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International Conference on Advanced Power Engineering 2013

Strategies and Operating Point Optimization

of STATCOM Control for Voltage Unbalance
Mitigation in Three-Phase Three-Wire Systems
Kuang Li, Jinjun Liu, Zhaoan Wang, and Biao Wei

AbstractReactive power control through the static compensator (STATCOM) has gained wide attentions due to its
outstanding performance. But for a STATCOM with traditional
control strategies, unbalanced utility voltages will greatly affect
the performance of the STATCOM and, in severe cases, may even
cause the shutdown of the STATCOM for overcurrent protection.
This paper proposes novel control strategies to ensure normal
operation of STATCOM in three-phase three-wire systems when
severe system voltage unbalance occurs and, furthermore, to
mitigate voltage unbalance at the point of common coupling
(PCC) whether it is caused by the utility or load. The control laws,
operation principles, compensation characteristics, and operating
point optimization of the proposed control strategies are analyzed
and compared in detail. The power flow in the STATCOM and
corresponding dc-side voltage-control schemes for these control
strategies are also introduced. It is shown that the proposed
voltage-controlled current source (VCCS) strategy and modified
voltage-controlled voltage source strategy are valid for voltage
unbalance compensation, especially the VCCS strategy for low
rating under the same performance. Finally, the simulation and
experimental investigations were carried out with these three
parameter-optimized control strategies, respectively, for light and
heavy load conditions. The results verified that the current passing
through the STATCOM is under control and the voltage at the
PCC is more balanced than before compensation. The compensation performance of the STATCOM is thus proven satisfactory.
Index TermsControl strategy, point of common coupling
(PCC), static compensator (STATCOM), voltage-controlled current source (VCCS), voltage-controlled voltage source (VCVS),
voltage unbalance.

I. INTRODUCTION
TATIC COMPENSATOR (STATCOM) is an advanced reactive power compensator that has attracted more attention
in recent years [1][5]. It can be used to control power factor,
regulate voltage, stabilize power flow, and improve the dynamic
performance of power systems. STATCOM can also provide additional functions, such as harmonics compensator and load balancer, as a potential trend during the past decade [6].
In practical operation, one problem that STATCOM has to
deal with in utilities is system voltage unbalance [7][12],

The authors are with the School of Electrical Engineering, Xian Jiaotong University, Xian, Shaanxi, China 710049 (e-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]).

which is considered to be a power-quality (PQ) problem with

increasing concern especially at the distribution level these
years. According to [13], there were quite some grids in which
voltage unbalance factor exceeds 3% in the U.S. The situation
in China is even worse. But in the IEC standard, the voltage unbalance factor must be below 2% during a long period of time.
An excessive level of voltage unbalance can impose serious
impacts on any equipment connected in the grid system. The
affected equipment includes induction motors, variable speed
drive systems, and many other power-electronic equipment. In
traditional control strategies, a STATCOM is usually controlled
as a positive-sequence voltage source [7][12]. Under balanced
utility voltages, STATCOM works very well. But in unbalanced
voltage mains, a negative-sequence current will be induced
when it goes through the STATCOM, as the STATCOM is a
short circuit for a negative-sequence component. Due to the
small system impedance, a small amount of negative- sequence
component in the supply voltage would lead to a very large
amount of negative-sequence current. Under this situation, the
STATCOM has to be put into standby mode to avoid overcurrent [7]. Bedsides, under unbalanced supply voltages, there is
voltage ripples in the dc bus and
current harmonic in the
output current of the STATCOM, where is the line frequency.
In order to suppress the dc bus ripple voltage of the STATCOM,
a simple way is to increase the capacity of the dc capacitor.
But it is no use to attenuate the voltage unbalance in the power
mains [11].
In order to keep voltage unbalance under a permitted level,
a lot of measures have been put forward. Among them, the
method of active series compensators or parallel compensators
has been very attractive. Dynamic voltage restorers (DVRs),
series power-quality conditioners (SPQCs), and active line
conditioners (ALCs) are the common examples of an active
series unbalance compensator [13]. For parallel compensators,
the STATCOM itself is actually a choice [10][12]. In [10],
the STATCOM operates as a voltage-controlled voltage source
(VCVS), and a modified single-phase synchronous frame
transform is proposed to handle the unbalanced condition. The
transform, however, suffers from additional time delay imposed
by its requirement for filtering of the second harmonic. In
[11], a quasi 48-pulse STATCOM and a pulsewidth-modulated
(PWM) converter are proposed. The output negative-sequence
voltage of the PWM converter protects the STATCOM when
severe supply voltage unbalance occurs. But this still cannot
mitigate the unbalanced voltages at the PCC. In [12], a simplified model of STATCOM was proposed for unbalance

