommand prefixes
call with SET FMTONLY ON
KeyInfo: returns column and key information
SequentialAccess: instead of loading entire row into a buffer,
loads each column sequentially as a stream; good for BLOBs
SingleResult: optimizes for a single result set
SingleRow: optimizes for a single row; good for commands that
pass a value for the primary key
DataReaders
C. 40
IDataRecord interface
Pass ordinal position, i, of column
GetName(i): returns name of column
GetBoolean(i), GetInt32(i), GetString(i), and so on: returns
column as strongly-typed values
GetValue(i): returns column value as Object
GetData(i): returns a IDataReader for column value
IsDBNull(i): returns True if value is null
Others
FieldCount property
Item(), [int], [string]: indexers return column value as Object
GetOrdinal("column"): returns ordinal position of column
GetValues(object[]): returns number of items
GetDataTypeName: returns string, GetFieldType: returns Type
20
DataReaders
C. 41
IDataReader and DbDataReader members

IDataReader members
RecordsAffected: rows inserted, updated, or deleted
Read(): if true, moves to next row
NextResult(): if true, moves to next resultset
IsClosed, Close(): must close IDataReader before reading any
output parameters or return values
DbDataReader members
HasRows
GetSchemaTable(): returns DataTable with schema info
SqlDataReader only: GetSqlXxx(int)

GetSqlMoney, GetSqlXml, GetSqlGuid, etc.
DataReaders
C. 42
How to Process Multiple SELECTs

Does NOT need MARS
cmd.CommandText = "SELECT * FROM Customers; SELECT * FROM Products";
SqlDataReader reader = cmd.ExecuteReader();
// do NOT call NextResult() yet!
do
{
while (reader.Read())
{
Console.WriteLine(reader[0].ToString());
}
} while (reader.NextResult());
21
DataAdapters
C. 43
How to Populate Multiple DataTables

You can efficiently populate multiple DataTables in a
DataSet with a single Fill call by using table mappings
da.SelectCommand.CommandText =
"SELECT * FROM Customers; SELECT * FROM Products";
da.TableMappings.Add("Table", "Customers");
da.TableMappings.Add("Table1", "Products");
da.Fill(ds);
Table, Table1, Table2, and so on are logical names that

represent the results of the SELECT statements
DataAdapters
C. 44
SqlCommandBuilder
Used to generate INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE
statements based on a SELECT command
Must be associated with a data adapter
var cmd = new SqlCommand();
cmd.CommandText = "SELECT * FROM Products";
var da = new SqlDataAdapter(cmd);
var bldr = new SqlCommandBuilder(da);
bldr.ConflictOption = ConflictOption.OverwriteChanges;
da.InsertCommand = bldr.GetInsertCommand();
da.UpdateCommand = bldr.GetUpdateCommand();
da.DeleteCommand = bldr.GetDeleteCommand();
Other ConflictOption values

CompareAllSearchableValues: WHERE includes all columns
CompareRowVersion: if timestamp column it is used
22
DataAdapters
C. 45
Performing Bulk Updates

The UpdateBatchSize property of the the
DbDataAdapter objects allows you to send updates to
the DB in batches rather than record by record
The UpdateBatchSize property value can be set to
1 (default), which indicates one row at a time
0, all updated rows in one batch
Any other value to indicate number of rows to include in the

batch
da.UpdateBatchSize = 3;
da.Update(pubsDataSet, "publishers");
DataAdapters
C. 46
TableAdapterManager
Enables hierarchical updates (ADO.NET 3.5+)
Created at design-time with a typed DataSet so not in BCL
Uses the foreign-key constraints in data tables to determine the
correct order to send the Inserts, Updates, and Deletes from a
dataset to the database
Members
BackupDataSetBeforeUpdate: use for AutoIncrements that must
not miss values
UpdateOrder: InsertUpdateDelete (default)
UpdateAll(): implicit transaction
23
DataSets
C. 47
Properties That Improve Efficiency

EnforceConstraints
If false, UniqueContraints and ForeignKeyConstraints are
temporarily ignored
Useful to improve performance when filling a DataSet
RemotingFormat
Xml (default) or Binary (usually smaller, but 20kb overhead)
SchemaSerializationMode
IncludeSchema (default) or ExcludeSchema
DataSets
C. 48
DataColumn.Expression
When you create an expression, use the ColumnName
property to refer to columns
col.Expression = "UnitPrice * Quantity";
You can use an aggregate expression if you have a

DataRelation between tables
col.Expression = "Count(Child(Product))";
IIf (inline if)

col.Expression = "IIf(ListPrice > 100, 'Expensive', 'Cheap')";
24
DataSets
C. 49
DataRow.DataRowState
Detached
Newly created row not yet added to Rows collection
Added
Newly created row now member of Rows collection
Unchanged
Row that has not been modified; only has current version
Modified
Row that has been modified; has current and original versions
Deleted
Row that has been marked for deletion; only has original version
DataSets
C. 50
DataRowVersion
DataRows can have up to four versions
Current
Original
Proposed: only exists until EndEdit is called on an edited row
Default: only one copy of this version exists for each table
Read versions with overloaded indexer

s = row["FirstName", DataRowVersion.Original];
VersionNotFoundException is raised if you attempt to

retrieve a version that does not exist
Use HasVersion method to test for existence of a version
if(row.HasVersion(DataRowVersion.Original))
25
DataSets
C. 51
Modifying Data in a DataTable

Select a row
DataRow[] SelectedRows = aTable.Select("ID='CONTO'");
DataRow SelectedRow = SelectedRows[0];
Modify a row
SelectedRow.BeginEdit(); // optional
SelectedRow["CompanyName"] = "Contoso";
SelectedRow.EndEdit(); // Proposed becomes Current
Mark a row for deletion (tracks this change)

SelectedRow.Delete();
Remove a row completely (change not tracked!)

aTable.Rows.Remove(SelectedRow);
DataSets
C. 52
AcceptChanges and RejectChanges

AcceptChanges
Can be issued on the DataRow, DataTable and, DataSet objects
Data changes are accepted
DataRow state is set to Unchanged
RejectChanges
Can be issued on the DataRow, DataTable and, DataSet objects
Data changes are rejected
DataRow is rolled back to the point in time when the last
AcceptChanges method was called
Can also explicitly change with SetAdded and

SetModified
26
DataSets
C. 53
Getting Changes for a DataSet or DataTable

The GetChanges method generates a new DataSet or
DataTable with only inserted, modified or deleted rows
Can be used to
Send the changes to the data source when only a few rows in
the original DataSet were changed
Transport only changed data
DataSets
C. 54
Using Merge to Combine DataSet Data

The Merge method merges one DataSet into another
If the DataSet schemas match, the data merged
Is added if the primary key does not match an existing row
Replaces existing data if the key matches and the
PreserveChanges property is set to false (default)
Ignored if key matches and the PreserveChanges method
property is set to true
If the schemas do not match, the MissingSchemaAction

property can be set to
Add: creates missing tables and columns
AddWithPrimaryKey: also creates missing primary keys
Error: throws exception
Ignore: skips data for missing tables and columns
27
DataSets
C. 55
Data Integrity
Add a ForeignKeyConstraint to Constraints collection of
the foreign table
Properties of ForeignKeyConstraint
Table: Orders, Columns: CustomerID
RelatedTable: Customer, RelatedColumns: ID
DeleteRule, UpdateRule
Cascade (default): child rows deleted or updated (if necessary)
None (throw exception), SetDefault, SetNull
AcceptRejectRule
None (default)
Cascade: AcceptChanges or RejectChanges on related child rows
C. 56
Exploits of a Mom
http://xkcd.com/327/
28
SQL Server
C. 57
Avoiding SQL Injection Attacks

SQL injection is an attack in which malicious code is
inserted into strings that are later passed to an
instance of SQL Server for parsing and execution
For example, this bad code reads a value posted from a web
form and concatenates it into a SQL statement
var ShipCity = Request.Form("ShipCity");
var sql = "select * from OrdersTable where ShipCity = '" + ShipCity + "'";
A malicious user could enter the following for ShipCity

Redmond'; drop table OrdersTable--
Reject the following characters: ' ; -- /* */ xp_

Better: use paramterized statements or stored procedures
SQL Injection
SQL Server
C. 58
Stored Procedures
Stored procedures should use parameters as their input
CREATE PROCEDURE HumanResources.uspGetEmployees
@LastName nvarchar(50) = NULL, --default value
@FirstName nvarchar(50),
@HowMany int OUTPUT /* or OUT */
AS
SET NOCOUNT ON;
SET @HowMany = SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ...;
SELECT FirstName, LastName, Department
FROM HumanResources.vEmployeeDepartmentHistory
WHERE FirstName = @FirstName AND LastName = @LastName;
Some organizations require use of stored procedures,

others such as Facebook dont use them at all
http://highscalability.com/blog/2010/11/9/facebook-uses-non-stored-procedures-to-update-social-graphs.html
How to: Create a Stored Procedure (SQL Server Management Studio)

29
C. 59
SQL Server
Partitioning
Partitioning a database improves performance and
simplifies maintenance
Hardware partitioning
RAID
Horizontal partitioning (SQL Server 7.0 and later)
Each table has same columns, but subset of rows
Excessive UNION queries, used to merge the tables logically

at query time, can affect performance
Vertical partitioning (SQL Server 2005 and later)
Each logical row in a split table matches the same logical row
in the other tables as identified by a UNIQUE KEY column that
is identical in all of the partitioned tables
C. 60
SQL Server
Equivalent .NET Types

SQL Server
Best .NET Type
money
Decimal
bit
Boolean
binary / image
Byte[]
numeric
Decimal
float
Double
uniqueidentifier
Guid
varchar, nvarchar, char, nchar, text, ntext
String, Char[]
datetime
DateTime
date
DateTime
time
TimeSpan
timestamp
Byte[]
bigint
Int64
smallint
Int16
tinyint
Byte
30
SQL Server
C. 61
Custom CLR Types

SQL Server 2005 and later supports the CLR and so can
use any .NET type as a column or parameter type
Must use SqlCommand
Must set SqlParameter.SqlDbType to SqlDbType.Udt
Must set SqlParameter.UdtTypeName to the type name
paramLocation.SqlDbType = SqlDbType.Udt;
paramLocation.UdtTypeName = "Point";
Type name can be fully-qualified (as registered in database,

NOT the .NET fully-qualified name)
paramLocation.UdtTypeName = "AdventureWorks.dbo.Point";
SQL Server
C. 62
Spatial Datatypes
SQL Server 2008 and later
geometry: planar (Euclidean) data
SqlDbType.Udt
UdtTypeName: "GEOMETRY"
geography: ellipsoidal data such as GPS coordinates
SqlDbType.Udt
UdtTypeName: "GEOGRAPHY"
31
C. 63
SQL Server
Table Value Parameters

SQL Server 2008 and later
A table type can be used as parameter to a stored procedure
CREATE TYPE dbo.Reviews AS TABLE
( ReviewID int, ReviewText nvarchar(50) )
CREATE PROCEDURE AddReviews
(@reviews dbo.Reviews READONLY)
In .NET, pass a DataTable, IEnumerable<SqlDataRecord>, or

DbDataReader
var cmd = new SqlCommand("AddReviews");
Structured means table type
cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
cmd.Parameters.Add("reviews", SqlDbType.Structured);
cmd.Parameters["reviews"].Value = dataTableOfReviews;
C. 64
SQL Server
FILESTREAM in SQL Server 2008

CREATE TABLE employees ( ...,
Photo VARBINARY(MAX) FILESTREAM
NULL, ...
command.CommandText = "select Photo.PathName(), " +

"GET_FILESTREAM_TRANSACTION_CONTEXT() from employees";
using (SqlDataReader reader = command.ExecuteReader()) {
while (reader.Read()) {
string path = reader.GetString(0);
SqlFileStream fileStream = new SqlFileStream(path,
(byte[])reader.GetValue(1), FileAccess.Read,
FileOptions.SequentialScan, 0);
for (long index = 0; index < fileStream.Length; index++){
Console.Write(fileStream.ReadByte());
}
fileStream.Close();
Can also use GetSqlBytes() to store image in SqlBytes

variable instead of reading from SqlFileStream
32
SQL Server
C. 65
How to read SQL Server xml columns

If you want to work with the content of the column as
XML you must use an XmlReader
while (salesReaderData.Read()) // SqlDataReader
{
SqlXml salesXML = salesReaderData.GetSqlXml(0);
XmlReader salesReaderXml = salesXML.CreateReader();
salesReaderXml.MoveToContent();
while (salesReaderXml.Read())
{
if (salesReaderXml.NodeType == XmlNodeType.Element)
{
string elementLocalName = salesReaderXml.LocalName;
salesReaderXml.Read();
Console.WriteLine(elementLocalName + ": " +
salesReaderXml.Value);
}
}
using System.Data.SqlTypes;
}
SQL Server
C. 66
What Is Native Client?

