Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces

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Chapter -6
Refraction of Light at Curved Surfaces
SYNOPSIS
A lens is formed when a transparent material is bounded by two surfaces of which one
or both surfaces are spherical. Lenses can be of various types. Biconvex lens, Biconcave
lens, Plano convex lens, Plano concaves lens and concave convex lens.
In lenses, light undergoes the phenomena of refraction. If u,v and f are the object distance,
1
v
1
u
Image distance and focal length then the lens formula is =
1
.
f
If R1, R2 are the radius of curvatures of the lens, n is the absolute refractive index then
1
1
1
= ( n 1) known as the Lens-Makers formula.
f
R1 R2
In concave lens, only virtual image is formed. In convex lens both virtual and real images are
formed. The position of image changed in convex lens by changing the position of object.
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2 Mark Questions
1.
A man wants to get a picture of a zebra. He photographed a white donkey after

fitting a glass, with black stripes, on to the lens of his camera. What photo will he
get? Explain? [AS1]
A.
1. He will get a photograph which consists of Black and White strips.

2. Black strips opera with more intensity and white strips appear with less
because the reflected rays from white donkey entered
intensity
into camera through the lens
having black stripes, these black stripes dont allow the rays inside. So photograph of
white donkey will obtained with reduced brightness.
2.
A convex lens is made up of three different materials as shown in figure. How

many of images does it form? [AS2]
A.
The lens has been made up of three different materials. These three different materials
will have three different refractive indices. Hence three different images will be
formed.
3.
Figure shows ray AB that has passed through a divergent lens. Construct the
path of the ray up to the lens if the position of focal is known?
A.
A light passing parallel to principal axis, after refraction appears to be diverging from
the focus of lens.
4.
Figure shows a point light source and its image produced by a lens with an
optical axis N1N2. Find the position of the lens and its focal using a ray diagram?
A.
5.
1.
The object is in between focus and optic centre
2.
Lens used us is convex lens
3.
Image is virtual, Erect, Magnified.
4.
Object is at O; image is at I, ll1 is the lens.
5.
F is the focal point
Find the focus by drawing a ray diagram using the position of source S and
image S1 given in figure?
A.
1.
Here the image should be inverted, and magnified because SO <
S1I.
2.
The object is placed between curvature (C) and focal point F. The
image
formed
beyond centre of curvature (C2).

3.
Image produced is Inverted, Real, Magnified.
6.
Use the data obtained by activity 2 in table 1 of this lesson and draw the graphs of
1 1
vs
u vs. v and u v
A.
Graph of u v using data obtained by activity 2 take focal length of lens be f(say) = 25
cm.
1 1 1
=
f u v
Object distance (u)
Image distance (v)
60cm
42.85cm
25cm
50cm
50cm
25cm
40cm
66.67cm
25cm
Graph:
u vs. v
Focal length (f)
Graph
1 1
vs
u v
1
cm 1
u
1
cm 1
v
u(cm)
V(cm)
60
42.85
50
50
1
= 0.02
50
1
= 0.02
50
40
66.67
1
= 0.025
40
1
= 0.015
66.67
1
60
S.No.
0.01667
1
= 0.0233
42.85
1 Mark Questions
1.
Write the lens makers formula and explain the terms in it? [AS1]
A.
1
1
1
= ( n 1)
Lens makers formula is f
R1 R2
f = focal length of lens

n = refractive index of lens
R1 = Radius of curvature of first surface on lens
R2 = Radius of curvature of second surface on lens.
2.
Assertion [A]: A person standing on the land appears taller than actual
height to a fish inside a pond.
Reason [R]: Light bends away from the normal as it enters air from water.
Which of the following are correct? Explain?
a)
Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.
b)
Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A.
c)
A is the true but R is false
d)
Both A and R are false

e)
A.
A is false but R is true.
Option (c) is correct.

