The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

URBAN SEISMIC GROUND MOTION: A COUPLED EFFECT OF SITE AND

URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Philippe GUEGUEN
LGIT, University of Grenoble, CNRS, LCPC, Grenoble, France
Email: [email protected]
ABSTRACT :
During the World Trade Center terrorism attack, several records done by the Lamont network have clearly
shown seismic signals from the two aircraft impacts, up to distance 35km far from WTC site. For the first time,
the energy of the induced motion produced during the impact of the first tower has been evaluated as
equivalent to those produced by an equivalent Ml 0.9 earthquake located at the WTC site while the motion
generated by the aircraft impact at the building top was roughly computed as 0.40m. Here we explicitly
simulate the WTC tower motion and its induced effect on ground produced by the aircraft shocks. We show
that the induced wave has spectral characteristics corresponding to a higher vibration mode of the building and
the nearby ground motion might have high amplitude that should not be neglected during a realistic
earthquake.
KEYWORDS:

WTC, site-city interaction, urban seismology.

1. INTRODUCTION
Recent scientific papers (e.g., Guguen et al., 2000, 2002; Groby et al., 2005; Guguen and Bard, 2006; Kham
et al., 2006) have shown the effect of the building vibration on the ground motion. In particular, they showed
the importance of such a phenomenon in case of dense urban environment. It results from the combination of
three processes: (1) the soil-structure interaction process (SSI) that may considerably disturb the seismic
building response, especially when the foundation rests on soft soil; (2) the structure-soil interaction (StSI)
process that traduces the radiative damping of the structure, i.e. it radiates back into the ground a part of its
vibration energy as seismic waves; (3) the seismic site effects process (SSE) that may favor the trapping of the
waves induced by the building motion. All these processes define what Guguen et al. (2002) first called the
Site-City effects, a specific part of urban seismology.
Jennings (1970) during an one-scaled experiment performed on the California Institute of Technology campus
in California, and more recently Guguen et al (2000) in Greece at the Volvi European test site during a 1/3scaled experiment showed the importance of this phenomena and concluded that it is not exclusively a local
phenomenon. The induced waves may conserve energy up to sizable distances. Two other observations have
been done which convinced us of the non-neglected effect of the StSI. First (Kanamori et al., 1989), when
Columbia shuttle was back into the atmosphere, the atmospheric shock wave simultaneously created had
excited a group of high-rise buildings located in Los Angeles downtown. These buildings freed a portion of
their vibrational energy in the form of compression waves transmitted to the ground via foundations and
recorded by the Southern California seismological stations. Second, during the terrorist attack in New York in
2002 which destroyed the World Trade Center twin towers, the aircraft impacts at the top of each tower were
recorded by the Lamont seismological network (Kim et al., 2001), thanks to a seismic wave clearly identify as
the results of the building vibration effect.
The aim of this work is to model the effect of WTC-1 vibration after the aircraft impact on the ground. After
the description of the building and the model used in this study, we compare the modeling and observation of
the ground motion induced at Palisades Lamont seismological network station. Then, the close ground motion
is computed and compared to the seismic ground motion that could be produced by earthquake.

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

2. BEHAVIOR OF WTC-1 BUILDING UNDER AIRCRAFT IMPACT LOAD

2.1. Model of building

WTC-1 and WTC-2 were 110-story structural steel office towers with seven basement floors. WTC-1 was 417
m high and 63.5m square in plane. The resistant frame was composed by 4x59 squared-box columns
(0.35x0.35) located along the perimeter with steel spandrel beams for resisting to the horizontal design wind
load. An additional rectangular core located in the centre of the tower was designed to support about 60% of
the gravity load due to the weight of the structure. The total weight of WTC-1 above ground was estimated at
3.63 103 MN (Tsuruta, 1970). All the mechanical characteristics of the WTC-1 used in our study are
summarized in Tab. 1.
Table 1: Characteristics of the WTC-1 tower used for modeling.
Static properties
Dynamic properties
Dimensions
HxLxB
417x63.5x63.5 m
Steel Young modulus
Number of floors
N
110
Story height
h
3.79m
Damping
1st-Period
Total mass
M
3.63 108 kg
2nd-Period
Mass/floor
m
3.3 106 kg
Column dimension b_ext
0.35x0.35 m
3rd-Period
b_int
0.32x0.32 m
Inertia momentum
i
3.76 10-4 m4
Number of columns
Nc
4x59
Inertia of tower
I
0.08 m4

2.1 e11Pa

T1
T2
T3

3%
12.9 s
4.3 s
2.6 s

Even if some elevation irregularities of design exist, the WTC-1 tower was assumed to behave as a uniform
shear beam (Fig. 1). The building mode shapes and frequencies are given by:

n = sin

2n 1 x

2 H

(1)
1/ 2

2n 1 12 EI
n =

m.h.H 2
2

(2)