SQL Server Native Client
Is a stand-alone data access API used for both OLE DB and ODBC,
that was introduced in SQL Server 2005
Provides new functionality above and beyond that supplied by
the Windows Data Access Components (Windows DAC, formerly
Microsoft Data Access Components, or MDAC)
Can be used to create new COM-based applications or enhance

existing COM-based applications that need to take advantage of
features introduced in SQL Server 2005, such as multiple active
result sets (MARS), user-defined data types (UDT), query
notifications, snapshot isolation, and XML data type support
If you are developing a managed application, you should use the
.NET Data Provider for SQL Server, not the native client
SQL Server Native Client Programming

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms130892
33
SQL Server
C. 67
Data Access Tracing

Data access tracing is available not only in ADO.NET,
but also in MDAC 2.8 SP2, Microsoft Windows Data
Access Components, SQL Server Native Client
A control GUID file specifies which provider(s) to trace
ctrl.guid.adonet: ADO.NET only
ctrl.guid.snac: SQL Server 2005
ctrl.guid.snac10: SQL Server 2008

ctrl.guid.mdac: Windows Data Access Components (formerly
Microsoft Data Access Components) on Windows 7 only
ctrl.guid.wdac: Windows Data Access Components on Windows 7
only
Data Access Tracing in SQL Server 2008
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc765421(v=sql.100).aspx
Control GUID Files

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc765421(v=sql.100).aspx#_B:_Control_GUID_Files
34
D. 1
Appendix D
LINQ
and Web Services
D. 2
LINQ
Contents
Topic
Slide
var
Generics
Initializers
Delegates
Lambda Expressions
11
LINQ
15
Extension Methods
22
Projection
33
Joining and Grouping
39
LINQ to XML
43
Tools for Learning
48
Exam Topic: Query data by using LINQ to Entities

Query data by using LINQ operators (for example,
project, skip, aggregate, filter, and join)
Log queries
Implement query boundaries (IQueryable vs.
IEnumerable)
Exam Topic: Manipulate XML data structures
LINQ to XML
D. 3
var
Inferred and Anonymous Types

var infers type of local variables at compile time
var name = "Mark";
var cost = 2.99M;
var width = GetWidth();
The compiler must be able to infer the type so you must assign
an initial value, which can be returned from a method call
Anonymous types can be inferred from an object

initializer statement
Warning! Instances of anonymous types are immutable in C#
D. 4
Generics
What Are They?

Define a template for a strongly-typed class
Actual type is created at compile time
Improves performance and reduces runtime errors
Commonly used with collections
Example with constraints
class Person : IComparable
class Employee : Person

public class Gen<TKey, TValue>
where TKey : IComparable
where TValue : Person, IComparable, new()
{
public TKey Key;
public TValue Value;
var ga = new Gen<int, Employee>();
}
D. 5
Generics
Constraints
When you define a generic class or method, you can
apply restrictions to the kinds of types that can be used
Constraint
Description
where T : struct
The type argument must be a value type
where T : class
The type argument must be a reference type
where T : new()
The type argument must have a public

parameterless constructor; must come last
where T : <base class name>
The type argument must be or derive from the

specified base class
where T : <interface name>
The type argument must be or implement the

specified interface; multiple can be specified; can
also be generic
where T : U
The type argument supplied for T must be or derive

from the argument supplied for U
Constraints on Type Parameters (C# Programming Guide)

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/d5x73970.aspx
Generics
D. 6
Generic Methods
Any type (including non-generic types) can have
generic methods
The generic applies to the type in the method signature
public class NonGen
{
public void M1<T>(T Value)
{
// use Value
}
}
Specify the type when you call the method

var n = new NonGen();
n.M1<int>(23);
n.M1<string>("Fred");
Initializers
D. 7
Object Initializers
Given this type
public class Person
{
public string LastName { get; set; }
}
Initializing with C# 2.0 and earlier

Person person = new Person();
person.FirstName = "John";
person.LastName = "Smith";
person.Age = 32;
Initializing with C# 3.0 and later

var person = new Person
{ FirstName = "John", LastName = "Smith", Age = 32 };
Initializers
D. 8
Array and Collection Initializers

Initialize an array of a simple type
var names = new string[] { "Scott", "Bill", "Susanne" };
Initialize a collection of a complex type

var people = new List<Person> {
new Person
{ FirstName = "Scott", LastName = "Smith", Age = 32 },
new Person
{ FirstName = "Bill", LastName = "Gates", Age = 50 },
new Person
{ FirstName = "Susanne", LastName = "Smith", Age = 32 }
};
The type must implement IEnumerable and have an

appropriately-typed Add method
D. 9
Delegates
What Is A Delegate?
A delegate is a type-safe function pointer
Like a reference it contains the memory address of something,
but it points to a method rather than a data structure
A delegate must match the signature of the method you

want to call
// method I want to call indirectly
int M1(string s)
{
// define with same signature
return s.Length;
delegate int Del(string t);
}
// call
int x =
// call
var d =
int y =
method directly
M1("Hello");
method indirectly
new Del(M1);
d("Goodbye");
MSDN Magazine Topics - Delegates

http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/ee532094.aspx?sdmr=delegates&sdmi=topics
Delegates
D. 10
Why are Delegates Useful?

Treat methods as data
For example, create a queue of methods to call
Anonymous delegates
Simplify code by removing need for defining a private method
Button1.Click += delegate { Debug.Write("Clicked"); };
Can be invoked asynchronously using BeginInvoke

Lambda expressions (used in LINQ)
Lambda expressions can be used in place of a delegate instance
Loose-binding of types; cleaner type design

Foundation of events
D. 11
Lambda Expressions
What Are They?

A lambda expression is simply a nameless function
Can be used wherever a delegate is valid
Input parameter type
Generic delegate
Lambda expression
Return value type
Func<int, int> Incr = x => x + 1;

Input parameter name
Return value expression
Note: Func is a generic delegate defined by Microsoft
D. 12
Lambda Expressions
Syntax
A lambda expression syntax
(parameters) => expression
parameter => expression
Inferring input types from a delegate

delegate bool MyDelegate(int a, string b);
MyDelegate d = (x, y) => x == y.Length; // cannot use var with lambdas
Explicitly defining input types

MyDelegate d = (int x, string y) => x == y.Length;
Must use parentheses with zero input parameters;

parentheses are only optional with one parameter
AnotherDelegate d2 = () => SomeMethod();
Lambda Expressions
D. 13
Generic Delegates Often Used With Lambdas

Func(TResult)
For lambda expressions with no inputs
Func(T, TResult)
For lambda expressions with one input parameter
Func<int, bool> myFunc = x => x == 5;
bool result1 = myFunc(4); // returns false
bool result2 = myFunc(5); // returns true
Func(T1, T2, TResult)

Func(T1, T2, T3, TResult) and so on
Predicate(T): one input and always returns a Boolean
Predicate<int> myFunc = x => x == 5;
Lambda Expressions
D. 14
Lambda Statements and Multi-Line Expressions

Lambda statements are nameless methods that return
void
Statement lambda syntax
(parameters) => { statements; }
Statement lambdas cannot be used in expression trees and

therefore cannot be used in LINQ queries
Generic delegates for use with lambda statements

Action(T), Action(T1, T2), and so on
Lambda expressions can also have multiple statements,

but must explicitly return a value
(input parameters) => { statements; return value; }
D. 15
LINQ
What Is It?
Most databases understand SQL...
...but to C# 2.0 and VB 8.0, an SQL statement is just a string
LINQ integrates query syntax to a .NET language
LINQ is made up of three parts

Providers for data sources (required)
LINQ to Objects, LINQ to SQL, LINQ to Entities, LINQ to XML,
LINQ to SharePoint, LINQ to Amazon, and so on
Extensions to the base class libraries (required)
System.Linq.Enumerable and System.Linq.Queryable classes
in System.Core.dll assembly
Extensions to the languages and compilers (optional)
C# keywords: from, select, orderby, and so on
VB keywords: From, Select, Order By, and so on
LINQ
D. 16
Provider Limitations
Theoretically, once you learn LINQ, you can query any
LINQ provider...
...but some LINQ providers have limitations
LINQ to Entities limitations

This LINQ provider must eventually convert the expression tree
created by your LINQ statements into Transact-SQL statements,
so not all LINQ statements are fully supported, or might be
implemented in ways that you do not like
Aggregate, SkipWhile, ToString, Zip, and others not supported
LINQ to Objects supports all features

So use ToSomething<T> methods to get data from LINQ to
Entities and then use LINQ to Objects on the result
D. 17
LINQ
Enumerable and Queryable classes (System.Linq)

LINQ requires types to implement interfaces to support
its features: IEnumerable(T) or IQueryable(T)
If a type does not, IEnumerable has some extension methods:
OfType(T), Cast(T) that can convert to the generic versions
LINQ uses extension methods defined by Enumerable

and Queryable classes in the System.Linq namespace
Importing the namespace allows the extension methods to be
used on any type that implements IEnumerable(T) or
IQueryable(T)
using System.Linq;
LINQ
D. 18
IEnumerable and IQueryable interfaces

IEnumerable means LINQ to Objects
All data must be materialized locally before extension methods
are applied
IQueryable means LINQ to Entities (or LINQ to SQL)

Data retrieval is deferred
An expression tree is created and only when the query is

enumerated (with foreach) or one of the ToXxx methods is
called will the expression tree be converted into an SQL
statement and executed to retrieve the appropriate data
Use ToString (with DbContext) or ToTraceString (with
ObjectContext) to see the T-SQL that will be executed
Use a ToSomething method to retrieve data, then you can use
LINQ to Objects without limitations
D. 19
LINQ
How to Create Extension Methods

