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Exercises

This document contains a series of exercises related to representations of groups and matrices. It begins by asking the reader to determine 1-dimensional representations of various groups like Cn, Dn, and Q8. It then defines the commutator subgroup of a group and asks questions related to how 1-dimensional representations interact with this subgroup. Subsequent exercises involve determining 2-dimensional representations, properties of matrices over fields like being diagonalizable, and decomposing matrices into semisimple and nilpotent parts. Later questions focus on determining simple representations of groups over fields like C, R, and Q.

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23 views

Exercises

This document contains a series of exercises related to representations of groups and matrices. It begins by asking the reader to determine 1-dimensional representations of various groups like Cn, Dn, and Q8. It then defines the commutator subgroup of a group and asks questions related to how 1-dimensional representations interact with this subgroup. Subsequent exercises involve determining 2-dimensional representations, properties of matrices over fields like being diagonalizable, and decomposing matrices into semisimple and nilpotent parts. Later questions focus on determining simple representations of groups over fields like C, R, and Q.

Uploaded by

2eaa889c
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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17

Exercises 1
All representations are over C, unless the contrary is stated.
In Exercises 0111 determine all 1-dimensional representations of the given group.
1 C2
2 C3
3 Cn
6 Dn
7 Q8
8 A4
11 D = hr, s : s2 = 1, rsr = si

4 D2
9 An

5 D3
10 Z

Suppose G is a group; and suppose g, h G. The element [g, h] = ghg 1 h1 is


called the commutator of g and h. The subgroup G0 [G, G] is generated by all
commutators in G is called the commutator subgroup, or derived group of G.
12 Show that G0 lies in the kernel of any 1-dimensional representation of G,
ie (g) acts trivially if g G0 .
13 Show that G0 is a normal subgroup of G, and that G/G0 is abelian. Show
moreover that if K is a normal subgroup of G then G/K is abelian if and only if
G0 K. [In other words, G0 is the smallest normal subgroup such that G/G0 is
abelian.)
14 Show that the 1-dimensional representations of G form an abelian group
G under multiplication. [Nb: this notation G is normally only used when G is
abelian.]
15 Show that C
= Cn .
n

16 Show that for any 2 groups G, H


(G H) = G H .
17 By using the Structure Theorem on Finite Abelian Groups (stating that
each such group is expressible as a product of cyclic groups) or otherwise, show
that
A
=A
for any finite abelian group A.
18 Suppose : G H is a homomorphism of groups. Then each representation of H defines a representation of G.
19 Show that the 1-dimensional representations of G and of G/G0 are in oneone correspondence.
In Exercises 2024 determine the derived group G0 of the given group G.
20 Cn
24 Q8

21 Dn
25 Sn

22 Z
26 A4

23 D
27 An

Exercises 2
All representations are over C, unless the contrary is stated.
In Exercises 0115 determine all 2-dimensional representations (up to equivalence) of the given group.
1 C2
6 D5
11 A4

2 C3
7 Dn
12 An

3 Cn
8 S3
13 Q8

4 D2
9 S4
14 Z

5 D4
10 Sn
15 D

16 Show that a real matrix A Mat(n, R) is diagonalisable over R if and


only if its minimal polynomial has distinct roots, all of which are real.
17 Show that a rational matrix A Mat(n, Q) is diagonalisable over Q if and
only if its minimal polynomial has distinct roots, all of which are rational.
18 If 2 real matrices A, B Mat(n, R) are similar over C, are they necessarily similar over R, ie can we find a matrix P GL(n, R) such that B = P AP 1 ?
19 If 2 rational matrices A, B Mat(n, Q) are similar over C, are they
necessarily similar over Q?
20 If 2 integral matrices A, B Mat(n, Z) are similar over C, are they
necessarily similar over Z, ie can we find an integral matrix P GL(n, Z) with
integral inverse, such that B = P AP 1 ?
The matrix A Mat(n, k) is said to be semisimple if its minimal polynomial has
distinct roots. It is said to be nilpotent if Ar = 0 for some r > 0.
21 Show that a matrix A Mat(n, k) cannot be both semisimple and nilpotent, unless A = 0.
22 Show that a polynomial p(x) has distinct roots if and only if
gcd (p(x), p0 (x)) = 1.
23 Show that every matrix A Mat(n, C) is uniquely expressible in the
form
A = S + N,
where S is semisimple, N is nilpotent, and
SN = N S.
(We call S and N the semisimple and nilpotent parts of A.)
24 Show that S and N are expressible as polynomials in A.
25 Suppose the matrix B Mat(n, C) commutes with all matrices that
commute with A, ie
AX = XA = BX = XB.
Show that B is expressible as a polynomial in A.

Exercises 3
In Exercises 0110 determine all simple representations of the given group over
C.
1 C2
2 C3
3 Cn
4 D2
5 D4
6 D5
7 Dn
8 S3
9 A4
10 Q8
In Exercises 1120 determine all simple representations of the given group over
R.
11 C2
12 C3
13 Cn
14 D2
15 D4
16 D5
17 Dn
18 S3
19 A4
20 Q8
In Exercises 2125 determine all simple representations of the given group over
the rationalsQ.
21 Cn

22 Dn

23 S3

24 Q8

25 A4

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