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compensation. But the model-based control algorithm is easily
influenced by system parameters and the control scheme is
rather complicated.
In this paper, STATCOM is operated to control reactive
power under normal situations. When severe supply voltage
unbalance occurs, STATCOM will be switched from reactive
power control to the voltage unbalance compensation function.
It can also be switched to compensate the asymmetrical current
of the load according to practical requirements. In this way,
the functions of the STATCOM are extended, which is also a
tendency in these years [6], [14][18]. This paper discusses
in detail how to mitigate the supply voltage unbalance at the
PCC with a STATCOM.
The configuration of the STATCOM is first introduced.
With this configuration, three control strategies for voltage
unbalance compensation are proposed: voltage-controlled
current source (VCCS) strategy, voltage-controlled voltage
source (VCVS) strategy, and modified VCVS strategy. For
each control strategy, the principle for unbalanced voltage
mitigation is analyzed in detail. To achieve the optimal performance, the parameter relationships are also investigated. With
the characteristic curves, the optimal operation point can be
located. At this point, the unbalanced voltages at the PCC and
the capacity of the STATCOM reach the smallest value at the
same time. Moreover, the power flow between the STATCOM
and the utility grid is also presented. And the control scheme to
keep the dc bus voltage constant is put forward. Finally, simulation and experiment tests under unbalanced supply voltages,
respectively, for resistive and diode rectifier load conditions
are shown. It is verified that the overcurrent phenomenon of
the STATCOM does not occur any more and the unbalanced
voltage at the PCC is greatly reduced than that before compensation. The compensation behavior of the STATCOM on the
system voltage unbalance is satisfactory.

II. SYSTEM CONFIGURATION

The proposed configuration of the whole system is shown
in Fig. 1, which targets 10 kV and 3 10-MVA rating of the
STATCOM. There is no transformer, and the STATCOM is
directly connected in parallel with the three-phase load via
a small inductor for the attenuation of switching frequency
current ripples. The power converter of the STATCOM employs
several series-connected IGBTs in each leg of the three-phase
bridge circuit for medium-voltage blocking capability. The dc
capacitors could be in series and parallel connections too. As the
power stage of the STATCOM is just a three-phase full-bridge
two-level converter and the control of the system is simpler
than multilevel topologies provided that the voltage-sharing
techniques for the series-connected IGBTs can be solved
successfully.
The STATCOM has multiple compensation functions and the
control strategies must be embedded into the control unit. In
Fig. 1, the block diagram of the control system is also shown.
The grid voltages, the source currents, the output currents, and
the dc voltage of the STATCOM need to be detected accurately.

Fig. 1. Simplified system configuration of the STATCOM.

Fig. 2. Single-phase equivalent circuit for the distribution system with VCCScontrolled STATCOM.

These signals are sent into a digital signal processor (DSP) control unit. In this paper, the control strategy is fully digitally implemented based on a TMS320F2812 DSP. And it does not require any additional analog-todigital or digital-to-analog conversion chips. The cost of the whole control system is very low,
but the reliability is comparatively high. Simultaneously, a touch
panel is introduced in the control system, and it is very convenient to operate the STATCOM and monitor the system status.
III. CONTROL STRATEGIES AND OPERATING POINT
OPTIMIZATION FOR MITIGATION OF VOLTAGE UNBALANCE
In three-phase three-wire systems, the line-to-line voltage
at the PCC does not contains any zero-sequence components.
Therefore, only the negative-sequence voltage is considered for
unbalance compensation. In this paper, all of the negative- and
positive-sequence quantities are denoted by subscripts and ,
respectively, and the formulation is based on phasor analysis.
A. VCCS Voltage Unbalance Mitigation Strategy and
Operating Point Optimization
In the VCCS voltage unbalance mitigation strategy, the
single-phase equivalent circuit of the power system is shown
and
, respectively, denote the fundamental
in Fig. 2.
positive- and negative-sequence voltage components of the
and
represent the current and voltage of
power supply.
is the voltage at the PCC.
the STATCOM.