Extension methods allow you to add methods to a type
without inheritance or recompilation
Create a static class with a static method that uses the this
keyword before a parameter to specify the type to extend
namespace MyExtensions {
public static class StringExtensions {
public static bool IsValidEmailAddress(this string s) {
Import the namespace containing the class

using MyExtensions;
Use the extension method on

the type you extended
LINQ
D. 20
To create extension methods for LINQ

Create a static class that extends IEnumerable<T>
Returns a scalar (double)
namespace System.Linq
{
public static class MyLinqExtensions
{
public static double MyAggregate<T>(this IEnumerable<T> input)
Returns a sequence (IEnumerable<T>) and therefore can be

chained
public static IEnumerable<T> MyProcessor<T>(this IEnumerable<T> input)
10
D. 21
LINQ
Language-Level Support (Syntactic Sugar)

Instead of using extension methods and lambda
expressions, C# and Visual Basic provide simplified
syntax for queries like this
var query = from name in names
where name.StartsWith("A")
orderby name
select name; // select is required
The compiler turns the syntactic sugar above into calls

to the extension methods with lambdas
Lambda expression
var query = names.Where(name => name.StartsWith("A"))

.OrderBy(name => name);
// Select is optional
.Select(name => name)
LINQ Extension Methods
D. 22
Where
Where takes a Func<TInput,TReturn> generic delegate
as input (so we can use a lambda expression instead)
Expression must have a single input parameter (of whatever
type T in IEnumerable(T) is) and must return a boolean
n would be a string
string[] names = ...;
... names.Where(n => n.StartsWith("A"));
p would be a Person
Person[] people = ...;
... people.Where(p => p.Age > 18);
11
D. 23
Where and Select Method Index Values

Where (and Select) take Func<TInput,int,TReturn>
delegate as input so you can filter based on index
var names = new string[]

{ "Fred", "George", "Mary", "Sally", "Emily", "Harry" };
var query = names.Where((name, index) => index % 2 == 0);
var results = query.ToArray();
list.ItemsSource = results; // WPF ListBox
Syntactic sugar does not seem to have an equivalent
D. 24
OrderBy
OrderBy takes a Func<TInput,TKeySelector> generic
delegate as input
Lambda expression must have a single input parameter (of
whatever type T in IEnumerable(T) is) and can return any type
For names string array, we might want to order by the number
of characters in each string entry
... names.OrderBy(name => name.Length);
For names string array, we might want to order by the entire

entry (which looks strange but is necessary due to the syntax!)
... names.OrderBy(name => name);
12
D. 25
OrderBy and GroupBy

Usually you want to order first, then group
{ "Fred", "George", "Gary", "Emily" };
var query = names.OrderBy(name => name)
.GroupBy(name => name[0]);
If you group first, you need to specify how to

order the groups key, not the original items
E
Emily
F
Fred
G
Gary
George
E
Emily

{ "Fred", "George", "Gary", "Emily" };
var query = names.GroupBy(name => name[0])
.OrderBy(group => group.Key);
F
Fred
G
George
Gary
D. 26
Chaining, Deferred Execution, and Materialization

Most extension methods return IEnumerable(T) so that
they can be chained
... names.Where(name => name.StartsWith("A"))
.OrderBy(name => name);
The extension methods will be processed in order
Methods that return a sequence of values do not consume the

target data until the query is enumerated (deferred execution)
The query is not executed until enumerated over and will reexecute over the original data each time so will detect changes
Materialize a copy with ToArray, ToList, and so on
Methods that return a singleton value execute and consume the
target data immediately
Do not assume the entries in a sequence are ordered unless
you explicitly specify
13
D. 27
Enumerable Static Methods

Empty<T>
IEnumerable<Person> empty = Enumerable.Empty<Person>();
Range
IEnumerable<int> numbers = Enumerable.Range(4, 3);
/* 4
5
6 */
Repeat
IEnumerable<string> madness = Enumerable.Repeat(
"All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.", 99);
/* All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
D. 28
Non-Deferred, Scalar Return Value Methods

Aggregate()
var db = new NorthwindEntities();
Creates accumulations over a sequence of elements with a

lambda expression, or use one of the built-in aggregates:
Average(), Count(), LongCount(), Max(), Min(), Sum()
var query = db.Products;
decimal minPrice = query.Min(p => p.ListPrice);
All(), Any()
Returns true if all or any elements satisfy the lambda expression
if(names.Any(name => name.StartsWith("A")))
SequenceEqual()
Returns true if the two sequences contain the same elements in
the same order
14
D. 29
Non-Deferred, Single Item Return Value Methods

First, FirstOrDefault, Last, LastOrDefault,
ElementAt, ElementAtOrDefault, DefaultIfEmpty(def)
First, last or at index, or default if sequence is empty
N.B. Default for type, e.g. default(int) would be 0
Person p = people.First(); // might throw exception
Person p = people.FirstOrDefault(); // might return null
Single, SingleOrDefault
Returns a specific member of a sequence, or default value, or
throws exception if more than one item in sequence
Person q1 = people.Where(p => p.ID == 123).Single();
Person q2 = people.Single(p => p.ID == 123);
D. 30
Deferred, Multiple Item Return Value Methods

Where
Filters the sequence by specific criteria
IEnumerable: OrderBy, OrderByDescending, Reverse

IOrderedEnumerable: ThenBy, ThenByDescending
Ascending and descending chained sorts, or reverse the order
Skip, SkipWhile
Skips n members, or while lambda expression returns true
Take, TakeWhile
Takes n members, or while lambda expression returns true
Distinct, Except, Intersect, Concat, Union, Zip

Sequence where members are distinct, differ, match, all, or
zipped 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, and so on
15
D. 31
AsSomething Conversions
AsEnumerable<T>()
Convert IEnumerable to IEnumerable<T>
Execute a query without creating a local collection
AsQueryable<T>() Convert IQueryable to IQueryable<T>

AsParallel()
PLINQ is designed to exploit opportunities for parallelization,
however, not all queries benefit
It partitions the data source into segments, and then executes
the query on separate threads on multiple processors
The overhead can be more expensive than the speedup so PLINQ
may decide to execute some or all of the query sequentially
var q = from cust in customers.AsParallel()
.WithExecutionMode(ParallelExecutionMode.ForceParallelism)
D. 32
ToSomething Conversions
ToList and ToArray: return flat collection of results
ToDictionary
One-to-one mapping of keys to objects

Requires a lambda to define property to use for the key
Dictionary<string, Product> products =
db.Products.ToDictionary(p => p.ProductName);
ToLookup
One-to-many mapping of keys to collections
Requires a lambda to define property to use for the key
ILookup<string, Product> products =
db.Products.ToLookup(p => p.Category.CategoryName);
IEnumerable<Product> bikes = products["Bike"];
// we could use var but it is better to document the actual type
16
D. 33
Projection
Primitive Results
p is a Product
// syntactic sugar
var query = from p in db.Products
select p;
// extensions and lambdas

var query = db.Products;
// optional .Select(p => p)
List<Product> results = query.ToList();
p.ProductName is a string
// syntactic sugar
select p.ProductName;

var query = db.Products
.Select(p => p.ProductName);
List<string> results = query.ToList();
D. 34
Projection
Projecting into Types

A type that defines a subset of product information
public class ProductSubset {
public string Name;
public decimal Price;
}
Project into instances of this type using either query

syntax or Select extension method
// syntactic sugar
select new ProductSubset {
Name = p.ProductName,
Price = p.ListPrice
};

.Select(p => new ProductSubset {
Price = p.ListPrice
});
Materialize results
List<ProductSubset> results = query.ToList();
17
D. 35
Projection
Projecting into Anonymous Types

Project into instances of an anonymous type using
either query syntax or Select extension method
Note: you can assign a new name for the property e.g. Name or
reuse its existing name e.g. ListPrice
// syntactic sugar
select new {
p.ListPrice
};

.Select(p => new {
p.ListPrice
});
Materialize results and store in inferred variable

// must use var
var results = query.ToList();
Projection
D. 36
SelectMany Example 1
SelectMany projects each element of a sequence to an
IEnumerable<T> and flattens the resulting sequences
into one sequence
var nameList = new List<string> {
"Matt", "Adam", "John", "Peter",
"Owen", "Steve", "Richard", "Chris" };
Select the names of length four

var names1 = nameList.Where(n => n.Length == 4)
.Select(n => n);
SelectMany the names of length four

var names2 = nameList.Where(n => n.Length == 4)
.SelectMany(n => n);
18
D. 37
Projection
We want to create a single sequence of words from a
sequence of sentences
var sentences = new List<string> {
"Bob is quite excited.",
"Jim is very upset."
};
Using SelectMany
var words = sentences
.SelectMany(s => s.TrimEnd('.').Split(' '));
Using from chaining

// syntactic sugar
var words = from s in sentences
from w in s.TrimEnd('.').Split(' ')
select w;
D. 38
Projection
We want to get a flat list of products from categories
Using SelectMany
var query = db.Categories.SelectMany(c => c.Products);
Using LINQ 'from' chaining
// syntactic sugar
var query = from c in db.Categories
from p in c.Products
select p;
... = from c in db.Categories
select c.Products;
Select would give us this:
19
D. 39
Joining with Query Syntax

Joining by using where...==
// syntactic sugar
from c in db.Categories
where p.CategoryID == c.CategoryID
...
Joining by using join...on...equals

// syntactic sugar
var query = from p in db.Products join c in db.Categories
on p.CategoryID equals c.CategoryID
...
Both are equivalent to using the Join extension method

(see next slide)
D. 40
Joining with Join extension method

Join between Categories and Products (1-many)
The first lambda chooses property on Category (c) to join on
The second lambda chooses property on Product (p) to join on
The third lambda expression projects the results, merging
properties from each Category entity (cat) and its matching
Product entity (prod)
var query = db.Categories.Join(db.Products,
c => c.CategoryID, p => p.CategoryID,
(cat, prod) => new
{
CategoryID = cat.CategoryID,
CategoryName = cat.CategoryName,
ProductName = prod.ProductName
});
One row returned for each product (77 in Northwind)
20
D. 41
Joining with GroupJoin extension method

GroupJoin between Categories and Products (1-many)
The first lambda chooses property on Category (c) to join on
The second lambda chooses property on Product (p) to join on
The third lambda expression projects the results, merging
properties from each Category entity (cat) and its matching
Product entities (products)
var query = db.Categories.GroupJoin(db.Products,
c => c.CategoryID, p => p.CategoryID,
(cat, products) => new
{
CategoryID = cat.CategoryID,
CategoryName = cat.CategoryName,
NumberOfProducts = products.Count()
});
One row returned for each category (8 in Northwind)
D. 42
Grouping with Query Syntax

Groups return List(IGrouping(TKey, TElement))
group p by p.Color into colourgroup
select colourgroup;
List<IGrouping<string, Product>> results = query.ToList();
foreach (IGrouping<string, Product> group in results)
{
listBox1.Items.Add(group.Key); // Red, Blue, etc.
foreach (Product prod in group)
{
listBox1.Items.Add(" " + prod.ProductName);
}
}
21
LINQ to XML
D. 43
Generating an XML File from LINQ-able Entities

products could be an entity set or collection
var xml = new XElement("Products",
using System.Xml.Linq;
from p in products
select new XElement("Product",
new XElement("ProductID", p.ProductID),
new XElement("Name", p.Name),
new XElement("Color", p.Color),
new XElement("ListPrice", p.ListPrice),
new XElement("Size", p.Size)));
xml.Save(productFileName);
<Products>
<Product>
<ProductID>1</ProductID>
<Name>Chai</Name>
...
Use XAttribute
</Product>
for attributes
<Product
...
</Product>
</Products>
LINQ to XML
D. 44
Generating a Collection from an XML File