Assertion is correct because the person in air the light ray (from fish) travels from
denser to rarer medium. So, the person appears taller than his actual height.
Reason is wrong because as the light ray travels from air to water light ray bends
towards the normal.
3.
Can a virtual image be photographed by camera? (AS2)
A.
Yes. Virtual image can be photographed by camera.
4.
Suppose you are inside the water in a swimming pool near an edge. A friend is
standing on an edge. Do you find your friend taller or shorter than his usual
height? Why? [AS7]
A.
My friend appears to be taller than usual height because the light travelling from
denser to rarer medium the rays bends away from the normal. So it is actually Virtual
image of my friend appears to be larger and taller than actual height due to refraction.
4 Mark Questions
1.
Two convergent lenses are to be placed in the path of parallel rays so that the
rays remain parallel after passing through both lenses. How should the lenses be
arranged? Explain with neat diagram. [AS1]
A.
1.
Let the lenses are l1 and l2
2.
P1, P2 are the optic centers of lenses l1 and l2
3.
Assume focal lengths of two lenses are to be f1 and f2
4.
F is the focus of both lenses

P1F = f1
P2F = f2
From above figure, two convergent lenses are to be placed in a path of parallel rays, so
that the rays remain parallel after passing through both lenses by separating the lenses
at a distance of f1 + f2 units apart.
2.
How do you verity experimentally that the focal length of a convex lens is
increased when it is kept in water? [AS1]
A.
1.Take a convex lens whose focal lengths is known
2.Take a glass tumbler, whose height is known and nearly four times of
focal
length of lens
3.Keep a black stone inside the vessel
4.Now pour water into the vessel up to a height such that the height of
water
level from the top of surface of stone is greater than focal length of lens.
5.Now dip the lens horizontally using a circular lens holder.
6.Set the distance between stone and lens that is equal to or less than focal length of
lens.
7.Now look at the stone through lens.
8.We can see the image of the stone if the distance between lens and stone
is
less
than the focal length of lens.

9.Now increase the distance between lens and stone until you cant see the image of
stone.
10.We have dipped the lens to a certain height which is greater than the
focal
length of lens in air but we can see the image. This shows that focal length of lens
has increased in water.
3.
How do you find the focal length of a lens experimentally? [AS1]
A.
1.Take a v stand and place it on a long table at the middle

2.Place a convex lens on v stand. Imagine the principal axis of lens.
3.Light a candle and ask your friend to take the candle far away from the lens along
the principal axis.
4.Adjust a screen (a sheet of white paper placed perpendicular to axis)
which is
on other side of lens until you get an image on it.
5.Measure the distance of image from the v stand of lens (image
distance
v)
and also measure the distance between candle and stand of lens (object distance u).
Record the values in table.
S.No
Object
Image
distance(u)
(v)
distance Focal length f
6.Now place the candle at a distance of 60cm from the lens, try to get an
candle flame on other side on screen. Adjust the screen till
image of
you get a clear image.
7.Now measure V (image distance) and object distance U and values
are
tabulated.
8.Repeat the experiment for various object distances like 50cm, 40cm, 30cm etc.
Measure the distances of images and tabulate the values.
1 1 1
=
9.Using formula f v u , find f in all cases we will observe the value fis equal
in
all cases.
10.The value f is the focal length of lens.
4.
Harsha tells Siddhu that the double convex lens behaves like a convergent lens.
But Siddhu knows that Harshas assertion is wrong and corrected Harsha by
asking some questions. What are the questions asked by Siddhu? [AS2]
A.
1.If the refractive index of medium is greater than the refractive index of
lens,
then
double convex lens behaves unlike to convergent lens.

2.What happens to the rays when the object is kept in between the pole
and focal
point.
3.How do the air bubbles in water behave?
5.
You have a lens. Suggest an experiment to find out the focal length of lens? [AS3]
A.
1.Take a v stand and place it on a long table at the middle.

2. Place a convex lens on v stand Imagine the principal axis of lens.
3. Light a candle and ask your friend to take the candle far away from the lens along
the principal axis.
4. Adjust a screen (a sheet of paper perpendicular to axis) which is on other
side
of
lens until you get an image on it.

5. Measure the distance of image of V-stand of lens (image distance v) and object
distance [u], tabulate the values.
6.Now place the candle at a distance of 60cm from lens, try to get an image of candle
flame on the other side on screen. Adjust the screen
till you get a clear image.
7.Measure the image distance v and object distance u and record the
values in
table.
S.No
Object distance (u)
Image distance (v) Focal length(f)
8.Repeat the experiment for various object distances like 50cm, 40cm,
30cm etc.
Measure the image distances in all class and tabulate them.

1 1 1
=
9.Using the formula f v u . Find f in all cases. The value of f is the
lengths of lens.
focal
6.
Let us assume a system that consists of two lenses with focal length f1 and f2
respectively. How do you find the focal length of system respectively, wheni.Two lenses are touching each other.
ii.They are separated by distance d common principal axis [AS3]
A.
i.When two lenses are in contact with each other.
1.Focal lengths of two lenses l1, l2 is f1, f2 (say) respectively.