International Conference on Advanced Power Engineering 2013

With this control scheme, the STATCOM is controlled as a

current source. Its amplitude is determined by the unbalanced
voltage and an equivalent amplifying quantity of the STATCOM
. Here, a rotating factor is introduced for the phase-angle
control of the compensating current, as shown in the following
equation:
(1)
Generally, the load impedance is much larger than the grid
impedance. Therefore, here
is not considered (i.e.,
)
for simplification.
The unbalanced voltage at the PCC and the current of the
STATCOM are as follows:
(2)
(3)
In (2), the unbalanced voltage can be mitigated by in large
value, which is realized with the STATCOM. It is clear that only
the unbalanced current flows into the STATCOM. One merit of
VCCS control is that the current of the STATCOM is fully under
control whenever the voltage of the utility grid is balanced or
not. Therefore, the STATCOM could theoretically be operated
online safely at all times.
In this case, the voltage across the STATCOM is composed of
two components: 1) fundamental frequency positive-sequence
voltage and 2) negative-sequence voltage (voltage harmonics
not considered), which are expressed as
(4)
(5)
In order to evaluate the required capacity of the STATCOM,
two terms named equivalent voltage and equivalent current are
introduced [19]. The values of these two quantities are defined
as
(6)
(7)
Thus, the rating of the STATCOM can be estimated by

Fig. 3. Single-phase equivalent circuit of the distribution system with a VCVScontrolled STATCOM.

The relationships between

,
, , and are analyzed
based on the equivalent circuit and shown in Fig. 4(a) when
,
. If
is purely inductive,
is the optimum value because
,
, and are minimum at
the same time.
In order to find out the optimum value for in a general way,
. Then, from (2)
assume
(11)
The condition is
(12)
Generally, the system impedance
of the power grid is more
inductive than resistive. Therefore, it can be also assumed that
for simplicity.
B. VCVS Voltage Unbalance Mitigation Strategy and
Operating Point Optimization
In the VCVS voltage unbalance mitigation strategy, the
single-phase equivalent circuit of the power system is shown in
Fig. 3. The quantities definitions are the same as those in the
denotes the connecting reactor
VCCS scheme, except that
of the STATCOM with the utility grid.
In this control strategy, the STATCOM is controlled as a
voltage source, whose amplitude and phase angle are determined by the unbalanced voltage at the PCC, amplifying factor
, and another rotating factor . The control law is shown as
follows:
(13)

(8)
Because there is no positive-sequence current flowing
through the STATCOM, the equivalent current is derived as

If the load
is not considered
, the unbalanced
voltage at the PCC after compensation becomes

(14)
(9)
So for the VCCS voltage unbalance mitigation strategy, the
rating of the STATCOM is
(10)

where not only , but also

influences the compensation characteristic of the STATCOM. However, one thing that does not
change is that the larger the amplifying factor is, the more balanced the voltage at the PCC is.
With this control scheme, the voltage across the STATCOM is
a negative-sequence component. The positive-sequence voltage

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Fig. 4. Relationship between U , I , S and rotating angel with three control strategies. (a) VCCS control strategy (k = 2). (b) VCVS control strategy
(k = 2:5, Z = 0:9 p.u.). (c) Modified VCVS control strategy (k = 1:5, Z = 0:2 p.u.).

Fig. 5. Characteristic comparison between the VCCS strategy and the VCVS strategy. (a) The relationship between I and U
U and U
. (c) The relationship between S and U .

is only dropped on the connecting reactor which, in this case,

must be high impedance. Therefore, the equivalent voltage is

. (b) The relationship between

In order to find out the optimum value for

,
,
assume
. Then

in a general way,

(15)
Unlike the VCCS control approach, here not only negative-sequence current, but also positive-sequence current flows
through the STATCOM. They are, respectively, as follows:
(16)
(17)
In the same way, the capacity of the STATCOM can be evaluated according to

(18)
The relationships between
,
, , and are shown in
Fig. 3(b). If is purely inductive, it can be obtained that
is the optimum value because
,
, and are minimum at
the same time.

(19)
The condition is
(20)
Fig. 5 shows the characteristics comparison between the
VCCS strategy and the VCVS strategy with
as a variable
parameter. The equivalent current of the STATCOM with the
VCCS control is much smaller than that with the VCVS control. The equivalent voltage, however, is not the case. Thus, the
rating of the STATCOM becomes different under the same unbalanced voltage level. It is obvious that the VCCS mitigation
strategy is more favorable, as shown in Fig. 5(c).
C. Modified VCVS Voltage Unbalance Mitigation Strategy
In fact, the output voltage of the STATCOM in the VCVS
control scheme is only composed of the fundamental negative-sequence component, as shown in (16). Therefore, the
STATCOM is a short circuit for the positive-sequence voltage.
In order to prohibit the resulting large current from flowing

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Fig. 6. Characteristic comparison between the VCCS strategy and the modified VCVS strategy. (a) The relationship between I and U
between U and U . (c) The relationship between S and U .

into the STATCOM and to ensure the PCC voltages at a permitted level, the inductance of the linking reactor between
the STATCOM and the grid must be very high, for example,
. On one hand, it makes the cost and volume
of the system increase greatly. On the other hand, the high
inductance deteriorates the unbalance mitigation capability of
the STATCOM. To solve this contradiction and to improve the
system performance in a reasonable manner, a modified VCVS
control strategy is proposed.
The control law for the modified VCVS strategy is as follows:

(21)
where
represents the fundamental positive-sequence
voltage at the PCC. The output positive-sequence voltage can
cancel with the positive-sequence voltage at the PCC; therefore,
it can eliminate the positive-sequence current flowing into the
STATCOM. Theoretically, the positive-sequence current of the
STATCOM will be
(22)
Since the negative-sequence component is the same as that in the
previous VCVS strategy, the unbalance compensation performance of the STATCOM is unchanged too. The only difference
is that the STATCOM outputs the positive-sequence voltage, besides the negative-sequence voltage. So the equivalent voltage
without the load becomes

. (b) The relationship

Fig. 6 shows the characteristics comparison between the

as
modified VCVS strategy and the VCVS strategy with
the variable parameter. In Fig. 6, the equivalent current of the
STATCOM with the VCCS control is also smaller than that
with the modified VCVS control. But the equivalent voltages
are very close. Nevertheless, the capacity of the STATCOM
with the VCCS strategy is still a little smaller than that with the
modified VCVS strategy under the same unbalanced voltage
could be too small to be nelevel. If the linking reactor
glected, these two lines could overlap each other. It means that
from the outside characteristic, these two control strategies
is very small. But in application,
have no difference when
should have a certain value (e.g., 0.1 p.u.). Therefore, in
general, the VCCS mitigation strategy is a little better than the
modified VCVS control strategy.
IV. POWER-FLOW ANALYSIS AND DC BUS VOLTAGE CONTROL
From the energy point of view, the compensation operation is
the power exchange between the STATCOM and the utility grid.
Therefore, the analysis of the electric power consumed by the
STATCOM is absolutely necessary. Only when the STATCOM
absorbs little active power, is the control strategy applicable.
In the VCCS strategy, only the negative-sequence current
flows into the STATCOM. Thus, for the positive-sequence
component, the active power is
(25)
For the negative-sequence component, the active power is

(23)
Therefore, the rating of the STATCOM is

(26)
According to (1)
(27)

(24)
,
, , and are shown
The relationships between
is purely inductive,
is also the
in Fig. 4(c). If
,
, and
are minimum at
optimum value because
the same time.

from (12), is close to 90 , which leads to

being very small.
With proper control, the dc bus voltage of the STATCOM could
be stable.
Similarly, in the VCVS strategy, only the negative-sequence
voltage is generated by the STATCOM. Although there is positive-sequence current, the positive-sequence voltage is zero.
Thus, for the positive-sequence component, the active power