Convert each child XML element into an entity
using System.Xml.Linq;
var doc = XDocument.Load(productFileName);
var query = from product in doc.Descendants("Product")
select new Product
{
ProductID = (int)product.Element("ProductID").Value,
Name = product.Element("Name").Value,
Color = product.Element("Color").Value,
ListPrice = product.Element("ListPrice").Value,
Size = product.Element("Size").Value
};
List<Product> products = query.ToList<Product>();
22
D. 45
LINQ to XML
Example with Let

Imagine that you need to convert this XML into a
collection of Car objects
<cars>
<car name="Toyota Coupe">
<profile name="Vendor" value="Toyota"/>
<profile name="Model" value="Celica"/>
<profile name="Doors" value="2"/>
<support name="Racing" value="yes"/>
<support name="Towing" value="no"/>
</car>
<car name="Honda Accord Aerodec">
<profile name="Vendor" value="Honda"/>
<profile name="Model" value="Accord"/>
<profile name="Doors" value="4"/>
<support name="Racing" value="no"/>
public class Car

{
public string Name;
public string Vendor;
public string Model;
public int Doors;
public bool Racing;
}
LINQ to XML
D. 46
let Defines Local Variables in LINQ Syntactic Sugar

var xd = XDocument.Load("cars.xml");
var query = from car in xd.Root.Elements("car")
let profiles =
from profile in car.Elements("profile")
select new {
Name = profile.Attribute("name").Value,
Value = profile.Attribute("value").Value
}
let supports =
from support in car.Elements("support")
select new {
Name = support.Attribute("name").Value,
Value = support.Attribute("value").Value
}
select new Car {
Name = car.Attribute("name").Value,
Vendor = profiles.Single(prof => prof.Name == "Vendor").Value,
Model = profiles.Single(prof => prof.Name == "Model").Value,
Doors = int.Parse(profiles.Single(prof => prof.Name == "Doors").Value),
Racing = supports.Single(sup => sup.Name == "Racing").Value == "yes"
};
List<Car> cars = query.ToList<Car>();
The Linq "let" keyword
http://www.codethinked.com/the-linq-quot3bletquot3b-keyword
23
Tools for Learning
D. 47
LINQPad 4 and 101 LINQ Samples

LINQPad
Interactively query databases using LINQ
500 examples
LINQPad
http://www.linqpad.net
101 LINQ Samples C#

http://code.msdn.microsoft.com/101-LINQ-Samples-3fb9811b
Lambda Expressions (C#)

LINQ Query Expressions (C#)

24
E. 1
Appendix E
Entity Framework 4
and Web Services
E. 2
Entity Framework 4
Contents
Topic
Slide
Entity Data Models
Designer Generated Code
POCO
Retrieving Data
12
Modifying Data
16
Performance
22
You are unlikely to get questions about features of EF4 and ObjectContext
in the exam although Visual Studio can generate the old ObjectContext
and EntityObject classes or the inner ObjectContext can be accessed by
casting a DbContext as an IObjectContextAdapter like this:
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure;
var db = new NorthwindEntities(); // DbContext
var oc = ((IObjectContextAdapter)db).ObjectContext;
E. 3
Entity Data Models
Vocabulary Overview
AWModel.edmx
AWModel.edmx.cs
Database
<EntityContainer
Name="AdventureWorksEntities"
class AdventureWorksEntities :
ObjectContext (or DbContext)
Table
<EntitySet Name="Contacts"
ObjectSet<Contact> Contacts
(or DbSet<Contact> Contacts)
Row
<EntityType Name="Contact"
class Contact : EntityObject

(or class Contact)
Column
<Property Name="ContactID"
[EdmScalarProperty()]
Int32 ContactID
Relationship
<NavigationProperty
Name="Orders"
<NavigationProperty
Name="Contact"
<Association Name=
"FK_Orders_Contact_ContactID"
[EdmRelationshipNavigationPro
perty()]
EntityCollection<Order> Orders
[EdmRelationshipNavigationPro
perty()]
Contact Contact
VS2010 .edmx designer-generated code creates classes that use ObjectContext

VS2012 .edmx designer-generated code creates classes that use DbContext
Entity Data Models
E. 4
Entity Properties
<EntityType Name="Category">
...
<Property Name="CategoryName" ...
<NavigationProperty
Name="Products" ...
Scalar property in class

[EdmScalarPropertyAttribute(
EntityKeyProperty=false, IsNullable=false)]
public global::System.String CategoryName {
Navigation property in EntityObject class

[EdmRelationshipNavigationPropertyAttribute(
"NorthwindModel", "FK_Products_Categories", "Products")]
public EntityCollection<Product> Products {
E. 5
Entity Data Models
Defining an Independent Association

Entities are related through associations
Must specify the entities that are involved in the relationship
and the possible number of entities at each end, which is known
as the multiplicity (one (1), zero or one (0..1), or many (*))
<Association Name="CustomerOrders">
<End Type="ExampleModel.Customer"
Role="Customer" Multiplicity="1" >
<OnDelete Action="Cascade" />
</End>
<End Type="ExampleModel.Order"
Role="Order" Multiplicity="*" />
</Association>
Independent Associations like the one above do not use

foreign key constraints
Association Element (CSDL)
E. 6
Entity Data Models
Defining a Foreign Key Association

With foreign keys
exposed, the
relationship between
the entities is
managed with a
ReferentialConstraint
element
A corresponding
AssociationSetMapping
element is not
necessary to map this
association to the
data source
<Association Name="CustomerOrders">
<End Type="ExampleModel.Customer"
Role="Customer" Multiplicity="1" >
<OnDelete Action="Cascade" />
</End>
<End Type="ExampleModel.Order"
Role="Order" Multiplicity="*" />
<ReferentialConstraint>
<Principal Role="Customer">
<PropertyRef Name="Id" />
</Principal>
<Dependent Role="Order">
<PropertyRef Name="CustomerId" />
</Dependent>
</ReferentialConstraint>
</Association>
Designer-Generated Code (VS2010)
E. 7
ObjectSet(T), ObjectQuery(T), and IQueryable(T)

ObjectContext uses ObjectSet(T) for the entity sets
public class AWContext : ObjectContext { ...
public ObjectSet<Product> Products { ...
ObjectSet(T) inherits from ObjectQuery(T) and

implements some common interfaces
public class ObjectSet<TEntity> : ObjectQuery<TEntity>,
IObjectSet<TEntity>, IQueryable<TEntity>,
IEnumerable<TEntity>, IQueryable, IEnumerable
where TEntity : class
Cast your LINQ query to access ObjectQuery features

such as ToTraceString to see the T-SQL (or whatever)
string TSQL = ((ObjectQuery)query).ToTraceString();
ObjectQuery<T> Class
Profiling Database Activity in the Entity Framework
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-gb/magazine/gg490349.aspx
Designer-Generated Code (VS2010)
E. 8
EntityCollection(T), EntityReference(T)
Navigation properties in designer-generated code
public class Customer : EntityObject { ...
public EntityCollection<Order> Orders { ...
public class Order : EntityObject { ...
public EntityReference<Customer> CustomerReference { ...
Useful members
IsLoaded: returns true if collection or reference is loaded
Load(MergeOption): Loads related object(s)
CreateSourceQuery(): Returns an object query that returns the
same object(s) that exist in the current collection or reference
EntityCollection(T).Count: the number of entities in collection
EntityReference(T).Value: the actual entity
EntityCollection(TEntity) Class
E. 9
POCO
Requirements for ObjectContext

Feature
Requirements
To use POCO
with EF
1. Class name must match

2. Property names and data types must match
To create
either type of
proxy
1. Class must be public and NOT sealed or abstract

2. Class must have a public or protected no-argument
constructor
3. Class must NOT implement IEntityWithChangeTracker or
IEntityWithRelationships
4. ContextOptions.ProxyCreationEnabled = true
5. Call ObjectContext.CreateObject<T> or
ObjectSet<T>.CreateObject
To create a
lazy-loading
proxy
1. Navigation properties must have a public, virtual, and nonsealed get accessor
To create a
changetracking proxy
1. Properties must have public, non-sealed, and virtual get and

set accessors
2. Navigation property for many end of a relationship
must implement ICollection<T>
POCO
E. 10
Lazy-Loading without a Proxy

If the class does NOT support lazy-loading, you will
have to explicitly call LoadProperty before reading any
navigation properties
// or oc.LoadProperty(order, "Products");
oc.LoadProperty(order, o => o.Products);
var prods = order.Products;
You cannot use Load because your navigation property

would not be of type EntityReference<T> or
EntityCollection<T> in a POCO
POCO
E. 11
Change Tracking
POCO supports two methods of change tracking
Proxy creation (aka instant) change tracking
Snapshot change tracking
Instantiate a POCO using the CreateObject method(s)

If it does not support proxy creation then it takes a snapshot
when the entity is attached/added to the ObjectContext
Customer c = oc.CreateObject<Customer>();
For snapshot change tracking you must call

DetectChanges before saving to the data source
oc.DetectChanges();
oc.SaveChanges();
Retrieving Data
E. 12
Efficient Retrieval of a Single Entity

Executing a query will always hit underlying database
var query = from c in oc.Contacts
where c.ContactID == 3
select c;
Contact contact = query.Single();
// do something with contact
Use TryGetObjectByKey to check the ObjectContext

cache first, then the database only if necessary
object contact = null;
var key = new EntityKey(
"AWEntities.Contacts", "ContactID", 3);
if(oc.TryGetObjectByKey(key, out contact)) {
// do something with contact
ObjectContext.TryGetObjectByKey Method
Retrieving Data
E. 13
Entity Keys
You can create an instance of EntityKey by using the
class constructor
var key = new EntityKey(
"AWEntities.Contacts", "ContactID", 3);
Or you can use the CreateEntityKey method of

ObjectContext to generate a key for a specific object
Contact c = ...;
var key = oc.CreateEntityKey("Contacts", c);
How to: Create an EntityKey

Retrieving Data
E. 14
ObjectContext execute methods

ExecuteFunction
Executes a stored procedure or function that is mapped in the
conceptual model
ExecuteStoreCommand
Executes an arbitrary command directly against the data source
using the existing connection
ExecuteStoreQuery
Executes a query directly against the data source that returns a
sequence of typed results
Translate
Translates a DbDataReader that contains rows of entity data to
objects of the requested entity type
ObjectContext Class
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb156104
Retrieving Data
E. 15
CreateQuery<T>() method
Creates an ObjectQuery<T> by using the specified
query string
var query = oc.CreateQuery<Contact>(
"SELECT VALUE c FROM AWEntities.Contacts
AS c WHERE c.FirstName = @fn",
new ObjectParameter("fn", "John"));
Alternatively, create a new ObjectQuery<T>

var query = new ObjectQuery<Contact>(
"SELECT VALUE c FROM AWEntities.Contacts
AS c WHERE c.FirstName = @fn", oc);
query.Parameters.Add(
new ObjectParameter("fn", "John"));
Modifying Data
E. 16
How to Create and Add Entities

The EDM defines a static method for every entity to
make it easy to create new instances
Forces you to pass a list of all non-nullable property values
instead of having to set each property individually
Contact c = Contact.CreateContact("John", "Smith", ...);
You must mark the entity as added using AddObject

