REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES, Petitioner,

v.
CIPRIANO ORBECIDO III, Respondent.
G.R. No. 154380
DECISION
QUISUMBING, J.:
Given a valid marriage between two Filipino citizens, where one
party is later naturalized as a foreign citizen and obtains a valid
divorce decree capacitating him or her to remarry, can the Filipino
spouse likewise remarry under Philippine law?
Before us is a case of first impression that behooves the Court to
make a definite ruling on this apparently novel question, presented
as a pure question of law.
In this petition for review, the Solicitor General assails the
Decision[1] dated May 15, 2002, of the Regional Trial Court of
Molave, Zamboanga del Sur, Branch 23 and its Resolution[2] dated
July 4, 2002 denying the motion for reconsideration. The court a
quo had declared that herein respondent Cipriano Orbecido III is
capacitated to remarry. The fallo of the impugned Decision reads:
WHEREFORE, by virtue of the provision of the second
paragraph of Art. 26 of the Family Code and by reason of the divorce
decree obtained against him by his American wife, the petitioner is
given the capacity to remarry under the Philippine Law.
IT IS SO ORDERED.[3]
The factual antecedents, as narrated by the trial court, are as
follows.
On May 24, 1981, Cipriano Orbecido III married Lady Myros M.
Villanueva at the United Church of Christ in the Philippines in Laman, Ozamis City. Their marriage was blessed with a son and a
daughter, Kristoffer Simbortriz V. Orbecido and Lady Kimberly V.
Orbecido.

In 1986, Ciprianos wife left for the United States bringing along their
son Kristoffer. A few years later, Cipriano discovered that his wife
had been naturalized as an American citizen.
Sometime in 2000, Cipriano learned from his son that his wife had
obtained a divorce decree and then married a certain Innocent
Stanley. She, Stanley and her child by him currently live at 5566 A.
Walnut Grove Avenue, San Gabriel, California.
Cipriano thereafter filed with the trial court a petition for
authority to remarry invoking Paragraph 2 of Article 26 of the Family
Code. No opposition was filed. Finding merit in the petition, the
court granted the same. The Republic, herein petitioner, through the
Office of the Solicitor General (OSG), sought reconsideration but it
was denied.
In this petition, the OSG raises a pure question of law:
WHETHER OR NOT RESPONDENT CAN REMARRY UNDER ARTICLE 26
OF THE FAMILY CODE[4]
The OSG contends that Paragraph 2 of Article 26 of the
Family Code is not applicable to the instant case because it only
applies to a valid mixed marriage; that is, a marriage celebrated
between a Filipino citizen and an alien. The proper remedy,
according to the OSG, is to file a petition for annulment or for legal
separation.[5] Furthermore, the OSG argues there is no law that
governs respondents situation. The OSG posits that this is a matter
of legislation and not of judicial determination.[6]
For his part, respondent admits that Article 26 is not directly
applicable to his case but insists that when his naturalized alien wife
obtained a divorce decree which capacitated her to remarry, he is
likewise capacitated by operation of law pursuant to Section 12,
Article II of the Constitution.[7]
At the outset, we note that the petition for authority to
remarry filed before the trial court actually constituted a petition for
declaratory relief. In this connection, Section 1, Rule 63 of the Rules
of Court provides:

RULE 63
DECLARATORY RELIEF AND SIMILAR REMEDIES
Section 1. Who may file petitionAny person interested under
a deed, will, contract or other written instrument, or whose rights are
affected by a statute, executive order or regulation, ordinance, or
other governmental regulation may, before breach or violation
thereof, bring an action in the appropriate Regional Trial Court to
determine any question of construction or validity arising, and for a
declaration of his rights or duties, thereunder.
...
The requisites of a petition for declaratory relief are: (1) there
must be a justiciable controversy; (2) the controversy must be
between persons whose interests are adverse; (3) that the party
seeking the relief has a legal interest in the controversy; and (4) that
the issue is ripe for judicial determination.[8]
This case concerns the applicability of Paragraph 2 of Article 26 to a
marriage between two Filipino citizens where one later acquired
alien citizenship, obtained a divorce decree, and remarried while in
the U.S.A. The interests of the parties are also adverse, as petitioner
representing the State asserts its duty to protect the institution of
marriage while respondent, a private citizen, insists on a declaration
of his capacity to remarry. Respondent, praying for relief, has legal
interest in the controversy. The issue raised is also ripe for judicial
determination inasmuch as when respondent remarries, litigation
ensues and puts into question the validity of his second marriage.
Coming now to the substantive issue, does Paragraph 2 of
Article 26 of the Family Code apply to the case of respondent?
Necessarily, we must dwell on how this provision had come about in
the first place, and what was the intent of the legislators in its
enactment?
Brief Historical Background
On July 6, 1987, then President Corazon Aquino signed into law
Executive Order No. 209, otherwise known as the Family Code,
which took effect on August 3, 1988. Article 26 thereof states:

All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines in accordance with

the laws in force in the country where they were solemnized, and
valid there as such, shall also be valid in this country, except those
prohibited under Articles 35, 37, and 38.
On July 17, 1987, shortly after the signing of the original Family
Code, Executive Order No. 227 was likewise signed into law,
amending Articles 26, 36, and 39 of the Family Code. A second
paragraph was added to Article 26. As so amended, it now provides:
ART. 26. All marriages solemnized outside the Philippines in
accordance with the laws in force in the country where they were
solemnized, and valid there as such, shall also be valid in this
country, except those prohibited under Articles 35(1), (4), (5) and
(6), 36, 37 and 38.
Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is
validly celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained
abroad by the alien spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the
Filipino spouse shall have capacity to remarry under Philippine law.
(Emphasis supplied)
On its face, the foregoing provision does not appear to govern the
situation presented by the case at hand. It seems to apply only to
cases where at the time of the celebration of the marriage, the
parties are a Filipino citizen and a foreigner. The instant case is one
where at the time the marriage was solemnized, the parties were
two Filipino citizens, but later on, the wife was naturalized as an
American citizen and subsequently obtained a divorce granting her
capacity to remarry, and indeed she remarried an American citizen
while residing in the U.S.A.
Noteworthy, in the Report of the Public Hearings[9] on the Family
Code, the Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines (CBCP)
registered the following objections to Paragraph 2 of Article 26:
1.
The rule is discriminatory. It discriminates against
those whose spouses are Filipinos who divorce them abroad. These
spouses who are divorced will not be able to re-marry, while the
spouses of foreigners who validly divorce them abroad can.

2.
This is the beginning of the recognition of the validity of
divorce even for Filipino citizens. For those whose foreign spouses
validly divorce them abroad will also be considered to be validly
divorced here and can re-marry. We propose that this be deleted
and made into law only after more widespread consultation.
(Emphasis supplied.)
Legislative Intent
Records of the proceedings of the Family Code deliberations showed
that the intent of Paragraph 2 of Article 26, according to Judge Alicia
Sempio-Diy, a member of the Civil Code Revision Committee, is to
avoid the absurd situation where the Filipino spouse remains married
to the alien spouse who, after obtaining a divorce, is no longer
married to the Filipino spouse.
Interestingly, Paragraph 2 of Article 26 traces its origin to the 1985
case of Van Dorn v. Romillo, Jr.[10] The Van Dorn case involved a
marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner. The Court held
therein that a divorce decree validly obtained by the alien spouse is
valid in the Philippines, and consequently, the Filipino spouse is
capacitated to remarry under Philippine law.
Does the same principle apply to a case where at the time of the
celebration of the marriage, the parties were Filipino citizens, but
later on, one of them obtains a foreign citizenship by naturalization?
The jurisprudential answer lies latent in the 1998 case of Quita v.
Court of Appeals.[11] In Quita, the parties were, as in this case,
Filipino citizens when they got married. The wife became a
naturalized American citizen in 1954 and obtained a divorce in the
same year. The Court therein hinted, by way of obiter dictum, that a
Filipino divorced by his naturalized foreign spouse is no longer
married under Philippine law and can thus remarry.
Thus, taking into consideration the legislative intent and applying
the rule of reason, we hold that Paragraph 2 of Article 26 should be
interpreted to include cases involving parties who, at the time of the
celebration of the marriage were Filipino citizens, but later on, one of
them becomes naturalized as a foreign citizen and obtains a divorce
decree. The Filipino spouse should likewise be allowed to remarry as

if the other party were a foreigner at the time of the solemnization of

the marriage. To rule otherwise would be to sanction absurdity and
injustice. Where the interpretation of a statute according to its exact
and literal import would lead to mischievous results or contravene
the clear purpose of the legislature, it should be construed according
to its spirit and reason, disregarding as far as necessary the letter of
the law. A statute may therefore be extended to cases not within
the literal meaning of its terms, so long as they come within its spirit
or intent.[12]
If we are to give meaning to the legislative intent to avoid the
absurd situation where the Filipino spouse remains married to the
alien spouse who, after obtaining a divorce is no longer married to
the Filipino spouse, then the instant case must be deemed as
coming within the contemplation of Paragraph 2 of Article 26.
In view of the foregoing, we state the twin elements for the
application of Paragraph 2 of Article 26 as follows:
1.
There is a valid marriage that has been celebrated
between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner; and
2.
A valid divorce is obtained abroad by the alien spouse
capacitating him or her to remarry.
The reckoning point is not the citizenship of the parties at the time of
the celebration of the marriage, but their citizenship at the time a
valid divorce is obtained abroad by the alien spouse capacitating the
latter to remarry.
In this case, when Ciprianos wife was naturalized as an American
citizen, there was still a valid marriage that has been celebrated
between her and Cipriano. As fate would have it, the naturalized
alien wife subsequently obtained a valid divorce capacitating her to
remarry. Clearly, the twin requisites for the application of Paragraph
2 of Article 26 are both present in this case. Thus Cipriano, the
divorced Filipino spouse, should be allowed to remarry.
We are also unable to sustain the OSGs theory that the proper
remedy of the Filipino spouse is to file either a petition for annulment
or a petition for legal separation. Annulment would be a long and
tedious process, and in this particular case, not even feasible,

considering that the marriage of the parties appears to have all the
badges of validity. On the other hand, legal separation would not be
a sufficient remedy for it would not sever the marriage tie; hence,
the legally separated Filipino spouse would still remain married to
the naturalized alien spouse.
However, we note that the records are bereft of competent
evidence duly submitted by respondent concerning the divorce
decree and the naturalization of respondents wife. It is settled rule
that one who alleges a fact has the burden of proving it and mere
allegation is not evidence.[13]
Accordingly, for his plea to prosper, respondent herein must
prove his allegation that his wife was naturalized as an American
citizen. Likewise, before a foreign divorce decree can be recognized
by our own courts, the party pleading it must prove the divorce as a
fact and demonstrate its conformity to the foreign law allowing it.
[14] Such foreign law must also be proved as our courts cannot
take judicial notice of foreign laws. Like any other fact, such laws
must be alleged and proved.[15] Furthermore, respondent must
also show that the divorce decree allows his former wife to remarry
as specifically required in Article 26. Otherwise, there would be no
evidence sufficient to declare that he is capacitated to enter into
another marriage.
Nevertheless, we are unanimous in our holding that Paragraph
2 of Article 26 of the Family Code (E.O. No. 209, as amended by E.O.
No. 227), should be interpreted to allow a Filipino citizen, who has
been divorced by a spouse who had acquired foreign citizenship and
remarried, also to remarry. However, considering that in the present
petition there is no sufficient evidence submitted and on record, we
are unable to declare, based on respondents bare allegations that
his wife, who was naturalized as an American citizen, had obtained a
divorce decree and had remarried an American, that respondent is
now capacitated to remarry. Such declaration could only be made
properly upon respondents submission of the aforecited evidence in
his favor.
ACCORDINGLY, the petition by the Republic of the Philippines
is GRANTED. The assailed Decision dated May 15, 2002, and

Resolution dated July 4, 2002, of the Regional Trial Court of Molave,

Zamboanga del Sur, Branch 23, are hereby SET ASIDE.
No pronouncement as to costs.
SO ORDERED.
[1]
Rollo, pp. 20-22.
[2]
Id. at 27-29.
[3]
Id. at 21-22.
[4]
Id. at 105.
[5]
Id. at 106-110.
[6]
Id. at 110.
[7]
Sec. 12. The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and
shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social
institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life
of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and
duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the
development of moral character shall receive the support of the
Government.
[8]
Office of the Ombudsman v. Ibay, G.R. No. 137538, 3
September 2001, 364 SCRA 281, 286, citing Galarosa v. Valencia,
G.R. No. 109455, 11 November 1993, 227 SCRA 729, 737.
[9]
Held on January 27 and 28, 1988 and February 3, 1988.
[10]
No. L-68470, 8 October 1985, 139 SCRA 139.
[11]
G.R. No. 124862, 22 December 1998, 300 SCRA 406.
[12]
Lopez & Sons, Inc. v. Court of Tax Appeals, No. L-9274, 1
February 1957, 100 Phil. 850, 855.
[13]
Cortes v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No. 121772, 13 January 2003,
395 SCRA 33, 38.
[14]
Garcia v. Recio, G.R. No. 138322, 2 October 2001, 366 SCRA
437, 447.
[15]
Id. at 451.