ARTICLE ON IMAGE PROCESSING

AUTHORS: P.GANESH , N.MANASA, P.SOWJANYA, P.AMULYA, S.MOHANA PRABHA

Kakinada Institute Of Engineering And Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University(Affiliated)
Kakinada, Yanama Road, Korangi, East Godavari, Andhra Pradesh

Introduction:
Image processing is a method to convert
an image into digital form and perform some
operations on it, in order to get an enhanced
image or to extract some useful information
from it. It is a type of signal dispensation in
which input is image, like video frame or
photograph and output may be image or
characteristics associated with that image.

Usually Image Processing system includes

treating images as two dimensional signals
while applying already set signal processing
methods to them.

It is among rapidly growing technologies

today, with its applications in various
aspects of a business. Image Processing
forms core research area within engineering
and computer science disciplines too.

Image processing basically

following three steps.

includes

the

Importing the image with optical scanner or

digital camera.
Analyzing and manipulating the image
which includes data compression, image
enhancement and spotting patterns.

Output is the last stage in which result can be

altered image or report that is based on image
analysis.
Purpose of Image processing
The purpose of image processing is divided into
5 groups. They are:
1. Visualization - Observe the objects that are
not visible.
2. Image sharpening and restoration - To create a
better image.
3. Image retrieval - Seek for the image of
interest.
4. Measurement of pattern Measures various
objects in an image.
5. Image Recognition Distinguish the objects
in an image.

1.1 Proposed work:

The two types

of methods used for Image Processing are
Analog and Digital Image Processing. Analog
or visual techniques of image processing can be
used for the hard copies like printouts and
photographs. Image analysts use various
fundamentals of interpretation while using these
visual techniques. The image processing is not
just confined to area that has to be studied but on
knowledge of analyst. Association is another
important tool in image processing through
visual techniques. So analysts apply a
combination of personal knowledge and
collateral data to image processing.
Digital Processing techniques help in
manipulation of the digital images by using
computers. As raw data from imaging sensors
from satellite platform contains deficiencies. To

get over such flaws and to get originality of

information, it has to undergo various phases of
processing. The three general phases that all
types of data have to undergo while using digital
technique are Pre- processing, enhancement and

of 2, and the median of the closest two (or four)

original pixels is used to interpolate each new
pixel:

display, information extraction.

1.2 Image zooming:

Zooming an image is an important task used in
many applications, including the World Wide
Web, digital video, DVDs, and scientific
imaging. When zooming, pixels are inserted into
the image in order to expand the size of the
image, and the major task is the interpolation of
the new pixels form the surrounding original
pixels. Weighted medians have been applied to
similar problems requiring interpolation, such as
interlace to progressive video conversion for
television systems. The advantage of using the
weighted median in interpolation over
traditional linear methods is better edge
preservation and less of a "blocky" look to
edges.
To introduce the idea of interpolation, suppose
that a small matrix must be zoomed by a factor

Zooming commonly required a change in the

image dimensions by a noninter factor, such as a
50 % zoom where the dimensions must be 1.5
times the original. Also, a change in the lengthto-width ratio might be needed if the horizontal
and vertical zoom factors are different. The
simplest way to accomplish zooming of arbitrary
scale is to double the size of the original as
many times as needed to obtain an image larger
than the target size in all dimensions,
interpolating new pixels on each expansion.
Then the desired image can be attained by
subsampling the large image, or taking pixels at
regular intervals from the larger image in order
to obtain an image with the correct length and
width. The subsampling of images and the
possible filtering needed are topics well known
in traditional image processing; thus we will
focus on the problem of doubling the size of an
image.
A digital image is represented by an array of
values, each value defining the color of a pixel
of the image. Whether the color is constrained to
be a shade of gray, in which case only one value
is needed to define the brightness of each pixel,
or whether three values are needed to define the
red, green, and blue components of each pixel
does not affect the definition of the technique of
weighted median.
To double the size of an image, first an empty
array is constructed with twice the number of
rows and columns as the original [Figure (1.1a)],

and the original pixels are placed into alternating

rows and columns [the "00" pixels in Figure.].
To interpolated the remaining pixels, the method
known as polyphase interpolation is used.
0
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Since the "11" pixels were interpolated, they are

less reliable than the original pixels and should
be given lower weights in determining the "01"
and "10" pixels. Therefore the "11" are given
weights of 0.5 in the median to determine the
"01" and "10" pixels, while the "00" original
pixels have weights of 1 associated with them.
The weight of 0.5 is used because it implies that
when both "11" pixels have values that are not
between the two "00" pixel values then one of
the "00" pixels or their average will be used.

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Fig1.1a

fig1.1b

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in Fig (1.1c) is interpolated by using two

original pixels to the left and right and two
previously interpolated pixels above and below.
Similarly, the "10" pixels are interpolated with
original pixels above and below and interpolated
pixels ("11" pixels) to the right and left.

Fig1.1c

. .

. Fig1.1d

. .

Pixels at its four corners. interpolate first by

using the weighted median of the four nearest
original pixels as the value for that pixel. Since
all original pixels are equally trustworthy and
the same distance from the pixel being
interpolated, a weighted of 1 is used for the four
nearest original pixels. The resulting array is
shown in Fig (1.1c). The remaining pixels are
determined by taking a weighted median of the
four closest pixels Thus each of the "01" pixels

Thus "11" pixels differing from the "00" pixels

do not greatly affect the result of the weighted
median. Only when the "11" pixels between the
two "00" pixels, they have a direct effect on the
interpolation. The choice of 0.5 for the weight is
arbitrary, since any weight greater than 0 and
less than 1 will produce the same result. When
the ployphase method is implemented, the "01"
and "10" pixels must be treated differently
because the orientation of the two closest
original pixels is different for the two types of
pixels. Figure (1.1d) shows the final result of
doubling the size of the original array.
To illustrate the process, consider an expansion
of the grayscale image represented by an array
of pixels, the pixel in the ith row and jth column
having brightness a ij will be interpolated into

the array X ipn, j , with p and q taking values 0

or 1, indicating in the same way as above the
type of interpolation required:

a1,1 b 1,2 c 1,3

a2,1 b 2,2 c 2,3
a3,1 b 3,2 c 3,3

The pixels are interpolated as follows:

X 00
i , j=ai , j
a
[ i , j , aij+1 , aij+1 , a i+1, j +1 ]
X 11
i , j=MEDIAN
a
11
11
[ i , j , ai+1 0.5 X i1, j , 0.5 X i+1, j ]
X 01
i , j =MEDIAN
a
11
11
[ i , j , ai+1 0.5 X i1, j , 0.5 X i+1, j ]
X 01
i , j =MEDIAN
where "" is relication operator.

Figure 1.2
An example of median interpolation compared
with be linear interpolation is given in Fig (1.2).
Bilinear interpolation uses the average of the
nearest two original pixels to interpolated the
"01" and "10" pixels in Fig. (1.1b) and the
average of the nearest four original pixels for
the "11" pixels. The edge-preserving advantage
of the weighted median interpolation is readily
seen in the figure.
1.3 Image sharpening:
Human perception is highly sensitive to edges
and fine details of an image, and since they are
composed primarily by high frequency

components, the visual quality of an image can

be enormously degraded if the high frequencies
are attenuated or completed removed. In
contrast,
enhancing
the
high-frequency
components of an image leads to an
improvement in the visual quality. Image
sharpening refers to any enhancement technique
that highlights edges and fine details in an
image. Image sharpening is widely used in
printing and photographic industries for
increasing the local contrast and sharpening the
images.

Fortunately, as the pixels become smaller and

smaller, the difference between high resolution
and extremely high resolution are not discernible
by the human eye, and are not reproducible on
our printers (although a professional printing
press is capable of much higher resolution than
our printers here).
The key is to find the point at which you no
longer get a benefit from additional
resolution. For output to Whitehead devices,
that point is between 300 and 400 ppi.

2.1 Resolution
Basics
Resolution is determined by the size of the units
of information representing an image. A pixel is
a unit of information displayed on a monitor.
Each pixel holds a defined amount of
information stored on your disk. An image of a
given area will become more detailed as more
pixels are used to describe it.

We often use dpi as a generic term, but that isn't

accurate. Sometimes a printer (such as laser
printers) will use several dots of different colors
to make the color of one pixel of an image. This
is why even though a printer may have a 600 dpi
capability, it doesn't mean the same thing as 600
ppi resolution.

2.2 Scaling........
Resolution can be measured in many ways:
1. Samples per inch (spi, scanners)
2. Pixels per inch ( ppi monitors)
3. Dots per inch (dpi, printers)
More pixels in a given area will give you a
smoother, more detailed image but it will also
give you a much larger file.

So far resolution has been easy, but scaling is

where you can ruin an image if you aren't
careful.
Because pixels make up an image, it makes
sense to enlarge or reduce an image simply by
making the pixels bigger or smaller.

This is why planning ahead and beginning with

enough resolution is essential. Making changes
this way will not permanently alter your image.
You can change it back and forth all day without
losing any information.
2.3

ResamplingBack

Resampling can be dangerous because instead of

only enlarging or reducing the size of pixels, it
actually adds or removes pixels in your image. It
is not reversible (except by undo). However, it
can be very useful if used carefully. There are
two reasons to resample:

Photoshop has a dialog box called "Image Size"

(Image > Image size).

1. You want to change the resolution without

affecting the dimensions
2. You want to change the dimensions without
affecting the resolution (you don't have any extra
resolution to use for enlarging an image).

To scale by enlarging pixels, make your changes

in the Image Size dialog box and make sure the
"resample image" box is not checked. Notice
the linking symbol to the right of the width,
height, and resolution boxes. This indicates that
changes in width and height will be
accomplished by altering the resolution (size of
pixels), or changes in resolution will be made
through changing the width and height.
Although I said that the resolution will be
changed, as long as it doesn't drop below the
minimum threshold of roughly 300-400 ppi, you
won't be able to detect the difference in output.

Reducing resolution by resampling is called

"down sampling". A mathematical equation is
used to determine how pixels should be
combined to achieve the desired number of
pixels per inch. The same process is used to
increase resolution and is called "up sampling".
As you can see from the example above, up
sampling doesn't really give more detail to your
image, it just takes up more space on your disk.
(Although it can reduce graininess).
Down sampling: In the example below, reducing
the number of pixels per inch from 320 to 10,
the image becomes very pixilated.

The camera used an optical zoom for the picture

on the left and a digital zoom for the one on the
right.

However, from 600 dpi to 400 dpi, as shown below,

you aren't likely to see a difference, because our best
printer has a limit of 400 dpi. The benefit of down
sampling is that you get a much smaller file size that
is easier to store and work with. But be careful! If
you resample to lower resolutions than 300, your
image will start to look pixilated.

Optical zoom: If taking a lot of photos

from far away subjects is important to
you, be sure that the camera you buy has
an optical zoom. An optical zoom is a
true zoom lens, like the zoom lens youd
use on a film camera. They produce
much better-quality images.

Digital zoom: Some cameras offer a

digital zoom, which is simply some incamera image processing. When you use
a digital zoom, the camera enlarges the
image area at the center of the frame and
trims away the outside edges of the
picture. The result is the same as when
you open an image in your photo-editing
program, crop away the edges of the
picture, and then enlarge the remaining
photo

P portion of
2.4

The

Difference

between

Optical Zoom and Digital Zoom

on Your Digital Camera
Zooming on your digital camera involves getting
a closer view of far-away subjects. Optical zoom
gets up close and personal by using an actual
lens adjustment and digital zoom adjusts the
image in the camera itself (this figure shows the
difference in the images you get):

3.1 Some solutions:

Adobe Photoshop Elements, Corel

PHOTO-PAINT, and Corel PaintShop Pro.
Optimized for both printing and on-screen
purposes, PhotoZoom Pro 5 is an absolute musthave for anyone who wants to resize images at
the highest possible quality.

Ben Vista PhotoZoom Pro 5 is world's number

one software solution for enlarging and
downsizing digital photos and graphics.
PhotoZoom Pro 5 not only creates larger images
than any other software (up to 1 million by 1
million pixels), it also produces higher quality
results. PhotoZoom Pro 5 is equipped with SSpline Max, a unique, patented image resize
technology which excels at preserving clean
edges,
sharpness,
and
fine
details.

3.2 Enlarge Images without Losing Quality

4 Tools
When we Enlarge images chances are very less
that we might get a perfectly enlarged image
without any loss of quality. Either the image
will be blurred, pixelated or noisy. This is a
common problem faced by most of the people
while enlarging images. Recently, I came
across a few softwares and online services that
will help to Enlarge pictures without losing
any quality/getting pixelated/blurred.

Even noisy, compressed originals can be

enlarged successfully. Normally, noise and JPEG
compression artifacts become disturbingly
visible during enlargement. PhotoZoom Pro 5
however offers the tools to eliminate these
distortions. You'll be amazed by the amount of
detail PhotoZoom Pro 5 is able to dig up from
below
the
mess.
PhotoZoom Pro 5 is extremely easy to use, and
comes with various pre-defined settings. These
settings can be manually fine-tuned as well. You
can even put together your own resize profiles:
compilations of your favorite resize method and
size settings, which can be selected with a single
click. When you often use the same settings,
resize profiles will streamline your workflow.
Large quantities of images can be resized in one
go, through batch processing. Multi-processor
support, 64-bit support, and the new GPU
acceleration included with PhotoZoom Pro 5
ensure
reduced
processing
time.
sPhotoZoom Pro 5 works both as a stand-alone
application and as a plug-in for various host
programs, such as Adobe Photoshop,

1)SmallerEnlarger

This small Image Enlarger will help you to

enlarge images photos without losing
quality
or
getting
pixelated.
SmillaEnlarger can also convert a low
resolution images to a high resolution
images by minimizing the images distortion
and by maintaining as much as details as
possible. SmillaEnlarger comes with many
image adjustment options and a instant preview
window to see the real-time preview of the
enlarged images. This utility certainly gives
dramatically good results.

But there is some thing that i found annoying

with this tool. The Lack of a Save Option! We
need to first select the directory containing the
images. The program will save the images
automatically with a new name. In short this
Image Enlarger is a nice application that will
help us to easily enlarge the images without
making it lose its quality or getting blurred /

Ray from Raymond since i came to know about

vector magic from there.

pixel

3)SizeFixerEnlargeimagesup
to400%
SizeFixer is a wonderful tool from Fixer Labs.
Before starting with let me say SizeFixer is not
a Free Tool so i didnt wanted to include this
in here, but later i thought of its usefulness to
professionals so i included SizeFixer. What
makes this tool special is its capability to enlarge
images upto 400% of its original size. Thats
way ahead of other softwares can do. SizeFixer
makes this possible by automatically erasing the
dark and faded parts in the image thus giving
rise to a high clarity image without losing
quality. SizeFixer was first released in 2005 for
MAC. Later the windows version came up
promising to enlarge images by 3346 inches
without losing any of its quality.

But there is some thing that i found

annoying with this tool. The Lack of a
Save Option!. We need to first select
the directory containing the images.
The program will save the images
automatically with a new name. In
short this Image Enlarger is a nice
application that will help us to easily
enlarge the images without
making it lose its quality or
gettingblurred/pixilated
.2)VectorMagic
You may know that vector images are made of
lines and curves which also have their respective
position and colors used, stored in the images.
So what make vector images special is that they
can be resized into any size. You can decrease
the image size or enlarge it to any size without
losing any of its qualities. So, if we can convert
the BMP and JPEG (bitmap) images into vector
images. Enlarging images without losing
quality will not be a problem at all. Thanks to

Vector Magic is actually a website that will help

you to enlarge images online. Vector Magic
website provides a free online service to convert
bitmap images to vector images easily. It makes
this possible using its auto-tracer service.

features. Signing up for a free Reshade account

offers you the ability to enlarge images to a
maximum resolution of 1920x1200px with a
zoom of 2X.