ObjectContext.AddObject("entityset", entity)
ObjectSet<T>.AddObject(entity)
For related entities

Call Add method on navigation property e.g. c.Orders.Add(o)
Set navigation property e.g. o.Customer = c
Modifying Data
E. 17
MergeOption (only applies when loading)

AppendOnly (default)
Objects that do not exist in the object context are attached
Existing objects are unaffected
OverwriteChanges
Existing objects are overwritten
PreserveChanges
Existing objects that are Unchanged are overwritten
Existing objects that are Modified are preserved
NoTracking: entities are Detached
Modifying Data
E. 18
ObjectContext methods
AddObject(string entitySet, object)
Adds an object to the object context (marked as Added)
Attach(IEntityWithKey) and Detach(object)

Attaches an object or object graph to the object context when
the object has an entity key
AttachTo(string entitySet, object)

Call AttachTo on the ObjectContext to attach the object to a
specific entity set in the object context or if the object has a
null (Nothing in Visual Basic) EntityKey value
ApplyCurrentValues(string entitySet, object) and

ApplyOriginalValues(string entitySet, object)
Copies the scalar values from the supplied object into the
object in the ObjectContext that has the same key
Modifying Data
E. 19
ObjectStateEntry
Maintains state and key information for objects and
relationships and change tracking for object properties
ObjectStateEntry stateEntry = context.ObjectStateManager
.GetObjectStateEntry(((IEntityWithKey)order).EntityKey);
CurrentValueRecord rec1 = stateEntry.CurrentValues;
string oldPO = (string)rec1.GetValue(
rec1.GetOrdinal("PurchaseOrderNumber"));
order.PurchaseOrderNumber = "12345";
string newPO = (string)rec1.GetValue(
rec1.GetOrdinal("PurchaseOrderNumber"));
IEnumerable<string> modifiedFields =
stateEntry.GetModifiedProperties();
foreach (string s in modifiedFields)
Console.WriteLine("Modified field name: {0}\n" +
"Old Value: {1}\n New Value: {2}", s, oldPO, newPO);
Modifying Data
E. 20
ObjectContext.SaveChanges
SaveChanges()
Persists all updates to the data source and resets change
tracking in the object context (i.e. it calls AcceptAllChanges()
automatically)
Returns number of objects in an Added, Modified, or Deleted
state when SaveChanges was called
SaveChanges(SaveOption)
None, AcceptAllChangesAfterSave (default),
DetectChangesBeforeSave
Use to control the automatic call to AcceptAllChanges() or
enable an automatic call to DetectChanges()
Flag so can be combined
SaveChanges(bool) is obsolete
10
E. 21
Modifying Data
OptimisticConcurrencyException
When invoking SaveChanges, catch this exception
Invoke Refresh on context to resolve conflict
RefreshMode: StoreWins, ClientWins
Pass entity or IEnumerable
Invoke SaveChanges again

try
{
context.SaveChanges();
}
catch (OptimisticConcurrencyException ex)
{
context.Refresh(RefreshMode.ClientWins, orders);
context.SaveChanges();
}
E. 22
Performance
Considerations
Operation
Frequency
Comments
Loading metadata
Once per AppDomain
Opening connection
As needed
You can manually open

and close connections
Generating views
Once per AppDomain
Can pre-generate
Preparing the query
Once for each unique query
Can pre-compile
Executing the query
Once for each query
Loading and
validating types
Once for each ObjectContext

instance
Tracking
Once for each object returned* MergeOption.NoTracking

disables this step
Materializing
Once for each object returned*
Types are validated

against the model
*Not required when using EntityDataReader
11
Performance
E. 23
Compiling Queries for LINQ Providers

Both LINQ to Entities and LINQ to SQL have a
CompiledQuery class with a Compile method
but the concept of compilation doesn't really make sense for
LINQ to Object queries
In LINQ to Objects, a Where method takes a Func<T, bool> as
opposed to an Expression<Func<T, bool>>
In LINQ to Objects, the C# compiler compiles the lambda
expression down to an anonymous method and generates the IL
at compile time and passes a delegate to that Where method
In other LINQ flavors, like LINQ to Entities, the lambda is not
compiled to IL; Instead, the compiler builds up an expression
tree object out of the lambda expression and passes the
expression tree to LINQ methods
Is it possible to compile a query for LINQ to Objects?

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/2649874/is-it-possible-to-compile-a-query-for-linq-to-objects
EF 4.1
E. 24
What is Microsoft ADO.NET Entity Framework 4.1?

aka Magic Unicorn Edition for VS2010 and later
EF 4.1 introduces two new features
The DbContext API is a simplified abstraction over
ObjectContext and a number of other types
Code First is a new development pattern that provides an
alternative to the Database First and Model First patterns
Code First is focused around defining your model using

.NET classes
These classes can then be mapped to an existing database or be
used to generate a database schema
Additional configuration can be supplied using Data Annotations
or via a fluent API
EF 4.1 Released
12
F. 1
Appendix F
Firebrand Sample Services
and Web Services
Firebrand Sample Services
F. 2
Contents
Topic
Slide
Overview
The Service
The Hosts - Console
The Clients
12
Exposing Data
21
The Hosts IIS
24
Faults
27
Duplex
30
REST
34
Discovery
35
Router
40
Sessions
46
F. 3
Overview
Clients and Services

ClientUsingWSDL
SampleServiceClient
ClientUsingChannelFactory / ManualContract
Dynamic Proxy
ClientUsingDiscovery
IISRouter on port 803
Announcement
Service
ClientUsingDuplex
CalculatorClient
RoutingService
Callback
Hello
Bye
SampleService
IISHost on port 802
SampleService
Calculator (Duplex)
ConsoleHost on port 801
Overview
F. 4
Start with a Blank Solution

Add a new Blank Solution named Firebrand
This solution will eventually contain these projects

Services: S1.DataContracts, S2.ServiceContracts, S3.Implementation
Hosts: H1.ConsoleHost, H2.IISHost, H3.IISRouter
Clients: C1.ClientUsingWSDL, C2.ClientUsingChannelFactory,
C3.ClientUsingManualContract, C4.ClientUsingDuplex,
C5.ClientUsingDiscovery
Download complete solution
http://bit.ly/fbfiles
The Service
F. 5
Define the Data Contract(s)

Add a new Class Library
Name: S1.DataContracts
Add a reference to
System.Runtime.Serialization
Rename Class1.cs to Widget.cs
Change the namespace to Firebrand
namespace Firebrand {
using System.Runtime.Serialization;
[DataContract]
public class Widget
{
[DataMember]
public string Name { get; set; }
[DataMember]
public bool Active { get; set; }
}
}
The Service
F. 6
Define the Service Contract(s)

Name: S2.ServiceContracts
Add references to the S1.DataContracts project
and System.ServiceModel assembly
Rename Class1.cs to ISampleService.cs
namespace Firebrand
{
[ServiceContract]
public interface ISampleService
{
[OperationContract]
Widget ModifyWidget(Widget w);
[OperationContract]
}
}
F. 7
The Service
Implement the Service

Name: S3.Implementation
Add references to S1.DataContracts and S2.ServiceContracts
Rename Class1.cs to SampleService.cs
namespace Firebrand {
public class SampleService : ISampleService {
public Widget ModifyWidget(Widget w) {
if (w != null)
{
if (w.Active) w.Name += "A";
}
return w;
}
public int AddNumbers(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
}
}
F. 8
The Hosts
Create a Console Host (1/2)

Add a new Console Application
Name: H1.ConsoleHost, change namespace to Firebrand
Add references to System.ServiceModel, S1.DataContracts,
S2.ServiceContracts,
using System;
S3.Implementation
using System.Net;
using System.ServiceModel.Description;
var host = new ServiceHost(typeof(SampleService), new Uri(

string.Format("http://{0}:801/Sample", Dns.GetHostName())));
host.Description.Behaviors.Add(
new ServiceMetadataBehavior { HttpGetEnabled = true });
host.Description.Behaviors.Find<ServiceDebugBehavior>()
.IncludeExceptionDetailInFaults = true;
host.Open();
Console.WriteLine("{0} is listening on these endpoints:",
host.Description.Name);
Console.WriteLine();
The Hosts
F. 9
Create a Console Host (2/2)

Enumerate the endpoints that have been configured,
including automatic (aka default) endpoints
Wait for the user to press ENTER, then close the host
foreach (var ep in host.Description.Endpoints)
{
Console.WriteLine(" Endpoint: " + ep.Name);
Console.WriteLine(" Address: " + ep.Address);
Console.WriteLine(" Binding: " + ep.Binding);
Console.WriteLine(" Contract: " + ep.Contract.ContractType);
Console.WriteLine();
}
Console.WriteLine("Press ENTER to close service hosts.");
Console.ReadLine();
Console.WriteLine("Closing hosts... please wait.");
host.Close();
Console.WriteLine("Closed.");
The Hosts
F. 10
Start the Console Host

Ctrl+F5 to start without attaching the debugger
If you see this exception, restart Visual Studio as Administrator

Unhandled Exception: System.ServiceModel.AddressAccessDeniedException: HTTP coul
d not register URL http://+:801/Sample/. Your process does not have access right
s to this namespace (see http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=70353 for detail
s). ---> System.Net.HttpListenerException: Access is denied
Run Internet Explorer and enter

http://localhost:801/Sample?singlewsdl
F. 11
The Hosts
Test the Console Host

Run the WCF Test Client
C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio 12.0\Common7\IDE\WcfTestClient.exe
File-Add Service...
Enter URL: http://localhost:801/Sample
Double-click Config File and review it (or right-click to edit it)
Double-click AddNumbers, fill parameters, click Invoke
Click XML tab to see SOAP messages
F. 12
The Hosts
Create Explicit WS-* and Custom Binding Endpoints

In H1.ConsoleHost, in App.config
Define a pair of binding configurations and endpoints to use them
<bindings>
<wsHttpBinding>
<binding name="FBWSNoSecurity">
<security mode="None"/>
<customBinding>
<binding name="FBBinaryOverHttp">
<binaryMessageEncoding/>
<httpTransport/>
<services>
binding="customBinding"
bindingConfiguration="FBBinaryOverHttp"
<endpoint address="ws"
bindingConfiguration="FBWSNoSecurity"
The Clients
F. 13
Create a Client with a Service Reference

Add a new WPF Application (clients can be anything)
Name: C1.ClientUsingWSDL
Ensure H1.ConsoleHost is running
Add Service Reference and type http://localhost:801/Sample
Expand the service to download the WSDL, click the interface
Namespace: SampleServiceReference, click OK
The Clients
F. 14
Code the Client to Use the Proxy (Add Numbers)

MainWindow: add two text boxes named A and B, a label
named Answer, and a button named AddNumbers
using C1.ClientUsingWSDL.SampleServiceReference;
try
{
var proxy = new SampleServiceClient("WSHttpBinding_ISampleService");
int a = int.Parse(A.Text);
int b = int.Parse(B.Text);
Answer.Content = proxy.AddNumbers(a, b); // or use async & await
}
catch (Exception ex)
Answer.Content = await proxy.AddNumbersAsync(a, b);
{
Answer.Content = ex.Message;
If you use await you must also apply async to method
}
private async void AddNumbers_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
The Clients
F. 15
Code the Client to Use the Proxy (Modify Widget)