2.Lenses are made of same material with refractive index n
3.u = OC1
v1 = I1C1
(I1 = image of object o produced by lens of focal length f1)
+ v2 = -I1C1 ( the image of object o acts as a object to second lens

of focal length f2)
I 2C1
V2
(I is the image formed by I1)
= C2I
1 1
1 1
1
1
+ = ; +
=
u1 v1
f1 u2 v2
f2
______ 1 ;
Adding (1) and (2) we get
1
1
1
1
+
=
+
OC1 C1 I
f1 f 2
___ 2
1
1
1
=
+
F
f1 f 2
F=
f1 f 2
f1 + f 2
Effective focal length
ii.
Combined focal length of two thin lenses separated by a distance d
Let the lens be l1, l2 and focal lengths of lens are f1 and f2 respectively
Let the object be o
I1 be the image formed by object o by lens l1
I be the image formed by image I1 by lens l2
So object distance for first lens (l1) = u1= OC1
Image distance for lens l1 = v1 = I1 C1
Object distance for second lens = I1 C2 = u2
Images distance for second lens = I C2 = v2
I1 C1= I1C2 + d
So
1 1 1
= +
f1 u v1
1
1
1
=
+
(1)
f1 OC1 I1C1
Similarly
1
1
1
=
+
f 2 u2 v2
=
1
1
+
I1C2 IC2
1
1
+
(2)
( I1C1 d ) IC2
______ 3
And
Solving (1) and (2) and substituting (3) we get
1
1
1
d
+
= +
f1 f 2 F f1 f 2
1
1
d
1
+
=
f1 f 2 f1 f 2 F
1
1
1
d
=
+
F
f1 f 2 f1 f 2
7.
Collect the information about the lenses available in a optical shop. Find out how
the focal length of lens may be determined by given power in lens. [AS4]
A.
Lenses available in an optical shop are1)
Plano convex lens
2)
Double convex lens
3)
Plano concave lens
4)
Double concave lens
5)
Cylindrical lens
6)
Achromatic lens
7)
Aspheric lens
8)
IR lens
9)
UV lens
10)
Atoric lens
To know focal length:

If given power is p, then focal length
100
p is positive, lens in Biconvex

p is negative, lens is Biconcave
8.
A parallel beam of rays is incident on a convergent lens with a focal length of 40

cm. where should a divergent lens with a focal length of 15cm be placed for the
beam of rays to remain parallel after passing through two lenses? Draw a ray
diagram? (AS5)
A.
A parallel beam of rays when incident on a convergent lens, after refraction they meet
at focus of lens.
Divergent lens of focal length 15cm should be placed after convergent lens at a
distance of (40-15) cm from convergent lens. So the rays remain parallel.
(Or)
Let focal length of convergent lens = f1 = 40cm
Focal length of divergent lens = f2 = 15 cm
Let the d is the distance between two lens
1
1
1
d
=
+
Then F f1 f 2 f1 f 2
1
40
1
25
0=
40
15
1
1
d
+
40 25 40(15)
1
1
d
=
+
15 40 40(15)
1
1
d = 40(15)
15 40
40
40
15
15
40
15
d = 25cm.
Distance between two lens = 25cm
9.
Draw ray diagrams for the following positions and explain the nature and
position of image. [AS6]
A.
i)
Object placed at c2
ii)
Object placed between F2 and centre p.
i.
object is placed at c2
Image:
i.
Real , inverted same size of object
ii.
Formed at c1.
Object placed between F2and centre p:

Image:
10.
i)
Virtual, magnified, erect image
ii)
Image formed between C2 and F2
How do you appreciate the coincidence of the experimental facts with the results
obtained by a ray diagram in terms of behavior of images formed by lenses?
[AS7]
A.
1.
The behavior of images formed by lenses i.e., image in real/virtual;

inverted/erect; magnified/diminished when the object is kept at different places
from lens.
2.
The ray diagrams are based on the fact that the light travels in a straight line and
takes the shortest way for its travel [Fermats
principal]
Problem
1.
The focal length of a converging lens is 20cm. An object is 60cm from the lens.
Where the image will be formed and what kind of image it is? [AS1]
A.
Given
Focal length of converging lens (f) = 20 cm
Object distance, u = 60cm
Image distance, v = v (say)
Lens formula
1 1 1
=
v u f
u = 60 w.r.t sign convention