The super-resolution technology of SizeFixer

contributes to the making of such gigantic
images. SizeFixer comes in 3 different versions
XL, SLR & Home. SizeFixer Home version
can Enlarge images upto a size of 16 Mega
Pixels. SizeFixer is a pricier tool but it is worth
for professionals. Size Fixer XL, SLR & Home
costs $199.95, $269.90 & $59.95 respectively.
Size Fixer is not just an ordinary tool because it
is used by the government authorities, military
and also in NASA. If you want to experience
what Size Fixer is actually capable of then i
suggest you to go for a free trial first.
4) Reshade Photo Enlargement Without
Quality Loss
Reshade eliminates most of the problems faced
during photo enlargement process such as
pixilation, loss of focus, loss of sharpness,
exaggerated noise . Reshade also comes with an
online service to resize the images. You can
make the image smaller or enlarge it. The
Desktop Version of Reshade is not free and it
costs 149$ to buy and there is a premium online
service too which offers similar features of the
desktop application.
I am dealing with the free online service of
reshade since it is free and does a decent job. It
is adequate for home use. Professionals may
require the paid version. You can use the
Reshade service with or without an account but
the features will vary. It is free to create free
account with reshade and it provides some more

You will be able to enlarge images to standard

monitor resolutions, enhance poor quality
images, crop. It supports JPG, BMP, GIF, PNG
image formats, single frames and nontransparent, maximum file size is 10MB,
maximum size is 4000 x 4000 pixels, minimum
size is 50 x 50 pixels. You can either upload the
image from your system or from direct link and
then you can select the specifications and the
enlarged image without much loss of quality
will be ready for download with in a few
seconds!

Conclusion:
These are the few features of a good
introductory image processing program. There
are many more complex modifications you can
make to the images. For example, you can apply
a variety of filters to the image. The filters use
mathematical algorithms to modify the image.
Some filters are easy to use, while others require
a great deal of technical knowledge. The
software also will calculate the ra, dec, and
magnitude of all objects in the field if you have
a star catalog such as the Hubble Guide Star

Catalog (although this feature requires the

purchase of an additional CD-ROM).
The standard tricolor images produced by the
SDSS are very good images. If you are looking
for something specific, you can frequently make
a picture that brings out other details. The "best"
picture is a very relative term.

Image recognition is another major research

field using different algorithms like binary tree
or neural network algorithms.

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the Cell 95: 335-342 (2003).

Cox,
G.
Biological
confocal
microscopy. Materials Today 5: 34-41
(2002).

Z., Demel, U. and Tilz, G.

Laser scanning confocal fluorescence

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an
overview.
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imaging.
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Biography:
Recommended Reading

Conchello, J. A. and Lichtman, J. W.

Optical sectioning microscopy. Nature
Methods 2: 920-931 (2005).
Murray, J. M., Appleton, P. L., Swedlow,
J. R. and Waters, J. C. Evaluating
performance in three dimensional
fluorescence microscopy. Journal of
Microscopy 228: 390-405 (2007).
Swedlow, J. R., Hu, K., Andrews, P. D.,
Roos, D. S. and Murray J. M.
Measuring
tubulin
content
in
Toxoplasma gondii: a comparison of
laser-scanning confocal and wide-field
fluorescence microscopy. Proceedings
of the National Academy of Sciences
99: 2014-2019 (2002).
Wang, E., Babbey, C. M. and Dunn, K.
W. Performance comparison between
the high-speed Yokogawa spinning
disc confocal system and single-point
scanning confocal systems. Journal of
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Amos, W. B. and White, J. G. How the
confocal laser scanning microscope

Additional Literature Sources

Barbe, L., Lundberg, E., Oksvold, P.,
Stenius, A., Lewin, E., Bjorling, E.,
Asplund, A., Ponten, F., Brismar, H.,
Uhlen, M. and Andersson-Svahn, H.
Toward a confocal subcellular atlas of
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Booth, M. J., Neil, M. A. A., Juskaitis,

R. and Wilson, T. Adaptive aberration
correction in a confocal microscope.
Proceedings of the National Academy

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(2002).

Centonze, V. E. and White, J. G.

Multiphoton
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provides
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S.MOHANA PRABHA
(11B21A0547)

AUTHORS BY:

P.GANESH
(11B21A0521)

N.MANASA
(11B21A0543)

P.AMULYA
(11B21A0519)

P.SOWJANYA
(11B21A0531)

GUDIENCE BY:
K.RAVI KUMAR, M.Tech
Assoc.prof & H.O.D
Dcs Dept
Kiet

FROM DEPT OF KIET CSE