Add a check box named Active, a text box named NameTextBox,
a label named ModifiedName, and a button named ModifyWidget
try
{
var proxy = new SampleServiceClient(
"CustomBinding_ISampleService");
var w = new Widget
{
Name = NameTextBox.Text,
Active = Active.IsChecked.Value
};
w = await proxy.ModifyWidgetAsync(w);
ModifiedName.Content = "Modified name: " + w.Name;
proxy.Close();
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
ModifiedName.Content = "Exception: " + ex.Message;
}
The Clients
F. 16
Reuse Data Contracts

The Widget class is currently re-created on the client
by the service reference
Underneath SampleServiceReference review the Reference.cs
file (you will need to Show All Files)
To reuse the original data contract

Add a reference to S1.DataContracts
Right-click SampleServiceReference and choose Update
Service Reference
Now the Widget class is not re-created

Import the Firebrand namespace to use it
using Firebrand;
The Clients
F. 17
Read from <client> endpoints

When you have multiple client endpoints the proxy
constructor must have the name of the endpoint set
Add a reference to System.Configuration
Add a ComboBox named Endpoints
Handle the Window_Loaded event
using System.ServiceModel.Configuration;
using System.Configuration;
var client = (ClientSection)ConfigurationManager.GetSection(
"system.serviceModel/client");
Endpoints.Items.Clear();
foreach (ChannelEndpointElement ep in client.Endpoints)
Endpoints.Items.Add(ep.Name);
if (Endpoints.Items.Count > 0)
Endpoints.SelectedIndex = 0;
var proxy = new SampleServiceClient(Endpoints.Text);
The Clients
F. 18
Create a Client with a Channel Factory

Add a new WPF Application
Name: C2.ClientUsingChannelFactory
Add references to System.ServiceModel, S1.DataContracts and
S2.ServiceContracts projects
Draw a check box, text box, label, and button
var address = new EndpointAddress("http://localhost:801/Sample/ws");
var binding = new WSHttpBinding
{ Security = new WSHttpSecurity { Mode = SecurityMode.None } };
var factory = new ChannelFactory<ISampleService>(binding, address);
var proxy = factory.CreateChannel();
var w = new Widget
{
Name = NameTextBox.Text,
using Firebrand;
Active = Active.IsChecked.Value
};
w = proxy.ModifyWidget(w);
ModifiedName.Content = "Modified: " + w.Name;
((ICommunicationObject)proxy).Close();
F. 19
The Clients
Create a Client with a Combined Interface

Add an interface file: ISampleServiceWithComms.cs
public interface ISampleServiceWithComms :
ISampleService, ICommunicationObject
{
}
using Firebrand;
Change your channel factory code to use the new

interface instead of ISampleService
When creating the factory
var factory = new ChannelFactory<ISampleServiceWithComms>(binding, address);
When closing the proxy

proxy.Close();
The Clients
F. 20
Create a Client with a Locally-Defined Contract

Name: C3.ClientUsingManualContract
namespace C3.ClientUsingManualContract {
[ServiceContract(Name = "ISampleService")]
public interface ISampleServiceSubset : ICommunicationObject {
[OperationContract]
} // do not need to include all operations
}
<client>
<endpoint name="ep" address="http://localhost:801/Sample/ws"
binding="wsHttpBinding" bindingConfiguration="FBWSNoSecurity"
contract="C3.ClientUsingManualContract.ISampleServiceSubset" />
var factory = new ChannelFactory<ISampleServiceSubset>("ep");
MessageBox.Show(proxy.AddNumbers(2, 3).ToString());
proxy.Close();
10
Exposing Data
F. 21
Using Entity Framework (Data Contracts)

S1.DataContracts
Add ADO.NET Entity Data Model, Generate from Database
Connect to (localdb)\v11.0 and Northwind database
Select all tables and click Finish
Review NorthwindModel.Context.cs and Category.cs
Optional but strongly recommended

Click background of EDMX design window
In Properties, change Lazy Loading Enabled to False
Exposing Data
F. 22
Using Entity Framework (Service Contract and Impl.)

S2.ServiceContracts, ISampleService.cs
[OperationContract]
Product[] GetProducts();
[OperationContract]
Product GetProduct(int ProductID);
S3.Implementation, SampleService.cs
public Product[] GetProducts() {
using (var db = new NorthwindEntities()) {
using System.Linq;
return db.Products.ToArray();
}
}
public Product GetProduct(int ProductID) {
using (var db = new NorthwindEntities()) {
return db.Products.Single(p => p.ProductID == ProductID);
}
}
11
Exposing Data
F. 23
Using Entity Framework (Host)

H1.ConsoleHost, App.config
Copy and paste the connectionStrings section from
S1.DataContracts into the hosts App.config file
<connectionStrings>
<add name="NorthwindEntities"
connectionString="metadata=res://*/NorthwindModel.csdl|
res://*/NorthwindModel.ssdl|res://*/NorthwindModel.msl;
provider=System.Data.SqlClient;provider connection
string="data source=(localdb)\v11.0;initial
catalog=Northwind;integrated
security=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=True;App=EntityF
ramework"" providerName="System.Data.EntityClient"
/>
S3.Implementation
Add NuGet package for EntityFramework (best to use the same
version that your S1.DataContracts project uses)
Exposing Data
F. 24
Using Entity Framework (Updating References)

C1.ClientUsingWSDL
Right-click SampleServiceReference, and then click Update
Service Reference
Add a button Get Products and a DataGrid named grid
private void GetProducts_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) {
try {
var proxy = new SampleServiceClient(Endpoints.Text);
var products = proxy.GetProducts();
grid.ItemsSource = products;
proxy.Close();
}
catch(FaultException ex) {
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
}
12
Exposing Data
F. 25
Using Entity Framework ()

C1.ClientUsingChannelFactory
Add a button Get Products and a DataGrid named grid
private void GetProducts_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e) {
try {
var address = new EndpointAddress("http://localhost:801/Sample/ws");
var binding = new WSHttpBinding
{ Security = new WSHttpSecurity { Mode = SecurityMode.None } };
var factory = new ChannelFactory<ISampleServiceWithComms>
(binding, address);
var products = proxy.GetProducts();
grid.ItemsSource = products;
proxy.Close();
}
catch(FaultException ex) {
MessageBox.Show(ex.Message);
}
}
The Hosts IIS
F. 26
Create an IIS Host

Add a new WCF Service Application
Project Name: H2.IISHost
Delete the IService1.cs and Service1.svc.cs files
Add reference to S3.Implementation project
Rename Service1.svc to Sample.svc and then edit it
<%@ ServiceHost Service="Firebrand.SampleService" %>
Build and test the service

Right-click the .svc file,
choose View in Browser,
click WSDL link
Change the port number assigned by Cassini to 802

Project-Properties, Web
13
The Hosts - IIS
F. 27
Test the IIS Host

Run the WCF Test Client
File-Add Service...
Enter URL: http://localhost:802/Sample.svc
Test as before
Warning! When testing a Web Project solution in Visual Studio 2010 you are using the ASP.NET
Development Server (aka Cassini) which only supports HTTP. To test other bindings you must either
deploy to IIS 7.x with WAS or create a non-Web host like the ConsoleHost project.
The Hosts - IIS
F. 28
Using Service Activations

We do not need a physical .svc file to host a service
<serviceHostingEnvironment ...>
<add relativeAddress="VirtualService.svc"
service="Firebrand.SampleService" />
You will now be able to use your fake service

http://localhost:802/VirtualService.svc
You can also specify a factory to customize how the

service host is created
<add relativeAddress="VirtualService.svc"
service="Firebrand.SampleService"
factory="Firebrand.SampleServiceFactory" />
14
Faults
F. 29
Defining a Fault Contract

S1.DataContracts
[DataContract] public class ExtraError {
[DataMember] public int Level;
[DataMember] public string Stuff;
S2.ServiceContracts
[ServiceContract]
public interface ISampleService {
[OperationContract]
[FaultContract(typeof(ExtraError))]
Faults
F. 30
Implementing a Fault Contract

S3.Implementation, in the AddNumbers method
if(a == 0) {
var reasons = new List<FaultReasonText>() {
new FaultReasonText("Hello World", "en-US"),
new FaultReasonText("Bonjour Monde", "fr-FR")
};
var reason = new FaultReason(reasons);
var extra = new ExtraError() {
Level = 11, Stuff = "This is extra." };
throw new FaultException<ExtraError>(extra, reason);
}
return a + b;
Note: when using SOAP 1.1 only the first translation will be sent
Use WSHttpBinding or later to use SOAP 1.2 which does support
multiple translations
15
Faults
F. 31
Catching a Fault Contract

C1.ClientUsingServiceReference, AddNumbersButton
catch (FaultException<ExtraError> fex) {
MessageBox.Show(string.Format(
"Localized: {0}, Level: {1}, Stuff: {2}",
// fex.Message is thread localized reason
fex.Message, fex.Detail.Level, fex.Detail.Stuff),
"FaultException<ExtraError>");
// all localized reasons
}
fex.Reason.Translations
catch (FaultException<ExceptionDetail> fed) {
// if includeExceptionDetailsInFaults is true
MessageBox.Show(fed.Detail.StackTrace,
"FaultException<ExceptionDetail>");
}
catch (CommunicationException ce) {
MessageBox.Show(ce.ToString(),
"CommunicationException");
}
Duplex
F. 32
Service Contract
S2.ServiceContract, add two new interfaces
Interface for service-side to implement
[ServiceContract(CallbackContract = typeof(ICalcAnswer))]
public interface ICalcOneWay {
[OperationContract(IsOneWay = true)]
void Multiply(int a, int b);
}
Interface for client-side to implement

public interface ICalcAnswer {
[OperationContract(IsOneWay = true)]
void SendAnswer(int answer);
}
No need for [ServiceContract] on this interface
16
Duplex
F. 33
Service Implementation and Console Host .config

S3.Implementation
public class Calculator : ICalcOneWay {
public void Multiply(int a, int b) {
ICalcAnswer cb = OperatonContext.Current
.GetCallbackChannel<ICalcAnswer>();
cb.SendAnswer(a * b);
}
}
Endpoint will use the base address specified on the next slide
<service name="Firebrand.Calculator">
binding="wsDualHttpBinding"
contract="Firebrand.ICalcOneWay" />
Duplex
F. 34
Console Host code

H1.ConsoleHost, Program.cs, Main method
Insert the following before the Press ENTER... line
ServiceHost hostCalc = new
ServiceHost(typeof(Calculator),
new Uri("http://localhost:801/Calc"));
hostCalc.Description.Behaviors.Add(new
ServiceMetadataBehavior() { HttpGetEnabled = true });
hostCalc.Open();
Console.WriteLine("Starting {0} service...",
host.Description.Name);
foreach(var ep in hostCalc.Description.Endpoints) {
Console.WriteLine(" Endpoint: " + ep.Name);
Console.WriteLine(" Address: " + ep.Address);
Console.WriteLine(" Binding: " + ep.Binding);
Console.WriteLine(" Contract: " +
ep.Contract.ContractType);
}
17
F. 35
Duplex
Create the Client