1
1
1
=
v 60 20
1 1
1
+
=
v 60 20
1 1
1
=
v 20 60
1 1
=
v 30
v = 30 cm
The image is Real, Diminished and Inverted.
2.
A double convex lens has two surfaces of equal radii R, and refractive index n =
1.5. Find the focal length f? (AS1)
Sol: Radii of curvature of both surfaces are equalR1 = R2 = R

Refractive index of material n = 1.5
Focal length of lens, f =?
1
1
1
= (n 1)
f
R1 R2
For double convex lens w.r.t. sign convention

R1 is +ve; R2 is ve
1
1
1
= (n 1) +
R1 R2
1 1
= ( n 1) +
R R
2
= ( n 1)
R
[ R1 = R2 = R ]
[ Given n = 1.5]
2
= (1.5 1)
R
( 0.5 ) (2)
R
1 1
=
f R
f = R.
Focal length of double convex lens is R.
3.
Find the refractive index of the glass which has symmetrically convergent lens if
its focal length is equal to radius of curvature of its surface? [AS7]
A.
Given
Lens is symmetrical converging lensR1 = R2 = R
Focal length of lens, f = R
1
1
1
= (n 1)
f
R1 R2
According sign conventionR1 = R and R2 = R2

1
1
1
= ( n 1)
f
R1 ( R2 )
1
1
= (n 1) +
R1 R2
1 1
= ( n 1) +
R R
2
= ( n 1)
R
f =
R
2 ( n 1)
R =
R
2 ( n 1)
2(n1) = 1
( n 1) =
n = 1+
1 ( n 1) 2
=
f
R
[ R1 = R2 = R ]
1
2
1
2
n = 1.5
Refractive index of glass n = 1.5

4.
Find the radii of curvature of convexo concave. Convergent lens made of glass
with refractive index 1.5 having focal length of 24cm. One of the radii of
curvature is double the other. [AS7]
Sol: Refractive index of material = n = 1.5

Given
Convexo concave convergent lens
Focal length of f=24cm
Given one of the radius of curvature is double to other so
R2 = 2R1
According to sign convention R1 is positive
R2 is positive
Using lens makers formula
1
1
1
= ( n 1)
f
R1 R2
1
= ( n 1)
2 R1
1
1
= (1.5 1) .R1
24
2
1
1
= ( 0.5 )( 0.5 )
24
R1
R1= 24 (0.5) (0.5)

=6
R1= 6cm
Given R2= 2R1
=26
= 12cm
Ans:
R1= 6cm
R2= 12cm
5.
When the distance between two point sources of light is 24cm, where should a
convergent lens with focal length of f=9cm be placed between them to obtain the
images of both sources at same point? [AS7]
Sol. Distance between the two point sources d = 24 cm

Focal length of lens f = 9 cm
Lens is separated from first object at a distance = x (say)
From first point source
1
1 1
= +
f u1 v1
1 1 1
= +
(i )
9 x v
1
1
1
=
+
Similarly from second point source f u2 v2
Here v2 is negative w.r.t sign conversion

1
1
1
=

(ii )
9 24 x v
[ u1 + u2 = d = 24]
2 1
1
= +
9 x 24 x
2 24 x + x
=
9 ( 24 x ) x
2
24
=
9 ( 24 x ) x
[x + u2 = 24]
1 1 1 1
1
1
+ = + +
9 9 x v 24 x v
[u2 = 24 x]
(i) + (ii)
24x x = 12 9
x2 24x = -108
x2 24x + 108 = 0
x2 18x 6x + 108 = 0
(x - 6) (x - 18) = 0
x = 6, 18
Lens should be placed at 6cm or 18 cm.
Fill in the Blanks

1.
The rays from the distant object, falling on the convex lens pass through ________.
2.
The ray passing through the _____ of the lens is deviated.
3.
Lens formula is given by _______.
4.
The focal length of the Plano convex lens is 2R where R is the radius of curvature of
the surface. Then the refractive index of the material of the lens is ________.
5.
The lens which can form real and virtual images is _______.
6.
If the focal length is positive then the lens is ______.
7.
If the focal length is negative then the lens is ______.
8.
_______ image cannot be seen by eyes.
9.
_______ image captured on screen.
10.
_______ lens is called converging lens.
2. Pole,
1 1 1
=
3. f v u ,
4. 3/2,
5. Convex
6. Convex,
7. Concave
8. Virtual
9. Real
Key: 1. Focal point,
10.convex.
Objective type Questions
1.
Which of the following material cannot be used to make a lens?