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Fig. 7. Detection of the fundamental negative-sequence component in PCC

voltages and control algorithm for constant dc voltage. (a) System voltages
without harmonic distortion. (b) System voltages with heavy harmonic
distortion.

is also zero. For the negative-sequence component, the active

power is
(28)
According to (13) and (16)
(29)
As shown in (20), is close to 0 . Generally, the resistance of
could be neglected. In this condition,
is very small too.
Thus, the control strategy is applicable.
In the modified VCVS control strategy, although positive sequence voltage exists, the positive-sequence current becomes
zero. So the positive-sequence active power is equal to zero. And
the negative-sequence active power is the same as that shown in
(29).
From the mentioned analysis with the three control strategies,
the STATCOM is shown to consume only a small amount of active power besides absorbing or generating almost all of the reactive power necessary for unbalance compensation. Therefore,
the STATCOM could operate normally.
Fig. 7(a) shows the detection method for the fundamental
negative-sequence component in load voltages when the system
voltage is hardly harmonics distorted. In that case, the utility
only contains fundamental positive- and negative-sequence
voltages, which become dc and ac components, respectively,
in the frame. Then a 64-point moving average process is
used in the low-pass filter (LPF) to remove the ac component.
Therefore, only the dc component remains. With the inverse
,
, and
are
transformation, the positive components

obtained. After subtraction from the total voltage quantities,

and used as the control reference signal of the STATCOM, the
fundamental negative-sequence component is obtained.
If the utility voltage contains a lot of harmonics, the method
in Fig. 7(a) does not work effectively. The detected signal would
also be harmonic contaminated. Therefore, another unbalanced
voltage detection method is introduced as shown in Fig. 7(b). In
this case, the transformation matrix is correspondingly modified
so that only the negative-sequence voltage of the utility becomes
dc component in the frame. Actually, this can be achieved
by switching the positions of two columns in the
transformation matrix. Thus, only with low-pass filters (LPFs) and
inverse transformation, can the exact detection for the control
reference signal of the STATCOM be realized.
The reference detection methods shown in Fig. 10 are similar to those used in harmonic current separation based on the
instantaneous reactive power theory. The only deference is that
the detection objects become the three-phase voltages.
In order to ensure that the STATCOM is working properly,
the dc bus voltage has to be controlled to a certain stable level.
The dc bus voltage control scheme is also shown in Fig. 7(a).
In this paper, a single voltage control loop is adopted. The error
and its reference
is
signal between the dc bus voltage
regulated with a PI controller. The output of the PI regulator is
added to the channel signal in the frame. Therefore, the
certain positive-sequence component is generated at the fundamental frequency with the same phase angle of the PCC positive-sequence voltage after inverse transformation. Since the detected signal is used as the reference for the STATCOM current
in the VCCS control strategy, it will then generate certain positive-sequence currents besides the currents for voltage unbalance mitigation. The generated positive-sequence currents along
with the same phase angle as the PCC positive-sequence voltage
will produce certain active power, which is used to adjust the
dc-side voltage of the STATCOM.
For the case of utility voltages with severe harmonics or the
case of using VCVS control strategies, the control diagram is
shown in Fig. 7(b). The principle of adjusting the necessary active power flow in the STATCOM to control the dc-side voltage
does not change.

V. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENT RESULTS

In order to verify the three control strategies for voltage unbalance mitigation, detailed computer simulation investigations
in the time domain have been carried out with PSIM6.0. For
each control strategy, two kinds of loads are studied: resistive
load
and rectifier load (
,
)
,
, and
.
where
Fig. 8 shows the simulation waveforms with the STATCOM
under the VCCS control. After the STATCOM is put into operation at 0.04 s, the PCC voltage
becomes more balanced. The
approaches a very small extent,
negative-sequence voltage
even zero. More evidence is that the load current is also symmetrical after compensation. A corresponding result is the increase
of the current in the STATCOM and the power supply. The mitigation performance of the STATCOM is outstanding, regardless

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International Conference on Advanced Power Engineering 2013

Fig. 8. Simulation results with the VCCS control strategy (L = 0:3 mH). (a) Resistive load. (b) Diode rectifier load.

Fig. 9. Simulation results with the VCVS control strategy (L = 40 mH). (a) Resistive load. (b) Diode rectifier load.

Fig. 10. Simulation results with the modified VCCS control strategy (L = 0:3 mH). (a) Resistive load. (b) Diode rectifier load.

of the linear resistive loads in Fig. 8(a) or for nonlinear rectifier

loads [Fig. 8(b)].

Figs. 9 and 10, respectively, show the simulation waveforms

with the STATCOM under the VCVS control and under the

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Fig. 11. Experiment waveforms under the VCCS strategy with rectifier load (f = 3:2 kHz). (a) Unbalanced PCC voltages without the STATCOM (t: 5 ms/div
u: 150 V/div). (b) Nearly balanced PCC voltages with the STATCOM (t: 5 ms/div u: 150 V/div). (c) Unbalanced load current without the STATCOM (t: 5 ms/div
i: 20 A/div). (d) Nearly balanced load current with the STATCOM (t: 5 ms/div i: 20 A/div).

Fig. 12. Experiment waveforms with the STATCOM under rectifier load (f = 3:2 kHz). (a) Nearly balanced PCC voltages with the VCVS control strategy. (b)
Nearly balanced PCC voltages with the modified VCVS control strategy. (a) t: 5 ms/div u: 150 V/div; (b) t: 5 ms/div u: 150 V/div.

modified VCVS control. It is verified by the simulation waveforms that undoubtedly the two strategies can mitigate the unbalanced voltages at the PCC under any load condition.
Furthermore, experiment investigations have been carried
out on an established reduced scale prototype STATCOM with
3.2-kHz switching frequency. The prototype is rated at 380
V/50 kVA. The unbalanced supply voltage is obtained through
a programmable ac source Chroma 6590, where
and
. Fig. 11 shows the PCC voltage and load
current waveforms before and after compensation. It is seen in
Fig. 11(a) that the voltage at the PCC is little distorted but highly
unbalanced originally. After the STATCOM is put into operation, the three-phase PCC voltage becomes almost balanced
as shown in Fig. 11(b). It means that the negative-sequence
voltage was almost fully compensated by the STATCOM with
the proposed VCCS control strategy. Fig. 11(c) and (d) are the
load current waveforms before and after the STATCOM works.
Fig. 12(a) is the voltage waveforms at the PCC with the
VCVS control strategy. Compared with Fig. 11(b), it is clearly

shown that the amplitude of the voltage under the VCVS

control has greatly decreased. This phenomenon is caused by
the linking reactor between the STATCOM and the grid. The
smaller the reactor is, the larger the positive-sequence current
of the STATCOM is, and the smaller the positive-sequence
voltage at the PCC is. Fig. 12(b) is the voltage waveforms at
the PCC with the modified VCVS control strategy, which is
similar to the results in Fig. 11(b). Because of the similarity to
those in the VCCS control strategy, the load current waveforms
in the VCVS and the modified VCVS control strategies are not
shown here.
From the experimental results, it is obvious that the supplyvoltage unbalance problem can be mitigated effectively by the
STATCOM with the proposed VCCS and modified VCVS control strategies.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, novel control strategies are proposed for
STATCOM to compensate for the utility voltage unbalance ei-

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ther caused by the asymmetric load or upstream supply source.

Through extensive theoretical analysis, computer simulation,
and experimental tests on a hardware prototype of STATCOM,
the following conclusions are obtained.
1) The STATCOM can be utilized to compensate the
voltage unbalance at the PCC.
2) The VCCS and modified VCVS control strategies have
proven to be valid for utility voltage unbalance mitigation with STATCOM. And the VCCS control strategy is
more preferable for a low rating under the same compensation performance.
3) An optimum operation point exists when realizing the
two control strategies. At this point, the STATCOM
shows the best compensation characteristics.
4) When compensating utility voltage unbalance, the
STATCOM can be controlled to absorb almost only
reactive power. Only a small amount of active power is
consumed for stabilizing the dc capacitor voltage.
A full-scale 10-kV/3-MVA STATCOM is under construction
for distribution level compensation. The description of the fullscale setup construction, the implementation approach, and algorithms of control strategies for reactive power control and
system voltage unbalance mitigation, and tests of field installation will be reported in future publications.

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