Project Name: C3.DuplexClient
Add Service Reference and enter http://10263a-svr1:801/Calc
Expand the service to download the WSDL, click the interface
Namespace: ServiceReference, click OK
Using C3.DuplexClient.ServiceReference;
Add a Button
public partial class MainWindow : Window, ICalcOneWayCallback {

private CalcOneWayClient proxy;
public void SendAnswer(int answer) {
MessageBox.Show(answer.ToString());
}
// button1_Click
proxy = new CalcOneWayClient(new InstanceContext(this));
proxy.Multiply(3, 7);
F. 36
REST
Create Explicit RESTful Binding Endpoint

http://localhost:801/Sample/REST/Help
<endpointBehaviors>
<behavior name="RESTful">
Add reference to
<webHttp helpEnabled="true"
System.ServiceModel.Web
automaticFormatSelectionEnabled="true" />
and import namespace
<services>
<endpoint address="REST"
binding="webHttpBinding"
behaviorConfiguration="RESTful"
// to allow a browser to test the operation
[WebGet] // default is POST
Change Console
app to use full .NET
Framework 4
http://localhost:801/Sample/REST/AddNumbers?a=2&b=3
<int xmlns="http://...">5</int>
18
Discovery
F. 37
Configure the Service to Make Announcements

Triggers announcements automatically when the service host
opens and closes
<serviceBehaviors>
<behavior name="MakeAnnouncements">
<serviceDiscovery>
<announcementEndpoints>
<endpoint kind="udpAnnouncementEndpoint" />
<services>
<service name="Firebrand.SampleService"
behaviorConfiguration="MakeAnnouncements" >
Discovery
F. 38
Configure the Service to Respond to Discoveries

H1.ConsoleHost, Program.cs
Add reference to System.ServiceModel.Discovery
using System.ServiceModel.Discovery
This will allow the service to respond to Probe and Resolve
requests (we could use .config instead)
Add the following before opening the host
host.AddServiceEndpoint(new UdpDiscoveryEndpoint());
19
F. 39
Discovery
Configure the Client

Add a new Windows Forms Application
Project Name: C4.ClientUsingDiscovery
Add reference to S2.ServiceContracts, System.ServiceModel,
System.ServiceModel.Discovery
Switch to target the full .NET Framework 4
Add two labels and list boxes, and one button and label
using
using
using
using
System.ServiceModel;
System.ServiceModel.Discovery;
Firebrand;
System.Collections.ObjectModel;
// fields in Form1 class

private AnnouncementService service
= new AnnouncementService();
private ServiceHost host;
Discovery
F. 40
Configure the Client (to Receive Announcements)

Form1_Load (use Tab, Tab to generate handlers)
service.OnlineAnnouncementReceived += new ...
service.OfflineAnnouncementReceived += new ...
host = new ServiceHost(service);
host.AddServiceEndpoint(new UdpAnnouncementEndpoint());
host.Open();
Online (and offline) event handlers

// service_OnlineAnnouncementReceived
listBox2.Items.Add("Hello from " +
e.EndpointDiscoveryMetadata.Address);
// service_OfflineAnnouncementReceived
listBox2.Items.Add("Bye from " +
e.EndpointDiscoveryMetadata.Address);
Test by starting and stopping H1.ConsoleHost
20
Discovery
F. 41
Configure the Client (to Discover Services)

button1_Click
DiscoveryClient client = new DiscoveryClient(
new UdpDiscoveryEndpoint());
var matches = client.Find(new FindCriteria(
typeof(ISampleService))).Endpoints;
client.Close();
if(matches.Count == 0) {
listBox1.Items.Add("No services match.");
}
else {
foreach(var item in matches) {
listBox1.Items.Add(item.Address);
}
Cursor lastCursor = this.Cursor;
}
this.Cursor = Cursors.WaitCursor;
label2.Text = "Searching...";
label2.Refresh();
...
this.Cursor = lastCursor;
Router
F. 42
Create a Host for Routing Service

Add a new WCF Service Application
Project Name: H3.IISRouter
Delete IService1.cs, Service1.svc.cs
Rename Service1.svc to Router.svc and then edit it
<%@ ServiceHost Service=
"System.ServiceModel.Routing.RoutingService,
System.ServiceModel.Routing, version=4.0.0.0,
Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=31bf3856ad364e35" %>
Add reference to System.ServiceModel.Routing

Set Port Number to be fixed as 803
Web.config
<serviceBehaviors>
<behavior name="FirebrandRouting">
<routing filterTableName="FirebrandTable"/>
21
Router
F. 43
Configure the Filters and Backup Lists

<routing>
<filters>
<filter name="FirebrandFilter" filterType="MatchAll" />
</filters>
<filterTables>
Visual Studio 2010
<filterTable name="FirebrandTable">
warns that the name
<add filterName="FirebrandFilter"
attribute is not allowed
but it does work
endpointName="Service801"
backupList="FirebrandList" />
</filterTable>
</filterTables>
<backupLists>
<backupList name="FirebrandList">
<add endpointName="Service802" />
</backupList>
</backupLists>
</routing>
Router
F. 44
Configure the Endpoints

<services>
<service name="System.ServiceModel.Routing.RoutingService"
behaviorConfiguration="FirebrandRouting">
<endpoint address="" name="requestReplyEndpoint"
binding="basicHttpBinding" contract=
"System.ServiceModel.Routing.IRequestReplyRouter" />
<endpoint address="OneWay" name="oneWayEndpoint"
binding="basicHttpBinding" contract=
"System.ServiceModel.Routing.ISimplexDatagramRouter" />
</service>
</services>
<client>
<endpoint address="http://localhost:801/Sample/ws"
contract="*" name="Service801" />
<endpoint address="http://localhost:802/Sample.svc"
contract="*" name="Service802" />
22
Router
F. 45
Create an Alternative Service Implementation

S3.Implementation
Copy class SampleService
Rename copy to SampleServiceB
Change the string Suffix to SuffixB
H1.ConsoleHost, Program.cs and App.config

Change SampleService to SampleServiceB
ServiceHost host = new ServiceHost(typeof(SampleServiceB),
<service name="Firebrand.SampleServiceB" ...
The console host will act as the primary service on port 801, but
can now fail over automatically to use the secondary service on
port 802 hosted by IIS
Router
F. 46
Modify the Client to use the Router

C1.ClientUsingWSDL
Right-click ServiceReference and choose Configure Service
Reference
Change address to: http://localhost:801/Sample.svc
Click OK
App.config
Edit the client endpoint to use Router.svc for address instead of
talking directly to Sample.svc
Edit the name of the endpoint because the code uses named
<client>
endpoints
creating the proxy (i.e. on slide 12)
<endpointwhen
address="http://localhost:803/Router.svc"
binding= ...
23
Router
F. 47
Test the Router

Build the Solution
Ensure the services are running
H1.ConsoleHost: start without debugger (Ctrl+F5)
H2.IISHost: right-click Sample.svc, View in Browser
H3.IISRouter: right-click Router.svc, View in Browser
Start C1.ClientUsingWSDL
Click Modify Widget: name will be suffixed with SuffixB
Stop the H1.ConsoleHost
Click Modify Widget: name
will be suffixed with Suffix
Sessions
F. 48
Define Operations That Use Sessions

S2.ServiceContracts
[OperationContract]
int ReadCounter();
[OperationContract]
int ReadStaticCounter();
[OperationContract]
string GetMessage();
[OperationContract]
void SetMessage(string message);
S3.Implementation
private int Counter;
private static int StaticCounter;
Add the following to the AddNumbers method

Interlocked.Increment(ref Counter);
Interlocked.Increment(ref StaticCounter);
24
Sessions
F. 49
Implement Operations That Use Sessions

S3.Implementation
public int ReadCounter() {
return Counter;
}
public int ReadStaticCounter()
return StaticCounter;
}
private static string Message;
public string GetMessage() {
return Message;
}
public void SetMessage(string msg) {
Message = msg;
}
Sessions
F. 50
Call Operations That Use Sessions

C1.ClientUsingWSDL
Update ServiceReference
Display current state in a label
StateLabel.Text = "State: " + proxy.State;
Display session ID in a label

string id = proxy.InnerChannel.SessionId;
SessionLabel.Text = "Session: " +
(string.IsNullOrEmpty(id) ? "none" : id);
Test by switching between Basic and WS bindings

Basic does not support sessions but WS does
Every time you call AddNumbers the static counter will always
increment (even for multiple clients) but the instance counter
will only increment for bindings that support sessions
25
G. 1
Appendix G
Whats New in Visual Studio 2013
and Updated Exam
and Web Services
Whats New in Visual Studio 2013 and Updated Exam
G. 2
Changes for EF and WCF

Exam Topics: Query and manipulate data by using the Entity Framework
Perform asynchronous operations using Entity Framework
Map a stored procedure
Exam Topics: Query and manipulate data by using Data Provider for Entity Framework
Programmatically configure a Data Provider
Exam Topics: Query data by using LINQ to Entities
Log queries and database commands
Implement async query
Most of these topics have

already been covered in
the main slides
Exam Topics: Create an Entity Framework data model

Describe a data model by using Custom Code First Conventions
Exam Topics: Configure WCF services by using configuration settings
Configure bindings (including WebSocket bindings)
Configure message compressions and encoding
Exam Topics: Secure a WCF service
Design and implement multiple authentication modes
G. 3
Changes for Web API

Exam Topics: Design a Web API
Design and implement routes
Exam Topics: Implement a Web API

Implement attribute routing
Implement SignalR
Test Web API web services
Exam Topics: Secure a Web API

Design, implement, and extend authorization and
authentication filters to control access to the application
Implement Cross Origin Request Sharing (CORS)
Implement SSO by using OAuth 2.0
Configure multiple authentication modes on a single endpoint
Exam Topics: Host and manage Web API
Self-host a Web API in your own process (a Windows service) including
Open Web Interface for .NET (OWIN)
Exam Topics: Consume Web API web services
Request batching
G. 4
Changes for Deployment

Exam Topics: Choose a deployment strategy for a Windows Azure web application
Deploy applications using Azure Web Site
Exam Topics: Configure a web application for deployment
Configure WCF endpoints (including HTTPS protocol mapping), bindings, and behaviors
Enable and monitor ASP.NET App Suspend
Exam Topics: Create, configure, and publish a web package
Configure deployment
Exam Topics: Share assemblies between multiple applications and servers
Configure assembly binding redirects (for example, from MVC4 to MVC5)
Topic
WCF New Features
Slide
5
Web API Attribute Routing
Web API Other New Features
16
ASP.NET New Features
21
WCF New Features
G. 5
Miscellaneous Improvements
Improved Intellisense Support
Support for UDP Endpoint (udpBinding)
Typically TCP is used in non-time critical (may be non-realtime) applications but UDP is very useful for real-time
applications
TCP performs data-packets checking for the order of the
message to be send, it is slower than UDP
In UDP, packet delivery is not guaranteed and loss or out-ofarrival of packets is acceptable
What's New in WCF 4.5

http://www.dotnetcurry.com/showarticle.aspx?ID=866
WCF New Features
G. 6
HTTPS Protocol Mapping

In WCF 4.0
Default endpoint defines protocol mapping for basicHttpBinding
Although we had SSL support in previous versions of WCF, but it
was necessary to declare an explicit endpoint
In WCF 4.5
If IIS is enabled for SSL and if the service does not have any
explicit endpoint defined for the specific binding, then WCF can
be hosted on IIS with HTTPS enabled i.e. basicHttpsBinding
To experience the automatic Https protocol mapping on IIS, you
need to create an Application Pool with Identity as LocalSystem
WCF New Features
G. 7
Web Socket Binding

The support of WebSocket in WCF 4.5 is achieved
through NetHttpBinding and NetHttpsBinding
WebSocket is the new protocol for bidirectional communication
over port 80 and 443
NetHttpBinding with WebSocket can replace the use of
WsDualHttpBinding, since WebSocket provides a duplex channel
which also supports sessions
This is better than WsDualHttpBinding which uses two channels,

and require the use of WS-ReliableMessaging for session
management
<endpoint address="http://localhost:8083"
binding="netHttpBinding"
contract="Contracts.IDuplexContract"/>
What's new in WCF 4.5? WebSocket support (Part 1 of 2)

http://www.codeproject.com/Articles/338789/What-s-new-in-WCF-WebSocket-support-Part-of
WCF New Features
G. 8
Authentication
WCF 4.5 enabled you to inherit the authentication
types from IIS, so you only need to declare them once
Set the clientCredentialType attribute to InheritedFromHost
<services>
<service name="MyService">
<endpoint address="" binding="basicHttpBinding"
contract="Mycontract" bindingConfiguration="secured"/>
</service>
</services>
<bindings>
<basicHttpBinding>
<binding name="secured">
<security mode="Transport">
<transport clientCredentialType="InheritedFromHost" />
Whats new in WCF 4.5? Multiple authentication support on a single endpoint in IIS
http://blogs.microsoft.co.il/idof/2011/09/25/whats-new-in-wcf-45-multiple-authentication-support-on-a-single-endpoint-in-iis/
G. 9
What Is It?
Attribute routing gives you more control over the URIs
in your web API
The earlier style of routing, called convention-based routing, is
still fully supported
You can combine both techniques in the same project
One advantage of convention-based routing is that

templates are defined in a single place, and the routing
rules are applied consistently across all controllers
Unfortunately, convention-based routing makes it hard to
support certain URI patterns that are common in RESTful APIs
Attribute Routing in Web API 2

http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/web-api-routing-and-actions/attribute-routing-in-web-api-2
Create a REST API with Attribute Routing in Web API 2

http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/web-api-routing-and-actions/create-a-rest-api-with-attribute-routing
G. 10
Why Is It Useful?
Resources often contain child resources: Customers
have orders, books have authors, and so forth
Its natural to create URIs that reflect these relations
/customers/1/orders
This type of URI is difficult to create using convention-based

routing
With attribute routing, its trivial to define a route for

this URI
[Route("customers/{customerId}/orders")]
public IEnumerable<Order> GetOrdersByCustomer(int customerId)
G. 11
How to Enable Attribute Routing

Call MapHttpAttributeRoutes during configuration
using System.Web.Http;
public static class WebApiConfig
{
public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
{
// Web API configuration and services
// Web API routes
config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes();
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
name: "DefaultApi",
routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);
}
}
G. 12
Route Prefixes
You can set a common prefix for an entire controller
[RoutePrefix("api/books")]
public class BooksController : ApiController
{
// GET api/books
[Route("")]
public IEnumerable<Book> Get() { ... }
// GET api/books/5
[Route("{id:int}")]
public Book Get(int id) { ... }
// POST api/books
[Route("")]
public HttpResponseMessage Post(Book book) { ... }
// GET /api/authors/1/books
[Route("~/api/authors/{authorId:int}/books")]
public IEnumerable<Book> GetByAuthor(int authorId) { ... }
}
G. 13
Route Constraints
The general syntax is "{parameter:constraint}
Here, the first route will only be selected if the "id" segment of
the URI is an integer
Otherwise, the second route will be chosen
[Route("users/{id:int}"]
public User GetUserById(int id)
[Route("users/{name}"]
public User GetUserByName(string name)
Some, such as min, take arguments in parentheses

[Route("users/{id:int:min(1)}")]
public User GetUserById(int id)
Route Constraints
http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/web-api-routing-and-actions/attribute-routing-in-web-api-2#constraints
G. 14
Custom Route Constraints
using System.Web.Http.Routing;
Implement the IHttpRouteConstraint interface

public class NonZeroConstraint : IHttpRouteConstraint
{
public bool Match(HttpRequestMessage request, IHttpRoute route,
string parameterName, IDictionary<string, object> values,
HttpRouteDirection routeDirection)
Register the route constraint

var constraintResolver = new DefaultInlineConstraintResolver();
constraintResolver.ConstraintMap.Add(
"nonzero", typeof(NonZeroConstraint));
config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes(constraintResolver);
Apply the route constraint

[Route("{id:nonzero}")]
public HttpResponseMessage GetNonZero(int id)
G. 15
Route Name and Order

Setting a route name
[Route("api/books/{id}", Name="GetBookById")]
public BookDto GetBook(int id)
Setting a route order (default is zero)

[RoutePrefix("orders")]
public class OrdersController : ApiController
{
[Route("{id:int}")] // constrained parameter (2nd)
public HttpResponseMessage Get(int id) { ... }
[Route("details")] // literal (1st)
public HttpResponseMessage GetDetails() { ... }
[Route("pending", RouteOrder = 1)] // (would be 2nd, but now 5th)
public HttpResponseMessage GetPending() { ... }
[Route("{customerName}")] // unconstrained parameter (3rd)
public HttpResponseMessage GetByCustomer(string customerName) { ... }
[Route("{*date:datetime}")] // wildcard (4th)
public HttpResponseMessage Get(DateTime date) { ... }
}
G. 16
Request Batching
using System.Web.Http.Batch;
Useful way of minimizing the number of messages that

are passed between the client and the server
To enable batching in general, use custom message handlers
(DefaultHttpBatchHandler, DefaultODataBatchHandler) which
you can register per-route to handle the batch requests
config.Routes.MapHttpBatchRoute(routeName: "WebApiBatch",
routeTemplate: "api/$batch", batchHandler:
new DefaultHttpBatchHandler(GlobalConfiguration.DefaultServer));
On the client side you can use the existing Web API
client library to submit a batch request
Web API Batching

http://aspnetwebstack.codeplex.com/wikipage?title=Web+API+Request+Batching
G. 17
SSO with OAuth 2.0

To authenticate a simple http request in a Web API
service you have to send a token in the http
authorization header
When Microsoft released Web API it did not provide any
tool or api to handle authentication
This gap was immediately filled by open source providers such
as Dominic Baeir see Thinktecture.IdentityModel
Microsoft now has the JWT Token handler that should be used to
validate JWT tokens on the web api application
You can include it by importing the NuGet Package: JSON Web
Token Handler for Microsoft .Net framework 4.5
How to Authenticate Web API using OAuth 2.0

http://blogs.microsoft.co.il/applisec/2013/10/15/how-to-authenticate-web-api-using-oauth-20/
G. 18
The Open Web Interface for .NET (OWIN)

OWIN defines a standard interface between .NET web
servers and web applications
The goal of the OWIN interface is to decouple server and
application
The Katana project represents the set of OWIN components
that, while still open source, are built and released by Microsoft
There are three hosting options for Katana

IIS/ASP.NET, Custom Host, OwinHost.exe
Katana includes two server implementations

Microsoft.Owin.Host.SystemWeb
Microsoft.Owin.Host.HttpListener
An Overview of Project Katana

http://www.asp.net/aspnet/overview/owin-and-katana/an-overview-of-project-katana
G. 19
Use OWIN to Self-Host ASP.NET Web API 2

Add the Web API and OWIN Packages
Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.OwinSelfHost
Configure Web API for Self-Host

namespace OwinSelfhostSample
using Owin;
{
using System.Web.Http;
public class Startup
{
public void Configuration(IAppBuilder appBuilder)
{
HttpConfiguration config = new HttpConfiguration();
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
name: "DefaultApi",
routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);
appBuilder.UseWebApi(config);
http://www.asp.net/web-api/overview/hosting-aspnet-web-api/use-owin-to-self-host-web-api
G. 20

Add a Web API controller
Something like the ValuesController
using Microsoft.Owin.Hosting;
using System;
using System.Net.Http;
Start the OWIN Host and Make a Request

static void Main()
{
string baseAddress = "http://localhost:9000/";
using (WebApp.Start<Startup>(url: baseAddress))
{
var client = new HttpClient();
var response = client.GetAsync(baseAddress + "api/values").Result;
Console.WriteLine(response);
Console.WriteLine(response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result);
}
Console.ReadLine();
}
10
G. 21
App Suspend
Radically changes the economic model for hosting large
numbers of ASP.NET sites on a server
Built on top of a new feature in Windows Server
2012 R2 called IIS Idle Worker Process Page-out
Its the cloud version of the app suspend (AKA tombstoning) that
you see in Windows Phone and Windows Store apps
ASP.NET App Suspend responsive shared .NET web hosting

http://blogs.msdn.com/b/dotnet/archive/2013/10/09/asp-net-app-suspend-responsive-shared-net-web-hosting.aspx
G. 22
App Suspend
App Suspend is a
new setting in IIS
configuration,
available on each
application pool
You can validate
that an app was
suspended in the
event viewer, in the
Application event
log
Search for event 2310
Enable and monitor ASP.NET App Suspend on Windows Server 2012 R2
http://blogs.msdn.com/b/webdev/archive/2013/10/09/enable-and-monitor-asp-net-app-suspend-on-windows-server-2012-r2.aspx
11

MCSD Web Applications Certification Windows Azure Web Services

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Microsoft

MCSD: 70-487: Developing

Updated 11th April 2014

Developing Windows Azure and Web Services

Course and Exam Contents

Jun 2013 to Jan 2014

50% code / 50% configuration

Microsoft Exam 70-487 Study Guide

Developing Windows Azure and Web Services

Estimate of Number of Exam Questions per Module

1: Overview of Service and Cloud Technologies

2: Querying and Manipulating Data Using Entity Framework

3: Creating and Consuming ASP.NET Web API Services

4: Extending and Securing ASP.NET Web API Services

5: Creating WCF Services

7: Windows Azure Service Bus

9: Windows Azure Storage

10: Monitoring and Diagnostics

12: Scaling Services

A: Designing and Extending WCF Services

B: Implementing Security in WCF Services

C: Classic XML and ADO.NET

Firebrand Extra Slides

Total questions in exam

Data APIs in .NET (2002-2007)

Custom Classes and Collections

.NET Data Provider

* .NET 2.0 adds minor improvements like TableAdapters

The objects should be persistence ignorant

Data APIs in .NET (2008-2011)

DataSet (change tracking, filtering, sorting,

Custom Classes and Collections

Entity Data Model

.NET Data Provider

Entity Framework vs. LINQ to SQL

Will be supported, but not improved

Entity Framework, .NET 3.5 SP1

Data APIs in .NET (2012+)

Module 2: Entity Framework 5 (2Visual Studio 2012)

Entity Data Model

DataSet (change tracking, filtering, sorting,

Custom Classes and Collections

.NET Data Provider (SqlClient, OracleClient, etc.)

Entity Framework Assemblies

Some Visual Studio templates do not include the new

You must add the NuGet package for EntityFramework

Data Access APIs: Why Use

ADO.NET Entity Framework

Code-First with DbContext: for simple one-to-one mapping

WCF Data Services or ASP.NET Web API OData

Windows Azure Storage (scalable, REST-style)

Which Databases Work with Entity Framework?

Entity Framework and LINQ

To go further into EF 4.1+

LINQ to Objects using C# 4.0

Windows Communication Foundation (WCF)

Why this book?

Every Object Should be a WCF Service