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Lab Notes

This document provides information for a rock mechanics laboratory class at Colorado School of Mines, including a student liability waiver, laboratory safety rules, clothing requirements, and an outline of the laboratory class. The student liability waiver releases the school from liability for any injuries sustained during class activities, which include laboratory experiments and a field trip to Edgar Mine. The safety rules require safe equipment operation, use of safety glasses, and cleaning of equipment. The clothing requirements specify appropriate protective clothing like closed-toe shoes. The laboratory class outline introduces the class objectives of understanding rock mechanics concepts through experiments.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
191 views60 pages

Lab Notes

This document provides information for a rock mechanics laboratory class at Colorado School of Mines, including a student liability waiver, laboratory safety rules, clothing requirements, and an outline of the laboratory class. The student liability waiver releases the school from liability for any injuries sustained during class activities, which include laboratory experiments and a field trip to Edgar Mine. The safety rules require safe equipment operation, use of safety glasses, and cleaning of equipment. The clothing requirements specify appropriate protective clothing like closed-toe shoes. The laboratory class outline introduces the class objectives of understanding rock mechanics concepts through experiments.

Uploaded by

qwerty123
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Laboratory Class Notes

MNGN321
INTRODUCTION TO ROCK MECHANICS
Prepared by:
Dr. Ugur Ozbay and B. Asbury

2013 Fall

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department

Colorado School of Mines


MNGN321 Introduction to Rock Mechanics Class

Student Liability Waiver and Release Agreement


I, ___________________________________, a student at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM),
have enrolled in the CSM course MNGN321 Introduction to Rock Mechanics and desire to participate
in all course activities and field trips.
I understand that required Course Activities include:
Rock Mechanics laboratory classes, which involve use of machinery at the CSM laboratories,
traveling to and from the Edgar Mine, and measurement, data collection, and installing
instrumentation in and outside of the Edgar Mine. I further understand that students will be required
to travel to and from the field trip site at Edgar Mine, Idaho Springs, via personal vehicle or vehicles
arranged by CSM. I understand that participating in the Course Activities requires a significant level
of physical exertion on my part, and that such Activities and travel to and from the course and field
trip sites involve an inherent risk of physical injury or death to me, as well as damage to, or
destruction of my personal property. I understand and acknowledge that specific risks of the Course
Activities include, but are not limited to the following:

Hiking or walking along trails, sidewalks, walkways or even roads may cause damage to equipment or personal
injuries.
Vehicle and airplane accidents may result in property damage and physical injuries such as scrapes, abrasions,
sprains, broken bones, torn muscles or ligaments, head, neck or spinal injuries, or death.
Poisonous or dangerous plants, insects or animals might be encountered.
Exposure to the natural elements can be uncomfortable or harmful. Sunburn, dehydration, heat exhaustion, heat
stroke, wind, rain, and being outdoors can be uncomfortable or cause injury or illness.
Risks also include injuries or damages resulting from certain decisions and conduct, including the risk that a course
instructor, co-instructor or other participant may misjudge someones capabilities, or misjudge weather, terrain,
water level, or route location etc.
Environmental risks include rapidly moving, deep or cold water, rough ocean surf, steep and rocky terrain, insects,
snakes, predators, and other animals; falling or rolling rock, hot molten lava, lightning, fires, flash floods and
unpredictable forces of nature, including weather that may change to extreme conditions without notice. Such
environmental conditions pose additional risks, including hypothermia, frostbite, frost nip, sunburn, heatstroke,
dehydration, and other mild or serious conditions.
Other risks include: Observations, geotechnical data collection, instrumentation installation and monitoring in
surface and underground mines.

In exchange for the opportunity to participate in and receive academic credit for the Introduction to
Rock Mechanics Course Activities, I hereby assume all risk of injury to myself and my property that I
may suffer as a result of my participation in any Course Activities, including transportation to and
from course and field trip sites. On behalf of myself as well as my heirs, administrators, executors,
and assigns, I hereby RELEASE AND FOREVER DISCHARGE THE STATE OF COLORADO AND
CSM, AS WELL AS ITS TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AGENTS AND EMPLOYEES, FROM ANY AND
ALL CLAIMS, DEMANDS, AND CAUSES OF ACTION, OF WHATEVER KIND OR NATURE,
EITHER IN LAW OR IN EQUITY, ARISING FROM, OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH MY
PARTICIPATION IN THE COURSE ACTIVITIES. IN ADDITION, I AGREE TO INDEMNIFY AND
HOLD THE ABOVE-NAMED ENTITIES AND INDIVIDUALS HARMLESS FROM ANY LOSS,
LIABILITY, DAMAGE, OR COST THAT THEY MAY INCUR AS A DIRECT OR INDIRECT RESULT
OF MY PARTICIPATION IN THE COURSE ACTIVITIES.

I hereby agree that if CSM is compelled to defend any action, lawsuit or litigation by myself, my
executors, or my heirs, on my familys or my behalf, my heirs or executors and I agree to pay
CSMs costs and attorneys fees if CSM successfully defends such action, lawsuit or litigation.
I further state that there are no health-related reasons or problems that would preclude or restrict
my participation in the Course Activities, and that I have adequate health insurance necessary to
provide for and pay any medical costs that I may incur as a result of illness or injury during the
course of my participation in the Course Activities. If I require emergency medical action or
treatment, I hereby consent to being transported by CSM to a hospital or medical care facility, and
consent to being administered medical care by the physician or licensed hospital or medical care
facility deemed by the CSM representative in charge to be the most expedient and appropriate
under the circumstances. I understand and agree that CSM assumes no responsibility for any
injury or damage that might arise out of or in connection with such authorized emergency medical
treatment or my transportation to or from the medical care facility.
I agree that this Liability Waiver and Release Agreement is intended to be as broad and inclusive
as permitted by the laws of the State of Colorado, and that if any portion herein is held to be invalid or
unenforceable, the balance shall continue in full legal force and effect. This agreement and the legal
relations among the parties hereto shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws
of the State of Colorado.
Nothing in this Liability Waiver and Release Agreement shall be construed to waive, limit, or
otherwise modify any governmental immunity that may be available to CSMs trustees, officers,
employees, agents and representatives under the Colorado Governmental Immunity Act, Colorado
Revised Statutes 24-10-101, et seq.
By my signature below, I acknowledge and represent that I have carefully read this document in its
entirety, understand its contents and effect, and am executing it voluntarily of my own free will.

___________________________________
Student Signature

________________________________
Parent Signature
(Required if Student is under 18 years old)

___________________________________
Date

___________________________________
Date

Rules of Rock Mechanics Laboratory Classes


1. All students will practice proper and safe operation of all the equipment
contained within the Advanced Mining Method Laboratory.
2. Because of safety considerations, working alone in any Mining Engineering
Laboratory is prohibited.
3. Safety glasses will be worn at all times within any Mining Engineering
Laboratory.
4. Access to all Mining Engineering Laboratories is controlled by the Laboratory
Coordinator. No one will use or bring any equipment or samples into any
Mining Engineering Laboratory unless arrangements are made with the
Laboratory Coordinator.
5. All users of the Mining Engineering Laboratory will clean all equipment used
immediately after use. All equipment will be returned to its proper place and
the Lab will be left as clean, if not cleaner, when you leave.
6. Any Mining Engineering Laboratory user who violates any of the above rules,
will immediately have their Mining Engineering Laboratory privileges
suspended by the Laboratory Coordinator. Re-instatement of privileges can
only be granted by the Head of the Department of Mining Engineering.
I have read the rock mechanics and rock preparation laboratories safety rules
and regulations above and the training material provided in the subsequent
sections. I will adhere to these rules and do everything possible to safeguard
myself and others in the laboratories. I will not operate any of the equipment until
I have been tasked trained by representatives of the Mining Engineering
Department.
Name:

Signature

Date:

NOTE
For reasons of practicality, the test procedures you will be using during your
laboratory classes may be different to the standard procedures defined by the
ASTM. The ASTM standard methods for these tests are given separately at
the end of this laboratory class notes for you to note.
You may refer to the formal ASTM test procedures for improving quality of
your laboratory reports.

Rock Mechanics Laboratory


Clothing Requirements
You will be working in a wet, dirty environment with powered rotating
equipment.
All students must be properly dressed, in order to help provide a safe working
environment. Students will not be allowed to participate in the lab unless they are
properly dressed. This could have an effect on grading.
Clothing requirements include, but are not limited to:
No lose or tattered clothes.
Shirt that covers the stomach and lower back as well as the upper arms
Long non-baggy pants that cover the entire leg, (capris are Not
acceptable).
Socks
Closed toed shoes that cover the entire foot (No sandals, clogs, high heels
or any shoes with holes in the top side or back). Tennis shoes are
acceptable.
If you have your own steel toed work boots, please feel free to wear them.
If not, toe protectors will be provided.
Long hair must be controlled (i.e. pulled back in a ponytail).
Eye and hearing protection will be provided, but feel free to bring your
own.
It is recommended that all rings, watches, etc. be removed.
To help determine whether your clothing is appropriate, stand in front of a mirror
and lift your hands above your head. If any skin shows between your shoulders and your
toes, you are NOT dressed adequately for the laboratory.
If you have questions or concerns speak with the instructor prior to the schedule
laboratory time.

Laboratory Class Outline


1. Introduction
This laboratory class supplements the MNGN321 Introductory Rock Mechanics course. Only
MNGN321 students are eligible for this class. It is structured to have the students achieving the
following objectives:
1. Developing a fuller understanding of the fundamental rock mechanics concepts introduced
during lectures.
2. Furthering practical experience in carrying out laboratory tests including preparation,
measurement of experimental parameters, analysis and evaluation of results and
presentation of findings
3. Improving communication skills through the exercises of report writing
2. Execution of the laboratory exercises
The students conduct their own experiments working in groups of four or less. The groups and
time-table for the exercises are announced at the beginning of the semester.
A group can submit one report for all its members. This is encouraged since discussions among
peers facilitate better learning. However, students wanting to submit their individual reports are
allowed to do so after informing the course instructor.
The reports are submitted within a week from the laboratory class day. The grades from the
laboratory reports constitute 20% of final year mark for MNGN321. Late reports are graded out
of 50% if submitted within one week. No reports are graded a week after the submission
deadline. A report is not accepted for submission without attendance.
Before each laboratory session, the instructor presents a short talk on the subject of the days
exercise. This is for the benefit of the student - be sure to attend.
Many of the exercises involve the use of machines in the laboratory and equipment in a mining
environment. For safety reasons, suitable footwear and clothing must be worn in the rock
mechanics laboratories. Edgar Mine experiments requires full compliance with the Mines safety
requirements, including steel toe shoe ware, hard hat, and eye protection glasses. All students are
required to attend the training session presented on the first day of laboratory class and receive a
Certification of Training document, which also outlines the procedures for safe operation of
equipment during laboratory classes. Neither smoking nor eating during laboratory classes is
permitted.
3. Assessment
Assessment of a student's performance from the laboratory classes is based on the following
action items:

1. Attendance is compulsory and the Universitys general rules apply to this course. Absence can
only be condoned by the presentation of a medical certificate.
2. Contribution to the conduct of the laboratory exercise.
3. Submission of a technical report on each exercise.
4. Preparation of reports
As mentioned before, the reports can be submitted as groups or individuals. It is strongly advised,
as it is to the advantage of the student, that the reports be completed soon after each laboratory
exercise.
Remember, a report is written to be read, its purpose is to convey information to other persons.
Material presented in a logical, accurate, and tidy form will most effectively achieve this. It is
important that a report maintains the interest of the reader while transmitting all essential
information as concisely as possible. The ideal report combines accuracy, wholeness and
neatness, with brevity.
Each report should be written to suit the particular exercise under study. A comprehensive
introduction and, where appropriate, description of method and apparatus are given in the
laboratory notes. Do not present in the report sections that are simply a re-write from the manual.
At this stage you should be interested in the results and in developing an analytical approach to
their interpretation. Do not include any of the printed sheets from the laboratory manual in the
main text of your report, unless this is a table or a question sheet that you have to fill in.
The sections dealing with the introduction, description of apparatus and procedure should be
concise, with reference given to the laboratory manual where appropriate. Lengthy description
and expansion of these sections is both unnecessary and time wasting. Concentrate more on your
report writing style, presentation, analysis of results, and discussion.
The report should be typed and its pages should be numbered. Leave a margin on the left side of
each page of approximately 25mm. Writing in the past tense and using the third person generally
works well.
The structure of the report should include
1. Report Title: Use a title page and include on this your name, group and date of
experiment.
2. Contents
3. Summary: A concise review of the objective of the experiment, an expression of the
main results, and the conclusions that can be drawn.
4. Introduction: This should be brief and should include a short statement of the objectives
of the experiment. Basic physical principles should be outlined.

5. Description of Apparatus: A short description of equipment used, together with either


objects such as an isometric view or line diagram or photographs, as appropriate. These
objects should be clearly labeled.
6. Procedure: This section should only briefly outline the procedure with emphasis on the
more important steps in the exercise. Draw attention to any part of the procedure, which
differed from that detailed in the manual, noting any difficulties encountered and how
these were overcome.
7. Results: All measurements and derived results should be included in a suitably devised
tabular form. Use of metric system is encouraged. Wherever appropriate, include a graph
as this always aids in the presentation of the results. Ensure that

there is a title to the graph,


the axes are labeled, and
the scale is shown.

Clearly indicate the important features of the graph, e.g. inflection points, maximums and
minimums. At least one sample calculation should be given for each set of parameters if
these parameters are separately included in the appendix.
8. Analysis of Results: This is the most important section of the report and hence should be
given the most weight during writing. This section allows the author to demonstrate an
understanding of the principles involved. An intelligent analysis of the results with respect
to the topic area is required. Where appropriate, results should be equated with other
published data and comparisons drawn. Comment on the sources of error in the
experiment and their effects on the results. Included in this section should be the answers
to any questions asked.
9. Conclusions: This section should contain a discussion of the results, including a critical
evaluation of the experiment, the equipment used, and the techniques employed.
Reference should be made, where relevant, to the practical applications of the experiment
in the industry and suggestions for possible improvements to the experimental procedure.
10. Bibliography: All publications referred to in the report should be listed with full details
of author, title, publisher and year of publication. Clearly indicate in the text all references
to these authors or reports.
11. Appendices: Include any additional data, sample calculations, diagrams and other
information. If you wish to append the printed laboratory manual, then this is the section
where it should be placed.

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introductory Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Sample Preparation
1. Purpose
The purpose of this laboratory session is to familiarize students with preparing rock specimens
for Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS), Triaxial Compressive Strength (TCS), Brazilian
Tensile Strength (BTS), Point Load Index (PLI), Schmidt Hammer (SH), and Acoustic Velocity
(AV) tests. Specimens will be prepared from blocks of limestone rock. The tests performed in
this laboratory classes are close to but not exactly follow the standards as defined by ASTM.
Interested students are advised to look up the formal standards at the ASTM references in the
library.
Proper preparation of specimens requires considerable care and effort and thus takes up much of
the time allocated for tests. Often the results are widely scattered. This poses the problem as to
how many specimens are required for the test. Usually testing of a minimum 3, preferably 5,
specimens per test type, is recommended from each coring location. For this laboratory exercise,
the number of test specimen to be prepared will depend on the availability of specimen rock
blocks.
2. Test Specimens
Normally, samples are collected from the field in the form of rock cores or large blocks. In the
case of softer rocks such as coal, shale and salt, they are cut from the parent body with
appropriate machines. In the case of harder rocks, the large blocks are excavated by drilling
closely spaced holes touching each other. Rock blocks created by large blasts can also be used as
long as they are not affected to contain fractures. When it is necessary to test the properties of
rock from inaccessible regions, diamond drilling is carried out to obtain cores.
In his laboratory class, students will obtain their samples from the limestone or sandstone rock
blocks brought to the laboratory from a limestone quarry.
3. Preparation of Specimens
The equipment that will be used in the sample preparation tasks is given as follows:
(Do not use these machines until you have received training and the instructions from the lab
supervisor.)
Diamond Drill Coring Machine - to obtain cores of selected size from sample blocks
Diamond Rock Saw Machine - to cut drilled cores into selected lengths
Surface Grinder to obtain the required parallelity between the specimen ends
Balance Scale with 2kg range and 0.1 gram accuracy to weigh specimens
Caliper with 0.01 mm accuracy to measure specimen dimensions.

.
Typical specimen diameters are 54 mm (NX). Length-to-diameter ratios commonly used for
some of the tests are listed below (ASTM standards):

UCS, triaxial, acoustic velocity 2 - 2.5


Brazilian tensile: 0.2-0.7
Direct shear: 2 - 2.5
Elastic properties: 2 - 2.5 (same as UCS samples)

Cores will be obtained from drilling into blocks of rocks in the laboratory. The specimens will
then be prepared by cutting the cores into required lengths by disc saws. Grinding the ends to
ensure parallelism and required flatness will be done on the surface grinder machine.
Coring
1. Use the provided coring bit
2. Place the rock block on the platform of the machine and place the 25 mm plywood
provided between the rock block and grill.
3. Clamp the rock block properly and make sure that it is not moving during coring (check
by hand).
4. Connect fresh water hose to the machine and make sure that drainage hose is clean.
5. Before you start coring make sure that the bit and sample are aligned properly.
6. Turn on the water before start coring (for cooling the bit and flushing the cuttings)
7. At the beginning, drill slowly for collaring (DO NOT GO FAST!)
8. When water stops coming up around the core barrel indicates that the bit is through the
rock block. Start to pull up the core bit very slowly. After the bit is clear from the rock
block turn off the machine and water.
9. Move the rock block over slightly to leave room for coring another sample. Do not take
the cored samples out. Repeat the same procedure from step 1 through step 8.
10. Make sure that you have enough core samples for specimen preparation. Remove the core
bit from the machine and take the samples out from the block.
Cutting
1. Use the rock saw to cut the core samples into required length. Use recommended lengthto-diameter ratios given earlier.

1.05_321sampleprep_UO_F12.doc

2. Clamp the sample properly into the V-block


3. Turn on the water
4.

Check that the saw is at the up position, and then turn on the machine

5. Pull down the saw blade slowly onto the rock sample. Keep steady pressure.
6. After you finish the cutting turn off the machine and water. Wait till the saw blade comes
to a complete STOP.
7. Remove the sample and repeat the same procedure for the next sample.
When completing cutting, identify and mark the specimens to be used for different tests, which
are Uniaxial Compressive Strength, Brazilian Tensile Strength, Point Load Index, Acoustic
Velocity, and Schmidt Hammer tests. There will be specimens provided for you for the shear
strength tests.
Surface grinding
Surface finish is given on a surface grinder machine (only for UCS, triaxial strength and shear
strength specimens).
1. Place the sample on the surface grinder with the proper clamping (V-block).
2. Grind specimen ends to required flatness as per ASTM-4543. Make sure that the sample
is held securely by the V-Block to ensure the parallelism of the ends and verticality of the
ends with respect to core axis. Do not remove the sample from the V-Block until both
ends are ground. This is to maintain the position of the sample with respect to V-Block.
3. Check the smoothness of the ends with the dial gage. The variation must not exceed 0.02
mm. If this value is exceeded, the surfaces must be reground to meet the specified
tolerance.
4. Repeat the same procedure for each UCS sample.
When finished with the UCS specimens, measure and record dimensions and weights.
Strain gaging
The instruction for this activity will be given at the Strain Gauge test station

1.05_321sampleprep_UO_F12.doc

4. Number of specimens to be prepared for each group


The class will be divided into groups. Usually there are 3 to 5 groups. Each group will prepare
the flowing specimens:
UCS with strain gages
1
Triaxial Compressive Strength tests: 1
Shear test:
will be provided
Indirect Brazilian tensile test:
1
Point Load test:
2
Acoustic Velocity test
use Triaxial sample
Schmidt Hammer test
1
There are 5 preparation stations. At the start of the class groups will go to these station and start
with specimen preparation. You may have to borrow specimens from the lab to get you started at
your first station. After completing all five stations, you will have all the specimens you need for
the tests, plus the ones that you borrowed, which you will return to the lab supervisor.
5. Reporting of results
See the section on Preparation of reports in the Laboratory Class Outline section. Emphasize
should be on the following aspects:

Objectives of the specimen preparation exercise


The rational for particular shapes and the tolerances in specimen dimensions. (e.g. why
H/L=2 2.5 for the UCS test, importance of end parallelity, etc.)
Equipment used
Descriptions (brief) of the sample preparation processes
A sample inventory that shows the number of samples for each test, coring date, preparation
date, etc.

6. Reference
Standard Practice for Preparing Rock Core Specimens and Determining Dimensional and Shape
Tolerances American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995, Annual book of ASTM Standard,
Section 4, Vol. 04.08, Designation D 4543-85 (Reapproved 1991)

1.05_321sampleprep_UO_F12.doc

MNGN321 Rock Mechanics Laboratory

Unuaxial Comressive Strength tests with Elastic Modulus and


Poisons ratio

Operator: ______________
Rock type: __________________

Date: _________________

Core ID: ____________________

Data File: ______________

Sample Length: ______________

Sample Weight: _________

Diameter 1: __________________

Diameter 2: ____________

Description of Specimen Features


Before testing

After Testing

Notes:

1.06_321UCS_UO_F12.doc

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introductory Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) Test with Elastic Modulus (E) and
Poissons ratio ()
1. Purpose
This test measures the Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS) and elastic constants (elastic
modulus (E) and Poissons ratio ()) of intact rock specimens prepared in form cylinders. The
UCS is the most commonly used index property of rocks as well as being one of the main
parameters in defining rockmass strength and rockmass classification systems.
2. Equipment
Equipment to be used for uniaxial compressive test:

Hydraulic Press (220 Kips MTS Rock Testing Machine), two flat faced platens, swivel seat.
Data acquisition system integrated into the MTS control system.

3. Procedures
UCS samples are already prepared during the previous specimen preparation lab. For the UCS
tests, the procedure is as follows:
1. Record all pertinent information and measurements on the test sheet above - a general
rock and project information, date, sample weight and dimensions. You can take pictures
and include them in your report.
2. Place and secure the specimen between the platens of the testing machine. Platens must
be clean and oil free. The spherical seat must be tight yet moving and rotating freely.
Place the sample at the center of the platens assuring that a full contact with both platens
is established.
3. Connect the strain gage cables to the terminals of the strain gage connection
4. Close the shield doors on the test machine to protect the operator from flying pieces of
rock.
5. Turn on the machine, the hydraulic pumps, and the computer control system and raise the
lower platen till the sample is held firmly by both platens with a pre-load of about 300
pounds of force. Run the Test-Ware program and select the appropriate template for the
test (e.g. UCS Soft/Hard).

1.06_321UCS_UO_F12.doc

6. Reset the displacement. Set the loading rate at 10 kips per minute. Open a new data file
with the same name as the Sample ID. Start loading. The machine will collect data and
detect the increase in load. When the sample fails, the machine will when senses a drop
of over 200 lbs in load.
7. Record the peak load and make a sketch of the failure geometry on the test sheet. Remove
the sample and collect all the pieces and put them in a clearly labeled zip lock bag. Clean
the machine. Close and back up the data file.
4. Calculations
The uniaxial compressive strength of the specimen is calculated by dividing the maximum load
carried by the specimen during the test, by the original cross-sectional area:
c =

F
A

where
c UCS of the specimen (MPa)
F - applied force at failure (MN)
A - initial cross-sectional area (m2)
You will be able to visually observe the increasing force on the specimen as function of both
horizontal and vertical strain increase on the specimen on the test systems computer screen.
During testing, the force applied and strains induced on the specimen are recorded into an
electronic data file in Excel format. After the completion of the test, you will be given this data
file. Using the data obtained, you will calculate the values of UCS, E, and , which is the main
objective of performing this particular test.
Add this stress
calculation column

Original data record


Axial DisplaAxial ForceTime
Axial StrainAxial Lat Strain
mm
kN
Sec
mm/mm mm/mm
3.677726 0.236319 0.326172 3.27E-06 7.79E-07
3.685595 0.337567 0.576172 4.09E-06 5.46E-07
3.699008 0.439501 0.826172 4.90E-06 3.25E-07
3.721449 0.469306 1.076172 4.99E-06 2.90E-07
3.761398 0.480936 1.326172 5.71E-06 2.93E-07
3.800765 0.858969 1.576172 8.24E-06 -5.59E-07
3.818206 1.376115 1.826172 1.21E-05 -1.84E-06

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.

Stress (MPa)
0.11660
0.16655
0.21684
0.23155
0.23728
0.42380
0.67895

.
.
.

An example data set produced by the testing machine is shown in the figure above. The load is
given in kN, which needs to be converted to MPa units. The specimen deformations are already
given in strain units, thus do not require unit conversions.
1.06_321UCS_UO_F12.doc

5. Reporting of results
The report will include:

Cover page including


- lab exercise title
- group #,
- names of the group members attended the lab class and participated in report
preparation

Introduction
- Brief description
- Specific objectives
- Significance of the test

Methodology, equipment
- General information including testing equipment, lithological description of the rock,
specimen dimensions
- Brief description of testing procedure

Results
- Report stress units in MPa
- Provide the stress-strain curve
- Give the UCS, E and values as obtained from the test.
- Comment on specimens mode of failure, e.g. shear, axial splitting etc
- Attach the test sheets used for the tests as appendix, but not the Excel data file.
- Obtain the strength and elastic constant values from the other lab groups in your
section. Using this data, determine the mean and standard deviation of the UCS, E,
and n, present your results in tabulated form. Comment on the variation in the results.

Discussion
-

Discuss the factors that affect the compressive strength of a rock considering the
manner and environment in which the rock is obtained and tested
Discuss your results by comparing your data against published data, for example,
using the information database given in the Rocdata software.
Did you experience difficulties during testing? Do you have any recommendations on
the testing procedure?

Conclusion
-

Briefly state and comment on your results.

1.06_321UCS_UO_F12.doc

6. References

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995, Annual book of ASTM Standard, Section
4, Vol. 04.08, Designation D 2938-86.

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995, Annual book of ASTM Standard, Section
4, Vol. 04, 08, Designation D 4543-85.

1.06_321UCS_UO_F12.doc

MNGN321 Rock Mechanics Laboratory

Pulse velocities and Ultrasonic Elastic Constants

Operator: ______________
Rock type: __________________

Date: _________________

Core ID: ____________________

Data File: ______________

Sample Length: ______________

Sample Weight: _________

Diameter 1: __________________

Diameter 2: ____________

Moisture content:

Flatness: Pass

Direction

Yes

No

Travel time
P-wave

Fail

Transducer delay
time

S-wave

1
2
3

Notes:

321AcVelDynConst_UO_F07

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introductory Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Acoustic Velocities and Dynamic Elastic Constants


1.

Purpose

The purpose of the experiments in this class is to determine the dynamic elastic constants of rock
samples - the dynamic elastic modulus and Poissons ratio.
2.

Equipment and Procedure

This experiment is performed in accordance with the procedures recommended by ASTM D2845
on core samples prepared for UCS testing. The core ends are cut parallel to within 0.1 mm/20
mm and flat to a variability of less than 0.025 mm across each surface. NX-sized core (5.4 cm
diameter) is used unless the average grain size of the rock is larger than (1 cm), in which case
larger core is required. Prior to testing the bulk density of the sample is determined.
Piezoelectric transducers capable of transmitting and receiving ultrasonic electromagnetic waves
are attached to the core ends with drops of liquid phenyl salicylate so that the transducer centers
are aligned within 2. When the phenyl salicylate is set, a wave generator sends a pulse through
the sample from one transducer while simultaneously transmitting that same pulse to an
oscilloscope. The receiving transducer also sends its signal to the oscilloscope. The time
difference that is measured on the oscilloscope between the direct pulse and its arrival after
traveling through the sample allows determination of the velocities of the shear and compressive
waves in the rock, since the sample length is known.
From the waves velocities and the sample bulk density, the dynamic elastic modulus and
dynamic Poissons ratio are calculated from the following formulae:
Ed =

VS2 (3VP2 4VS2 )


VP2 VS2

d =

where

VS
VP
Ed
d

VP2 2VS2
2(VP2 VS2 )

shear wave velocity (m/s)


compressive wave velocity (m/s)
dynamic elastic modulus (Pa)
dynamicPoissons ratio
density (kg/m3)

321AcVelDynConst_UO_F12

These formulae are valid for isotropic rock samples. Even then, the expected error of E is 6%
and of is 24%. Five separate measurements are recommended for calculation of average
values.
3. Reporting of results
The report will include:

Cover page including


- lab exercise title
- group #,
- names of the group members attended the lab class and participated in report
preparation

Introduction
- Brief description
- Specific objectives
- Significance of the test

Methodology, equipment
- General information including testing equipment, lithological description of the rock,
specimen dimensions
- Brief description of testing procedure

Results
- Give the static and dynamic E and values as obtained from the test.
- Attach the test sheets used for the tests as appendix.
- Results

Discussion
- Discuss how E d and d values compare to E and v that you determined from the UCS
testing.
- Discuss your results by comparing your data against published data.
- Did you experience difficulties during testing? Do you have any recommendations on
the testing procedure?

Conclusion
-

Briefly state and comment on your results.

4. References

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995, Annual book of ASTM. Designation D
2845-95. Standard test method for laboratory determination of pulse velocities and ultrasonic
elastic constants of rock.

321AcVelDynConst_UO_F12

321AcVelDynConst_UO_F12

MNGN321 Rock Mechanics Laboratory

Point Load Test


Operator: ______________

Rock type: __________________

Date: _________________

Core ID: ____________________

Sample Length: ______________

Sample Weight: _________

Diameter 1: __________________

Diameter 2: ____________

Max. Load: ________

Description of specimen features


Before testing

Mode of failure

Notes:

321PointLoad_UO_F07

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introductory Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Point Load Test


1. Purpose
Point Load Strength (PLS) is a rough measure of the strength of a core or irregular piece of rock,
performed on samples normally with unsuitable shape for UCS testing. The rock piece is loaded
to failure between two conical platens of a Point Load Testing machine. The failure load is
converted to stress units and then, using a constant coefficient, may be interpreted to obtain an
estimate of the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock. In the absence of UCS data, the PLS is
used as an input parameter in determining rockmass classifications. Caution should be exercised
in using PLS for design purposes.
In this experiment, the test procedure and calculations assume that the test specimen is
cylindrical and its diameter is 50 mm. For full procedure including different diameter and shape
specimens, refer to ASTM Method D 5731-95..
2. Equipment and Procedure
1. Core specimens with Length/Diameter ratio greater than one are suitable for diametral testing
Diametral loading method will be used for this lab exercise.
2. Insert a specimen in the test device and close the platens to make contact along a core
diameter. Ensure that the axial distance, L, between the contact points and the nearest free end is
at least 0.5 times the core diameter.
3. Determine and record the diameter D and length L
4. Steadily increase the load such that failure occurs within 10 to 60 second, record the failure
load, P. The test should be rejected if the fracture surface passes through only one platen loading
point.
To calculate the UCS value from the test results, first the Point Load Strength Index (Is) is
calculated:
Is = P / (D e )2 (MPa)
In this formula, P is Failure Load in force units (Newton) and D e is the equivalent diameter in
millimeters.
In the case of diametrically loaded cylindrical specimen loaded De is given as

1.08_321PointLoad_UO_F01-02.doc

D e = D, where D is the diameter of the specimen.


In the axially loaded cylindrical specimen case, D e is calculated from the following formula:
D e 2 = (4 L D) /
UCS value of the rock tested can then be determined from formula (see the relevant sections in
your class notes and the document in the Reference below)
uc = 24 x Is(50)
where the subscript (50) is a symbol that refers to the specimen diameter (mm) and uc is the
estimated UCS (Uniaxial Compressive Strength).
3. Reporting of results

Cover page including


- lab exercise title
- group #,
- names of the group members attended the lab class and participated in report
preparation

Introduction
- Brief description
- Specific objectives
- Significance of the test

Methodology, equipment
- General information including testing equipment, lithological description of the rock,
specimen dimensions
- Brief description of testing procedure

Results
- Present the measured and calculated values in a table form (include P, D e , Is , and uc ).

Discussion
- Discuss how the point load determined UCS values compare to the direct UCS
testing.
- Discuss your results by comparing your data against published data.
- Did you experience difficulties during testing? Do you have any recommendations on
the testing procedure?

Conclusion
-

Briefly state and comment on your results.

1.08_321PointLoad_UO_F01-02.doc

4. References
Standard Test Method for determination of the Point Load Strength Index of Rock. Designation:
D 5731 02. ASTM.

1.08_321PointLoad_UO_F01-02.doc

MNGN321 Rock Mechanics Laboratory

Brazilian Tensile Strength

Operator: ______________
Rock type: __________________

Date: _________________

Core ID: ____________________


Sample Length: ______________

Sample Weight: _________

Diameter 1: __________________

Diameter 2: ____________

Moisture Condition: As received Air dried Oven fried Saturated Frozen


Max. Load: ________

Description of specimen features


Before testing

Mode of failure

Notes

1.09_321BTS_UO_F01-02.doc

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introductory Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Indirect (Brazilian) Tensile Strength Tests


1. Purpose
Indirect (or Brazilian) Tensile Strength (BTS) test aims at indirectly determining the tensile
strength of rock specimens by means of so called the "Brazilian testing" procedure. It also
provides an indication of rock toughness and brittleness, which are not covered in our class. The
justification for the tests measuring the tensile strength of rocks is based on the experimental
fact that most rocks subjected to a biaxial stress field fail in tension when one of the principal
stresses is tensile and the other principal stress is compressive.
2. Equipment and procedure
In this lab experiment, BTS is measured using the procedures of ASTM D3967. The test
equipment to be used during the testing include

MTS Hydraulic Press, 220 Kips MTS Rock Testing Machine.


Computer and Data Acquisition system (Integrated into the MTS control system).

When a solid cylinder is subjected to a diametrical force, a nearly uniform tensile stress field
develops across the loaded along the diametrical plane in the perpendicular direction to the
diameter see the section on Brazilian Tensile Strength in the Mechanical Properties of Rocks
chapter in you class lecture notes. This tensile stress field, when it becomes large enough, causes
a tensile failure to commence and propagate along the diametrical plane. This behavior is used
to determine the tensile strength of rocks by subjecting short cylinders of rock to diametrical
compressive loading in the testing machine.
The length of the cylinder is not important theoretically, but if the thickness to diameter ratio is
too small, failure may occur by buckling rather than by tension. Too long cylinders are also
avoided due to reducing loading accuracy with increasing specimen length. Normally, disc
thickness of about one quarter of the diameter is used.
A compressive force is applied at a rate similar to the maximum rate recommended for uniaxial
compressive strength (200 N/sec). The tensile stress developed, t , can be calculated using the
following equation:

t=

321BTS_UO_F12

2F
Dt

where F = failure load (Newton), D = disc diameter (mm), and t = disc thickness (mm).
3. Reporting of results
The report will include:

Cover page including


- lab exercise title
- group #,
- names of the group members attended the lab class and participated in report
preparation

Introduction
- Brief description
- Specific objectives
- Significance of the test

Methodology, equipment
- General information including testing equipment, lithological description of the rock,
specimen dimensions
- Brief description of testing procedure

Results
- Give the force applied at failure
- Calculate the BTS values for the specimens tested.
- Present your results in a table format.
- Note the failure plane and discuss its characteristics in terms of failure mode (shear,
compression or tension). State your observations of the edges of the specimen that
had been in contact with the steel plates during testing.

Discussion
- In the rock mechanics literature, the tensile strength is quoted as being 12 to 16 time
less than of the UCS of the rock. How does youre your compare against this rule of
thumb? Why?
- Did you experience difficulties during testing? Do you have any recommendations on
the testing procedure?
- List some of the experimental difficulties encountered in the indirect tensile strength
test.

Conclusion
-

Briefly state and comment on your results.

321BTS_UO_F12

4. References

American Society for Testing and Materials, 1995, Annual book of ASTM Standard, Section
4, Vol. 04, 08, Designation D 3967-92.

321BTS_UO_F12

MNGN321 Rock Mechanics Laboratory

Schmidt Hammer Hardness

Operator: ______________
Rock type: __________________

Date: _________________

Core ID: ____________________


Sample Length: ______________

Sample Weight: _________

Diameter 1: __________________

Diameter 2: ____________

Description of specimen features


Before testing

Mode of failure

Notes

321schmidtham_UO_F07

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introductory Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Schmidt Hammer Hardness (HR)


1. Purpose
This test measures the rebound hardness of a rock specimen by the impact and rebound of an
impacting piston striking a metal anvil on the rock. The piston is driven by a set of springs
within the hammer, which store and release energy while pressing the hammer on the sample by
hand. The test was originally developed as a quick measure of compressive strength of concrete
and later was extended to a quick measurement method for compressive strength of rocks. This
hardness is also used as an index to represent rock elastic properties, resistance to grinding and
breakage and, importantly, for determining Joint wall Compressive Strength (JCR) of
discontinuity surfaces.
A copy of the Schmidt Hammer test sheet is attached.
2. Equipment and procedure
1. Schmidt hammer (L type with impact energy of 0.542 ft-lbs or 0.075 kg-m)
2. Standard calibration anvil
3. Core cradle with semi-cylindrical groove for supporting rock cores for rebound testing.
4. C clams
The specimen is an NX (or larger diameter) size core, not less than 10 cm long, it has smooth
sides that is fracture and defect free and seems to be representative of the rock sample. You
should have the specimen already been prepared from the Specimen Preparation exercise.
Calibration test procedure
Testing procedure involves a calibration step, which should be performed before starting a test
set. The calibration test data is used in determining the correction factor (see formula below).
Perform the calibration test on the anvil by following the procedures described below. Make
sure that the hammer is properly seated in the target point before running the tests.
A total of 10 readings must be made on the anvil. Record the result of each one and calculate the
correction factor as follows:
F=

Correction Factor :

321schmidtham_UO_F12

Manufacturers Standard (74)


Average of 10 Readings

The average of 10 calibration readings must be within 2 of the manufacturer-specified value


(742).
Specimen test procedure
1. Place the sample in the core cradle and orient it in such way that a smooth flat surface can
be tested. If the core surface is very rough or the core is not straight, it must be noted on
the test sheet.
2. Hold the hammer in a vertical position against the V-shape guide. Make sure the hammer
is aligned along the vertical diagonal line passing through the samples and the contact
point between the core and the semi-cylindrical slot in the cradle.
3. Depress the hammer gently (downward) to compress the springs until the hammer is
released. Record the rebound reading on the side indicator and enter the reading in the
test sheet. This must be done before resetting the hammer (use the trigger lock to assure
preventing the reset).
4. Mark test point by drawing a circle around it and put down the reading next to the mark.
This allows identifying week spots or edge effects on the tests.
5. Perform the test at 10 different points on the core specimen. Ideally, there should be three
in a row along one axis, turn the sample 90 and do two more along this axis, turn another
90 and do three, and once again with two. Test positions must be at least 10 mm (0.4 in)
apart from each other and from the ends. Avoid any week spots such as fractures, joints,
defects, voids, soft mineral concentrations, miniature-faults etc.
6. Discard unusually low readings (accompanied by a hollow sound, specimen cracking or
failure,).
7. Calculate the Schmidt Hammer hardness H r from the average of the highest 5 readings,
multiplied by the correction factor F, i.e.
5

HR =

H
i =1

8. Estimate the UCS for this specimen using the chart supplied at the end of this section.

3. Reporting of Results

Cover page including


- lab exercise title
- group #,
- names of the group members attended the lab class and participated in report
preparation

321schmidtham_UO_F12

Introduction
- Brief description
- Specific objectives
- Significance of the test

Methodology, equipment
- General information including testing equipment, lithological description of the rock,
specimen dimensions
- Brief description of testing procedure

Results
- Give the Calibration Factor F used for the Schmidt Hammer Hardness number
obtained from the test.
- Calculate the UCS values for the specimens tested using the chart given below.
Present your results in a table format.
- State your observations of the hammer indentations on the specimen surface related

Discussion
- How does Schmidt Hammer UCS results compare to the UCS values you obtained
from the PLI tests and direct testing using the MTS machine? Quantify the differences
in percentage terms and give a short discussion on possible reasons for the
differences.
- Did you experience difficulties during testing? Do you have any recommendations on
the testing procedure?
- List some of the experimental difficulties encountered in the indirect tensile strength
test.

Conclusion
-

Briefly state and comment on your results.

321schmidtham_UO_F12

Schmidt hammer UCS chart

321schmidtham_UO_F12

MNGN321 Rock Mechanics Laboratory

Triaxial Compressive Strength

Operator: ______________
Rock type: __________________

Date: _________________

Core ID: ____________________

Data File: ______________

Sample Length: ______________

Sample Weight: _________

Diameter 1: __________________

Diameter 2: ____________

Confining Stress: ______________

Flatness: Pass

Fail

Straightness: Pass

Fail

Temperature : _______ Loading rate: _________ Max. Load: ________

Description of specimen features


Before testing

Notes

Mode of failure

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introduction Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Triaxial Strength Test


1. Purpose
The triaxial compression test has proved to be one of the most useful tests in studying the
mechanical properties of rocks. The test comprises a testing arrangement where the major
principal stress is applied along the axis of a cylindrical rock specimen by a testing machine,
while a constant confining stress (minor principal stress) is applied to the entire curved surface of
the specimen by oil pressure behind an impervious flexible jacket. The tests are repeated for
different confining stress levels to establish the rocks axial strength confining pressure
relationship. This relationship reveals the important rock strength parameters, such as cohesion
and internal friction angle.
2. Equipment and Procedure
In this exercise, the specimens are tested under three different confining pressures. At least three
tests is required for each confinement level, however, the number of tests in our case will be
determined by the number groups in the class. The main objective is to determine the strength
equation (envelope) for the rock type being tested.
The equipment required for performing the tests include
Servo controlled Hydraulic Press (1000 Newton MTS Rock Testing Machine), two flat faced
platens, swivel seat.
Computer and Data Acquisition system (integrated into the MTS control system).
Triaxial Cell
Synthetic Rubber Jacket
Hydraulic pressure system
Use the previously prepared NX (42 mm) size sandstone specimens with the L/D ratio of 2.
Remove the end cap of the Hoek triaxial cell and insert a specimen in the high strength synthetic
rubber jacket. This jacket serves the double function of preventing leakage of the pressurizing
fluid from the cell and ingress of fluid into the specimen. In normal use, a single jacket will test a
large number of specimens without rupturing. Hence the cell need not be dismantled or the fluid
drained in between tests. After locating the specimen centrally in the jacket, place platens and the
load spreader pads are placed at either end of the specimen. The confining stress is applied by
pumping oil into the chamber between the jacket and cell. The axial load is applied in the testing
machine, with the load applied through the platens.
The following steps should be adhered to:
1. Measure the dimensions of the cores to be tested.

321Triax_UO_S12

2. Place the sample core into the cell and place the tightened assemblage on the bottom platen
of the testing machine.
3. Raise the lower platen until the cell is just supported in the machine.
4. Select a series of confining (radial) pressures ( 3 ) which gives a reasonably wide spread of
values of for the construction of Mohr circles.
5. Failure of the test specimen is indicated by a rapid increase in lateral pressure concurrently
with a fall in axial pressure.
6. Load each specimen axially at a steady and very slow rate to failure. Record the failure load.
Release load immediately, always keeping the axial pressure higher than radial pressure in
order to avoid rupturing the jacket enclosing the specimen.
7. Note that care must be taken when handling the jacket enclosing the failed specimens.
Where possible, remove the failed specimen in such a way as to be able to sketch the
appearance of the fracture and measure the direction of the plane of failure.
8. Repeat for the samples varying 3 each time.
3. Reporting of results

Cover page including


- lab exercise title
- group #,
- names of the group members attended the lab class and participated in report
preparation

Introduction
- Brief description
- Specific objectives
- Significance of the test

Methodology, equipment
- General information including testing equipment, lithological description of the rock,
specimen dimensions
- Brief description of testing procedure

Results
- Give a sketch or appearance of the failed specimen. Measure the shear plane angle
from horizontal.

321Triax_UO_S12

Tabulate the confined compressive strength and confining stress values obtained by
you and the other lab groups.

Plot the linear 1 vs 3 strength envelope for the rock by considering all the results
obtained by the entire class to determine the rocks
o uniaxial compressive strength,
o strengthening parameter, , and
o linear strength formula.

Mark the tension cut-off point on the horizontal ( 3 ) axis

Plot Mohrs stress circles for each of the specimen tested by the class, including the
UCS results.

Establish the linear Mohrs strength envelope for the rock

Determine the cohesion, c, and internal friction angle, , values from the Mohrs
envelope

Discussion (consider only the linear form of the failure envelope)


-

Why do you think nearly all compressive strength tests on rocks are carried out on
cylindrical specimens?

Compare the cohesion, c, and internal friction angle, , values obtained from 1 - 3
plot against those obtained from the Mohrs circle linear failure envelope.

Discuss if the 1 - 3 plot can be used to determine the rocks tensile strength, give
recommendation.

Using the test result and Rocdata software, determine UCS, , c, and values of your
rock. How do your results from Mohr-Coulomb plots compare to Rocdata results?

Compare the uniaxial compressive strength value interpreted from the triaxial tests
against the results from a) the actual UCS tests you performed in the previous lab
class, b) point load index tests, and c) schmidt hammer tests. Which of the UCS
value do you think should be used in practice? Why?

The Mohr criterion of brittle failure suggests that the relation between the angle of
internal friction, , and the angle between the failure plane and the principal stress
plane is always given by

= 45o +
2

321Triax_UO_S12

Comment on how the parameter calculated from the above formula compare to your
specimens failure plane angle (see the first item in the Reporting of results section
above).

Suggest a linear strength formula for the rock


Did you experience difficulties during testing? Do you have any recommendations on
the testing procedure?

Conclusion
-

Briefly summarize your method and the results obtained

321Triax_UO_S12

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introduction to Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Direct Shear Strength Test


1. Purpose
Direct shear strength test aims at establishing the shear strength normal stress and shear stress
shear displacement relationships of a discontinuity surface. The ASTM D5607 document gives
the full testing procedure. This laboratory experiment is limited to establishing shear strength as
function of normal stress based on Mohr-Coulomb and Barton shear failure criteria.
2. Equipment and Procedure
Equipment used for testing includes:

Coring machine
Caliper with 0.001-inch accuracy
DR-44 Direct Shear Machine with specimen holding rings

The testing machine provides a direct shear strength reading for the normal load applied on the
discontinuity. Usually, the tests are performed using under three or more normal load levels.
The shear strength is established as function of normal stress by plotting the test results. The
procedures used in this laboratory exercise for specimen preparation and testing are given below.
Specimen preparation
1. Cut a sample that includes the discontinuity from the core with a length/diameter ratio of
approximately of 2:1. The length should be long enough to cast the specimen in the
upper and lower specimen holding rings.
2. Allow the specimen to air dry for at least 12 hours prior to testing.
3. Record all pertinent information and measurements on the test sheet.
4. Measure sample dimensions to include length and diameter at 3 points (all measurements
to the nearest 0.1 mm).
5. Measure the Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) and Joint Compressive Strength (JCS) of
the discontinuity.
6. Measure the specimen dimensions to determine shear surface area. Also record the
for the determination of normal and shear values at failure.

321DirectShear_UO_F12

7. Log the specimen to indicate the position, orientation, and condition of existing
discontinuities, such as joints, fractures and bedding/foliation. Make a sketch on the test
sheet to show any daylighting rock discontinuities on the specimen surface.
Testing
1. Place and secure the specimen between the platens of the testing machine.
2. Apply a normal stress magnitude (usually between 1 to 5 MPa) depending upon the type
of rock to being tested and the expected normal stresses that the discontinuity is likely to
be loaded in situ.
3. Load the upper part of the specimen on its side to create a shear motion along the
discontinuity surface in shear motion by activating the hydraulic cylinder of the test
apparatus.
4. Record the maximum shear load sustained by the specimen.
5. Make a sketch of the failure on the test sheet.
3. Reporting of results

Cover page including


- lab exercise title
- group #,
- names of the group members attended the lab class and participated in report
preparation

Introduction
- Brief description
- Specific objectives
- Significance of the test

Methodology, equipment
- General information including testing equipment, lithological description of the rock,
specimen dimensions
- Brief description of testing procedure

Results
- Include in your report
o Normal stress shear strength plot of the test data
o Cohesion and friction angle
o JRC and JCS for the discontinuity surface
o Mohr- Coulomb shear strength of the discontinuity
o Barton shear strength of the discontinuity

321DirectShear_UO_F12

Discussion
- Comment on the reliability of your test results
- How do the two shear strength criteria compare?

Conclusion
-

Briefly state and comment on your results.

321DirectShear_UO_F12

Analysis of stress and strength around circular excavations


using the Boundary Element program Examine2D
Objective
In this laboratory class, you will solve Problem 2 in the Stresses around Excavations
chapter. You will also perform k-ratio sensitivity analyses for the stress and stability
distributions around circular excavations.
Plot the distribution of maximum principal stresses along the
horizontal line L between a set of twin tunnels shown in the diagram
below. Take k = 1 and rock mass density = 2650 kg/m3.

Procedure
Find Rocscience in Program files, find and run Examine2D. Once you are in the
program, go through these stages to set up the conditions for Problem 2:
1- In the Analysis tab, chose Project Settings and then check against Generalized
Hoek-Brown.
2- Calculate the virgin stress magnitude and enter these on the appropriate boxes on
the right margin.
Set k = 1, and rock mass density = 2650 kg/m3. Determine vertical component
of the virgin stress:
v = g H = [2650 (kg/m3) 9.81 (m/s2) 200 (m)] / 1x109
1 = v = 5.2 MPa
3- In the same margin, also enter the H-B strength properties as ci : 35 MPa; m b =
1.5; s = 0.042; a = 0.5. Leave the elastic properties as is, i.e. Em=10000 MPa and
Poissons ratio = 0.2.
4- Go to Boundaries tab and choose Add Excavation.
1

March 13, 2013_UO

5- Use the small window on the bottom right of the screen for entering the
coordinates of the tunnel. Place the left tunnel center at location 0,0. You
should see the tunnel and the maximum stress distribution around it. Place your
second excavation to the right at 16 m centers.
6- Save your file.

Analysis
a) Answer Question 2 in the Stress around Excavations Chapter (see above)
b) How do your analytic and numerical modeling results compare?
c) Using the Strength Factor option in the program, evaluate the compressive
failure conditions around the excavations. Give a summary of your findings
supported by relevant plots.
d) Change the k-ratio to 0.5. What changes do you observe in terms of principal
stresses and strength factor around the excavations?
e) Change the k-ratio to 2. What changes do you observe in terms of principal
stresses and strength factor around the excavations?
f) Using the numerical model you have, determine the magnitude and direction of
the principal stresses at point A , located 2 m to the right from the excavation on
left as shown in the figure below, for the two different cases of k=0.5 and k=1.
g) Solve (f) above using the analytical formulae given in Page 8 of Chapter 6.
Compare your results to comment on the validity and similarity of the solutions of
(f) and (g).

Reporting

March 13, 2013_UO

The report for this lab session will be prepared in the usual format described in the
Laboratory Class Outline section.

March 13, 2013_UO

Scanline Survey and RQD Measurements at the Edgar Mine


1. SCANLINE SURVEY
1. 1. Purpose
The purpose of this exercise is to learn to collect the structural data of rockmass for design and
planning using Scanline survey, which is a basic technique used in mapping surface or
underground exposures.
1. 2. Procedure
A scanline is a line set on the surface of the rock mass. The scanline survey consists of recording
data for all discontinuities that intersect the scan line along its length. An alternative approach is
to measure all discontinuities within a defined area on the rock face, but this is more difficult to
control and do systematically than are scan line surveys.
In practice, a scanline is a measuring tape fixed to the rock face by short lengths of wire attached
to masonry nails hammered into the rock. The nails should be spaced at approximately 3 m
intervals along the tape that must be kept as taut and as straight as possible. Once the scanline is
established, the location, date, rock type, face orientation, scanline orientation and name of the
surveyor are recorded on the logging sheet (Figure 1). Surveyors should then carefully and
systematically work their way along the scan line recording the following features for each
discontinuity intersecting the scan line (Figure 2):
D: Distance along the scan line to the point at which the discontinuity intersects the scan line (in
m rounded to nearest cm). Record whether the feature is geological or blast induced.
L: Length of the discontinuity measured above the scan line.
T: Nature of the termination point (A= at another discontinuity; I= in rock material; O=obscured
or extending the extremity of the exposure).
Orientation: Dip direction/Dip measured at or near the point of intersection with the scan line
using a suitable magnetic compass.
C: Curvature or waviness on the numerical scale of, say 1 (undulating) to 5 (planar).
R: Roughness of small-scale irregularities on the numerical scale of 1 (rough) to 5 (smooth).
A: Aperture of the discontinuities in mm, if any.
Comments: On one or more of the following discontinuity properties: type of discontinuity,
nature of any in filling present, water inflow, zones of broken or obscured rock, aperture,
slickensideness, sample locations.

1.14_321_EDGAR_ScanLine_RQDUO_12F.doc

Figure 1. An example of completed scanline survey sheet.

Figure 2. Elements of a scanline survey

1.14_321_EDGAR_ScanLine_RQDUO_12F.doc

SCANLINE SURVEY SHEET

Location:.

Rock
Type:.

Date:.

Face Orientation:..
Recorded
by:..

Scanline Orientation:

D
(m)

L
(m)

Orientation
(Dip direction/Dip)

Comments

D: Distance to discontinuity. L: Length of discontinuity above scanline. T: Termination point (A=At another
discontinuity; I=In rock material; O=Obscured or out exposure). O: Orientation (Dip direction/Dip). C:
Curvature or waviness (1 to 5). R: Roughness (1 to 5). Comments Any + nature of any in filling present.

1.14_321_EDGAR_ScanLine_RQDUO_12F.doc

2. RQD MEASUREMENTS
The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) index is a core recovery percentage used to quantify
natural fracture where unrecovered core, fragments and small pieces of rock downgrade the
quality designation of rock containing these features.
2. 1. Purpose
The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to learn how to determine RQD (Rock Quality
Designation), RMR (Rock Mass Rating), and Q (Rock Tunneling Quality Index) from the given
rock core samples obtained from Edgar experimental mine. Later on during the semester, you
will be able to categorize and design support systems using RMR and Q values.
2. 2. Procedure
The RQD is basically a core recovery percentage in which all the pieces of sound core over 100
mm long are summed and divided by the length of the core run. The correct procedure for
measurement is illustrated in Figure 1.
The steps involved in calculating the RQD are:
1. Align the core from top to bottom as it was received from the core barrels (for the class: the
top and bottom of the boxes are already marked).
2. Measure the total length of the core barrel used to obtain the core run (for the class: each box
has capacity of 10 feet).
3. Measure the length of the core present in the box and divide it by total capacity of the box.
This will give you the total recovery percentage of the core.
4. Measure the length of the core pieces which are 4 inches or greater in length and add their
lengths and then divide it by total core run. This will give you the RQD percentage.
Core Size
RQD was originally developed for NX size core (2.16 in (54.7 mm) diameter). The experience
has shown that other core sizes are also applicable to recording RQD measurements. Variable
length requirements for RQD measurements have been proposed, for example instead of using
the standard 4 inch (100 mm) requisite length, a length equal to double the core diameter was
advocated. It is recommended that a 4 inch (100mm) requisite length should be used in all cases
for the purposes of standardization and comparison. Moreover, with good drilling techniques the
lengths of the core pieces will be same regardless of the core diameter, since the spacing of
natural unbounded joints does not change.
Measurement of Core Lengths
There are various ways to measure the length of a core piece. The same piece of core could be
measured along the centerline, from tip to tip or along the fully circular barrel section. The
recommended procedure is to measure the core length along the centerline as shown in Figure 1.

1.14_321_EDGAR_ScanLine_RQDUO_12F.doc

Figure 1. Procedure for measurement and calculation of RQD

3. REPORTING OF RESULTS
In preparing your report, you will use the data you obtained from your scanline and RQD
measurements, except that you will share the dip direction data with the rest of the class. To
share the dip-direction data, put your data in an excel file in two columns (dip and dip direction)
and send the file to your TA. The TA will upload all groups dip / dip direction data on
Blackboard so that you can download the files from all the groups in class for your stereo net plot
of discontinuities.
The report will include the following:
Objective of the exercise
Summary of the scanline and measurement results, including
a) Number of acanline sections and core runs (or boxes) measured
b) Lithologic description of the rock (for each scanline / core run)
c) Core size in (diameter)
d) RQD determination for each box
f) Recovery calculation for each box
e) Any other visual observation for each box

1.14_321_EDGAR_ScanLine_RQDUO_12F.doc

g) Stereonet plot of your data to determine the number joints sets and their orientation.
h) RMR and Q values for the site
i) Verification of your RMR and Q values

How to get to CSMs Edgar mine

1.14_321_EDGAR_ScanLine_RQDUO_12F.doc

Edgar mine Underground plan

1.14_321_EDGAR_ScanLine_RQDUO_12F.doc

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introductory Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Discontinuity Data Analysis and Stereonets


1.

Purpose

In this exercise you will analyze discontinuity (fracture) data using stereonets in establishing
number of joints sets and their orientation.
2.

Equipment

For this exercise you will need:

stereonets (provided)
tracing paper

3.

Procedure

This exercise consists of three parts, using the information you recorded for the fractures mapped
from the two mapping lines in the Edgar Mine:
a)
Stereonet plotting of joint poles
Each team mapped one line parallel to the shear zones (A-Left or B-Left) and one line
perpendicular to them (the Research Room or the Drill Display). Perform the following steps
separately for the data from each line:
i. Plot the poles for all the joints on a single stereonet overlay as practiced during the
laboratory class on the subject.
ii. Contour the density plot by hand on the overlay. Use 3 to 5 contours.
iii. Estimate and mark on the overlay, the location of the centers of density for each of the
clusters of joint poles. Each center of pole concentration, as indicated by the contours,
represents the average orientation of a joint set. Label each set.
b)

Calculation of average joint properties

Once you have completed part (a), the next task is to determine the average joint properties of
each of the joint sets.
i. Tabulate the joints according to which set they belong to, including location on the
mapping line and all other characteristics.
ii. Calculate the apparent spacing between consecutive members of the same joint set.
Average the apparent spacings for each set.

MNGN321_Disc_Stereonets_UO_F08

iii. Determine the most common roughness, planarity, mineral lining/filling, and moisture
condition for each joint set.
4.

Reporting of Results

Report the mean orientation for each joint set from each mapping line. Report the complete
characteristics of an average fracture from each joint set, including apparent spacing. Discuss
any differences between the two lines and possible reasons for them.
Identify any potential failure blocks in the roof and in either rib. Discuss your findings.
Include the following as appendices:
All overlays and plots, fully labeled
Spreadsheet with all joint data, separated according to joint set
The hand calculation to check the spacing algorithm
5.

References

Brady, G.H.G. and E.T. Brown, 2004. Rock Mechanics for Underground Mining, 2nd edition,
Chapman & Hall, New York, Section 3.6 and Appendix A.

MNGN321_Disc_Stereonets_UO_F12

Colorado School of Mines


Mining Engineering Department
MNGN 321 Introductory Rock Mechanics
Laboratory Classes

Rock Mass Rating (RMR), and Tunneling Quality Index (Q)


1. Purpose
The purpose of this laboratory exercise is to learn how to establish RMR (Rock Mass Rating)
and Q (Rock Tunneling Quality Index) values from the measurements taken at a site at the Edgar
Experimental Mine. The exercise also includes an introductory section on the selection of a
support system using the RMR and Q values determined for the site.
2. Procedure
2.1 Calculate RMR value for the site measured at the Edgar Mine (e.g. RQD,
discontinuity spacing, etc)
2.2 Also calculate Q value for the site
Use the following additional information as needed:
a) The RQD and UCS core samples were taken at the depth of 180m.
b) UCS value is 120 MPa based on the lab test conducted previously.
c) Condition for ground water is dry and minor inflow, < 5 liter/meter.
d) k ratio is 1
e) For the excavation type, assume 3m-wide permanent mine opening
2.4 Specify the support design system for the section measured based on RMR and Q
Refer to relevant tables in the Support of Underground Excavations chapter in your
Course Notes.
2.5 Reporting of Results
a)
b)
c)
d)

Objective of exercise
Brief background and description of the experimental process
Summary of the results
Compare RMR and Q values using the formulae given below:
RMR = 9 lnQ + 44 (Bieniawski, 1976)

321RQD_UO_F12

References

Deere, D. U. and Deere, D. W. The Rock Quality Designation (RQD) Index in Practice,
Rock Classification systems for Engineering Purposes, ASTM STP 984. Louis Kirkaldie.
Ed., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, 1988, pp. 91-101

Brady, B. H. G. & Brown E. T. (2006) Rock Mechanics for Underground mining Chapman
& Hall, London (Third edition)

1.16_321RMR&Q_UO_F12.doc

Slope Stability Analysis Lab Assignments


Prepare one report for both Swedge and Slide simulations using the format
described in your Lab Notes

Wedge Failure Analysis


Solve the problem stated below using the Swedge computer program.
Take unit weights of rock as = 25 kN/m3 and water as w = 9.81 kN/m3.

Problem:
1. Calculate the safety factor for the 40 m high wedge (30.8 m on the slope)
with the characteristics given in the table below. Assume water in the
planes but no tension crack.
2. Perform an analysis of the effect of water pressure in the planes (fissures)
on the stability of the wedge. Use a plot of SF against fissure water levels.
3. Compare the effectiveness of applying bolts in the case of water filled
fissures to achieve the safety factor of the fully undrained fissures.

Plane

Dip

Dip
direction

Slope surface

65o

185 o

Upper surface

12 o

195 o

45 o

70 o

Cohesion
Friction

(kPa)

105 o

20 o

24

235 o

30 o

48

1
1.17_321_SWEDGE_SLIDE_F12.doc

Circular Failure Analysis


The 30 m high road-cut shown in the figure below has a slope angle of 45o. It is
excavated in a weak, homogenous rockmass (c=0.1 MPa, =16o), which
contains water. Boreholes drilled at three locations define the phreatic surface
as shown in the diagram and table below. There is no observable tension crack
within or behind the slope.
1. Determine the safety factor for the slope
2. How much improvement can be expected if the water table is reduced down
to 8 m from the slope mid-height and 20 m from the crest and behind?
3. Study the effect of cohesion on the slopes safety factor by running additional
simulations to generate a safety factor vs cohesion plot. Use original water
levels as given in the figure below.
Take the specific weights of rockmass and water density 25 kN/m3 and 10
kN//m3, respectively.

2
1.17_321_SWEDGE_SLIDE_F12.doc

Colorado School of Mines

_________________________ Class [insert correct class title/number]


Student Liability Waiver and Release Agreement
I, ___________________________________, a student at the Colorado School of Mines (CSM),
have enrolled in the CSM course MNGN321 Introduction to Rock Mechanics and desire to participate
in all course activities and field trips (Course Activities).
I understand that required Course Activities include:
Rock Mechanics laboratory classes, which involves use of machinery at the CSM laboratories,
traveling to and from the Edgar Mine in my personally arranged transport or travel arranged by the
CSM, and measurement, data collection, and installing instrumentation in and outside of the Edgar
Mine. I further understand that students will be required to travel to and from the field trip site at
Edgar Mine, Idaho Springs via personal vehicle or motor vehicles arranged by CSM. I understand
that participating in the Course Activities requires a significant level of physical exertion on my part,
and that such Activities and travel to and from the course and field trip sites involve an inherent risk
of physical injury or death to me, as well as damage to, or destruction of my personal property. I
understand and acknowledge that specific risks of the Course Activities include, but are not limited to
the following:

[Please supplement or modify these as appropriate for Course Activities or Field Trip.]
Hiking or walking along trails, sidewalks, walkways or even roads may cause damage to equipment or personal
injuries.
Vehicle and airplane accidents may result in property damage and physical injuries such as scrapes, abrasions,
sprains, broken bones, torn muscles or ligaments, head, neck or spinal injuries, or death.
Poisonous or dangerous plants, insects or animals might be encountered.
Exposure to the natural elements can be uncomfortable or harmful. Sunburn, dehydration, heat exhaustion, heat
stroke, wind, rain, and being outdoors can be uncomfortable or cause injury or illness.
Risks also include injuries or damages resulting from certain decisions and conduct, including the risk that a course
instructor, co-instructor or other participant may misjudge someones capabilities, or misjudge weather, terrain,
water level, or route location etc.
Environmental risks include rapidly moving, deep or cold water, rough ocean surf, steep and rocky terrain, insects,
snakes, predators, and other animals; falling or rolling rock, hot molten lava, lightning, fires, flash floods and
unpredictable forces of nature, including weather that may change to extreme conditions without notice. Such
environmental conditions pose additional risks, including hypothermia, frostbite, frost nip, sunburn, heatstroke,
dehydration, and other mild or serious conditions.
Other risks include: Working in a non-production, underground mine.
________________________________________________________________________________.

In exchange for the opportunity to participate in and receive academic credit for the Introduction to
Rock Mechanics Course Activities, I hereby assume all risk of injury to myself and my property that I
may suffer as a result of my participation in any Course Activities, including transportation to and
from course and field trip sites. On behalf of myself as well as my heirs, administrators, executors,
and assigns, I hereby RELEASE AND FOREVER DISCHARGE THE STATE OF COLORADO AND
CSM, AS WELL AS ITS TRUSTEES, OFFICERS, AGENTS AND EMPLOYEES, FROM ANY AND
ALL CLAIMS, DEMANDS, AND CAUSES OF ACTION, OF WHATEVER KIND OR NATURE,
EITHER IN LAW OR IN EQUITY, ARISING FROM, OR IN ANY WAY CONNECTED WITH MY
PARTICIPATION IN THE COURSE ACTIVITIES. IN ADDITION, I AGREE TO INDEMNIFY AND
HOLD THE ABOVE-NAMED ENTITIES AND INDIVIDUALS HARMLESS FROM ANY LOSS,
LIABILITY, DAMAGE, OR COST THAT THEY MAY INCUR AS A DIRECT OR INDIRECT RESULT

OF MY PARTICIPATION IN THE COURSE ACTIVITIES.


I hereby agree that if CSM is compelled to defend any action, lawsuit or litigation by myself, my
executors, or my heirs, on my familys or my behalf, my heirs or executors and I agree to pay
CSMs costs and attorneys fees if CSM successfully defends such action, lawsuit or litigation.
I further state that there are no health-related reasons or problems that would preclude or restrict
my participation in the Course Activities, and that I have adequate health insurance necessary to
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course of my participation in the Course Activities. If I require emergency medical action or
treatment, I hereby consent to being transported by CSM to a hospital or medical care facility, and
consent to being administered medical care by the physician or licensed hospital or medical care
facility deemed by the CSM representative in charge to be the most expedient and appropriate
under the circumstances. I understand and agree that CSM assumes no responsibility for any
injury or damage that might arise out of or in connection with such authorized emergency medical
treatment or my transportation to or from the medical care facility.
I agree that this Liability Waiver and Release Agreement is intended to be as broad and inclusive
as permitted by the laws of the State of Colorado, and that if any portion herein is held to be invalid or
unenforceable, the balance shall continue in full legal force and effect. This agreement and the legal
relations among the parties hereto shall be governed by and construed in accordance with the laws
of the State of Colorado.
Nothing in this Liability Waiver and Release Agreement shall be construed to waive, limit, or
otherwise modify any governmental immunity that may be available to CSMs trustees, officers,
employees, agents and representatives under the Colorado Governmental Immunity Act, Colorado
Revised Statutes 24-10-101, et seq.
By my signature below, I acknowledge and represent that I have carefully read this document in its
entirety, understand its contents and effect, and am executing it voluntarily of my own free will.

___________________________________
Student Signature

________________________________
Parent Signature
(Required if Student is under 18 years old)

___________________________________
Date

___________________________________
Date

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