Periods found by this formula, and considering the characteristics given in Tab. 1, are 12.9, 4.3 and 2.6 seconds
for the first, second and third modes, respectively (Fig. 1), close to the values given by Omika et al (2005).
Structural damping of 3% was measured by Mahmoodi et al. (1987) for the fundamental and secondary
vibration modes, based on wind response analysis.
The time history of the damped free-vibration response is given by:

& (0 ) + Y (0 )

Y
n
n n sin (t ) e n n t
Yn (t ) = Yn (0 ) cos Dn (t ) + n
Dn
Dn

(3)

T
T mv(0)
& (0) = n mv& (0) .
in which Dn = n 1 2n , Yn (0 ) = n
and Y
n
T
T
n m n
n m n
&
The initial conditions Yn (0) and Yn (0) are then determined from the initial displacement v(0) and velocity
v& (0) vectors. Time histories of the total displacement can be obtained using the modal superposition as follow:

v(t) = 1Y1(t)+2Y2(t)+ ....+NYN(t)

(4)

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

a)
b)
Figure 1. a) Lumped mass model used for WTC-1 tower modeling with the position of the loading due to the
aircraft impact; b) Mode shapes and frequencies of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd modes.

2.2. Impact load on the WTC-1 tower

Each tower was hit by a Boeing 767, the WTC-1 tower at 12:46 TU. The aircraft chocked the North face of
WTC-1 close to the 95th floor, perpendicular to the face. The impact was close to the center of the WTC-1 side.
A lot of hypothesis must be done for evaluating the impact force loading that can be approximately calculated
according to Boeing data on this type of aircraft and reports published after the event. The mass of the aircraft
is about 150 103kg and its velocity at the impact is around 500 km/h. Because of the plane did not totally cross
the tower, we assume a reasonable decrease of aircraft speed over the horizontal dimension of the building, i.e.
63.5m. The aircraft was then arrested by the tower in t1=0.45 second. The equivalent impact force can be
calculated considering the momentum of the aircraft (i.e., mass x speed) divided by the effective time of
impact, that led us to consider an impact force equal to 46 MN. This value is close to the impact force
considering by Omika et al. (2005) for modeling the building response. Moreover, this force is less than the
design wind force on one face of the building, conform to the fact that total building collapses were not due to
impacts.
We assumed in this study the impact occurred from the 92th to the 98th floors, with linear reduction of impact
loading (Fig. 1). As reported by several authors (e.g. Sugano et al, 1993), the time history of the impact loading
is a rectangular impulse load. Then, the response of the structure may be divided into the loading phase
(t1=0.45 second) and the subsequent free-vibration phase. Because of the short time duration of the impact, the
response of the structure is calculated for an undamped Multi-Degree-Of-Freedom system, before the damping
forces can absorb energy. During the loading phase, the modal response of the structure is given by:
P
Yn (t ) = D n on (1 cos n t )
Kn
(5)

in which K n = M n n

and Pon = T
n Po

where Dn is the modal magnification factor for rectangular impulse force, Mn is the mass modal matrix and Po
is the vector of force applied along the North face of WTC-1 tower. Using superposition, displacements and
velocities of the building at the end of the impact loading phase are considered as initial condition
( v(0) and v& (0) ) for the free-vibration phase (Eq. 3).
The shear force and the resultant overturning moment at the base of the building, that will be considered as
acting on the ground, are given by the sum of all story forces, that is,

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

V(t ) = f si (t ) and f si (t ) = m 2n Yn (t )
i =1
N

(6)

M(t ) = x i f si (t )

i =1
where xi is the height of story i over the base.

Figure 2 displays the time histories of building top displacement and resulting forces acting on the ground. The
maximum displacement was approximately 45 cm on the 110th floor. The resultant shear base force and overturning
moment are around 200MN and 20 103 MNm. We can show on the Fourier spectra that several modes are exited by
the impact loading. Due to its time duration (t1=0.45s) and position, higher mode are significantly exited in
comparison to the fundamental one.

Figure 2. Time histories (left) and Fourier spectra (right) of the building top displacement (upper row), shear base
force (mid row) and overturning resisting force (lower row) resulting of the WTC-1 modeling subjected to the
aircraft impact.

3. GROUND MOTION INDUCED BY THE BUILDING MOTION

Shear base force and overturning moment were then assimilated to point-specific seismic sources applied at
the surface of the ground. The induced wavefield was then computed at any point in the space by using the
Hisadas code (1994, 1995). With this code, the analytic Greens functions are computed for any soil stratified
model and for any source-receivers configuration. One advantage of this code is it allows having sources and
receivers at the same depth that is the case in our study. In order to reproduce the extended shape of the
foundation, these forces are substituted by a couple of two forces spread along the soil-footing contact, given
the equivalent amplitude of force in the horizontal direction and the same amplitude of moment in vertical
direction. As mentioned in Guguen (2000), the effect of the number of discrete forces used to simulate the
extended shape of the foundation is insignificant enough to consider only two forces. In our study, we
computed wavefield up to 5 Hz, equivalent to the low-pass filter applied to the data recorded by the Lamont
observatory seismological network.
The soil profile is adapted from the analysis done by Kim et al. (2001) on the wavefield induced by the
collapse of WTC towers, recorded by Lamont-Doherty seismological network. It consists on a 400 m thick
layer (shear wave velocity 1= 1500 m/s; compressive wave velocity 1=3000m/s; density 1 = 2000 kg/m3; S
wave quality factor QS1 = 50; P wave quality factor QP1=100), over a stiff half-space (2 = 2500 m/s;
2=5000m/s; 2 = 2200 kg/m3; QP2 = 200; QS2 =100).

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

During the impact, the Palisades (PAL) seismological station (distance 34km toward the North-West) recorded
the induced wavefield (Fig. 3a). For that, we computed first the induced wavefield at the position of the PAL
station (Fig. 3b).
a) EHN, EHE and EHZ components Filter:0.6-5Hz PAL station

Fourier amplitude spectra - EHE component

b) EW, NS and ZZ components Filter : Low-pass 5Hz PAL site

Fourier amplitude spectra EW, NS and ZZ components

Figure 3. Time history (left) and amplitude spectra (right) of the induced wavefield observed (a) and calculated
(b) at the PAL station, 34 km toward the North-West from WTC-1 tower.

We observe similar time duration of the ground motion computed and observed at PAL station on the EW
component (around 20 s). On the other hand, the amplitude of the observed (273 nm/s) wavefield is higher
than computed one (around 100 m/s) but the same order of magnitude is considered. Differences may be due
to the hypothesis done on the building modeling and impact loading, as well as on the unknown parameters of
the soil profile. It is important to note that seismic signal from impact was characterized by relatively periodic
motion and its spectra was above noise only for frequencies from about 1.3 and 1.6Hz (Kim et al, 2001). We
observe also the same frequency content in our modeling, frequency that is 10 times the fundamental
frequency computed for WTC-1.
With the same model, we calculated the induced wavefield at the close vicinity of WTC-1 building. Figure 4
displays the EW and ZZ ground motion at 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 5000m from the WTC-1, at receivers
spread along the EW direction. We observed a strong ground motion with amplitude of 50 m/s at very short
distance on the vertical and East-West components. At 1km the amplitude still remain quite strong (around 1
m/s). In comparison, an ML=2.4 earthquake (2001/01/17) in Manhattan (New-York) produced at PAL a
seismic ground motion of 10 m/s (Kim et al., 2001) that confirms the strong effect of the building vibration
on the ground motion.
4. CONCLUSIONS

In most instances, buildings are studied as though they were isolated and ground motion is assumed to stem

The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China

solely from seismic activity. The notion of a potential man-induced modification to seismic risk within an
urban zone seemed completely incongruous. On the basis of simple analytical models, this study shown here
reveals that an isolated building submitted to shaking is capable of generating a wavefield detectable up to
distances on the order of 30 kilometer. The energy released within the soil suggested potential interaction at a
much larger scale, representative of an entire city. In fact, in the very close vicinity, induced ground motion
may be as strong as those produced by earthquake and it is not totally absurd to consider an additional seismic
wavefield coming from urban environment, in complement to the so-called seismic free-field motion.
The topic is far from being exhausted. A number of analytical perspectives remain to be examined in depth,
whether this pertains to improving knowledge of these phenomena, developing more efficient estimation tools or
simply furthering the experimental work to back up theoretical findings.

Figure 5. Time history of the wavefield induced by the WTC-1 building at 100, 200, 500, 1000 and 5000 m in
the Est direction

5. REFERENCES
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Analytical Study. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 92(2), 794-811.
Guguen P., Bard P.-Y., Oliveira C.S. (2000) Near to distant motions from an isolated RC-building model: experimental
and numerical approaches. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 90(6), 1464-1479.
Groby J.-P., Tsogka C., Wirgin A. (2005) Simulation of seismic response in a city-like environment. Soil Dyn. Earthq.
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Jennings P.C. (1970) Distant motions from a building vibration test. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., 60, 2037-2043.
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Mahmoodi P., Robertson L.E., Yontar M., Moy C. Feld L. (1987) Performance of viscoelastic dampers in World Trade
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The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering

October 12-17, 2008, Beijing, China