Introduction to Internet
Computing
Internet Computing
Dr. Lixin Tao
Typical Web Application
App Server
App Server
HTTP
Internet
TCP/IP
HTTP
Web Browser
Ethernet
HTTP
Web Browser
Web Server
HTML Doc
HTTP
DBMS
CGI, Servlet,
JSP
Tier1
Tier2
Tier3
Presentation layer: CGI, Servlet, JSP, ASP
Business logic layer: EJB, COM+, CORBA
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Dr. Lixin Tao
Hypertext Transaction Protocol
HTTP is an application protocol that allows
Web clients and servers to communicate
Main function of HTTP is to download HTTP
documents specified by URLs
HTTP is built on top of TCP/IP
HTTP is stateless
HTTP is Webs version of RPC
Current dominant version is HTTP 1.0
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Dr. Lixin Tao
HTTP Request
A Web client sends an HTTP request to a
Web server specified by a URL
An HTTP request has a request line, a few
request header fields, and an entity body
<method> <resource ID> <HTTP version>
[<header> : <value>]
[<header> : <value>]
(blank line)
[Entity body]
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Dr. Lixin Tao
HTTP Request Example
GET /path/file.html HTTP/1.0
Accept: text/html
Accept: audio/x
User-agent: MacWeb
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Dr. Lixin Tao
HTTP Response
Web server processes the HTTP request,
and sends back an HTTP response
HTTP response has a response header
line, a few response header fields, and an
entity body
<HTTP Version> <result code> [<explanation>]
[<header> : <value>]
[<header> : <value>]
(blank line)
[Entity body]
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Dr. Lixin Tao
HTTP Response Example
HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Server: NCSA/1.3
Mime_version: 1.0
Content_type: text/html
Content_length: 2000
<HTML>
</HTML>
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Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions
MIME was designed to support extensible
mechanisms for transmitting multimedia email
HTTP uses MIME to specify its contents type
Common HTTP content-types
Text/html
Text/plain
Image/gif
Image/jpeg
Video/mpeg
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Dr. Lixin Tao
Composition of a URL
A sample URL may look like
http://www.server.dom/app/resource?name=J&age=18
http://www.server.dom identifies a Web server
/app/resource identifies a resource of a Web
application app on the Web server
The substring after the ? mark is the query string.
It was originally designed to support database
queries. But it is mainly used to pass name/value
pairs to the Web server
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Dr. Lixin Tao
GET
GET is mainly for retrieving a file from a Web
server
When you enter a URL into the address field of a
Web browser, or when you click on a hyperlink,
the Web browser issues a GET HTTP request to
the target HTTP server
The URL for a GET may contain a query-string,
which may be used to pass arguments
The documents retrieved by GETs are usually
cached
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10
GET Example
Submit data from a form
<html>
<body>
<form method="get" action="http://server/app/input">
Enter your name: <input type="text" name="user">
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
After entering Ada and clicking on Submit, URL becomes
http://server/app/input?user=Ada
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11
Drawbacks of GET
Even though GET is the default HTTTP
method, it should not be used to submit
form data for two reasons
All user data goes to URL query string
It is hard to control how much data a user will
submit
All user data will be submitted through a
query_string environment variable, which has
limited memory capacity
If user data is larger than environment memory
capacity, the data may be truncated, or the server
may crash
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12
POST
POST is similar to GET, but user data is
transmitted to the Web server in the entity
body. The server processor (like CGI) can
read these data through System.in
It is safer to use POST to submit data to a
Web server
If POST is used, environment variable
query_string will not be set on the server
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13
How to Support a Session?
Typical e-commerce applications need to
maintain user data for a user session
HTTP is stateless: successive GET/POST
calls dont share information through HTTP:
a socket is opened to connect to the server,
submit data, process data, and return data.
Then socket connection terminates
Two basic patches to solve the problem
Hidden form fields
Cookie
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Hidden Form Fields
Inside an HTTP form, some data fields are
declared and made invisible:
<input type="hidden" name="x" value="100">
Session data is stored in hidden fields
Web browsers submit form data to Web
server, the server set value of some hidden
fields of the following form, and send the
new form back to the Web browser
Main problem: insecure. Hackers can use
View Source to read the values of the
hidden fields, and modify them
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Cookies
A cookie is a small piece of session data to
be stored on clients machine: x=1, y=hi
After a Web browser submits data to a Web
server, the server may create a sequence of
cookies in form of a sequence of
name=value pairs. Server may set the max
age of the cookies
The cookies are returned to the Web
browser as part of the response, and saved
in files on the client machine
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Cookies
When the client makes the next request to
the same Web server, all previous cookies
sent over by this server in this session will
be automatically sent back to the server
When the client shuts down the Web
browser, or if a cookies life has come to the
end, the cookie will be deleted from the
client machine
Main problems
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Insecure
Inefficient
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17
Web Server Extensions
Web server by itself is only responsible to serve
file requests
CGI and Servlet are simple extensions to Web
servers
If a request needs data processing, the Web
server will forward the request to a CGI or servlet
CGI or servlet processes the input data, and
dynamically generates an HTML file to let the
Web server send back to the client Web browser
CGI and Servlet are two standard interfaces for
Web server to communicate with Web extensions
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Common Gateway Interface (CGI)
Each Web server has its own way of
identifying requests for CGI applications
URL contains /cgi-bin
The target application has extension .cgi
For each CGI request, the Web server sets
values for a standard set of environment
variables including query_string, server_port,
request_method, content_length, and remote_host
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Common Gateway Interface
A CGI application is a script or
executable that reads request entity
body through standard system input
stream, reads value of environment
variables, composes an HTML file, and
sends the file through standard system
output stream
Main problem: Each CGI request starts
a new server process, slow and not
scalable
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Servlets
Servlets
Like applets running in a container, but
Execute on server's machine, supported by most
Web servers
Communication with client via HTTP protocol
Client sends HTTP request
Server receives request, servlets process it
Results returned (HTML document, images,
binary data)
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The Servlet API
Servlet interface
Implemented by all servlets
Many methods invoked automatically by servlet
container
Similar to applets (paint, init, start, etc.)
abstract classes that implement Servlet
GenericServlet (javax.servlet)
HTTPServlet (javax.servlet.http)
My example extends HTTPServlet
Methods
void init( ServletConfig config )
Automatically called, argument provided
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The Servlet API
Methods
ServletConfig getServletConfig()
Returns reference to config object, gives access
to config info
void service ( ServletRequest
request, ServletResponse response
)
Key method in all servlets
Provide access to input and output streams
Read from and send to client
void destroy()
Cleanup method, called when servlet exiting
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HttpServlet Class
HttpServlet
Base class for Web-based servlets
Overrides method service
Request methods:
GET - retrieve HTML documents or image
POST - send server data from HTML form
Methods doGet and doPost respond to GET
and POST
Called by service
Receive HttpServletRequest and
HttpServletResponse objects
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HttpServletRequest Interface
HttpServletRequest interface
Object passed to doGet and doPost
Extends ServletRequest
Methods
String getParameter( String name )
Returns value of parameter name
Enumeration getParameterNames()
Returns names of parameters
String[] getParameterValues( String name
)
Returns array of strings containing values of a parameter
Cookie[] getCookies()
Returns array of Cookie objects, can identify client
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HttpServletResponse Interface
HttpServletResponse
Object passed to doGet and doPost
Extends ServletResponse
Methods
void addCookie( Cookie cookie )
Add Cookie to header of response to client
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream()
Gets byte-based output stream, send binary data to client
PrintWriter getWriter()
Gets character-based output stream, send text to client
void setContentType( String type )
Specify MIME type of the response
Helps display data
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26
A Servlet for Tripling Integers
The client enters an integer in a text field,
and then clicks on button Triple this
integer
The Web browser sends a POST request to
the specified Web server with the integer
Web server invokes the servlet to triple the
integer, and passes back the response from
the servlet
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Running Triple Servlet
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Triple.html
<html>
<head>
<title>Triple an Integer with a Servlet</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post"
action="http://localhost:8080/servlet/TriplerServlet">
<input type="submit" value="Triple this integer: ">
<input type="text" name="number" value="0" size="4">
</form>
</body>
</html>
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TriplerServlet.java
import javax.servlet.*;
import javax.servlet.http.*;
import java.io.*;
public class TriplerServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response)
throws ServletException, IOException {
String value = request.getParameter("number");
int n = Integer.parseInt(value);
response.setContentType("text/html");
PrintWriter output = response.getWriter();
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30
TriplerServlet.java
output.println("<html>");
output.println("<title>Tripler Answer</title>");
output.println("<br><br><h2>");
output.println("3 x " + n + " = " + 3*n);
output.println("</h2>\n</html>");
output.close();
}
}
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HttpSession
In addition to using cookies to maintain
session data on client machines, servlets
also support HttpSession
Each client session can be associated with
a unique HttpSession on the Web server,
which is basically a hash table of
name/value pairs
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Observations
CGI and servlet are both simple extensions
to Web servers to provide dynamic Web
pages
CGI and servlet are not suitable to build
peer-to-peer distributed systems
Since CGI and servlet invocations go
through Web server, efficiency is low
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Remote Method Invocations (RMI)
Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
Allows remote method calls
Objects in different programs can communicate
Method calls appear as normal
Based on Remote Procedure Calls (RPC)
Developed in 1980's
Allows procedural program (like C) to call function on
another computer
Performs networking and data marshalling (packaging
arguments and return values)
Not compatible with objects
Interface Definition Language required - describe functions
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RMI is Java's implementation of RPC
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34
Java Server Pages
Java Server Pages (JSP) is based on
servlets, but greatly simplifies the
development process
A JSP page is an HTML file, with
embedded scripts for filling in dynamic data
Upon first client invocation, a JSP file is
compiled on the Web server into a servlet
Debugging for JSP scripts is harder
While JSP mainly uses Java as script
language, Active Server Pages (ASP) of
Microsoft uses VBScript, VB, and C#
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A Dynamic Hello World JSP
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Response Page
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hellouser.jsp
<%@ page import="hello.NameHandler" %>
<jsp:useBean id="mybean" scope="page" class="hello.NameHandler" />
<jsp:setProperty name="mybean" property="*" />
<html>
<head><title>Hello, User</title></head>
<body bgcolor="#ffffff" background="background.gif">
<%@ include file="dukebanner.html" %>
<table border="0" width="700">
<tr>
<td width="150"> </td>
<td width="550">
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hellouser.jsp
<h1>My name is Duke. What's yours?</h1>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td width="150" </td>
<td width="550">
<form method="get">
<input type="text" name="username" size="25"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="reset" value="Reset">
</td></tr>
</form>
</table>
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hellouser.jsp
<%
if ( request.getParameter("username") != null ) {
%>
<%@ include file="response.jsp" %>
<%
}
%>
</body>
</html>
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response.jsp
<table border="0" width="700">
<tr>
<td width="150"> </td>
<td width="550">
<h1>Hello, <jsp:getProperty name="mybean" property="username" />!
</h1>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
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NameHandler.java
package hello;
public class NameHandler {
private String username;
public NameHandler() {
username = null;
}
public void setUsername( String name ) {
username = name;
}
public String getUsername() {
return username;
}
}
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