A) Water
2.
B) Glass
C) Plastic
[ ]
D) Clay
Which of the following is true?
[ ]
A) The distance of virtual image is always greater than the object distance for convex
lens
B) The distance of virtual image is not greater than the object distance for convex lens
C) Convex lens always forms a virtual image
D) Convex lens always forms a real image
3.
Focal length of the Plano convex lens is ______ when radius of curvature R and n
is refractive index of lens.
A) f = R
4.
B)
f =
R
2
[ ]
C)
f =
R
n 1
D)
f =
n 1
R
The value of focal length of lens is equal to the value of image distance when the
rays are-
[ ]
A) Passing through the optic centre

B) Parallel to principal axis
C) Passing through focus
D) In all cases
5.
Which of the following is the Lens-Makers formula?

1
1
1
= ( n 1) +
A) f
R1 R2
1
1
1
= ( n + 1)
B) f
R1 R2
1
1
1
= ( n 1)
C) f
R1 R2
1
1
1
= ( n + 1) +
D) f
R1 R2
[ ]
Key:
1. D, 2. B, 3. C, 4.D, 5.C
Match the Following

I.
Group-I
Group-II
Object position for convex lens
image position
1.
Beyond centre of curvature
a) Real, inverted, magnified
2.
At center of curvature
b) Real, inverted, same size
3.
Between centre of
curvature and focus
c) Real, inverted, diminished
4.
Between focus/ optic centre
d) Converged to focus
5.
Parallel beam
e) Virtual, erect, magnified
Key:
1. c, 2. b, 3. a, 4. e, 5. d
II.
1.
2.
3.
Group-I
Lens-Makers Formula
Lens Formula
Optical power
Group-II
a)
n=
F=
sin i
sin r
f1 f 2
f1 + f 2
b)
1
1
1
= ( n 1)
c) f
R1 R2
4.
Snells Law
5.
When two lens are touching

each other then focal length
1 1 1
=
d) f v u
e)
p=
1
f (m)
Key:
1. c, 2. d, 3. e, 4. a, 5. b
Important Images
1.
Biconvex lens
2.
Biconcave lens
3.
Plano convex
4.
Plano concave
5.
Concavo - convex

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www.sakshieducation.

Image distance and focal length then the lens formula is =

A man wants to get a picture of a zebra. He photographed a white donkey after

1. He will get a photograph which consists of Black and White strips.

into camera through the lens

A convex lens is made up of three different materials as shown in figure. How

The object is in between focus and optic centre

Lens used us is convex lens

Image is virtual, Erect, Magnified.

Object is at O; image is at I, ll1 is the lens.

F is the focal point

Here the image should be inverted, and magnified because SO <

beyond centre of curvature (C2).

Image produced is Inverted, Real, Magnified.

Object distance (u)

Image distance (v)

Focal length (f)

f = focal length of lens

Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A.

Both A and R are true and R is not correct explanation of A.

A is the true but R is false

Both A and R are false

A is false but R is true.

Option (c) is correct.

Can a virtual image be photographed by camera? (AS2)

Yes. Virtual image can be photographed by camera.

Let the lenses are l1 and l2

P1, P2 are the optic centers of lenses l1 and l2

Assume focal lengths of two lenses are to be f1 and f2

F is the focus of both lenses

1.Take a convex lens whose focal lengths is known

than the focal length of lens.

How do you find the focal length of a lens experimentally? [AS1]

1.Take a v stand and place it on a long table at the middle

on other side of lens until you get an image on it.

5.Measure the distance of image from the v stand of lens (image

distance Focal length f

you get a clear image.

7.Now measure V (image distance) and object distance U and values

double convex lens behaves unlike to convergent lens.

1.Take a v stand and place it on a long table at the middle.

lens until you get an image on it.

till you get a clear image.

Object distance (u)

Image distance (v) Focal length(f)

Measure the image distances in all class and tabulate them.

i.When two lenses are in contact with each other.

1.Focal lengths of two lenses l1, l2 is f1, f2 (say) respectively.

+ v2 = -I1C1 ( the image of object o acts as a object to second lens

(I is the image formed by I1)

Adding (1) and (2) we get

Effective focal length

Combined focal length of two thin lenses separated by a distance d

Lenses available in an optical shop are1)

Plano convex lens

Double convex lens

Plano concave lens

Double concave lens

To know focal length: