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HTML Tutorial

HTML is a markup language used to define the structure and layout of web pages. HTML uses tags to mark elements like headings, paragraphs, links, and images. HTML documents must include HTML tags like <html> and <body> and can nest elements like headings and paragraphs inside the <body>.

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866 views

HTML Tutorial

Uploaded by

monic_pitic

Available Formats

Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

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What is HTML?

HTML is a markup language for describing web documents (web pages).

HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language

A markup language is a set of markup tags
HTML documents are described by HTML tags
Each HTML tag describes different document content

HTML Example
A small HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Example Explained

The DOCTYPE declaration defines the document type to be HTML

The text between <html> and </html> describes an HTML document
The text between <head> and </head> provides information about the document
The text between <title> and </title> provides a title for the document
The text between <body> and </body> describes the visible page content
The text between <h1> and </h1> describes a heading
The text between <p> and </p> describes a paragraph

Using this description, a web browser can display a document with a heading and a paragraph.

HTML Tags
HTML tags are keywords (tag names) surrounded by angle brackets:

<tagname>content</tagname>

HTML tags normally come in pairs like <p> and </p>

The first tag in a pair is the start tag, the second tag is the end tag
The end tag is written like the start tag, but with a slash before the tag name
The start tag is often called the opening tag. The end tag is often called the closing tag.

Web Browsers
The purpose of a web browser (Chrome, IE, Firefox, Safari) is to read HTML documents and display
them.
The browser does not display the HTML tags, but uses them to determine how to display the document:

HTML Page Structure

Below is a visualization of an HTML page structure:
<html>
<head>
<title>Page title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Only the <body> area (the white area) is displayed by the browser.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration helps the browser to display a web page correctly.
There are different document types on the web.
To display a document correctly, the browser must know both type and version.
The doctype declaration is not case sensitive. All cases are acceptable:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<!doctype html>
<!Doctype Html>

Common Declarations
HTML5
<!DOCTYPE html>

HTML 4.01
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">

XHTML 1.0
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
All tutorials and examples at W3Schools use HTML5.

HTML Versions
Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of HTML:
Version
HTML
HTML 2.0
HTML 3.2
HTML 4.01
XHTML
HTML5

Year
1991
1995
1997
1999
2000
2014

Write HTML Using Notepad or TextEdit

HTML can be edited by using a professional HTML editor like:

Adobe Dreamweaver
Microsoft Expression Web
CoffeeCup HTML Editor

However, for learning HTML we recommend a text editor like Notepad (PC) or TextEdit (Mac).
We believe using a simple text editor is a good way to learn HTML.
Follow the 4 steps below to create your first web page with Notepad.

Step 1: Open Notepad

To open Notepad in Windows 7 or earlier:
Click Start (bottom left on your screen). Click All Programs. Click Accessories. Click Notepad.
To open Notepad in Windows 8 or later:
Open the Start Screen (the window symbol at the bottom left on your screen). Type Notepad.

Step 2: Write Some HTML

Write or copy some HTML into Notepad.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>

Step 3: Save the HTML Page

Save the file on your computer.
Select File > Save as in the Notepad menu.
Name the file "index.htm" or any other name ending with htm.
UTF-8 is the preferred encoding for HTML files.
ANSI encoding covers US and Western European characters only.

You can use either .htm or .html as file extension. There is no difference, it is up to you.

Step 4: View HTML Page in Your Browser

Open the saved HTML file in your favorite browser. The result will look much like this:

To open a file in a browser, double click on the file, or right-click, and choose open with.

HTML Documents
All HTML documents must start with a type declaration: <!DOCTYPE html>.
The HTML document itself begins with <html> and ends with </html>.
The visible part of the HTML document is between <body> and </body>.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

HTML Headings
HTML headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags:

Example
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
Try it Yourself

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is another paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself

HTML Links
HTML links are defined with the <a> tag:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Try it Yourself
The link address is specified in the href attribute.
Attributes are used to provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Images
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The source file (src), alternative text (alt), and size (width and height) are provided as attributes:

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">
Try it Yourself
You will learn more about attributes in a later chapter.

HTML Elements
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Next Chapter
HTML documents are made up by HTML elements.

HTML Elements
HTML elements are written with a start tag, with an end tag, with the content in between:

<tagname>content</tagname>
The HTML element is everything from the start tag to the end tag:

<p>My first HTML paragraph.</p>

Start tag
<h1>
<p>
<br>

Element content
End tag
My First Heading </h1>
My first paragraph. </p>

Some HTML elements do not have an end tag.

Nested HTML Elements

HTML elements can be nested (elements can contain elements).
All HTML documents consist of nested HTML elements.
This example contains 4 HTML elements:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it yourself

HTML Example Explained

The <html> element defines the whole document.

It has a start tag <html> and an end tag </html>.
The element content is another HTML element (the <body> element).
<html>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The <body> element defines the document body.
It has a start tag <body> and an end tag </body>.
The element content is two other HTML elements (<h1> and <p>).
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
The <h1> element defines a heading.
It has a start tag <h1> and an end tag </h1>.
The element content is: My First Heading.
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
The <p> element defines a paragraph.
It has a start tag <p> and an end tag </p>.
The element content is: My first paragraph.
<p>My first paragraph.</p>

Don't Forget the End Tag

Some HTML elements will display correctly, even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<html>
<body>
<p>This is a paragraph

<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
</html>
Try it yourself
The example above works in all browsers, because the closing tag is considered optional.
Never rely on this. It might produce unexpected results and/or errors if you forget the end tag.

Empty HTML Elements

HTML elements with no content are called empty elements.
<br> is an empty element without a closing tag (the <br> tag defines a line break).
Empty elements can be "closed" in the opening tag like this: <br />.
HTML5 does not require empty elements to be closed. But if you want stricter validation, or you need to
make your document readable by XML parsers, you should close all HTML elements.

HTML Tip: Use Lowercase Tags

HTML tags are not case sensitive: <P> means the same as <p>.
The HTML5 standard does not require lowercase tags, but W3C recommends lowercase in HTML4, and
demands lowercase for stricter document types like XHTML.
At W3Schools we always use lowercase tags.

HTML Attributes
Previous
Next Chapter
Attributes provide additional information about HTML elements.

HTML Attributes

HTML elements can have attributes

Attributes provide additional information about an element
Attributes are always specified in the start tag
Attributes come in name/value pairs like: name="value"

The lang Attribute

The document language can be declared in the <html> tag.
The language is declared in the lang attribute.
Declaring a language is important for accessibility applications (screen readers) and search engines:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>
<p>My first paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
The first two letters specify the language (en). If there is a dialect, use two more letters (US).

The title Attribute

HTML paragraphs are defined with the <p> tag.
In this example, the <p> element has a title attribute. The value of the attribute is "About W3Schools":

Example
<p title="About W3Schools">
W3Schools is a web developer's site.
It provides tutorials and references covering
many aspects of web programming,
including HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XML, SQL, PHP, ASP, etc.
</p>
Try it Yourself
When you move the mouse over the element, the title will be displayed as a tooltip.

The href Attribute

HTML links are defined with the <a> tag. The link address is specified in the href attribute:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com">This is a link</a>
Try it Yourself
You will learn more about links and the <a> tag later in this tutorial.

Size Attributes
HTML images are defined with the <img> tag.
The filename of the source (src), and the size of the image (width and height) are all provided as
attributes:

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" width="104" height="142">
Try it Yourself
The image size is specified in pixels: width="104" means 104 screen pixels wide.
You will learn more about images and the <img> tag later in this tutorial.

The alt Attribute

The alt attribute specifies an alternative text to be used, when an HTML element cannot be displayed.
The value of the attribute can be read by "screen readers". This way, someone "listening" to the webpage,
i.e. a blind person, can "hear" the element.

Example
<img src="w3schools.jpg" alt="W3Schools.com" width="104" height="142">
Try it Yourself

We Suggest: Always Use Lowercase Attributes

The HTML5 standard does not require lower case attribute names.
The title attribute can be written with upper or lower case like Title and/or TITLE.
W3C recommends lowercase in HTML4, and demands lowercase for stricter document types like
XHTML.

Lower case is the most common. Lower case is easier to type.

At W3Schools we always use lower case attribute names.

We Suggest: Always Quote Attribute Values

The HTML5 standard does not require quotes around attribute values.
The href attribute, demonstrated above, can be written as:

Example
<a href=http://www.w3schools.com>
Try it Yourself
W3C recommends quotes in HTML4, and demands quotes for stricter document types like XHTML.
Sometimes it is necessary to use quotes. This will not display correctly, because it contains a space:

Example
<p title=About W3Schools>
Try it Yourself
Using quotes are the most common. Omitting quotes can produce errors.
At W3Schools we always use quotes around attribute values.

Single or Double Quotes?

Double style quotes are the most common in HTML, but single style can also be used.
In some situations, when the attribute value itself contains double quotes, it is necessary to use single
quotes:

Example
<p title='John "ShotGun" Nelson'>
Or vice versa:

Example
<p title="John 'ShotGun' Nelson">

Chapter Summary

All HTML elements can have attributes

The HTML title attribute provides additional "tool-tip" information
The HTML href attribute provides address information for links
The HTML width and height attributes provide size information for images
The HTML alt attribute provides text for screen readers
At W3Schools we always use lowercase HTML attribute names
At W3Schools we always quote attributes with double quotes

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

HTML Attributes
Below is an alphabetical list of some attributes often used in HTML:
Attribute
alt
disabled
href
id
src
style
title
value

Description
Specifies an alternative text for an image
Specifies that an input element should be disabled
Specifies the URL (web address) for a link
Specifies a unique id for an element
Specifies the URL (web address) for an image
Specifies an inline CSS style for an element
Specifies extra information about an element (displayed as a tool tip)
Specifies the value (text content) for an input element.

A complete list of all attributes for each HTML element, is listed in our: HTML Tag Reference.

HTML Headings
Previous
Next Chapter
Headings are important in HTML documents.

HTML Headings
Headings are defined with the <h1> to <h6> tags.
<h1> defines the most important heading. <h6> defines the least important heading.

Example

<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<h2>This is a heading</h2>
<h3>This is a heading</h3>
Try it Yourself
Note: Browsers automatically add some empty space (a margin) before and after each heading.

Headings Are Important

Use HTML headings for headings only. Don't use headings to make text BIG or bold.
Search engines use your headings to index the structure and content of your web pages.
Users skim your pages by its headings. It is important to use headings to show the document structure.
h1 headings should be main headings, followed by h2 headings, then the less important h3, and so on.

HTML Horizontal Rules

The <hr> tag creates a horizontal line in an HTML page.
The hr element can be used to separate content:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<hr>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself

The HTML <head> Element

The HTML <head> element has nothing to do with HTML headings.
The HTML <head> element contains meta data. Meta data are not displayed.
The HTML <head> element is placed between the <html> tag and the <body> tag:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>

<head>
<title>My First HTML</title>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
</head>
<body>
.
.
.
Try it Yourself
Meta data means data about data. HTML meta data is data about the HTML document.

The HTML <title> Element

The HTML <title> element is meta data. It defines the HTML document's title.
The title will not be displayed in the document, but might be displayed in the browser tab.

The HTML <meta> Element

The HTML <meta> element is also meta data.
It can be used to define the character set, and other information about the HTML document.

More Meta Elements

In the chapter about HTML styles you discover more meta elements:
The HTML <style> element is used to define internal CSS style sheets.
The HTML <link> element is used to define external CSS style sheets.

HTML Tip - How to View HTML Source

Have you ever seen a Web page and wondered "Hey! How did they do that?"
To find out, right-click in the page and select "View Page Source" (in Chrome) or "View Source" (in IE),
or similar in another browser. This will open a window containing the HTML code of the page.

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about these tags and their attributes.
You will learn more about HTML tags and attributes in the next chapters of this tutorial.
Tag
<html>
<body>
<head>
<h1> to <h6>
<hr>

Description
Defines an HTML document
Defines the document's body
Defines the document's head element
Defines HTML headings
Defines a horizontal line

HTML Paragraphs
Previous
Next Chapter
HTML documents are divided into paragraphs.

HTML Paragraphs
The HTML <p> element defines a paragraph.

Example
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>
Try it Yourself
Browsers automatically add an empty line before and after a paragraph.

HTML Display
You cannot be sure how HTML will be displayed.
Large or small screens, and resized windows will create different results.
With HTML, you cannot change the output by adding extra spaces or extra lines in your HTML code.
The browser will remove extra spaces and extra lines when the page is displayed.

Any number of spaces, and any number of new lines, count as only one space.

Example
<p>
This paragraph
contains a lot of lines
in the source code,
but the browser
ignores it.
</p>
<p>
This paragraph
contains
a lot of spaces
in the source
code,
but the
browser
ignores it.
</p>
Try it Yourself

Don't Forget the End Tag

Most browsers will display HTML correctly even if you forget the end tag:

Example
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
Try it Yourself
The example above will work in most browsers, but do not rely on it.
Forgetting the end tag can produce unexpected results or errors.
Stricter versions of HTML, like XHTML, do not allow you to skip the end tag.

HTML Line Breaks

The HTML <br> element defines a line break.
Use <br> if you want a line break (a new line) without starting a new paragraph:

Example
<p>This is<br>a para<br>graph with line breaks</p>

Try it Yourself
The <br> element is an empty HTML element. It has no end tag.

The Poem Problem

Example
<p>This poem will display as one line:</p>
<p>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</p>
Try it Yourself

The HTML <pre> Element

The HTML <pre> element defines preformatted text.
The text inside a <pre> element is displayed in a fixed-width font (usually Courier), and it preserves both
spaces and line breaks:

Example
<pre>
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
My Bonnie lies over the sea.
My Bonnie lies over the ocean.
Oh, bring back my Bonnie to me.
</pre>
Try it Yourself

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

HTML Tag Reference

W3Schools' tag reference contains additional information about HTML elements and their attributes.
Tag
Description
<p> Defines a paragraph
<br> Inserts a single line break
<pre> Defines pre-formatted text

HTML Styles
Previous
Next Chapter

I am Red
I am Blue
Try it Yourself

HTML Styling
Every HTML element has a default style (background color is white and text color is black).
Changing the default style of an HTML element, can be done with the style attribute.
This example changes the default background color from white to lightgrey:

Example
<body style="background-color:lightgrey">
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
Try it Yourself
The bgcolor attribute, supported in older versions of HTML, is not valid in HTML5.

The HTML Style Attribute

The HTML style attribute has the following syntax:
style="property:value"
The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.

You will learn more about CSS later in this tutorial.

HTML Text Color

The color property defines the text color to be used for an HTML element:

Example
<body>
<h1 style="color:blue">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="color:red">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
Try it Yourself

HTML Fonts
The font-family property defines the font to be used for an HTML element:

Example
<body>
<h1 style="font-family:verdana">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-family:courier">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
Try it Yourself
The <font> tag, supported in older versions of HTML, is not valid in HTML5.

HTML Text Size

The font-size property defines the text size to be used for an HTML element:

Example
<body>
<h1 style="font-size:300%">This is a heading</h1>
<p style="font-size:160%">This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
Try it Yourself

HTML Text Alignment

The text-align property defines the horizontal text alignment for an HTML element:

Example
<body>
<h1 style="text-align:center">Centered Heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
Try it Yourself
The <center> tag, supported in older versions of HTML, is not valid in HTML5.

Chapter Summary

Use the style attribute for styling HTML elements

Use background-color for background color
Use color for text colors
Use font-family for text fonts
Use font-size for text sizes
Use text-align for text alignment

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Exercise 6

HTML Text Formatting Elements

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Next Chapter

Text Formatting
This text is bold
This text is italic
This is superscript

HTML Formatting Elements

In the previous chapter, you learned about HTML styling, using the HTML style attribute.
HTML also defines special elements, for defining text with a special meaning.
HTML uses elements like <b> and <i> for formatting output, like bold or italic text.
Formatting elements were designed to display special types of text:

Bold text
Important text
Italic text
Emphasized text
Marked text
Small text
Deleted text
Inserted text
Subscripts
Superscripts

HTML Bold and Strong Formatting

The HTML <b> element defines bold text, without any extra importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><b>This text is bold</b>.</p>
Try it Yourself
The HTML <strong> element defines strong text, with added semantic "strong" importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><strong>This text is strong</strong>.</p>
Try it Yourself

HTML Italic and Emphasized Formatting

The HTML <i> element defines italic text, without any extra importance.

Example
<p>This text is normal.</p>
<p><i>This text is italic</i>.</p>
Try it Yourself
The HTML <em> element defines emphasized text, with added semantic importance.

Example

<p>This text is normal.</p>

<p><em>This text is emphasized</em>.</p>
Try it Yourself
Browsers display <strong> as <b>, and <em> as <i>.
However, there is a difference in the meaning of these tags: <b> and <i> defines bold and italic text,
but <strong> and <em> means that the text is "important".

HTML Small Formatting

The HTML <small> element defines small text:

Example
<h2>HTML <small>Small</small> Formatting</h2>
Try it Yourself

HTML Marked Formatting

The HTML <mark> element defines marked or highlighted text:

Example
<h2>HTML <mark>Marked</mark> Formatting</h2>
Try it Yourself

HTML Formatting
The HTML <del> element defines deleted (removed) of text.

Example
<p>My favorite color is <del>blue</del> red.</p>
Try it Yourself

HTML Inserted Formatting

The HTML <ins> element defines inserted (added) text.

Example

<p>My favorite <ins>color</ins> is red.</p>

Try it Yourself

HTML Subscript Formatting

The HTML <sub> element defines subscripted text.

Example
<p>This is <sub>subscripted</sub> text.</p>
Try it Yourself

HTML Superscript Formatting

The HTML <sup> element defines superscripted text.

Example
<p>This is <sup>superscripted</sup> text.</p>
Try it Yourself

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5

HTML Text Formatting Elements

Tag
<b>
<em>
<i>
<small>
<strong>
<sub>
<sup>
<ins>
<del>
<mark>

Description
Defines bold text
Defines emphasized text
Defines italic text
Defines smaller text
Defines important text
Defines subscripted text
Defines superscripted text
Defines inserted text
Defines deleted text
Defines marked/highlighted text

HTML Quotation and Citation Elements

Next Chapter

Quotation
Here is a quote from WWF's website:
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature. The world's leading conservation
organization, WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by 1.2 million members in the United
States and close to 5 million globally.

HTML <q> for Short Quotations

The HTML <q> element defines a short quotation.
Browsers usually insert quotation marks around the <q> element.

Example
<p>WWF's goal is to: <q>Build a future where people live in harmony with nature.</q></p>
Try it Yourself

HTML <blockquote> for Long Quotations

The HTML <blockquote> element defines a quoted section.
Browsers usually indent <blockquote> elements.

Example
<p>Here is a quote from WWF's website:</p>
<blockquote cite="http://www.worldwildlife.org/who/index.html">
For 50 years, WWF has been protecting the future of nature.
The world's leading conservation organization,
WWF works in 100 countries and is supported by
1.2 million members in the United States and
close to 5 million globally.
</blockquote>
Try it Yourself

HTML <abbr> for Abbreviations

The HTML <abbr> element defines an abbreviation or an acronym.
Marking abbreviations can give useful information to browsers, translation systems and search-engines.

Example
<p>The <abbr title="World Health Organization">WHO</abbr> was founded in 1948.</p>
Try it Yourself

HTML <address> for Contact Information

The HTML <address> element defines contact information (author/owner) of a document or article.
The element is usually displayed in italic. Most browsers will add a line break before and after the
element.

Example
<address>
Written by Jon Doe.<br>
Visit us at:<br>
Example.com<br>
Box 564, Disneyland<br>
USA
</address>
Try it Yourself

HTML <cite> for Work Title

The HTML <cite> element defines the title of a work.
Browsers usually displays <cite> elements in italic.

Example
<p><cite>The Scream</cite> by Edward Munch. Painted in 1893.</p>
Try it Yourself

HTML <bdo> for Bi-Directional Override

The HTML <bdo> element defines bi-directional override.
If your browser supports bdo, this text will be written from right to left:

Example
<bdo dir="rtl">This text will be written from right to left</bdo>
Try it Yourself

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4

HTML Quotations, Citations, and Definition Elements

Tag
<abbr>
<address>
<bdo>
<blockquote>
<dfn>
<q>
<cite>

Description
Defines an abbreviation or acronym
Defines contact information for the author/owner of a document
Defines the text direction
Defines a section that is quoted from another source
Defines the definition of a term or an abbreviation.
Defines a short inline quotation
Defines the title of a work

HTML Computer Code Elements

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Next Chapter

Computer Code
var person = {
firstName:"John",
lastName:"Doe",
age:50,
eyeColor:"blue"
}

HTML Computer Code Formatting

Normally, HTML uses variable letter size, and variable letter spacing.
This is not wanted when displaying examples of computer code.
The <kbd>, <samp>, and <code> elements all support fixed letter size and spacing.

HTML Keyboard Formatting

The HTML <kbd> element defines keyboard input:

Example
<p>To open a file, select:</p>
<p><kbd>File | Open...</kbd></p>
Try it Yourself

HTML Sample Formatting

The HTML <samp> element defines a computer output:

Example
<samp>
demo.example.com login: Apr 12 09:10:17
Linux 2.6.10-grsec+gg3+e+fhs6b+nfs+gr0501+++p3+c4a+gr2b-reslog-v6.189
</samp>
Try it Yourself

HTML Code Formatting

The HTML <code> element defines programming code:

Example
<code>
var person = { firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue" }
</code>
Try it Yourself
The <code> element does not preserve extra whitespace and line-breaks:

Example
<p>Coding Example:</p>
<code>
var person = {
firstName:"John",
lastName:"Doe",
age:50,
eyeColor:"blue"
}
</code>
Try it Yourself

To fix this, you must wrap the code in a <pre> element:

Example
<p>Coding Example:</p>
<code>
<pre>
var person = {
firstName:"John",
lastName:"Doe",
age:50,
eyeColor:"blue"
}
</pre>
</code>
Try it Yourself

HTML Variable Formatting

The HTML <var> element defines a mathematical variable:

Example
<p>Einstein wrote:</p>
<p><var>E = m c<sup>2</sup></var></p>
Try it Yourself

HTML Computer Code Elements

Tag
<code>
<kbd>
<samp>
<var>
<pre>

Description
Defines programming code
Defines keyboard input
Defines computer output
Defines a mathematical variable
Defines preformatted text

HTML Comments
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Comment tags  are used to insert comments in HTML.

HTML Comment Tags

You can add comments to your HTML source by using the following syntax:

Example

Note: There is an exclamation point (!) in the opening tag, but not in the closing tag.
Comments are not displayed by the browser, but they can help document your HTML.
With comments you can place notifications and reminders in your HTML:

Example

<p>This is a paragraph.</p>

Try it Yourself
Comments are also great for debugging HTML, because you can comment out HTML lines of code, one
at a time, to search for errors:

Example

Try it Yourself

Conditional Comments
You might stumble upon conditional comments in HTML:

Conditional comments defines HTML tags to be executed by Internet Explorer only.

Software Program Tags

HTML comments tags can also be generated by various HTML software programs.

For example  tags wrapped inside HTML comments by FrontPage and Expression Web.
As a rule, let these tags stay, to help support the software that created them.

HTML Styles - CSS

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CSS = Styles and Colors

M a n i p u l a t e
T e x t
C o l o r s ,
B o x e s

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color:lightgray}
h1 {color:blue}
p {color:green}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Styling HTML with CSS

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
Styling can be added to HTML elements in 3 ways:

Inline - using a style attribute in HTML elements

Internal - using a <style> element in the HTML <head> section
External - using one or more external CSS files

The most common way to add styling, is to keep the styles in separate CSS files. But, in this tutorial, we
use internal styling, because it is easier to demonstrate, and easier for you to try it yourself.
You can learn much more about CSS in our CSS Tutorial.

CSS Syntax
CSS styling has the following syntax:
element { property:value; property:value }
The element is an HTML element name. The property is a CSS property. The value is a CSS value.
Multiple styles are separated with semicolon.

Inline Styling (Inline CSS)

Inline styling is useful for applying a unique style to a single HTML element:
Inline styling uses the style attribute.
This inline styling changes the text color of a single heading:

Example
<h1 style="color:blue">This is a Blue Heading</h1>
Try it Yourself

Internal Styling (Internal CSS)

An internal style sheet can be used to define a common style for all HTML elements on a page.
Internal styling is defined in the <head> section of an HTML page, using a <style> element:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color:lightgrey}
h1 {color:blue}
p {color:green}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>

</html>
Try it Yourself

External Styling (External CSS)

External style sheet are ideal when the style is applied to many pages.
With external style sheets, you can change the look of an entire web site by changing one file.
External styles are defined in an external CSS file, and then linked to in the <head> section of an HTML
page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

CSS Fonts
The CSS color property defines the text color to be used for the HTML element.
The CSS font-family property defines the font to be used for the HTML element.
The CSS font-size property defines the text size to be used for the HTML element.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
h1 {
color:blue;
font-family:verdana;
font-size:300%;

}
p {
color:red;
font-family:courier;
font-size:160%;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

The CSS Box Model

Every HTML element has a box around it, even if you cannot see it.
The CSS border property defines a visible border around an HTML element:

Example
p{
border:1px solid black;
}
Try it Yourself
The CSS padding property defines a padding (space) inside the border:

Example
p{
border:1px solid black;
padding:10px;
}
Try it Yourself
The CSS margin property defines a margin (space) outside the border:

Example
p{
border:1px solid black;
padding:10px;

margin:30px;
}
Try it Yourself
The CSS examples above use px to define sizes in pixels.

The id Attribute
All the examples above use CSS to style HTML elements in a general way.
To define a special style for one special element, first add an id attribute to the element:

Example
<p id="p01">I am different</p>
then define a different style for the (identified) element:

Example
p#p01 {
color:blue;
}
Try it Yourself

The class Attribute

To define a style for a special type (class) of elements, add a class attribute to the element:

Example
<p class="error">I am different</p>
Now you can define a different style for all elements with the specified class:

Example
p.error {
color:red;
}
Try it Yourself
Use id to address single elements. Use class to address groups of elements.

Deprecated Tags and Attributes in HTML5

In older HTML versions, several tags and attributes were used to style documents.
These tags and attributes are not supported in HTML5!
Avoid using the <font>, <center>, and <strike> elements.
Avoid using the color and bgcolor attributes.

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML style attribute for inline styling

Use the HTML <style> element to define internal CSS
Use the HTML <link> element to refer to an external CSS file
Use the HTML <head> element to store <style> and <link> elements
Use the CSS color property for text colors
Use the CSS font-family property for text fonts
Use the CSS font-size property for text sizes
Use the CSS border property for visible element borders
Use the CSS padding property for space inside the border
Use the CSS margin property for space outside the border

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Exercise 6

HTML Style Tags

Tag
Description
<style> Defines style information for a document
<link> Defines a link between a document and an external resource

HTML Links
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Links are found in nearly all web pages. Links allow users to click their way from page to page.

HTML Links - Hyperlinks

HTML links are hyperlinks.

A hyperlink is a text or an image you can click on, and jump to another document.

HTML Links - Syntax

In HTML, links are defined with the <a> tag:
<a href="url">link text</a>

Example:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/">Visit our HTML tutorial</a>
Try it Yourself
The href attribute specifies the destination address (http://www.w3schools.com/html/)
The link text is the visible part (Visit our HTML tutorial).
Clicking on the link text, will send you to the specified address.
The link text does not have to be text. It can be an HTML image or any other HTML element.

Local Links
The example above used an absolute URL (A full web address).
A local link (link to the same web site) is specified with a relative URL (without http://www....).

Example:
<a href="html_images.asp">HTML Images</a>
Try it Yourself

HTML Links - Colors and Icons

When you move the mouse cursor over a link, two things will normally happen:

The mouse arrow will turn into a little hand

The color of the link element will change

By default, links will appear as this in all browsers:

An unvisited link is underlined and blue

A visited link is underlined and purple
An active link is underlined and red

You can change the defaults, using styles:

Example
<style>
a:link {color:#000000; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:none}
a:visited {color:#000000; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:none}
a:hover {color:#ff0000; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:underline}
a:active {color:#ff0000; background-color:transparent; text-decoration:underline}
</style>
Try it Yourself

HTML Links - The target Attribute

The target attribute specifies where to open the linked document.
This example will open the linked document in a new browser window or in a new tab:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/" target="_blank">Visit W3Schools!</a>
Try it Yourself
Target Value
_blank
_self
_parent
_top
framename

Description
Opens the linked document in a new window or tab
Opens the linked document in the same frame as it was clicked (this is default)
Opens the linked document in the parent frame
Opens the linked document in the full body of the window
Opens the linked document in a named frame

If your webpage is locked in a frame, you can use target="_top" to break out of the frame:

Example
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html/" target="_top">HTML5 tutorial!</a>
Try it Yourself

HTML Links - Image as Link

It is common to use images as links:

Example
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;border:0">
</a>

Try it Yourself
border:0 is added to prevent IE9 (and earlier) from displaying a border around the image.

HTML Links - The id Attribute

The id attribute can be used to create bookmarks inside HTML documents.
Bookmarks are not displayed in any special way. They are invisible to the reader.

Example
Add an id attribute to any <a> element:
<a id="tips">Useful Tips Section</a>
Then create a link to the <a> element (Useful Tips Section):
<a href="#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>
Or, create a link to the <a> element (Useful Tips Section) from another page:
<a href="http://www.w3schools.com/html_links.htm#tips">Visit the Useful Tips Section</a>
Try it Yourself
Without a trailing slash on subfolder addresses, you might generate two requests to the server.
Many servers will automatically add a slash to the address, and then create a new request.

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <a> element to define a link

Use the HTML href attribute to define the link address
Use the HTML target attribute to define where to open the linked document
Use the HTML <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link
Use the HTML id attribute (id="value") to define bookmarks in a page
Use the HTML href attribute (href="#value") to address the bookmark

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5

HTML Link Tags

Tag

Description

<a>

Defines a hyperlink

HTML Images
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Example
GIF Images

JPG Images

PNG Images

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Spectacular Mountains</h2>
<img src="pic_mountain.jpg" alt="Mountain View" style="width:304px;height:228px">
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself
Always specify the width and height of an image. If width and height are not specified, the page will
flicker while the image loads.

HTML Images Syntax

In HTML, images are defined with the <img> tag.
The <img> tag is empty, it contains attributes only, and does not have a closing tag.
The src attribute defines the url (web address) of the image:
<img src="url" alt="some_text">

The alt Attribute

The alt attribute specifies an alternate text for the image, if it cannot be displayed.
The value of the alt attribute should describe the image in words:

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="The official HTML5 Icon">
The alt attribute is required. A web page will not validate correctly without it.

HTML Screen Readers

Screen readers are software programs that can read what is displayed on a screen.
Used on the web, screen readers can "reproduce" HTML as text-to-speech, sound icons, or braille output.
Screen readers are used by people who are blind, visually impaired, or learning disabled.
Screen readers can read the alt attribute.

Image Size - Width and Height

You can use the style attribute to specify the width and height of an image.
The values are specified in pixels (use px after the value):

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">
Try it Yourself
Alternatively, you can use width and height attributes.
The values are specified in pixels (without px after the value):

Example
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">
Try it Yourself

Width and Height or Style?

Both the width, the height, and the style attributes, are valid in the latest HTML5 standard.
We suggest you use the style attribute. It prevents styles sheets from changing the default size of images:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
img { width:100%; }
</style>
</head>

<body>
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" width="128" height="128">
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself
At W3schools we prefer to use the style attribute.

Images in Another Folder

If not specified, the browser expects to find the image in the same folder as the web page.
However, it is common on the web, to store images in a sub-folder, and refer to the folder in the image
name:

Example
<img src="/images/html5.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">
Try it Yourself
If a browser cannot find an image, it will display a broken link icon:

Example
<img src="wrongname.gif" alt="HTML5 Icon" style="width:128px;height:128px">
Try it Yourself

Images on Another Server

Some web sites store their images on image servers.
Actually, you can access images from any web address in the world:

Example
<img src="http://www.w3schools.com/images/w3schools_green.jpg">
Try it Yourself

Animated Images

The GIF standard allows animated images:

Example
<img src="programming.gif" alt="Computer Man" style="width:48px;height:48px">
Try it Yourself
Note that the syntax of inserting animated images is no different from non-animated images.

Using an Image as a Link

It is common to use images as links:

Example
<a href="default.asp">
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="HTML tutorial" style="width:42px;height:42px;border:0">
</a>
Try it Yourself
We have added border:0 to prevent IE9 (and earlier) from displaying a border around the image.

Image Maps
For an image, you can create an image map, with clickable areas:

Example
<img src="planets.gif" alt="Planets" usemap="#planetmap" style="width:145px;height:126px">
<map name="planetmap">
<area shape="rect" coords="0,0,82,126" alt="Sun" href="sun.htm">
<area shape="circle" coords="90,58,3" alt="Mercury" href="mercur.htm">
<area shape="circle" coords="124,58,8" alt="Venus" href="venus.htm">
</map>
Try it Yourself

Image Floating
You can let an image float to the left or right of a paragraph:

Example

<p>
<img src="smiley.gif" alt="Smiley face" style="float:left;width:42px;height:42px">
A paragraph with an image. The image floats to the left of the text.
</p>
Try it Yourself

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <img> element to define images

Use the HTML src attribute to define the image file name
Use the HTML alt attribute to define an alternative text
Use the HTML width and height attributes to define the image size
Use the CSS width and height properties to define the image size (alternatively)
Use the CSS float property to let the image float
Use the HTML usemap attribute to point to an image map
Use the HTML <map> element to define an image map
Use the HTML <area> element to define image map areas
Loading images takes time. Large images can slow down your page. Use images carefully.

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

HTML Image Tags

Tag
Description
<img> Defines an image
<map> Defines an image-map
<area> Defines a clickable area inside an image-map

HTML Tables
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HTML Table Example

Number
1
2
3
4

First Name
Eve
John
Adam
Jill

Last Name
Jackson
Doe
Johnson
Smith

Points
94
80
67
50

Defining HTML Tables

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
Try it Yourself
Example explained:
Tables are defined with the <table> tag.
Tables are divided into table rows with the <tr> tag.
Table rows are divided into table data with the <td> tag.
A table row can also be divided into table headings with the <th> tag.
Table data <td> are the data containers of the table.
They can contain all sorts of HTML elements like text, images, lists, other tables, etc.

An HTML Table with a Border Attribute

If you do not specify a border for the table, it will be displayed without borders.
A border can be added using the border attribute:

Example
<table border="1" style="width:100%">
<tr>
<td>Jill</td>
<td>Smith</td>
<td>50</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>

<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
Try it Yourself
The border attribute is on its way out of the HTML standard! It is better to use CSS.
To add borders, use the CSS border property:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
}
Try it Yourself
Remember to define borders for both the table and the table cells.

An HTML Table with Collapsed Borders

If you want the borders to collapse into one border, add CSS border-collapse:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
Try it Yourself

An HTML Table with Cell Padding

Cell padding specifies the space between the cell content and its borders.
If you do not specify a padding, the table cells will be displayed without padding.
To set the padding, use the CSS padding property:

Example
table, th, td {
border: 1px solid black;
border-collapse: collapse;
}
th,td {

padding: 15px;
}
Try it Yourself

HTML Table Headings

Table headings are defined with the <th> tag.
By default, all major browsers display table headings as bold and centered:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Points</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>
Try it Yourself
To left-align the table headings, use the CSS text-align property:

Example
th {
text-align: left;
}
Try it Yourself

An HTML Table with Border Spacing

Border spacing specifies the space between the cells.
To set the border spacing for a table, use the CSS border-spacing property:

Example
table {
border-spacing: 5px;
}

Try it Yourself
If the table has collapsed borders, border-spacing has no effect.

Table Cells that Span Many Columns

To make a cell span more than one column, use the colspan attribute:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th colspan="2">Telephone</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
<td>555 77 854</td>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>
Try it Yourself

Table Cells that Span Many Rows

To make a cell span more than one row, use the rowspan attribute:

Example
<table style="width:100%">
<tr>
<th>Name:</th>
<td>Bill Gates</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Telephone:</th>
<td>555 77 854</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>555 77 855</td>
</tr>
</table>
Try it Yourself

An HTML Table With a Caption

Different Styles for Different Tables

Most of the examples above use a style attribute (width="100%") to define the width of each table.
This makes it easy to define different widths for different tables.
The styles in the <head> section, however, define a style for all tables in a page.
To define a special style for a special table, add an id attribute to the table:

Example
<table id="t01">
<tr>
<th>Firstname</th>
<th>Lastname</th>
<th>Points</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Eve</td>
<td>Jackson</td>
<td>94</td>
</tr>
</table>

Now you can define a different style for this table:

table#t01 {
width: 100%;
background-color: #f1f1c1;
}
Try it Yourself

And add more styles:

table#t01 tr:nth-child(even) {
background-color: #eee;
}
table#t01 tr:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: #fff;
}
table#t01 th {
color: white;
background-color: black;
}
Try it Yourself

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <table> element to define a table

Use the HTML <tr> element to define a table row
Use the HTML <td> element to define a table data
Use the HTML <th> element to define a table heading
Use the HTML <caption> element to define a table caption
Use the CSS border property to define a border
Use the CSS border-collapse property to collapse cell borders
Use the CSS padding property to add padding to cells
Use the CSS text-align property to align cell text
Use the CSS border-spacing property to set the spacing between cells
Use the colspan attribute to make a cell span many columns
Use the rowspan attribute to make a cell span many rows
Use the id attribute to uniquely define one table

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Exercise 6

HTML Table Tags

Tag
<table>

Description
Defines a table

Defines a header cell in a table

Defines a row in a table
Defines a cell in a table
Defines a table caption
Specifies a group of one or more columns in a table for formatting
Specifies column properties for each column within a <colgroup> element
Groups the header content in a table
Groups the body content in a table
Groups the footer content in a table

HTML Lists
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HTML can have Unordered lists, Ordered lists, or Description

lists:
Unordered List

The first item

The second item
The third item
The fourth item

Ordered List
1.
2.
3.
4.

The first item

The second item
The third item
The fourth item

Description List
The first item
Description of item
The second item
Description of item

Unordered HTML Lists

An unordered list starts with the <ul> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with bullets (small black circles).

Unordered List:

<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Try it Yourself

Unordered HTML Lists - The Style Attribute

A style attribute can be added to an unordered list, to define the style of the marker:
Style
list-style-type:disc
list-style-type:circle
list-style-type:square
list-style-type:none

Description
The list items will be marked with bullets (default)
The list items will be marked with circles
The list items will be marked with squares
The list items will not be marked

Disc:
<ul style="list-style-type:disc">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Try it Yourself

Circle:
<ul style="list-style-type:circle">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Try it Yourself

Square:
<ul style="list-style-type:square">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Try it Yourself

None:

<ul style="list-style-type:none">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Try it Yourself
Using a type attribute <ul type="disc">, instead of <ul style="list-style-type:disc">, also works.
But in HTML5, the type attribute is not valid in unordered lists, only in ordered list.

Ordered HTML Lists

An ordered list starts with the <ol> tag. Each list item starts with the <li> tag.
The list items will be marked with numbers.

Ordered List:
<ol>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Try it Yourself

Ordered HTML Lists - The Type Attribute

A type attribute can be added to an ordered list, to define the type of the marker:
Type
type="1"
type="A"
type="a"
type="I"
type="i"

Description
The list items will be numbered with numbers (default)
The list items will be numbered with uppercase letters
The list items will be numbered with lowercase letters
The list items will be numbered with uppercase roman numbers
The list items will be numbered with lowercase roman numbers

Numbers:
<ol type="1">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Try it Yourself

Upper Case:

<ol type="A">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Try it Yourself

Lower Case:
<ol type="a">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Try it Yourself

Roman Upper Case:

<ol type="I">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Try it Yourself

Roman Lower Case:

<ol type="i">
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ol>
Try it Yourself

HTML Description Lists

A description list, is a list of terms, with a description of each term.
The <dl> tag defines a description list.
The <dt> tag defines the term (name), and the <dd> tag defines the data (description).

Description List:
<dl>
<dt>Coffee</dt>
<dd>- black hot drink</dd>

<dt>Milk</dt>
<dd>- white cold drink</dd>
</dl>
Try it Yourself

Nested HTML Lists

List can be nested (lists inside lists).

Nested Lists:
<ul>
<li>Coffee</li>
<li>Tea
<ul>
<li>Black tea</li>
<li>Green tea</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Milk</li>
</ul>
Try it Yourself
List items can contain new list, and other HTML elements, like images and links, etc.

Horizontal Lists
HTML lists can be styled in many different ways with CSS.
One popular way, is to style a list to display horizontally:

Horizontal List:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
ul#menu li {
display:inline;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h2>Horizontal List</h2>

<ul id="menu">
<li>HTML</li>
<li>CSS</li>
<li>JavaScript</li>
<li>PHP</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself
With a little extra style, you can make it look like a menu:

New Style:
ul#menu {
padding: 0;
}
ul#menu li {
display: inline;
}
ul#menu li a {
background-color: black;
color: white;
padding: 10px 20px;
text-decoration: none;
border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;
}
ul#menu li a:hover {
background-color: orange;
}
Try it Yourself

Chapter Summary

Use the HTML <ul> element to define an unordered list

Use the HTML style attribute to define the bullet style
Use the HTML <ol> element to define an ordered list
Use the HTML type attribute to define the numbering type
Use the HTML <li> element to define a list item
Use the HTML <dl> element to define a description list
Use the HTML <dt> element to define the description term
Use the HTML <dd> element to define the description data
Lists can be nested inside lists
List items can contain other HTML elements
Use the CSS property display:inline to display a list horizontally

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4 Exercise 5 Exercise 6

HTML List Tags

Tag
<ul>
<ol>
<li>
<dl>
<dt>
<dd>

Description
Defines an unordered list
Defines an ordered list
Defines a list item
Defines a description list
Defines the term in a description list
Defines the description in a description list

HTML Block Elements

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Next Chapter

London
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a
metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.
Standing on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going
back to its founding by the Romans, who named it Londinium.

Example
<div style="background-color:black; color:white; padding:20px;">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a
metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
Try it Yourself

HTML Block Elements and Inline Elements

Most HTML elements are defined as block level elements or inline elements.
Block level elements normally start (and end) with a new line, when displayed in a browser.

Examples: <h1>, <p>, <ul>, <table>

Inline elements are normally displayed without line breaks.
Examples: <b>, <td>, <a>, <img>

The HTML <div> Element

The HTML <div> element is a block level element that can be used as a container for other HTML
elements.
The <div> element has no special meaning. It has no required attributes, but style and class are common.
Because it is a block level element, the browser will display line breaks before and after it.
When used together with CSS, the <div> element can be used to style blocks of content.

The HTML <span> Element

The HTML <span> element is an inline element that can be used as a container for text.
The <span> element has no special meaning. It has no required attributes, but style and class are common.
Unlike <div>, which is formatted with line breaks, the <span> element does not have any automatic
formatting.
When used together with CSS, the <span> element can be used to style parts of the text:

Example
<h1>My <span style="color:red">Important</span> Heading</h1>
Try it Yourself

HTML Grouping Tags

Tag
Description
<div> Defines a section in a document (block-level)
<span> Defines a section in a document (inline)

HTML Classes
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Classing HTML elements, makes it possible to define CSS styles for classes of elements.
Equal styles for equal classes, or different styles for different classes.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.cities {
background-color:black;
color:white;
margin:20px;
padding:20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="cities">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a
metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Classing Block Elements

The HTML <div> element is a block level element. It can be used as a container for other HTML
elements.
Classing <div> elements, makes it possible to define equal styles for equal <div> elements:

Paris
Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.
Situated on the Seine River, it is at the heart of the le-de-France region, also known as the rgion
parisienne.
Within its metropolitan area is one of the largest population centers in Europe, with over 12 million
inhabitants.

Tokyo
Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the most populous metropolitan
area in the world.
It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial
Family.
The Tokyo prefecture is part of the world's most populous metropolitan area with 38 million people and
the world's largest urban economy.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.cities {
background-color:black;
color:white;
margin:20px;
padding:20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="cities">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a
metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

<div class="cities">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="cities">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Classing Inline Elements

The HTML <span> element is an inline element that can be used as a container for text.
Classing <span> elements makes it possible to design equal styles for equal <span> elements.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
span.red {color:red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My <span class="red">Important</span> Heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3

HTML Classes
Previous
Next Chapter

Classing HTML elements, makes it possible to define CSS styles for classes of elements.
Equal styles for equal classes, or different styles for different classes.

Classing Block Elements

The HTML <div> element is a block level element. It can be used as a container for other HTML
elements.
Classing <div> elements, makes it possible to define equal styles for equal <div> elements:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
.cities {
background-color:black;
color:white;
margin:20px;
padding:20px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="cities">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a
metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>

Classing Inline Elements

The HTML <span> element is an inline element that can be used as a container for text.
Classing <span> elements makes it possible to design equal styles for equal <span> elements.

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<style>
span.red {color:red;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My <span class="red">Important</span> Heading</h1>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3

HTML Responsive Web Design

Previous
Next Chapter

What is Responsive Web Design?

RWD stands for Responsive Web Design

RWD can deliver web pages in variable sizes
RWD is a must for tablets and mobile devices

Creating Your Own Responsive Design

One way to create a responsive design, is to create it yourself:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<style>
.city {
float: left;
margin: 5px;
padding: 15px;
width: 300px;
height: 300px;
border: 1px solid black;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>W3Schools Demo</h1>
<h2>Resize this responsive page!</h2>
<br>
<div class="city">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England.</p>
<p>It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Try it yourself

Using Bootstrap
Another way to create a responsive design, is to use an already existing CSS framework.
Bootstrap is the most popular HTML, CSS, and JS framework for developing responsive webs.
Bootstrap helps you to develop sites that look nice at any size; screen, laptop, tablet, or phone:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<link rel="stylesheet" href="http://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/3.2.0/css/bootstrap.min.css">
</head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="jumbotron">
<h1>W3Schools Demo</h1>
<p>Resize this responsive page!</p>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-md-4">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England.</p>
<p>It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="col-md-4">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Try it yourself
To learn more about Bootstrap read our Bootstrap Tutorial.

HTML Iframes
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An iframe is used to display a web page within a web page.

Iframe Syntax
The syntax for adding an iframe is:
<iframe src="URL"></iframe>
The src attribute specifies the URL (web address) of the iframe page.

Iframe - Set Height and Width

Use the height and width attributes to specify the size.
The attribute values are specified in pixels by default, but they can also be in percent (like "80%").

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" width="200" height="200"></iframe>
Try it Yourself

Iframe - Remove the Border

By default, an iframe has a black border around it.
To remove the border, add the style attribute and use the CSS border property:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" style="border:none"></iframe>
Try it Yourself
With CSS, you can also change the size, style and color of the iframe's border:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" style="border:5px dotted red"></iframe>
Try it Yourself

Use iframe as a Target for a Link

An iframe can be used as the target frame for a link.
The target attribute of the link must refer to the name attribute of the iframe:

Example
<iframe src="demo_iframe.htm" name="iframe_a"></iframe>
<p><a href="http://www.w3schools.com" target="iframe_a">W3Schools.com</a></p>
Try it Yourself

HTML iframe Tag

Tag
Description
<iframe> Defines an inline frame

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4

HTML Color Names

Previous
Next Chapter
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

140 Color Names are Supported by All Browsers

140 color names are defined in the HTML5 and CSS3 color specifications.
17 colors are from the HTML specification, 123 colors are from the CSS specification.
The table below lists them all, along with their hexadecimal values.
The 17 colors from the HTML specification are: aqua, black, blue, fuchsia, gray, green, lime,
maroon, navy, olive, orange, purple, red, silver, teal, white, and yellow.

Sorted by Color Name

Colors sorted by HEX values

Click on a color name (or a hex value) to view the color as the background-color along with different text
colors:
Color Name
AliceBlue
AntiqueWhite
Aqua
Aquamarine
Azure
Beige
Bisque
Black
BlanchedAlmond
Blue
BlueViolet
Brown
BurlyWood
CadetBlue
Chartreuse
Chocolate
Coral
CornflowerBlue
Cornsilk
Crimson
Cyan
DarkBlue
DarkCyan
DarkGoldenRod
DarkGray
DarkGreen
DarkKhaki
DarkMagenta
DarkOliveGreen
DarkOrange
DarkOrchid
DarkRed
DarkSalmon
DarkSeaGreen
DarkSlateBlue
DarkSlateGray
DarkTurquoise
DarkViolet
DeepPink
DeepSkyBlue
DimGray
DodgerBlue
FireBrick
FloralWhite
ForestGreen

HEX
#F0F8FF
#FAEBD7
#00FFFF
#7FFFD4
#F0FFFF
#F5F5DC
#FFE4C4
#000000
#FFEBCD
#0000FF
#8A2BE2
#A52A2A
#DEB887
#5F9EA0
#7FFF00
#D2691E
#FF7F50
#6495ED
#FFF8DC
#DC143C
#00FFFF
#00008B
#008B8B
#B8860B
#A9A9A9
#006400
#BDB76B
#8B008B
#556B2F
#FF8C00
#9932CC
#8B0000
#E9967A
#8FBC8F
#483D8B
#2F4F4F
#00CED1
#9400D3
#FF1493
#00BFFF
#696969
#1E90FF
#B22222
#FFFAF0
#228B22

Color

Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades
Shades

Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix

Fuchsia
Gainsboro
GhostWhite
Gold
GoldenRod
Gray
Green
GreenYellow
HoneyDew
HotPink
IndianRed
Indigo
Ivory
Khaki
Lavender
LavenderBlush
LawnGreen
LemonChiffon
LightBlue
LightCoral
LightCyan
LightGoldenRodYellow
LightGray
LightGreen
LightPink
LightSalmon
LightSeaGreen
LightSkyBlue
LightSlateGray
LightSteelBlue
LightYellow
Lime
LimeGreen
Linen
Magenta
Maroon
MediumAquaMarine
MediumBlue
MediumOrchid
MediumPurple
MediumSeaGreen
MediumSlateBlue
MediumSpringGreen
MediumTurquoise
MediumVioletRed
MidnightBlue
MintCream
MistyRose
Moccasin

#FF00FF
#DCDCDC
#F8F8FF
#FFD700
#DAA520
#808080
#008000
#ADFF2F
#F0FFF0
#FF69B4
#CD5C5C
#4B0082
#FFFFF0
#F0E68C
#E6E6FA
#FFF0F5
#7CFC00
#FFFACD
#ADD8E6
#F08080
#E0FFFF
#FAFAD2
#D3D3D3
#90EE90
#FFB6C1
#FFA07A
#20B2AA
#87CEFA
#778899
#B0C4DE
#FFFFE0
#00FF00
#32CD32
#FAF0E6
#FF00FF
#800000
#66CDAA
#0000CD
#BA55D3
#9370DB
#3CB371
#7B68EE
#00FA9A
#48D1CC
#C71585
#191970
#F5FFFA
#FFE4E1
#FFE4B5

Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix

NavajoWhite
Navy
OldLace
Olive
OliveDrab
Orange
OrangeRed
Orchid
PaleGoldenRod
PaleGreen
PaleTurquoise
PaleVioletRed
PapayaWhip
PeachPuff
Peru
Pink
Plum
PowderBlue
Purple
RebeccaPurple
Red
RosyBrown
RoyalBlue
SaddleBrown
Salmon
SandyBrown
SeaGreen
SeaShell
Sienna
Silver
SkyBlue
SlateBlue
SlateGray
Snow
SpringGreen
SteelBlue
Tan
Teal
Thistle
Tomato
Turquoise
Violet
Wheat
White
WhiteSmoke
Yellow
YellowGreen

#FFDEAD
#000080
#FDF5E6
#808000
#6B8E23
#FFA500
#FF4500
#DA70D6
#EEE8AA
#98FB98
#AFEEEE
#DB7093
#FFEFD5
#FFDAB9
#CD853F
#FFC0CB
#DDA0DD
#B0E0E6
#800080
#663399
#FF0000
#BC8F8F
#4169E1
#8B4513
#FA8072
#F4A460
#2E8B57
#FFF5EE
#A0522D
#C0C0C0
#87CEEB
#6A5ACD
#708090
#FFFAFA
#00FF7F
#4682B4
#D2B48C
#008080
#D8BFD8
#FF6347
#40E0D0
#EE82EE
#F5DEB3
#FFFFFF
#F5F5F5
#FFFF00
#9ACD32

Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix
Mix

HTML Color Values

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Next Chapter
Colors are displayed combining RED, GREEN, and BLUE light.

Color Values
Colors are defined using a hexadecimal (hex) notation for the Red, Green, and Blue values (RGB).
The lowest value for each light source is 0 (hex 00). The highest value is 255 (hex FF).
Hex values are written as # followed by either three or six hex characters.
Three-digit notations (#rgb) are automatically converted to six digits (#rrggbb):
Color

Color 3 digit HEX Color 6 digit HEX

Color RGB
#F00
#FF0000
rgb(255,0,0)
#0F0
#00FF00
rgb(0,255,0)
#00F
#0000FF
rgb(0,0,255)

Try it Yourself
Shades of grey (from black to white) are defined using equal values for all the 3 light sources:
Color

Color 3 digit HEX Color 6 digit HEX

Color RGB
#000
#000000
rgb(0,0,0)
#888
#888888
rgb(136,136,136)
#FFF
#FFFFFF
rgb(255,255,255)

Try it Yourself

Colors Sorted by HEX Value

Colors sorted by color name
Color Name

HEX

Color

Shades

Mix

Black

#000000

Shades

Mix

Navy

#000080

Shades

Mix

DarkBlue

#00008B

Shades

Mix

MediumBlue

#0000CD

Shades

Mix

Blue

#0000FF

Shades

Mix

DarkGreen

#006400

Shades

Mix

Green

#008000

Shades

Mix

Teal

#008080

Shades

Mix

DarkCyan

#008B8B

Shades

Mix

DeepSkyBlue

#00BFFF

Shades

Mix

DarkTurquoise

#00CED1

Shades

Mix

MediumSpringGreen

#00FA9A

Shades

Mix

Lime

#00FF00

Shades

Mix

SpringGreen

#00FF7F

Shades

Mix

Aqua

#00FFFF

Shades

Mix

Cyan

#00FFFF

Shades

Mix

MidnightBlue

#191970

Shades

Mix

DodgerBlue

#1E90FF

Shades

Mix

LightSeaGreen

#20B2AA

Shades

Mix

ForestGreen

#228B22

Shades

Mix

SeaGreen

#2E8B57

Shades

Mix

DarkSlateGray

#2F4F4F

Shades

Mix

LimeGreen

#32CD32

Shades

Mix

MediumSeaGreen

#3CB371

Shades

Mix

Turquoise

#40E0D0

Shades

Mix

RoyalBlue

#4169E1

Shades

Mix

SteelBlue

#4682B4

Shades

Mix

DarkSlateBlue

#483D8B

Shades

Mix

MediumTurquoise

#48D1CC

Shades

Mix

Indigo

#4B0082

Shades

Mix

DarkOliveGreen

#556B2F

Shades

Mix

CadetBlue

#5F9EA0

Shades

Mix

CornflowerBlue

#6495ED

Shades

Mix

RebeccaPurple

#663399

Shades

Mix

MediumAquaMarine

#66CDAA

Shades

Mix

DimGray

#696969

Shades

Mix

SlateBlue

#6A5ACD

Shades

Mix

OliveDrab

#6B8E23

Shades

Mix

SlateGray

#708090

Shades

Mix

LightSlateGray

#778899

Shades

Mix

MediumSlateBlue

#7B68EE

Shades

Mix

LawnGreen

#7CFC00

Shades

Mix

Chartreuse

#7FFF00

Shades

Mix

Aquamarine

#7FFFD4

Shades

Mix

Maroon

#800000

Shades

Mix

Purple

#800080

Shades

Mix

Olive

#808000

Shades

Mix

Gray

#808080

Shades

Mix

SkyBlue

#87CEEB

Shades

Mix

LightSkyBlue

#87CEFA

Shades

Mix

BlueViolet

#8A2BE2

Shades

Mix

DarkRed

#8B0000

Shades

Mix

DarkMagenta

#8B008B

Shades

Mix

SaddleBrown

#8B4513

Shades

Mix

DarkSeaGreen

#8FBC8F

Shades

Mix

LightGreen

#90EE90

Shades

Mix

MediumPurple

#9370DB

Shades

Mix

DarkViolet

#9400D3

Shades

Mix

PaleGreen

#98FB98

Shades

Mix

DarkOrchid

#9932CC

Shades

Mix

YellowGreen

#9ACD32

Shades

Mix

Sienna

#A0522D

Shades

Mix

Brown

#A52A2A

Shades

Mix

DarkGray

#A9A9A9

Shades

Mix

LightBlue

#ADD8E6

Shades

Mix

GreenYellow

#ADFF2F

Shades

Mix

PaleTurquoise

#AFEEEE

Shades

Mix

LightSteelBlue

#B0C4DE

Shades

Mix

PowderBlue

#B0E0E6

Shades

Mix

FireBrick

#B22222

Shades

Mix

DarkGoldenRod

#B8860B

Shades

Mix

MediumOrchid

#BA55D3

Shades

Mix

RosyBrown

#BC8F8F

Shades

Mix

DarkKhaki

#BDB76B

Shades

Mix

Silver

#C0C0C0

Shades

Mix

MediumVioletRed

#C71585

Shades

Mix

IndianRed

#CD5C5C

Shades

Mix

Peru

#CD853F

Shades

Mix

Chocolate

#D2691E

Shades

Mix

Tan

#D2B48C

Shades

Mix

LightGray

#D3D3D3

Shades

Mix

Thistle

#D8BFD8

Shades

Mix

Orchid

#DA70D6

Shades

Mix

GoldenRod

#DAA520

Shades

Mix

PaleVioletRed

#DB7093

Shades

Mix

Crimson

#DC143C

Shades

Mix

Gainsboro

#DCDCDC

Shades

Mix

Plum

#DDA0DD

Shades

Mix

BurlyWood

#DEB887

Shades

Mix

LightCyan

#E0FFFF

Shades

Mix

Lavender

#E6E6FA

Shades

Mix

DarkSalmon

#E9967A

Shades

Mix

Violet

#EE82EE

Shades

Mix

PaleGoldenRod

#EEE8AA

Shades

Mix

LightCoral

#F08080

Shades

Mix

Khaki

#F0E68C

Shades

Mix

AliceBlue

#F0F8FF

Shades

Mix

HoneyDew

#F0FFF0

Shades

Mix

Azure

#F0FFFF

Shades

Mix

SandyBrown

#F4A460

Shades

Mix

Wheat

#F5DEB3

Shades

Mix

Beige

#F5F5DC

Shades

Mix

WhiteSmoke

#F5F5F5

Shades

Mix

MintCream

#F5FFFA

Shades

Mix

GhostWhite

#F8F8FF

Shades

Mix

Salmon

#FA8072

Shades

Mix

AntiqueWhite

#FAEBD7

Shades

Mix

Linen

#FAF0E6

Shades

Mix

LightGoldenRodYellow

#FAFAD2

Shades

Mix

OldLace

#FDF5E6

Shades

Mix

Red

#FF0000

Shades

Mix

Fuchsia

#FF00FF

Shades

Mix

Magenta

#FF00FF

Shades

Mix

DeepPink

#FF1493

Shades

Mix

OrangeRed

#FF4500

Shades

Mix

Tomato

#FF6347

Shades

Mix

HotPink

#FF69B4

Shades

Mix

Coral

#FF7F50

Shades

Mix

DarkOrange

#FF8C00

Shades

Mix

LightSalmon

#FFA07A

Shades

Mix

Orange

#FFA500

Shades

Mix

LightPink

#FFB6C1

Shades

Mix

Pink

#FFC0CB

Shades

Mix

Gold

#FFD700

Shades

Mix

PeachPuff

#FFDAB9

Shades

Mix

NavajoWhite

#FFDEAD

Shades

Mix

Moccasin

#FFE4B5

Shades

Mix

Bisque

#FFE4C4

Shades

Mix

MistyRose

#FFE4E1

Shades

Mix

BlanchedAlmond

#FFEBCD

Shades

Mix

PapayaWhip

#FFEFD5

Shades

Mix

LavenderBlush

#FFF0F5

Shades

Mix

SeaShell

#FFF5EE

Shades

Mix

Cornsilk

#FFF8DC

Shades

Mix

LemonChiffon

#FFFACD

Shades

Mix

FloralWhite

#FFFAF0

Shades

Mix

Snow

#FFFAFA

Shades

Mix

Yellow

#FFFF00

Shades

Mix

LightYellow

#FFFFE0

Shades

Mix

Ivory

#FFFFF0

Shades

Mix

White

#FFFFFF

Shades

Mix

HTML Scripts
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JavaScripts make HTML pages more dynamic and interactive.

Try it Yourself - Examples

Insert a script
How to insert a script into an HTML document.
Use of the <noscript> tag
How to handle browsers that do not support scripting, or have scripting disabled.

The HTML <script> Tag

The <script> tag is used to define a client-side script, such as a JavaScript.
The <script> element either contains scripting statements or it points to an external script file through the
src attribute.
Common uses for JavaScript are image manipulation, form validation, and dynamic changes of content.
The script below writes Hello JavaScript! into an HTML element with id="demo":

Example

The HTML <noscript> Tag

The <noscript> tag is used to provide an alternate content for users that have disabled scripts in their
browser or have a browser that doesn't support client-side scripting.
The <noscript> element can contain all the elements that you can find inside the <body> element of a
normal HTML page.
The content inside the <noscript> element will only be displayed if scripts are not supported, or are
disabled in the user's browser:

Example
<script>
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
</script>
<noscript>Sorry, your browser does not support JavaScript!</noscript>
Try it Yourself

A Taste of JavaScript (From Our JavaScript Tutorial)

Here are some examples of what JavaScript can do:

JavaScript can change HTML content:

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
Try it Yourself

JavaScript can change HTML styles:

document.getElementById("demo").style.fontSize = "25px";
Try it Yourself

JavaScript can change HTML attributes:

document.getElementById("image").src = "picture.gif";
Try it Yourself

HTML Script Tags

Tag
Description
<script> Defines a client-side script
<noscript> Defines an alternate content for users that do not support client-side scripts

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

HTML Head
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The HTML <head> Element

The <head> element is a container for meta data (data about data).
HTML meta data is data about the HTML document. Metadata is not displayed.
Meta data typically define document title, styles, links, scripts, and other meta information.
The following tags describes meta data: <title>, <style>, <meta>, <link>, <script>, and <base>.

Omitting <html> and <body>

In the HTML5 standard, the <html> tag, the <body> tag, and the <head> tag can be omitted.
The following code will validate as HTML5:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself
W3Schools does not recommend omitting the <html> and <body> tags:
The <html> element is the document root. It is the recommended place for specifying the page language:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
Declaring a language is important for accessibility applications (screen readers) and search engines.
Omitting <html> and <body> can crash badly written DOM and XML software.
Finally, omitting <body> can produce errors in older browsers (IE9).

Omitting <head>
In the HTML5 standard, the <head> tag can also be omitted.
By default, browsers will add all elements before <body>, to a default <head> element.
You can reduce the complexity of HTML, by omitting the <head> tag:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<title>Page Title</title>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself
Omitting tags is unfamiliar to web developers. It needs time to be established as a guideline.

The HTML <title> Element

The <title> element defines the title of the document.
The <title> element is required in all HTML/XHTML documents.
The <title> element:

defines a title in the browser toolbar

provides a title for the page when it is added to favorites
displays a title for the page in search engine results

A simplified HTML document:

Example

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<title>Page Title</title>
<body>
The content of the document......
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

The HTML <style> Element

The <style> element is used to define style information for an HTML document.
Inside the <style> element you specify how HTML elements should render in a browser:

Example
<style>
body {background-color:yellow;}
p {color:blue;}
</style>
Try it Yourself

The HTML <link> Element

The <link> element defines the page relationship to an external resource.
The <link> element is most often used to link to style sheets:

Example
<link rel="stylesheet" href="mystyle.css">
Try it Yourself

The HTML <meta> Element

The <meta> element is used to specify page description, keywords, author, and other metadata.
Meta data is used by browsers (how to display content), by search engines (keywords), and other web
services.
Define keywords for search engines:

Example
<meta name="keywords" content="HTML, CSS, XML, XHTML, JavaScript">
Define a description of your web page:

Example
<meta name="description" content="Free Web tutorials on HTML and CSS">
Define the character set used:

Example
<meta charset="UTF-8">
Define the author of a page:

Example
<meta name="author" content="Hege Refsnes">
Try it Yourself
Refresh document every 30 seconds:

Example
<meta http-equiv="refresh" content="30">

The HTML <script> Element

The <script> element is used to define client-side JavaScripts.
The script below writes Hello JavaScript! into an HTML element with id="demo":

Example
<script>
function myFunction {
document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
}
</script>
Try it Yourself
To learn all about JavaScript, visit our JavaScript Tutorial!

The HTML <base> Element

The <base> element specifies the base URL and base target for all relative URLs in a page:

Example
<base href="http://www.w3schools.com/images/" target="_blank">
Try it Yourself

HTML head Elements

Tag
<head>
<title>
<base>
<link>
<meta>
<script>
<style>

Description
Defines information about the document
Defines the title of a document
Defines a default address or a default target for all links on a page
Defines the relationship between a document and an external resource
Defines metadata about an HTML document
Defines a client-side script
Defines style information for a document

HTML Entities
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Reserved characters in HTML must be replaced with character entities.
Characters, not present on your keyboard, can also be replaced by entities.

HTML Entities
Some characters are reserved in HTML.
If you use the less than (<) or greater than (>) signs in your text, the browser might mix them with tags.
Character entities are used to display reserved characters in HTML.
A character entity looks like this:
&entity_name;
OR
&#entity_number;
To display a less than sign we must write: < or <

The advantage of using an entity name, instead of a number, is that the name is easier to remember.
The disadvantage is that browsers may not support all entity names, but the support for numbers is
good.

Non Breaking Space

A common character entity used in HTML is the non breaking space ( ).
Remember that browsers will always truncate spaces in HTML pages. If you write 10 spaces in your text,
the browser will remove 9 of them. To add real spaces to your text, you can use the   character
entity.

Some Other Useful HTML Character Entities

Result
<
>
&

Description

Entity Name Entity Number

non-breaking space  

less than
<
greater than
>
ampersand
&
cent
¢
pound
£
yen
¥
euro
€
copyright
©
registered trademark ®

<
>
&
¢
£
¥
€
©
®

Entity names are case sensitive.

Combining Diacritical Marks

A diacritical mark is a "glyph" added to a letter.
Some diacritical marks, like grave ( ) and acute ( ) are called accents.
Diacritical marks can appear both above and below a letter, inside a letter, and between two letters.
Diacritical marks can be used in combination with alphanumeric characters, to produce a character that is
not present in the character set (encoding) used in the page.
Here are some examples:
Mark

Character
a
à
a
á
a
â
a
ã
O
Ò

Construct

Result
a
a
a
a
O

O
O
O

Ó
Ô
Õ

O
O
O

You will see more HTML symbols in the next chapter of this tutorial.

HTML Symbols
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HTML Symbol Entities

HTML entities were described in the previous chapter.
Many mathematical, technical, and currency symbols, are not present on a normal keyboard.
To add these symbols to an HTML page, you can use an HTML entity name.
If no entity name exists, you can use an entity number; a decimal (or hexadecimal) reference.
If you use an HTML entity name or a hexadecimal number, the character will always display
correctly.
This is independent of what character set (encoding) your page uses!

Example
<p>I will display €</p>
<p>I will display €</p>
<p>I will display €</p>

Will display as:

I will display
I will display
I will display
Try it Yourself

Some Mathematical Symbols Supported by HTML

Char

Number
Entity
∀ ∀
∂ ∂
∃ ∃
∅ ∅
∇ ∇
∈ ∈

Description
FOR ALL
PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
THERE EXISTS
EMPTY SETS
NABLA
ELEMENT OF

∉ ∉
∋ &ni;
∏ ∏
∑ ∑

NOT AN ELEMENT OF
CONTAINS AS MEMBER
N-ARY PRODUCT
N-ARY SUMMATION

Full Math Reference

Some Greek Letters Supported by HTML

Char Number
Entity

Α Α

Β Β

Γ Γ

Δ Δ

Ε Ε

Ζ Ζ

Description
GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ALPHA
GREEK CAPITAL LETTER BETA
GREEK CAPITAL LETTER GAMMA
GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA
GREEK CAPITAL LETTER EPSILON
GREEK CAPITAL LETTER ZETA

Full Greek Reference

Some Other Entities Supported by HTML

Char Number
Entity

® ®

€ €

™ ™

← ←

↑ ↑

→ →

↓ ↓

♠ &spades;

♣ &clubs;

♥ &hearts;

♦ &diams;

Description
COPYRIGHT SIGN
REGISTERED SIGN
EURO SIGN
TRADEMARK
LEFTWARDS ARROW
UPWARDS ARROW
RIGHTWARDS ARROW
DOWNWARDS ARROW
BLACK SPADE SUIT
BLACK CLUB SUIT
BLACK HEART SUIT
BLACK DIAMOND SUIT

Full Currency Reference

Full Arrows Reference
Full Symbols Reference

HTML Encoding (Character Sets)

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To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know the character set (character encoding) to
use.

What is Character Encoding?

ASCII was the first character encoding standard (also called character set). It defines 127 different
alphanumeric characters that could be used on the internet.
ASCII supported numbers (0-9), English letters (A-Z), and some special characters like ! $ + - ( ) @ < > .
ANSI (Windows-1252) was the original Windows character set. It supported 256 different character codes.
ISO-8859-1 was the default character set for HTML 4. It also supported 256 different character codes.
Because ANSI and ISO was limited, the default character encoding was changed to UTF-8 in HTML5.
UTF-8 (Unicode) covers almost all of the characters and symbols in the world.
All HTML 4 processors also support UTF-8.

The HTML charset Attribute

To display an HTML page correctly, a web browser must know the character set used in the page.
This is specified in the <meta> tag:

For HTML4:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=ISO-8859-1">

For HTML5:
<meta charset="UTF-8">
If a browser detects ISO-8859-1 in a web page, it defaults to ANSI, because ANSI is identical to
ISO-8859-1 except that ANSI has 32 extra characters.

Differences Between Character Sets

The following table displays the differences between the character sets described above:
Numb ASCII ANSI 8859 UTF-8
32
space
33
!
!
!
!
exclamation mark
34
"
"
"
"
quotation mark

Description

35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83

#
$
%
&
'
(
)
*
+
,
.
/
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
:
;
<
=
>
?
@
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S

number sign
dollar sign
percent sign
ampersand
apostrophe
left parenthesis
right parenthesis
asterisk
plus sign
comma
hyphen-minus
full stop
solidus
digit zero
digit one
digit two
digit three
digit four
digit five
digit six
digit seven
digit eight
digit nine
colon
semicolon
less-than sign
equals sign
greater-than sign
question mark
commercial at
Latin capital letter A
Latin capital letter B
Latin capital letter C
Latin capital letter D
Latin capital letter E
Latin capital letter F
Latin capital letter G
Latin capital letter H
Latin capital letter I
Latin capital letter J
Latin capital letter K
Latin capital letter L
Latin capital letter M
Latin capital letter N
Latin capital letter O
Latin capital letter P
Latin capital letter Q
Latin capital letter R
Latin capital letter S

84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132

T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
`
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~
DEL

T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
[
\
]
^
_
`
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s
t
u
v
w
x
y
z
{
|
}
~

Latin capital letter T

Latin capital letter U
Latin capital letter V
Latin capital letter W
Latin capital letter X
Latin capital letter Y
Latin capital letter Z
left square bracket
reverse solidus
right square bracket
circumflex accent
low line
grave accent
Latin small letter a
Latin small letter b
Latin small letter c
Latin small letter d
Latin small letter e
Latin small letter f
Latin small letter g
Latin small letter h
Latin small letter i
Latin small letter j
Latin small letter k
Latin small letter l
Latin small letter m
Latin small letter n
Latin small letter o
Latin small letter p
Latin small letter q
Latin small letter r
Latin small letter s
Latin small letter t
Latin small letter u
Latin small letter v
Latin small letter w
Latin small letter x
Latin small letter y
Latin small letter z
left curly bracket
vertical line
right curly bracket
tilde
euro sign
NOT USED
single low-9 quotation mark
Latin small letter f with hook
double low-9 quotation mark

133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181

horizontal ellipsis
dagger
double dagger
modifier letter circumflex accent
per mille sign
Latin capital letter S with caron
single left-pointing angle quotation mark
Latin capital ligature OE
NOT USED
Latin capital letter Z with caron
NOT USED
NOT USED
left single quotation mark
right single quotation mark
left double quotation mark
right double quotation mark
bullet
en dash
em dash
small tilde
trade mark sign
Latin small letter s with caron
single right-pointing angle quotation mark
Latin small ligature oe
NOT USED
Latin small letter z with caron
Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
no-break space
inverted exclamation mark
cent sign
pound sign
currency sign
yen sign
broken bar
section sign
diaeresis
copyright sign
feminine ordinal indicator
left-pointing double angle quotation mark
not sign
soft hyphen
registered sign
macron
degree sign
plus-minus sign
superscript two
superscript three
acute accent
micro sign

182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230

O
O

a
a

O
O

a
a

O
O

a
a

pilcrow sign
middle dot
cedilla
superscript one
masculine ordinal indicator
right-pointing double angle quotation mark
vulgar fraction one quarter
vulgar fraction one half
vulgar fraction three quarters
inverted question mark
Latin capital letter A with grave
Latin capital letter A with acute
Latin capital letter A with circumflex
Latin capital letter A with tilde
Latin capital letter A with diaeresis
Latin capital letter A with ring above
Latin capital letter AE
Latin capital letter C with cedilla
Latin capital letter E with grave
Latin capital letter E with acute
Latin capital letter E with circumflex
Latin capital letter E with diaeresis
Latin capital letter I with grave
Latin capital letter I with acute
Latin capital letter I with circumflex
Latin capital letter I with diaeresis
Latin capital letter Eth
Latin capital letter N with tilde
Latin capital letter O with grave
Latin capital letter O with acute
Latin capital letter O with circumflex
Latin capital letter O with tilde
Latin capital letter O with diaeresis
multiplication sign
Latin capital letter O with stroke
Latin capital letter U with grave
Latin capital letter U with acute
Latin capital letter U with circumflex
Latin capital letter U with diaeresis
Latin capital letter Y with acute
Latin capital letter Thorn
Latin small letter sharp s
Latin small letter a with grave
Latin small letter a with acute
Latin small letter a with circumflex
Latin small letter a with tilde
Latin small letter a with diaeresis
Latin small letter a with ring above
Latin small letter ae

231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255

Latin small letter c with cedilla

Latin small letter e with grave
Latin small letter e with acute
Latin small letter e with circumflex
Latin small letter e with diaeresis
Latin small letter i with grave
Latin small letter i with acute
Latin small letter i with circumflex
Latin small letter i with diaeresis
Latin small letter eth
Latin small letter n with tilde
Latin small letter o with grave
Latin small letter o with acute
Latin small letter o with circumflex
Latin small letter o with tilde
Latin small letter o with diaeresis
division sign
Latin small letter o with stroke
Latin small letter u with grave
Latin small letter u with acute
Latin small letter with circumflex
Latin small letter u with diaeresis
Latin small letter y with acute
Latin small letter thorn
Latin small letter y with diaeresis

The ASCII Character Set

ASCII uses the values from 0 to 31 (and 127) for control characters.
ASCII uses the values from 32 to 126 for letters, digits, and symbols.
ASCII does not use the values from 128 to 255.

The ANSI Character Set (Windows-1252)

ANSI is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.
ANSI has a proprietary set of characters for the values from 128 to 159.
ANSI is identical to UTF-8 for the values from 160 to 255.

The ISO-8859-1 Character Set

8859-1 is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.

8859-1 does not use the values from 128 to 159.

8859-1 is identical to UTF-8 for the values from 160 to 255.

The UTF-8 Character Set

UTF-8 is identical to ASCII for the values from 0 to 127.
UTF-8 does not use the values from 128 to 159.
UTF-8 is identical to both ANSI and 8859-1 for the values from 160 to 255.
UTF-8 continues from the value 256 with more than 10.000 different characters.
For a closer look, study our Complete HTML Character Set Reference.

HTML Uniform Resource Locators

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A URL is another word for a web address.
A URL can be composed of words (w3schools.com), or an Internet Protocol (IP) address (192.68.20.50).
Most people enter the name when surfing, because names are easier to remember than numbers.

URL - Uniform Resource Locator

Web browsers request pages from web servers by using a URL.
When you click on a link in an HTML page, an underlying <a> tag points to an address on the web.
A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is used to address a document (or other data) on the web.
A web address, like http://www.w3schools.com/html/default.asp follows these syntax rules:

Example
scheme://host.domain:port/path/filename
Explanation:

scheme - defines the type of Internet service (most common is http)

host - defines the domain host (default host for http is www)
domain - defines the Internet domain name (w3schools.com)
port - defines the port number at the host (default for http is 80)
path - defines a path at the server (If omitted: the root directory of the site)

filename - defines the name of a document or resource

Common URL Schemes

The table below lists some common schemes:
Scheme
Short for
http
HyperText Transfer Protocol
https
Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol
ftp
File Transfer Protocol
file

Used for
Common web pages. Not encrypted
Secure web pages. Encrypted
Downloading or uploading files
A file on your computer

URL Encoding
URLs can only be sent over the Internet using the ASCII character-set.
Since URLs often contain characters outside the ASCII set, the URL has to be converted into ASCII.
URL encoding converts characters into a format that can be transmitted over the Internet.
URL encoding replaces non ASCII characters with a "%" followed by hexadecimal digits.
URLs cannot contain spaces. URL encoding normally replaces a space with a plus (+) sign, or %20.

Try It Yourself
Hello Gnter

If you click "Submit", the browser will URL encode the input before it is sent to the server.
A page at the server will display the received input.
Try some other input and click Submit again.

ASCII Encoding Examples

Your browser will encode input, according to the character-set used in your page.
The default character-set in HTML5 is UTF-8.
Character From Windows-1252
From UTF-8

%80
%E2%82%AC

%A3
%C2%A3

%A9
%AE
%C0
%C1
%C2
%C3
%C4
%C5

%C2%A9
%C2%AE
%C3%80
%C3%81
%C3%82
%C3%83
%C3%84
%C3%85

For a complete reference of all URL encodings, visit our URL Encoding Reference.

HTML and XHTML

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XHTML is HTML written as XML.

What Is XHTML?

XHTML stands for EXtensible HyperText Markup Language

XHTML is almost identical to HTML
XHTML is stricter than HTML
XHTML is HTML defined as an XML application
XHTML is supported by all major browsers

Why XHTML?
Many pages on the internet contain "bad" HTML.
This HTML code works fine in most browsers (even if it does not follow the HTML rules):
<html>
<head>
<title>This is bad HTML</title>
<body>
<h1>Bad HTML
<p>This is a paragraph
</body>
Today's market consists of different browser technologies. Some browsers run on computers, and some
browsers run on mobile phones or other small devices. Smaller devices often lack the resources or power
to interpret "bad" markup.
XML is a markup language where documents must be marked up correctly (be "well-formed").
If you want to study XML, please read our XML tutorial.

By combining the strengths of HTML and XML, XHTML was developed.

XHTML is HTML redesigned as XML.

The Most Important Differences from HTML:

Document Structure

XHTML DOCTYPE is mandatory

The xmlns attribute in <html> is mandatory
<html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> are mandatory

XHTML Elements

XHTML elements must be properly nested

XHTML elements must always be closed
XHTML elements must be in lowercase
XHTML documents must have one root element

XHTML Attributes

Attribute names must be in lower case

Attribute values must be quoted
Attribute minimization is forbidden

<!DOCTYPE ....> Is Mandatory

An XHTML document must have an XHTML DOCTYPE declaration.
A complete list of all the XHTML Doctypes is found in our HTML Tags Reference.
The <html>, <head>, <title>, and <body> elements must also be present, and the xmlns attribute in
<html> must specify the xml namespace for the document.
This example shows an XHTML document with a minimum of required tags:
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<title>Title of document</title>
</head>
<body>
some content
</body>

</html>

XHTML Elements Must Be Properly Nested

In HTML, some elements can be improperly nested within each other, like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</b></i>
In XHTML, all elements must be properly nested within each other, like this:
<b><i>This text is bold and italic</i></b>

XHTML Elements Must Always Be Closed

This is wrong:
<p>This is a paragraph
<p>This is another paragraph
This is correct:
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
<p>This is another paragraph</p>

Empty Elements Must Also Be Closed

This is wrong:
A break: <br>
A horizontal rule: <hr>
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face">
This is correct:
A break: <br />
A horizontal rule: <hr />
An image: <img src="happy.gif" alt="Happy face" />

XHTML Elements Must Be In Lower Case

This is wrong:
<BODY>
<P>This is a paragraph</P>
</BODY>
This is correct:

<body>
<p>This is a paragraph</p>
</body>

XHTML Attribute Names Must Be In Lower Case

This is wrong:
<table WIDTH="100%">
This is correct:
<table width="100%">

Attribute Values Must Be Quoted

This is wrong:
<table width=100%>
This is correct:
<table width="100%">

Attribute Minimization Is Forbidden

Wrong:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked />
Correct:
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="car" checked="checked" />
Wrong:
<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled />
Correct:
<input type="text" name="lastname" disabled="disabled" />

How to Convert from HTML to XHTML

1.
2.
3.
4.

Add an XHTML <!DOCTYPE> to the first line of every page

Add an xmlns attribute to the html element of every page
Change all element names to lowercase
Close all empty elements

5. Change all attribute names to lowercase

6. Quote all attribute values

Validate XHTML With The W3C Validator

Put your web address in the box below:
http://w w w .w 3schools.com/html/demo_xhtml.asp

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HTML Forms
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The <form> Element

HTML forms are used to collect user input.
The <form> element defines an HTML form:

Example

<form>
.
form elements
.
</form>
HTML forms contain form elements.
Form elements are different types of input elements, checkboxes, radio buttons, submit buttons, and more.

The <input> Element

The <input> element is the most important form element.
The <input> element has many variations, depending on the type attribute.
Here are the types used in this chapter:
Type
Description
text
Defines normal text input
radio Defines radio button input (for selecting one of many choices)
submit Defines a submit button (for submitting the form)
You will learn a lot more about input types later in this tutorial.

Text Input
<input type="text"> defines a one-line input field for text input:

Example
<form>
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Try it Yourself
This is how it will look like in a browser:
First name:
Last name:

Note: The form itself is not visible. Also note that the default width of a text field is 20 characters.

Radio Button Input

<input type="radio"> defines a radio button.
Radio buttons let a user select ONE of a limited number of choices:

Example
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" checked>Male
<br>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female
</form>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:
Male
Female

The Submit Button

<input type="submit"> defines a button for submitting a form to a form-handler.
The form-handler is typically a server page with a script for processing input data.
The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute:

Example
<form action="action_page.php">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="Mickey">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse">
<br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:
First name:
Mickey

Last name:
Mouse

The Action Attribute

The action attribute defines the action to be performed when the form is submitted.
The common way to submit a form to a server, is by using a submit button.
Normally, the form is submitted to a web page on a web server.
In the example above, a server-side script is specified to handle the submitted form:
<form action="action_page.php">
If the action attribute is omitted, the action is set to the current page.

The Method Attribute

The method attribute specifies the HTTP method (GET or POST) to be used when submitting the
forms:
<form action="action_page.php" method="GET">
or:
<form action="action_page.php" method="POST">

When to Use GET?

You can use GET (the default method):
If the form submission is passive (like a search engine query), and without sensitive information.
When you use GET, the form data will be visible in the page address:
action_page.php?firstname=Mickey&lastname=Mouse
GET is best suited to short amounts of data. Size limitations are set in your browser.

When to Use POST?

You should use POST:
If the form is updating data, or includes sensitive information (password).

POST offers better security because the submitted data is not visible in the page address.

The Name Attribute

To be submitted correctly, each input field must have a name attribute.
This example will only submit the "Last name" input field:

Example
<form action="action_page.php">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" value="Mickey">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse">
<br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Grouping Form Data with <fieldset>

The <fieldset> element groups related data in a form.
The <legend> element defines a caption for the <fieldset> element.

Example
<form action="action_page.php">
<fieldset>
<legend>Personal information:</legend>
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="Mickey">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname" value="Mouse">
<br><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"></fieldset>
</form>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:
Personal information: First name:
Mickey

Last name:

Mouse

HTML Form Attributes

An HTML <form> element, with all possible attributes set, will look like this:

Example
<form action="action_page.php" method="GET" target="_blank" accept-charset="UTF-8"
enctype="application/x-www-form-urlencoded" autocomplete="off" novalidate>
.
form elements
.
</form>
Here is the list of <form> attributes:
Attribute
accept-charset
action
autocomplete
enctype
method
name
novalidate
target

Description
Specifies the charset used in the submitted form (default: the page charset).
Specifies an address (url) where to submit the form (default: the submitting page).
Specifies if the browser should autocomplete the form (default: on).
Specifies the encoding of the submitted data (default: is url-encoded).
Specifies the HTTP method used when submitting the form (default: GET).
Specifies a name used to identify the form (for DOM usage: document.forms.name).
Specifies that the browser should not validate the form.
Specifies the target of the address in the action attribute (default: _self).

You will learn more about attributes in the next chapters.

More Examples
Send e-mail from a form
How to send e-mail from a form.

HTML Form Elements

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Next Chapter
This chapter describes all HTML form elements.

The <input> Element

The most important form element is the <input> element.

The <input> element can vary in many ways, depending on the type attribute.
All HTML input types are covered in the next chapter.

The <select> Element (Drop-Down List)

The <select> element defines a drop-down list:

Example
<select name="cars">
<option value="volvo">Volvo</option>
<option value="saab">Saab</option>
<option value="fiat">Fiat</option>
<option value="audi">Audi</option>
</select>
Try it Yourself
The <option> elements defines the options to select.
The list will normally show the first item as selected.
You can add a selected attribute to define a predefined option.

Example
<option value="fiat" selected>Fiat</option>
Try it Yourself

The <textarea> Element

The <textarea> element defines a multi-line input field (a text area):

Example
<textarea name="message" rows="10" cols="30">
The cat was playing in the garden.
</textarea>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

The <button> Element

The <button> element defines a clickable button:

Example
<button type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')">Click Me!</button>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

HTML5 Form Elements

HTML5 added the following form elements:

<datalist>
<keygen>
<output>
By default, browsers do not display unknown elements. New elements will not destroy your page.

HTML5 <datalist> Element

The <datalist> element specifies a list of pre-defined options for an <input> element.
Users will see a drop-down list of pre-defined options as they input data.
The list attribute of the <input> element, must refer to the id attribute of the <datalist> element.

Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:

<form action="action_page.php">
<input list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Internet Explorer">
<option value="Firefox">
<option value="Chrome">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Safari">
</datalist>
</form>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <keygen> Element

The purpose of the <keygen> element is to provide a secure way to authenticate users.
The <keygen> element specifies a key-pair generator field in a form.
When the form is submitted, two keys are generated, one private and one public.
The private key is stored locally, and the public key is sent to the server.
The public key could be used to generate a client certificate to authenticate the user in the future.

Example
A form with a keygen field:
<form action="action_page.php">
Username: <input type="text" name="user">
Encryption: <keygen name="security">
<input type="submit">
</form>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <output> Element

The <output> element represents the result of a calculation (like one performed by a script).

Example
Perform a calculation and show the result in an <output> element:

<form action="action_page.asp"
oninput="x.value=parseInt(a.value)+parseInt(b.value)">
0
<input type="range" id="a" name="a" value="50">
100 +
<input type="number" id="b" name="b" value="50">
=
<output name="x" for="a b"></output>
<br><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
Try it Yourself

HTML Form Elements

= new in HTML5.
Tag
<form>
<input>
<textarea>
<label>
<fieldset>
<legend>
<select>
<optgroup>
<option>
<button>
<datalist>
<keygen>
<output>

Description
Defines an HTML form for user input
Defines an input control
Defines a multiline input control (text area)
Defines a label for an <input> element
Groups related elements in a form
Defines a caption for a <fieldset> element
Defines a drop-down list
Defines a group of related options in a drop-down list
Defines an option in a drop-down list
Defines a clickable button
Specifies a list of pre-defined options for input controls
Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms)
Defines the result of a calculation

HTML Input Types

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Input Types
This chapter describes the input types of the <input> element.

Input Type: text

<input type="text"> defines a one-line input field for text input:

Example
<form>
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:
First name:
Last name:

Input Type: password

<input type="password"> defines a password field:

Example
<form>
User name:<br>
<input type="text" name="username">
<br>
User password:<br>
<input type="password" name="psw">
</form>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:
User name:
User password:
The characters in a password field are masked (shown as asterisks or circles).

Input Type: submit

<input type="submit"> defines a button for submitting form input to a form-handler.
The form-handler is typically a server page with a script for processing input data.

The form-handler is specified in the form's action attribute:

Last name:
Mouse

If you omit the submit button's value attribute, the button will get a default text:

Input Type: radio

<input type="radio"> defines a radio button.
Radio buttons let a user select ONLY ONE of a limited number of choices:

Example
<form>
<input type="radio" name="sex" value="male" checked>Male
<br>

<input type="radio" name="sex" value="female">Female

</form>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:
Male
Female

Input Type: checkbox

<input type="checkbox"> defines a checkbox.
Checkboxes let a user select ZERO or MORE options of a limited number of choices.

Example
<form>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Bike">I have a bike
<br>
<input type="checkbox" name="vehicle" value="Car">I have a car
</form>
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:
I have a bike
I have a car

Input Type: button

<input type="button"> defines a button:

Example
<input type="button" onclick="alert('Hello World!')" value="Click Me!">
Try it Yourself
This is how the HTML code above will be displayed in a browser:

HTML5 Input Types

HTML5 added several new input types:

color
date
datetime
datetime-local
email
month
number
range
search
tel
time
url
week
Input types, not supported by old web browsers, will behave as input type text.

Input Type: number

The <input type="number"> is used for input fields that should contain a numeric value.
You can set restrictions on the numbers.
Depending on browser support, the restrictions can apply to the input field.

Example
<form>
Quantity (between 1 and 5):
<input type="number" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Restrictions
Here is a list of some common input restrictions (some are new in HTML5):
Attribute
disabled
max
maxlength
min
pattern
readonly

Description
Specifies that an input field should be disabled
Specifies the maximum value for an input field
Specifies the maximum number of character for an input field
Specifies the minimum value for an input field
Specifies a regular expression to check the input value against
Specifies that an input field is read only (cannot be changed)

required
size
step
value

Specifies that an input field is required (must be filled out)

Specifies the width (in characters) of an input field
Specifies the legal number intervals for an input field
Specifies the default value for an input field

You will learn more about input restrictions in the next chapter.

Example
<form>
Quantity:
<input type="number" name="points" min="0" max="100" step="10" value="30">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: date

The <input type="date"> is used for input fields that should contain a date.
Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Birthday:
<input type="date" name="bday">
</form>
Try it Yourself
You can add restrictions to the input:

Example
<form>
Enter a date before 1980-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" max="1979-12-31"><br>
Enter a date after 2000-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" min="2000-01-02"><br>
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: color

The <input type="color"> is used for input fields that should contain a color.
Depending on browser support, a color picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Select your favorite color:
<input type="color" name="favcolor">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: range

The <input type="range"> is used for input fields that should contain a value within a range.
Depending on browser support, the input field can be displayed as a slider control.

Example
<form>
<input type="range" name="points" min="0" max="10">
</form>
Try it Yourself
You can use the following attributes to specify restrictions: min, max, step, value.

Input Type: month

The <input type="month"> allows the user to select a month and year.
Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Birthday (month and year):

<input type="month" name="bdaymonth">

</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: week

The <input type="week"> allows the user to select a week and year.
Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Select a week:
<input type="week" name="week_year">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: time

The <input type="time"> allows the user to select a time (no time zone).
Depending on browser support, a time picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Select a time:
<input type="time" name="usr_time">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: datetime

The <input type="datetime"> allows the user to select a date and time (with time zone).

Example

<form>
Birthday (date and time):
<input type="datetime" name="bdaytime">
</form>
Try it Yourself
The input type datetime is removed from the HTML standard. Use datetime-local instead.

Input Type: datetime-local

The <input type="datetime-local"> allows the user to select a date and time (no time zone).
Depending on browser support, a date picker can show up in the input field.

Example
<form>
Birthday (date and time):
<input type="datetime-local" name="bdaytime">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: email

The <input type="email"> is used for input fields that should contain an e-mail address.
Depending on browser support, the e-mail address can be automatically validated when submitted.
Some smartphones recognize the email type, and adds ".com" to the keyboard to match email input.

Example
<form>
E-mail:
<input type="email" name="email">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: search

The <input type="search"> is used for search fields (a search field behaves like a regular text field).

Example
<form>
Search Google:
<input type="search" name="googlesearch">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: tel

The <input type="tel"> is used for input fields that should contain a telephone number.
The tel type is currently supported only in Safari 8.

Example
<form>
Telephone:
<input type="tel" name="usrtel">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Input Type: url

The <input type="url"> is used for input fields that should contain a URL address.
Depending on browser support, the url field can be automatically validated when submitted
Some smartphones recognize the url type, and adds ".com" to the keyboard to match url input.

Example
<form>
Add your homepage:
<input type="url" name="homepage">
</form>
Try it Yourself

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

Exercise 5

HTML Input Attributes

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The value Attribute

The value attribute specifies the initial value for an input field:

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="John">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Try it Yourself

The readonly Attribute

The readonly attribute specifies that the input field is read only (cannot be changed):

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="John" readonly>
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Try it Yourself
The readonly attribute does not need a value. It is the same as writing readonly="readonly".

The disabled Attribute

The disabled attribute specifies that the input field is disabled.
A disabled element is un-usable and un-clickable.

Disabled elements will not be submitted.

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="John" disabled>
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Try it Yourself
The disabled attribute does not need a value. It is the same as writing disabled="disabled".

The size Attribute

The size attribute specifies the size (in characters) for the input field:

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" value="John" size="40">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Try it Yourself

The maxlength Attribute

The maxlength attribute specifies the maximum allowed length for the input field:

Example
<form action="">
First name:<br>
<input type="text" name="firstname" maxlength="10">
<br>
Last name:<br>
<input type="text" name="lastname">
</form>
Try it Yourself
With a maxlength attribute, the input control will not accept more than the allowed number of characters.

The attribute does not provide any feedback. If you want to alert the user, you must write JavaScript code.
Input restrictions are not foolproof. JavaScript provides many ways to add illegal input.
To safely restrict input, restrictions must be checked by the receiver (the server) as well.

HTML5 Attributes
HTML5 added the following attributes for <input>:

autocomplete
autofocus
form
formaction
formenctype
formmethod
formnovalidate
formtarget
height and width
list
min and max
multiple
pattern (regexp)
placeholder
required
step

and the following attributes for <form>:

autocomplete
novalidate

The autocomplete Attribute

The autocomplete attribute specifies whether a form or input field should have autocomplete on or off.
When autocomplete is on, the browser automatically complete values based on values that the user has
entered before.
Tip: It is possible to have autocomplete "on" for the form, and "off" for specific input fields, or vice versa.
The autocomplete attribute works with <form> and the following <input> types: text, search, url, tel,
email, password, datepickers, range, and color.

Example
An HTML form with autocomplete on (and off for one input field):

<form action="action_page.php" autocomplete="on">

First name:<input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
E-mail: <input type="email" name="email" autocomplete="off"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
Try it Yourself
Tip: In some browsers you may need to activate the autocomplete function for this to work.

The novalidate Attribute

The novalidate attribute is a <form> attribute
When present, novalidate specifies that form data should not be validated when submitted.

Example
Indicates that the form is not to be validated on submit:
<form action="action_page.php" novalidate>
E-mail: <input type="email" name="user_email">
<input type="submit">
</form>
Try it Yourself

The autofocus Attribute

The autofocus attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that an <input> element should automatically get focus when the page loads.

Example
Let the "First name" input field automatically get focus when the page loads:
First name:<input type="text" name="fname" autofocus>
Try it Yourself

The form Attribute

The form attribute specifies one or more forms an <input> element belongs to.
Tip: To refer to more than one form, use a space-separated list of form ids.

Example
An input field located outside the HTML form (but still a part of the form):
<form action="action_page.php" id="form1">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
</form>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname" form="form1">
Try it Yourself

The formaction Attribute

The formaction attribute specifies the URL of a file that will process the input control when the form is
submitted.
The formaction attribute overrides the action attribute of the <form> element.
The formaction attribute is used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
An HTML form with two submit buttons, with different actions:
<form action="action_page.php">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"><br>
<input type="submit" formaction="demo_admin.asp"
value="Submit as admin">
</form>
Try it Yourself

The formenctype Attribute

The formenctype attribute specifies how the form-data should be encoded when submitting it to the server
(only for forms with method="post")
The formenctype attribute overrides the enctype attribute of the <form> element.

The formenctype attribute is used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
Send form-data that is default encoded (the first submit button), and encoded as "multipart/form-data" (the
second submit button):
<form action="demo_post_enctype.asp" method="post">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formenctype="multipart/form-data"
value="Submit as Multipart/form-data">
</form>
Try it Yourself

The formmethod Attribute

The formmethod attribute defines the HTTP method for sending form-data to the action URL.
The formmethod attribute overrides the method attribute of the <form> element.
The formmethod attribute can be used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
The second submit button overrides the HTTP method of the form:
<form action="action_page.php" method="get">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit">
<input type="submit" formmethod="post" formaction="demo_post.asp"
value="Submit using POST">
</form>
Try it Yourself

The formnovalidate Attribute

The novalidate attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that the <input> element should not be validated when submitted.
The formnovalidate attribute overrides the novalidate attribute of the <form> element.

The formnovalidate attribute can be used with type="submit".

Example
A form with two submit buttons (with and without validation):
<form action="action_page.php">
E-mail: <input type="email" name="userid"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit"><br>
<input type="submit" formnovalidate value="Submit without validation">
</form>
Try it Yourself

The formtarget Attribute

The formtarget attribute specifies a name or a keyword that indicates where to display the response that is
received after submitting the form.
The formtarget attribute overrides the target attribute of the <form> element.
The formtarget attribute can be used with type="submit" and type="image".

Example
A form with two submit buttons, with different target windows:
<form action="action_page.php">
First name: <input type="text" name="fname"><br>
Last name: <input type="text" name="lname"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Submit as normal">
<input type="submit" formtarget="_blank"
value="Submit to a new window">
</form>
Try it Yourself

The height and width Attributes

The height and width attributes specify the height and width of an <input> element.
The height and width attributes are only used with <input type="image">.
Always specify the size of images. If the browser does not know the size, the page will flicker while
images load.

Example
Define an image as the submit button, with height and width attributes:
<input type="image" src="img_submit.gif" alt="Submit" width="48" height="48">
Try it Yourself

The list Attribute

The list attribute refers to a <datalist> element that contains pre-defined options for an <input> element.

Example
An <input> element with pre-defined values in a <datalist>:
<input list="browsers">
<datalist id="browsers">
<option value="Internet Explorer">
<option value="Firefox">
<option value="Chrome">
<option value="Opera">
<option value="Safari">
</datalist>
Try it Yourself

The min and max Attributes

The min and max attributes specify the minimum and maximum value for an <input> element.
The min and max attributes work with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime, datetimelocal, month, time and week.

Example
<input> elements with min and max values:
Enter a date before 1980-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" max="1979-12-31">
Enter a date after 2000-01-01:
<input type="date" name="bday" min="2000-01-02">

Quantity (between 1 and 5):

<input type="number" name="quantity" min="1" max="5">
Try it Yourself

The multiple Attribute

The multiple attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that the user is allowed to enter more than one value in the <input> element.
The multiple attribute works with the following input types: email, and file.

Example
A file upload field that accepts multiple values:
Select images: <input type="file" name="img" multiple>
Try it Yourself

The pattern Attribute

The pattern attribute specifies a regular expression that the <input> element's value is checked against.
The pattern attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and password.
Tip: Use the global title attribute to describe the pattern to help the user.
Tip: Learn more about regular expressions in our JavaScript tutorial.

Example
An input field that can contain only three letters (no numbers or special characters):
Country code: <input type="text" name="country_code" pattern="[A-Za-z]{3}" title="Three letter
country code">
Try it Yourself

The placeholder Attribute

The placeholder attribute specifies a hint that describes the expected value of an input field (a sample
value or a short description of the format).

The hint is displayed in the input field before the user enters a value.
The placeholder attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, and password.

Example
An input field with a placeholder text:
<input type="text" name="fname" placeholder="First name">
Try it Yourself

The required Attribute

The required attribute is a boolean attribute.
When present, it specifies that an input field must be filled out before submitting the form.
The required attribute works with the following input types: text, search, url, tel, email, password, date
pickers, number, checkbox, radio, and file.

Example
A required input field:
Username: <input type="text" name="usrname" required>
Try it Yourself

The step Attribute

The step attribute specifies the legal number intervals for an <input> element.
Example: if step="3", legal numbers could be -3, 0, 3, 6, etc.
Tip: The step attribute can be used together with the max and min attributes to create a range of legal
values.
The step attribute works with the following input types: number, range, date, datetime, datetime-local,
month, time and week.

Example

An input field with a specified legal number intervals:

<input type="number" name="points" step="3">
Try it Yourself

Test Yourself with Exercises!

Exercise 1

Exercise 2

Exercise 3

Exercise 4

HTML5 Introduction
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What is New in HTML5?

The DOCTYPE declaration for HTML5 is very simple:
<!DOCTYPE html>
The character encoding (charset) declaration is also very simple:
<meta charset="UTF-8">

HTML5 Example:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Title of the document</title>
</head>
<body>
Content of the document......
</body>
</html>
The default character encoding in HTML5 is UTF-8.

New HTML5 Elements

The most interesting new elements are:
New semantic elements like <header>, <footer>, <article>, and <section>.
New form control attributes like number, date, time, calendar, and range.

New graphic elements: <svg> and <canvas>.

New multimedia elements: <audio> and <video>.
In the chapter HTML5 Support, you will learn how to "teach" old browsers to handle HTML5
semantic.

New HTML5 API's (Application Programming Interfaces)

The most interesting new API's are:

HTML Geolocation
HTML Drag and Drop
HTML Local Storage
HTML Application Cache
HTML Web Workers
HTML SSE
Local storage is a powerful replacement for cookies.

Elements Removed in HTML5

The following HTML4 elements have been removed from HTML5:
Element
<acronym>
<applet>
<basefont>
<big>
<center>
<dir>
<font>
<frame>
<frameset>
<noframes>
<strike>
<tt>

Use instead
<abbr>
<object>
CSS
CSS
CSS
<ul>
CSS

CSS
CSS

In the chapter HTML5 Migration, you will learn how to easily migrate from HTML4 to HTML5.

HTML History
Since the early days of the web, there have been many versions of HTML:
Version
Tim Berners-Lee invented www
Tim Berners-Lee invented HTML

Year
1989
1991

Dave Raggett drafted HTML+

HTML Working Group defined HTML 2.0
W3C Recommended HTML 3.2
W3C Recommended HTML 4.01
W3C Recommended XHTML 1.0
HTML5 WHATWG First Public Draft
HTML5 WHATWG Living Standard
HTML5 W3C Final Recommendation

1993
1995
1997
1999
2000
2008
2012
2014

Tim Berners-Lee invented the "World Wide Web" in 1989, and the Internet took off in the 1990s.
From 1991 to 1998, HTML developed from version 1 to version 4.
In 2000, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommended XHTML 1.0.
The XHTML syntax was strict, and the developers were forced to write valid and "well-formed" code.
In 2004, WHATWG (Web Hypertext Application Technology Working Group) was formed in response to
slow W3C development, and W3C's decision to close down the development of HTML, in favor of
XHTML.
WHATWG wanted to develop HTML, consistent with how the web was used, while being backward
compatible with older versions of HTML.
In the period 2004-2006, the WHATWG initiative gained support by the major browser vendors.
In 2006, W3C announced that they would support WHATWG.
In 2008, the first HTML5 public draft was released
In 2012, WHATWG and W3C decided on a separation:
WHATWG will develop HTML as a "Living Standard".
A living standard is never fully complete, but always updated and improved. New features can be added,
but old functionality can not be removed.
The WHATWG Living Standard was published in 2012, and is continuously updated.
W3C will develop a definitive HTML5 and XHTML5 standard, as a "snapshot" of WHATWG.
The W3C HTML5 recommendation was released 28. October 2014.

HTML5 Browser Support

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You can teach old browsers to handle HTML5

HTML5 Browser Support

HTML5 is supported in all modern browsers.
In addition, all browsers, old and new, automatically handle unrecognized elements as inline elements.
Because of this, you can "teach" old browsers to handle "unknown" HTML elements.
You can even teach stone age IE6 (Windows XP 2001) how to handle unknown HTML elements.

Define HTML5 Elements as Block Elements

HTML5 defines 8 new semantic HTML elements. All these are block level elements.
To secure correct behavior in older browsers, you can set the CSS display property to block:

Example
header, section, footer, aside, nav, main, article, figure {
display: block;
}

Adding New Elements to HTML

You can add any new element to HTML with a browser trick:
This example adds a new element called <myHero> to HTML, and defines a display style for it:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Creating an HTML Element</title>
<script>document.createElement("myHero")</script>
<style>
myHero {
display: block;
background-color: #ddd;
padding: 50px;
font-size: 30px;
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Heading</h1>

<p>My first paragraph.</p>

<myHero>My First Hero</myHero>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself
The JavaScript statement document.createElement("myHero") is added, only to satisfy IE.

Problem With Internet Explorer

You could use the solution described above, for all new HTML5 elements, but:
Internet Explorer 8 and earlier, does not allow styling of unknown elements.
Thankfully, Sjoerd Visscher created the "HTML5 Enabling JavaScript", "the shiv":

The code above is a comment, but versions previous to IE9 will read it (and understand it).

The Complete Shiv Solution

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Styling HTML5</title>

</head>
<body>
<h1>My First Article</h1>
<article>
London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom, with a
metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.
</article>

</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself
The link to the shiv code must be placed in the <head> element, because Internet Explorer needs to know
about all new elements before reading them.

An HTML5 Skeleton
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<title>HTML5 Skeleton</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">

<style>
body {font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size:0.8em;}
header,nav, section,article,footer
{border:1px solid grey; margin:5px; padding:8px;}
nav ul {margin:0; padding:0;}
nav ul li {display:inline; margin:5px;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<header>
<h1>HTML5 SKeleton</h1>
</header>
<nav>
<ul>
<li><a href="html5_semantic_elements.asp">HTML5 Semantic</a></li>
<li><a href="html5_geolocation.asp">HTML5 Geolocation</a></li>
<li><a href="html5_canvas.asp">HTML5 Graphics</a></li>
</ul>
</nav>
<section>
<h1>Famous Cities</h1>

<article>
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</article>
</section>
<footer>
<p>© 2014 W3Schools. All rights reserved.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 New Elements

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New Elements in HTML5

Below is a list of the new HTML5 elements, and a description of what they are used for.

New Semantic/Structural Elements

HTML5 offers new elements for better document structure:
Tag
<article>
<aside>
<bdi>
<details>
<dialog>
<figcaption>
<figure>

Description
Defines an article in the document
Defines content aside from the page content
Defines a part of text that might be formatted in a different direction from other text
Defines additional details that the user can view or hide
Defines a dialog box or window
Defines a caption for a <figure> element
Defines self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings, etc.

Defines a footer for the document or a section

Defines a header for the document or a section
Defines the main content of a document
Defines marked or highlighted text
Defines a command/menu item that the user can invoke from a popup menu
Defines a scalar measurement within a known range (a gauge)
Defines navigation links in the document
Defines the progress of a task
Defines what to show in browsers that do not support ruby annotations
Defines an explanation/pronunciation of characters (for East Asian typography)
Defines a ruby annotation (for East Asian typography)
Defines a section in the document
Defines a visible heading for a <details> element
Defines a date/time
Defines a possible line-break

New Form Elements

Tag
Description
<datalist> Defines pre-defined options for input controls
<keygen> Defines a key-pair generator field (for forms)
<output> Defines the result of a calculation
Read all about old and new form elements in HTML Form Elements.

New Input Types

New Input Types New Input Attributes
color
autocomplete
date
autofocus
datetime
form
datetime-local
formaction
email
formenctype
month
formmethod
number
formnovalidate
range
formtarget
search
height and width
tel
list
time
min and max
url
multiple
pattern (regexp)
week
placeholder
required

step

Learn all about old and new input types in HTML Input Types.
Learn all about input attributes in HTML Input Attributes.

HTML5 - New Attribute Syntax

HTML5 allows 4 different syntaxes for attributes.
This example demonstrates the different syntaxes used in an <input> tag:
Type
Empty
Unquoted
Double-quoted
Single-quoted

Example
<input type="text" value="John Doe" disabled>
<input type="text" value=John>
<input type="text" value="John Doe">
<input type="text" value='John Doe'>

In HTML5, all 4 syntaxes may be used, depending on what is needed for the attribute.

HTML5 Graphics
Tag
Description
<canvas> Defines graphic drawing using JavaScript
<svg>
Defines graphic drawing using SVG
Read more about HTML5 Canvas.
Read more about HTML5 SVG.

New Media Elements

Tag
<audio>
<embed>
<source>
<track>
<video>

Description
Defines sound or music content
Defines containers for external applications (like plug-ins)
Defines sources for <video> and <audio>
Defines tracks for <video> and <audio>
Defines video or movie content

HTML5 Semantic Elements

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Semantics is the study of the meanings of words and phrases in language.
Semantic elements are elements with a meaning.

What are Semantic Elements?

A semantic element clearly describes its meaning to both the browser and the developer.
Examples of non-semantic elements: <div> and <span> - Tells nothing about its content.
Examples of semantic elements: <form>, <table>, and <img> - Clearly defines its content.

Browser Support

HTML5 semantic elements are supported in all modern browsers.

In addition, you can "teach" older browsers how to handle "unknown elements".
Read about it in HTML5 Browser Support.

New Semantic Elements in HTML5

Many web sites contain HTML code like: <div id="nav"> <div class="header"> <div id="footer">
to indicate navigation, header, and footer.
HTML5 offers new semantic elements to define different parts of a web page:

HTML5 <section> Element

The <section> element defines a section in a document.
According to W3C's HTML5 documentation: "A section is a thematic grouping of content, typically with
a heading."
A Web site's home page could be split into sections for introduction, content, and contact information.

Example
<section>
<h1>WWF</h1>
<p>The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is....</p>
</section>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <article> Element

The <article> element specifies independent, self-contained content.
An article should make sense on its own, and it should be possible to read it independently from the rest of
the web site.
Examples of where an <article> element can be used:

Forum post
Blog post
Newspaper article

Example

<article>
<h1>What Does WWF Do?</h1>
<p>WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of our planet's natural environment,
and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.</p>
</article>
Try it Yourself

Nesting Semantic Elements

In the HTML5 standard, the <article> element defines a complete, self-contained block of related
elements.
The <section> element is defined as a block of related elements.
Can we use the definitions to decide how to nest elements? No, we cannot!
On the Internet, you will find HTML pages with <section> elements containing <article> elements, and
<article> elements containing <sections> elements.
You will also find pages with <section> elements containing <section> elements, and <article> elements
containing <article> elements.
Newspaper: The sports articles in the sports section, have a technical section in each article.

HTML5 <header> Element

The <header> element specifies a header for a document or section.
The <header> element should be used as a container for introductory content.
You can have several <header> elements in one document.
The following example defines a header for an article:

Example
<article>
<header>
<h1>What Does WWF Do?</h1>
<p>WWF's mission:</p>
</header>
<p>WWF's mission is to stop the degradation of our planet's natural environment,
and build a future in which humans live in harmony with nature.</p>
</article>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <footer> Element

The <footer> element specifies a footer for a document or section.
A <footer> element should contain information about its containing element.
A footer typically contains the author of the document, copyright information, links to terms of use,
contact information, etc.
You can have several <footer> elements in one document.

Example
<footer>
<p>Posted by: Hege Refsnes</p>
<p>Contact information: <a href="mailto:someone@example.com">
someone@example.com</a>.</p>
</footer>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <nav> Element

The <nav> element defines a set of navigation links.
The <nav> element is intended for large blocks of navigation links. However, not all links in a document
should be inside a <nav> element!

Example
<nav>
<a href="/html/">HTML</a> |
<a href="/css/">CSS</a> |
<a href="/js/">JavaScript</a> |
<a href="/jquery/">jQuery</a>
</nav>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <aside> Element

The <aside> element defines some content aside from the content it is placed in (like a sidebar).
The aside content should be related to the surrounding content.

Example
<p>My family and I visited The Epcot center this summer.</p>

<aside>
<h4>Epcot Center</h4>
<p>The Epcot Center is a theme park in Disney World, Florida.</p>
</aside>
Try it Yourself

HTML5 <figure> and <figcaption> Elements

In books and newspapers, it is common to have captions with images.
The purpose of a caption is to add a visual explanation to an image.
With HTML5, images and captions can be grouped together in <figure> elements:

Example
<figure>
<img src="pic_mountain.jpg" alt="The Pulpit Rock" width="304" height="228">
<figcaption>Fig1. - The Pulpit Rock, Norway.</figcaption>
</figure>
Try it Yourself
The <img> element defines the image, the <figcaption> element defines the caption.

Why Semantic HTML5 Elements?

With HTML4, developers used their own favorite attribute names to style page elements:
header, top, bottom, footer, menu, navigation, main, container, content, article, sidebar, topnav, ...
This made it impossible for search engines to identify the correct web page content.
With HTML5 elements like: <header> <footer> <nav> <section> <article>, this will become easier.
According to the W3C, a Semantic Web:
"Allows data to be shared and reused across applications, enterprises, and communities."

Semantic Elements in HTML5

Below is an alphabetical list of the new semantic elements in HTML5.
The links goes to our complete HTML5 Reference.
Tag
<article>

Description
Defines an article

Defines content aside from the page content

Defines additional details that the user can view or hide
Defines a caption for a <figure> element
Specifies self-contained content, like illustrations, diagrams, photos, code listings,
etc.
Defines a footer for a document or section
Specifies a header for a document or section
Specifies the main content of a document
Defines marked/highlighted text
Defines navigation links
Defines a section in a document
Defines a visible heading for a <details> element
Defines a date/time

HTML5 Migration
Previous
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Migration from HTML4 to HTML5

This chapter is entirely about how to migrate from a typical HTML4 page to a typical HTML5 page.
This chapter demonstrates how to convert an existing HTML4 page into an HTML5 page, without
destroying anything of the original content or structure.
You can migrate to HTML5 from HTML4, and XHTML, using the same recipe.
Typical HTML4
<div id="header">
<div id="menu">
<div id="content">
<div id="post">
<div id="footer">

Typical HTML5
<header>
<nav>
<section>
<article>
<footer>

A Typical HTML4 Page

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
<title>HTML4</title>
<style>
body {font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;font-size:0.8em;}
div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post

{border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;}

div#header,div#footer {color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;}
div#content {background-color:#ddd;}
div#menu ul {margin:0;padding:0;}
div#menu ul li {display:inline; margin:5px;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div id="header">
<h1>Monday Times</h1>
</div>
<div id="menu">
<ul>
<li>News</li>
<li>Sports</li>
<li>Weather</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div id="content">
<h2>News Section</h2>
<div id="post">
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</div>
<div id="post">
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div id="footer">
<p>&copy; 2014 Monday Times. All rights reserved.</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 Doctype

Change the doctype, from the HTML4 doctype:

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
to the HTML5 doctype:
<!DOCTYPE html>
Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 Encoding

Change the encoding information, from HTML4:
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8">
to HTML5:
<meta charset="utf-8">
Try it Yourself

Add The Shiv

HTML5 semantic elements are supported in all modern browsers.
In addition, you can "teach" older browsers how to handle "unknown elements".
Add the shiv for Internet Explorer support:

Try it Yourself
Read about the shiv in HTML5 Browser Support.

Add CSS for HTML5 Semantic Elements

Look at your existing CSS styles:
div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post {
border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;
}
div#header,div#footer {
color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;
}
div#content {

background-color:#ddd;
}
div#menu ul {
margin:0;padding:0;
}
div#menu ul li {
display:inline; margin:5px;
}
Duplicate with equal CSS styles for HTML5 semantic elements:
header,footer,section,article {
border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;
}
header,footer {
color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;
}
section {
background-color:#ddd;
}
nav ul {
margin:0;padding:0;
}
nav ul li {
display:inline; margin:5px;
}
Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 <header> and <footer>

Change the <div> elements with id="header" and id="footer":
<div id="header">
<h1>Monday Times</h1>
</div>
.
.
.
<div id="footer">
<p>&copy; 2014 W3Schools. All rights reserved.</p>
</div>
to HTML5 semantic <header> and <footer> elements:
<header>
<h1>Monday Times</h1>
</header>
.
.
.
<footer>

</footer>
Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 <nav>

Change the <div> element with id="menu":
<div id="menu">
<ul>
<li>News</li>
<li>Sports</li>
<li>Weather</li>
</ul>
</div>
to an HTML5 semantic <nav> element:
<nav>
<ul>
<li>News</li>
<li>Sports</li>
<li>Weather</li>
</ul>
</nav>
Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 <section>

Change the <div> element with id="content":
<div id="content">
.
.
.
</div>
to an HTML5 semantic <section> element:
<section>
.
.
.
</section>
Try it Yourself

Change to HTML5 <article>

Change all <div> element with class="post":

<div class="post">
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</div>
to HTML5 semantic <article> elements:
<article>
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</article>
Try it Yourself
Remove these "no longer needed" <style> elements:
div#header,div#footer,div#content,div#post {
border:1px solid grey;margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;background-color:white;
}
div#header,div#footer {
color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;
}
div#content {
background-color:#ddd;
}
div#menu ul {
margin:0;padding:0;
}
div#menu ul li {
display:inline; margin:5px;
}
Try it Yourself

A Typical HTML5 Page

Finally you can remove the <head> tags. They are not needed in HTML5:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<title>HTML5</title>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js">
</script>

<![endif]-->
<style>
body {
font-family:Verdana,sans-serif;font-size:0.8em;
}
header,footer,section,article {
border:1px solid grey;
margin:5px;margin-bottom:15px;padding:8px;
background-color:white;
}
header,footer {
color:white;background-color:#444;margin-bottom:5px;
}
section {
background-color:#ddd;
}
nav ul {
margin:0;padding:0;
}
nav ul li {
display:inline; margin:5px;
}
</style>
<body>
<header>
<h1>Monday Times</h1>
</header>
<nav>
<ul>
<li>News</li>
<li>Sports</li>
<li>Weather</li>
</ul>
</nav>
<section>
<h2>News Section</h2>
<article>
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2>News Article</h2>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum

lurum hurum turum.</p>

<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
<p>Ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum lurum hurum turum ipsum
lurum hurum turum.</p>
</article>
</section>
<footer>
<p>&copy; 2014 Monday Times. All rights reserved.</p>
</footer>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

The Difference Between <article> <section> and <div>

There is a confusing (lack of) difference in the HTML5 standard, between <article> <section> and <div>.
In the HTML5 standard, the <section> element is defined as a block of related elements.
The <article> element is defined as a complete, self-contained block of related elements.
The <div> element is defined as a block of children elements.
How to interpret that?
In the example above, we have used <section> as a container for related <articles>.
But, we could have used <article> as a container for articles as well.
Here are some different examples:

<article> in <article>:
<article>
<h2>Famous Cities</h2>
<article>
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</article>
<article>
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</article>

<article>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</article>
</article>
Try it Yourself

<div> in <article>:
<article>
<h2>Famous Cities</h2>
<div class="city">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Paris</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</article>
Try it Yourself

<div> in <section> in <article>:

<article>
<section>
<h2>Famous Cities</h2>
<div class="city">
<h2>London</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Paris</h2>

<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>

</div>
<div class="city">
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Famous Countries</h2>
<div class="country">
<h2>England</h2>
<p>London is the capital city of England. It is the most populous city in the United Kingdom,
with a metropolitan area of over 13 million inhabitants.</p>
</div>
<div class="country">
<h2>France</h2>
<p>Paris is the capital and most populous city of France.</p>
</div>
<div class="country">
<h2>Japan</h2>
<p>Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.</p>
</div>
</section>
</article>
Try it Yourself

HTML(5) Style Guide and Coding Conventions

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Next Chapter

HTML Coding Conventions

Web developers are often uncertain about the coding style and syntax to use in HTML.
Between 2000 and 2010, many web developers converted from HTML to XHTML.
With XHTML, developers were forced to write valid and "well-formed" code.
HTML5 is a bit more sloppy when it comes to code validation.
With HTML5, you must create your own Best Practice, Style Guide and Coding Conventions.

Be Smart and Future Proof

A consequent use of style, makes it easier for others to understand and use your HTML.
In the future, programs like XML readers, may want to read your HTML.
Using a well-formed "close to XHTML" syntax, can be smart.
Always keep your style smart, tidy, clean, and well-formed.

Use Correct Document Type

Always declare the document type as the first line in your document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
If you want consistently with lower case tags, you can use:
<!doctype html>

Use Lower Case Element Names

HTML5 allows mixing uppercase and lowercase letters in element names.
We recommend using lowercase element names:

Mixing uppercase and lowercase names is bad

Developers are used to use lowercase names (as in XHTML)
Lowercase look cleaner
Lowercase are easier to write

Bad:
<SECTION>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</SECTION>

Very Bad:
<Section>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</SECTION>

Good:

<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</section>

Close All HTML Elements

In HTML5, you don't have to close all elements (for example the <p> element).
We recommend closing all HTML elements:
Looking bad:
<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.
<p>This is a paragraph.
</section>
Looking good:
<section>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
</section>

Close Empty HTML Elements

In HTML5, it is optional to close empty elements.
This is allowed:
<meta charset="utf-8">
This is also allowed:
<meta charset="utf-8" />
The slash (/) is required in XHTML and XML.
If you expect XML software to access your page, it might be a good idea to keep it.

Use Lower Case Attribute Names

HTML5 allows mixing uppercase and lowercase letters in attribute names.
We recommend using lowercase attribute names:

Mixing uppercase and lowercase names is bad

Developers are used to use lowercase names (as in XHTML)

Lowercase look cleaner

Lowercase are easier to write

Looking bad:
<div CLASS="menu">
Looking good:
<div class="menu">

Quote Attribute Values

HTML5 allows attribute values without quotes.
We recommend quoting attribute values:

You have to use quotes if the value contains spaces

Mixing styles is never good
Quoted values are easier to read

This will not work, because the value contains spaces:

Image Attributes
Always use the alt attribute with images. It is important when the image cannot be viewed.
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5" style="width:128px;height:128px">
Always define image size. It reduces flickering because the browser can reserve space for images before
they are loaded.
<img src="html5.gif" alt="HTML5" style="width:128px;height:128px">

Spaces and Equal Signs

Spaces around equal signs is legal:
<link rel = "stylesheet" href = "styles.css">
But space-less is easier to read, and groups entities better together:
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">

Avoid Long Code Lines

When using an HTML editor, it is inconvenient to scroll right and left to read the HTML code.
Try to avoid code lines longer than 80 characters.

Blank Lines and Indentation

Do not add blank lines without a reason.
For readability, add blank lines to separate large or logical code blocks.
For readability, add 2 spaces of indentation. Do not use TAB.
Do not use unnecessary blank lines and indentation. It is not necessary to use blank lines between short
and related items. It is not necessary to indent every element:

Unnecessary:
<body>
<h1>Famous Cities</h1>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>
Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.
It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace,
and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
</p>
</body>

Better:
<body>
<h1>Famous Cities</h1>
<h2>Tokyo</h2>
<p>
Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area,
and the most populous metropolitan area in the world.
It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace,
and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family.
</p>

</body>

Table Example:
<table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Description</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>A</td>
<td>Description of A</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>B</td>
<td>Description of B</td>
</tr>
</table>

List Example:
<ol>
<li>LondonA</li>
<li>Paris</li>
<li>Tokyo</li>
</ol>

Omitting <html> and <body>?

In the HTML5 standard, the <html> tag and the <body> tag can be omitted.
The following code will validate as HTML5:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<head>
<title>Page Title</title>
</head>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>This is a paragraph.</p>
Try it Yourself
We do not recommend omitting the <html> and <body> tags.
The <html> element is the document root. It is the recommended place for specifying the page language:

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
Declaring a language is important for accessibility applications (screen readers) and search engines.
Omitting <html> or <body> can crash DOM and XML software.
Omitting <body> can produce errors in older browsers (IE9).

Omitting <head>?
In the HTML5 standard, the <head> tag can also be omitted.
By default, browsers will add all elements before <body>, to a default <head> element.
You can reduce the complexity of HTML, by omitting the <head> tag:

Meta Data
The <title> element is required in HTML5. Make the title as meaningful as possible:
<title>HTML5 Syntax and Coding Style</title>
To ensure proper interpretation, and correct search engine indexing, both the language and the character
encoding should be defined as early as possible in a document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>HTML5 Syntax and Coding Style</title>
</head>

HTML Comments
Short comments should be written on one line, with a space after :

Long comments, spanning many lines, should be written with  on separate lines:
<!-This is a long comment example. This is a long comment example. This is a long comment example.
This is a long comment example. This is a long comment example. This is a long comment example.
-->
Long comments are easier to observe, if they are indented 2 spaces.

Style Sheets
Use simple syntax for linking style sheets (the type attribute is not necessary):
<link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css">
Short rules can be written compressed, on one line, like this:
p.into {font-family:"Verdana"; font-size:16em;}
Long rules should be written over multiple lines:
body {
background-color: lightgrey;
font-family: "Arial Black", Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 16em;
color: black;
}
Place the opening bracket on the same line as the selector.
Use one space before the opening bracket.
Use 2 spaces of indentation.
Use colon plus one space between each property and its value.
Use space after each comma or semicolon.
Use semicolon after each property-value pair, including the last.
Only use quotes around values if the value contains spaces.
Place the closing bracket on a new line, without leading spaces.
Avoid lines over 80 characters.
Adding a space after a comma, or a semicolon, is a general rule in all types of writing.

Loading JavaScript in HTML

Use simple syntax for loading external scripts (the type attribute is not necessary):

Accessing HTML Elements with JavaScript

A consequence of using "untidy" HTML styles, might result in JavaScript errors.
These two JavaScript statements will produce different results:
var obj = getElementById("Demo")
var obj = getElementById("demo")
Try it Yourself
If possible, use the same naming convention (as JavaScript) in HTML.
Visit the JavaScript Style Guide.

Use Lower Case File Names

Most web servers (Apache, Unix) are case sensitive about file names:
london.jpg cannot be accessed as London.jpg.
Other web servers (Microsoft, IIS) are not case sensitive:
london.jpg can be accessed as London.jpg or london.jpg.
If you use a mix of upper and lower case, you have to be extremely consistent.
If you move from a case insensitive, to a case sensitive server, even small errors will break your web.
To avoid these problems, always use lower case file names (if possible).

File Extensions
HTML files should have a .html extension (not .htm).
CSS files should have a .css extension.
JavaScript files should have a .js extension.

HTML5 Canvas
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The HTML <canvas> element is used to draw graphics on a web page.

The graphic to the left is created with <canvas>. It shows four elements: a red rectangle, a gradient
rectangle, a multicolor rectangle, and a multicolor text.

What is HTML Canvas?

The HTML <canvas> element is used to draw graphics, on the fly, via scripting (usually JavaScript).
The <canvas> element is only a container for graphics. You must use a script to actually draw the
graphics.
Canvas has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, text, and adding images.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the <canvas> element.
Element
<canvas> 4.0

9.0

2.0

3.1

9.0

Canvas Examples
A canvas is a rectangular area on an HTML page. By default, a canvas has no border and no content.
The markup looks like this:
<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100"></canvas>
Note: Always specify an id attribute (to be referred to in a script), and a width and height attribute to
define the size of the canvas.
To add a border, use the style attribute:

Basic Canvas Example

<canvas id="myCanvas" width="200" height="100" style="border:1px solid #000000;">
</canvas>
Try it Yourself

Drawing with JavaScript

ctx.fillStyle = "#FF0000";
ctx.fillRect(0,0,150,75);
</script>
Try it Yourself

Draw a Line
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.moveTo(0,0);
ctx.lineTo(200,100);
ctx.stroke();
Try it Yourself

Draw a Circle
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.beginPath();
ctx.arc(95,50,40,0,2*Math.PI);
ctx.stroke();
Try it Yourself

Draw a Text
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.font = "30px Arial";
ctx.fillText("Hello World",10,50);
Try it Yourself

Stroke Text
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
ctx.font = "30px Arial";
ctx.strokeText("Hello World",10,50);
Try it Yourself

Draw Linear Gradient

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
// Create gradient
var grd = ctx.createLinearGradient(0,0,200,0);
grd.addColorStop(0,"red");

grd.addColorStop(1,"white");
// Fill with gradient
ctx.fillStyle = grd;
ctx.fillRect(10,10,150,80);
Try it Yourself

Draw Circular Gradient

var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
// Create gradient
var grd = ctx.createRadialGradient(75,50,5,90,60,100);
grd.addColorStop(0,"red");
grd.addColorStop(1,"white");
// Fill with gradient
ctx.fillStyle = grd;
ctx.fillRect(10,10,150,80);
Try it Yourself

Draw Image
var c = document.getElementById("myCanvas");
var ctx = c.getContext("2d");
var img = document.getElementById("scream");
ctx.drawImage(img,10,10);
Try it Yourself

HTML Canvas Tutorial

To learn all about HTML <canvas>, Visit our full HTML Canvas Tutorial.

HTML5 SVG
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What is SVG?

SVG stands for Scalable Vector Graphics

SVG is used to define graphics for the Web
SVG is a W3C recommendation

The HTML <svg> Element

The HTML <svg> element (introduced in HTML5) is a container for SVG graphics.
SVG has several methods for drawing paths, boxes, circles, text, and graphic images.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the <svg> element.
Element
<svg> 4.0

9.0

3.0

3.2

10.1

SVG Circle
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<svg width="100" height="100">
<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="green" stroke-width="4" fill="yellow" />
</svg>
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

SVG Rectangle
Example
<svg width="400" height="100">
<rect width="400" height="100" style="fill:rgb(0,0,255);stroke-width:10;stroke:rgb(0,0,0)" />
</svg>
Try it Yourself

SVG Rounded Rectangle

Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.

Example
<svg width="400" height="180">
<rect x="50" y="20" rx="20" ry="20" width="150" height="150"
style="fill:red;stroke:black;stroke-width:5;opacity:0.5" />
</svg>
Try it Yourself

SVG Star
Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.

Example
<svg width="300" height="200">
<polygon points="100,10 40,198 190,78 10,78 160,198"
style="fill:lime;stroke:purple;stroke-width:5;fill-rule:evenodd;" />
</svg>
Try it Yourself

SVG Logo
SVG Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.

Example
<svg height="130" width="500">
<defs>
<linearGradient id="grad1" x1="0%" y1="0%" x2="100%" y2="0%">
<stop offset="0%" style="stop-color:rgb(255,255,0);stop-opacity:1" />
<stop offset="100%" style="stop-color:rgb(255,0,0);stop-opacity:1" />
</linearGradient>
</defs>
<ellipse cx="100" cy="70" rx="85" ry="55" fill="url(#grad1)" />
<text fill="#ffffff" font-size="45" font-family="Verdana" x="50" y="86">SVG</text>
Sorry, your browser does not support inline SVG.
</svg>
Try it Yourself

Differences Between SVG and Canvas

SVG is a language for describing 2D graphics in XML.
Canvas draws 2D graphics, on the fly (with a JavaScript).
SVG is XML based, which means that every element is available within the SVG DOM. You can attach
JavaScript event handlers for an element.
In SVG, each drawn shape is remembered as an object. If attributes of an SVG object are changed, the
browser can automatically re-render the shape.
Canvas is rendered pixel by pixel. In canvas, once the graphic is drawn, it is forgotten by the browser. If
its position should be changed, the entire scene needs to be redrawn, including any objects that might have
been covered by the graphic.

Comparison of Canvas and SVG

The table below shows some important differences between Canvas and SVG:
Canvas

Resolution dependent
No support for event handlers
Poor text rendering capabilities
You can save the resulting image as .png or
.jpg

Well suited for graphic-intensive games

SVG
Resolution independent
Support for event handlers
Best suited for applications with large
rendering areas (Google Maps)
Slow rendering if complex (anything that
uses the DOM a lot will be slow)
Not suited for game applications

To learn more about SVG, please read our SVG Tutorial.

HTML Multimedia
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Multimedia on the web, is sound, music, videos, movies, and animations.

What is Multimedia?
Multimedia comes in many different formats. It can be almost anything you can hear or see.
Examples: Pictures, music, sound, videos, records, films, animations, and more.
Web pages often contains multimedia elements of different types and formats.
In this chapter you will learn about the different multimedia formats.

Browser Support
The first web browsers had support for text only, limited to a single font in a single color.
Later came browsers with support for colors and fonts, and even support for pictures!
The support for sounds, animations, and videos is handled differently by various browsers. Different types
and formats are supported, and some formats requires extra helper programs (plug-ins) to work.
Hopefully this will become history. HTML5 multimedia promises an easier future for multimedia.

Multimedia Formats
Multimedia elements (like sounds or videos) are stored in media files.
The most common way to discover the type of a file, is to look at the file extension. When a browser sees
the file extension .htm or .html, it will treat the file as an HTML file. The .xml extension indicates an
XML file, and the .css extension indicates a style sheet file. Pictures are recognized by extensions like .gif,
.png and .jpg.
Multimedia files also have their own formats and different extensions like: .swf, .wav, .mp3, .mp4,
.mpg, .wmv, and .avi.

Common Video Formats

MP4 is the new and upcoming format for internet video.
MP4 is recommended by YouTube.
MP4 is supported by Flash Players
MP4 is supported by HTML5.
Format

File

Description
MPEG. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. The first popular video
.mpg
MPEG
format on the web. Used to be supported by all browsers, but it is not supported in
.mpeg
HTML5 (See MP4).
AVI (Audio Video Interleave). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in video
AVI
.avi
cameras and TV hardware. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web
browsers.
WMV (Windows Media Video). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in video
WMV
.wmv cameras and TV hardware. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web
browsers.
QuickTime. Developed by Apple. Commonly used in video cameras and TV hardware.
QuickTime .mov
Plays well on Apple computers, but not in web browsers. (See MP4)
RealVideo .rm
RealVideo. Developed by Real Media to allow video streaming with low bandwidths.

.ram
.swf
.flv
.ogg

Flash
Ogg
WebM
MPEG-4
or MP4

It is still used for online video and Internet TV, but does not play in web browsers.
Flash. Developed by Macromedia. Often requires an extra component (plug-in) to play
in web browsers.
Theora Ogg. Developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. Supported by HTML5.
WebM. Developed by the web giants, Mozilla, Opera, Adobe, and Google. Supported
.webm
by HTML5.
MP4. Developed by the Moving Pictures Expert Group. Based on QuickTime.
.mp4 Commonly used in newer video cameras and TV hardware. Supported by all HTML5
browsers. Recommended by YouTube.

Only MP4, WebM, and Ogg video is supported by the newest HTML5 standard.

Sound Formats
MP3 is the newest format for compressed recorded music. The term MP3 has become synonymous with
digital music.
If your website is about recorded music, MP3 is the choice.
Format

File

MIDI

.mid
.midi

RealAudio

.rm
.ram

WMA

.wma

AAC

.aac

WAV

.wav

Ogg

.ogg

MP3

.mp3

MP4

.mp4

Description
MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface). Main format for all electronic music
devices like synthesizers and PC sound cards. MIDI files do not contain sound, but
digital notes that can be played by electronics. Plays well on all computers and music
hardware, but not in web browsers.
RealAudio. Developed by Real Media to allow streaming of audio with low
bandwidths. Does not play in web browsers.
WMA (Windows Media Audio). Developed by Microsoft. Commonly used in music
players. Plays well on Windows computers, but not in web browsers.
AAC (Advanced Audio Coding). Developed by Apple as the default format for iTunes.
Plays well on Apple computers, but not in web browsers.
WAV. Developed by IBM and Microsoft. Plays well on Windows, Macintosh, and
Linux operating systems. Supported by HTML5.
Ogg. Developed by the Xiph.Org Foundation. Supported by HTML5.
MP3 files are actually the sound part of MPEG files. MP3 is the most popular format
for music players. Combines good compression (small files) with high quality.
Supported by all browsers.
MP4 is a video format, but can also be used for audio. MP4 video is the upcoming
video format on the internet. This leads to automatic support for MP4 audio by all
browsers.

Only MP3, WAV, and Ogg audio is supported by the newest HTML5 standard.

Playing Videos in HTML

Before HTML5, there was no standard for showing videos on a web page.
Before HTML5, videos could only be played with a plug-in (like flash).
The HTML5 <video> element specifies a standard way to embed a video in a web page.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the <video> element.
Element
<video> 4.0

9.0

3.5

4.0

10.5

The HTML <video> Element

To show a video in HTML, use the <video> element:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" controls>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>
Try it yourself

How it Works
The controls attribute adds video controls, like play, pause, and volume.
It is a good idea to always include width and height attributes.
If height and width are not set, the browser does not know the size of the video. The effect will be that the
page will change (or flicker) while the video loads.
Text between the <video> and </video> tags will only display in browsers that do not support the <video>
element.
Multiple <source> elements can link to different video files. The browser will use the first recognized
format.

HTML <video> Autoplay

To start a video automatically use the autoplay attribute:

Example
<video width="320" height="240" autoplay>
<source src="movie.mp4" type="video/mp4">
<source src="movie.ogg" type="video/ogg">
Your browser does not support the video tag.
</video>

Try it yourself
The autoplay attribute does not work in Safari and Opera, or in mobile devices like iPad and iPhone.

HTML Video - Browser Support

Currently, there are 3 supported video formats for the <video> element: MP4, WebM, and Ogg:
Browser
Internet Explorer
Chrome
Firefox
Safari
Opera

MP4
YES
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
NO
YES (from Opera 25) YES

WebM

Ogg
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES

HTML Video - Media Types

File Format Media Type
MP4
video/mp4
WebM
video/webm
Ogg
video/ogg

HTML Video - Methods, Properties, and Events

HTML5 defines DOM methods, properties, and events for the <video> element.
This allows you to load, play, and pause videos, as well as setting duration and volume.
There are also DOM events that can notify you when a video begins to play, is paused, etc.

Example: Using JavaScript

Your browser does not support HTML5 video.

Video courtesy of Big Buck Bunny.
Try it yourself
For a full DOM reference, go to our HTML5 Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML5 Video Tags

Tag

Description

Defines a video or movie

Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and <audio>
Defines text tracks in media players

HTML5 Audio
Previous
Next Chapter
HTML5 provides a standard for playing audio files.

Audio on the Web

Before HTML5, there was no standard for playing audio files on a web page.
Before HTML5, audio files could only be played with a plug-in (like flash).
The HTML5 <audio> element specifies a standard way to embed audio in a web page.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports the <audio> element.
Element
<audio> 4.0

9.0

3.5

4.0

10.5

The HTML <audio> Element

To play an audio file in HTML, use the <audio> element:

Example
<audio controls>
<source src="horse.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
<source src="horse.mp3" type="audio/mpeg">
Your browser does not support the audio element.
</audio>
Try it yourself

HTML Audio - How It Works

The controls attribute adds audio controls, like play, pause, and volume.
Text between the <audio> and </audio> tags will display in browsers that do not support the <audio>
element.
Multiple <source> elements can link to different audio files. The browser will use the first recognized
format.

HTML Audio - Browser Support

Currently, there are 3 supported file formats for the <audio> element: MP3, Wav, and Ogg:
Browser
Internet Explorer
Chrome
Firefox
Safari
Opera

MP3
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES

Wav
NO
YES
YES
YES
YES

Ogg
NO
YES
YES
NO
YES

HTML Audio - Media Types

File Format Media Type
MP3
audio/mpeg
Ogg
audio/ogg
Wav
audio/wav

HTML Audio - Methods, Properties, and Events

HTML5 defines DOM methods, properties, and events for the <audio> element.
This allows you to load, play, and pause audios, as well as setting duration and volume.
There are also DOM events that can notify you when an audio begins to play, is paused, etc.
For a full DOM reference, go to our HTML5 Audio/Video DOM Reference.

HTML5 Audio Tags

Tag
<audio>
<source>

Description
Defines sound content
Defines multiple media resources for media elements, such as <video> and
<audio>

HTML Plug-ins
Previous
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The purpose of a plug-in, is to extend the functionality of the HTML browser.

HTML Helpers (Plug-ins)

Helper applications are computer programs that extend the standard functionality of a web browser.
Helper applications are also called plug-ins.
Examples of well-known plug-ins are Java applets.
Plug-ins can be added to web pages with the <object> tag or the <embed> tag.
Plug-ins can be used for many purposes: display maps, scan for viruses, verify your bank id, etc.
To display video and audio: Use the <video> and <audio> tags.

The <object> Element

The <object> element is supported by all browsers.
The <object> element defines an embedded object within an HTML document.
It is used to embed plug-ins (like Java applets, PDF readers, Flash Players) in web pages.

Example
<object width="400" height="50" data="bookmark.swf"></object>
Try it Yourself
The <object> element can also be used to include HTML in HTML:

Example
<object width="100%" height="500px" data="snippet.html"></object>
Try it Yourself
Or images if you like:

Example

The <embed> Element

The <embed> element is supported in all major browsers.
The <embed> element also defines an embedded object within an HTML document.
Web browsers have supported the <embed> element for a long time. However, it has not been a part of the
HTML specification before HTML5. The element will validate in an HTML5 page, but not in an HTML 4
page.

Example
<embed width="400" height="50" src="bookmark.swf">
Try it Yourself
Note that the <embed> element does not have a closing tag. It can not contain alternative text.
The <embed> element can also be used to include HTML in HTML:

Example
<embed width="100%" height="500px" src="snippet.html">
Try it Yourself
Or images if you like:

Example
<embed src="audi.jpeg">
Try it Yourself

HTML YouTube Videos

Previous
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The easiest way to play videos in HTML, is to use YouTube.

Struggling with Video Formats?

Different versions of different browsers support different video formats.

Earlier in this tutorial, you have seen that you might have to convert your videos to different video
formats, to make sure they play in all browsers.
Converting videos to different format can be difficult and time consuming.
An easier solution might be to let YouTube play the videos in your web pages.

Playing a YouTube Video in HTML

To play your video on a web page, you can upload it to YouTube, and then insert the proper HTML code
in your web page to display it:

Example - Using iFrame (this is the recommended method)

Example - Using <object>

Example - Using <embed>

HTML5 Geolocation
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HTML Geolocation is used to locate a user's position.

Locate the User's Position

The HTML Geolocation API is used to get the geographical position of a user.
Since this can compromise user privacy, the position is not available unless the user approves it.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports Geolocation.
API
Geolocation 5.0

9.0

3.5

5.0

16.0

Note: Geolocation is much more accurate for devices with GPS, like iPhone.

Using HTML Geolocation

Use the getCurrentPosition() method to get the user's position.
The example below is a simple Geolocation example returning the latitude and longitude of the user's
position:

Example
<script>
var x = document.getElementById("demo");
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.getCurrentPosition(showPosition);
} else {
x.innerHTML = "Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";
}
}
function showPosition(position) {
x.innerHTML = "Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude +
"<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;
}
</script>
Try it yourself
Example explained:

Check if Geolocation is supported

If supported, run the getCurrentPosition() method. If not, display a message to the user
If the getCurrentPosition() method is successful, it returns a coordinates object to the function
specified in the parameter ( showPosition )
The showPosition() function gets the displays the Latitude and Longitude

The example above is a very basic Geolocation script, with no error handling.

Handling Errors and Rejections

The second parameter of the getCurrentPosition() method is used to handle errors. It specifies a function
to run if it fails to get the user's location:

Example
function showError(error) {
switch(error.code) {
case error.PERMISSION_DENIED:
x.innerHTML = "User denied the request for Geolocation."
break;
case error.POSITION_UNAVAILABLE:
x.innerHTML = "Location information is unavailable."
break;
case error.TIMEOUT:
x.innerHTML = "The request to get user location timed out."
break;
case error.UNKNOWN_ERROR:
x.innerHTML = "An unknown error occurred."
break;
}
}
Try it yourself
Error Codes:

Permission denied - The user did not allow Geolocation

Position unavailable - It is not possible to get the current location
Timeout - The operation timed out

Displaying the Result in a Map

To display the result in a map, you need access to a map service that can use latitude and longitude, like
Google Maps:

Example
function showPosition(position) {
var latlon = position.coords.latitude + "," + position.coords.longitude;
var img_url = "http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/staticmap?center=
"+latlon+"&zoom=14&size=400x300&sensor=false";

document.getElementById("mapholder").innerHTML = "<img src='"+img_url+"'>";

}
Try it yourself
In the example above we use the returned latitude and longitude data to show the location in a Google map
(using a static image).
Google Map Script
How to use a script to show an interactive map with a marker, zoom and drag options.

Location-specific Information
This page demonstrated how to show a user's position on a map. However, Geolocation is also very useful
for location-specific information.
Examples:

Up-to-date local information

Showing Points-of-interest near the user
Turn-by-turn navigation (GPS)

The getCurrentPosition() Method - Return Data

The getCurrentPosition() method returns an object if it is successful. The latitude, longitude and accuracy
properties are always returned. The other properties below are returned if available.
Property
coords.latitude
coords.longitude
coords.accuracy
coords.altitude
coords.altitudeAccuracy
coords.heading
coords.speed
timestamp

Description
The latitude as a decimal number
The longitude as a decimal number
The accuracy of position
The altitude in meters above the mean sea level
The altitude accuracy of position
The heading as degrees clockwise from North
The speed in meters per second
The date/time of the response

Geolocation object - Other interesting Methods

watchPosition() - Returns the current position of the user and continues to return updated position as the
user moves (like the GPS in a car).
clearWatch() - Stops the watchPosition() method.
The example below shows the watchPosition() method. You need an accurate GPS device to test this (like
iPhone):

Example
<script>
var x = document.getElementById("demo");
function getLocation() {
if (navigator.geolocation) {
navigator.geolocation.watchPosition(showPosition);
} else {
x.innerHTML = "Geolocation is not supported by this browser.";
}
}
function showPosition(position) {
x.innerHTML = "Latitude: " + position.coords.latitude +
"<br>Longitude: " + position.coords.longitude;
}
</script>
Try it yourself

HTML5 Drag and Drop

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Drag and drop is a part of the HTML5 standard.

Drag the W3Schools image into the rectangle.

Drag and Drop

Drag and drop is a very common feature. It is when you "grab" an object and drag it to a different
location.
In HTML5, drag and drop is part of the standard, and any element can be draggable.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports Drag and Drop.
API
Drag and Drop 4.0

9.0

3.5

6.0

12.0

HTML Drag and Drop Example

The example below is a simple drag and drop example:

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function allowDrop(ev) {
ev.preventDefault();
}
function drag(ev) {
ev.dataTransfer.setData("text", ev.target.id);
}
function drop(ev) {
ev.preventDefault();
var data = ev.dataTransfer.getData("text");
ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div id="div1" ondrop="drop(event)" ondragover="allowDrop(event)"></div>
<img id="drag1" src="img_logo.gif" draggable="true"
ondragstart="drag(event)" width="336" height="69">
</body>
</html>
Try it yourself
It might seem complicated, but lets go through all the different parts of a drag and drop event.

Make an Element Draggable

First of all: To make an element draggable, set the draggable attribute to true:
<img draggable="true">

What to Drag - ondragstart and setData()

Then, specify what should happen when the element is dragged.

In the example above, the ondragstart attribute calls a function, drag(event), that specifies what data to be
dragged.
The dataTransfer.setData() method sets the data type and the value of the dragged data:
function drag(ev) {
ev.dataTransfer.setData("text", ev.target.id);
}
In this case, the data type is "text" and the value is the id of the draggable element ("drag1").

Where to Drop - ondragover

The ondragover event specifies where the dragged data can be dropped.
By default, data/elements cannot be dropped in other elements. To allow a drop, we must prevent the
default handling of the element.
This is done by calling the event.preventDefault() method for the ondragover event:
event.preventDefault()

Do the Drop - ondrop

When the dragged data is dropped, a drop event occurs.
In the example above, the ondrop attribute calls a function, drop(event):
function drop(ev) {
ev.preventDefault();
var data = ev.dataTransfer.getData("text");
ev.target.appendChild(document.getElementById(data));
}
Code explained:

Call preventDefault() to prevent the browser default handling of the data (default is open as link on
drop)
Get the dragged data with the dataTransfer.getData() method. This method will return any data that
was set to the same type in the setData() method
The dragged data is the id of the dragged element ("drag1")
Append the dragged element into the drop element

More Examples

Drag image back and forth

How to drag (and drop) an image back and forth between two <div> elements.

HTML5 Local Storage

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HTML local storage, better than cookies.

What is HTML Local Storage?

With local storage, web applications can store data locally within the user's browser.
Before HTML5, application data had to be stored in cookies, included in every server request. Local
storage is more secure, and large amounts of data can be stored locally, without affecting website
performance.
Unlike cookies, the storage limit is far larger (at least 5MB) and information is never transferred to the
server.
Local storage is per domain. All pages, from one domain, can store and access the same data.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports Local Storage.
API
Web Storage 4.0

8.0

3.5

4.0

11.5

HTML Local Storage Objects

HTML local storage provides two objects for storing data on the client:

window.localStorage - stores data with no expiration date

window.sessionStorage - stores data for one session (data is lost when the tab is closed)

Before using local storage, check browser support for localStorage and sessionStorage:
if(typeof(Storage) !== "undefined") {
// Code for localStorage/sessionStorage.
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Storage support..
}

The localStorage Object

The localStorage object stores the data with no expiration date. The data will not be deleted when the
browser is closed, and will be available the next day, week, or year.

Example
// Store
localStorage.setItem("lastname", "Smith");
// Retrieve
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = localStorage.getItem("lastname");
Try it Yourself
Example explained:

Create a localStorage name/value pair with name="lastname" and value="Smith"

Retrieve the value of "lastname" and insert it into the element with id="result"

The example above could also be written like this:

// Store
localStorage.lastname = "Smith";
// Retrieve
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = localStorage.lastname;
The syntax for removing the "lastname" localStorage item is as follows:
localStorage.removeItem("lastname");
Note: Name/value pairs are always stored as strings. Remember to convert them to another format when
needed!
The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button. In this code the value
string is converted to a number to be able to increase the counter:

Example
if (localStorage.clickcount) {
localStorage.clickcount = Number(localStorage.clickcount) + 1;
} else {
localStorage.clickcount = 1;
}
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "You have clicked the button " +
localStorage.clickcount + " time(s).";
Try it Yourself

The sessionStorage Object

The sessionStorage object is equal to the localStorage object, except that it stores the data for only one
session. The data is deleted when the user closes the browser window.
The following example counts the number of times a user has clicked a button, in the current session:

Example
if (sessionStorage.clickcount) {
sessionStorage.clickcount = Number(sessionStorage.clickcount) + 1;
} else {
sessionStorage.clickcount = 1;
}
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "You have clicked the button " +
sessionStorage.clickcount + " time(s) in this session.";
Try it Yourself

HTML5 Application Cache

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With application cache it is easy to make an offline version of a web application, by creating a cache
manifest file.

What is Application Cache?

HTML5 introduces application cache, which means that a web application is cached, and accessible
without an internet connection.
Application cache gives an application three advantages:
1. Offline browsing - users can use the application when they're offline
2. Speed - cached resources load faster
3. Reduced server load - the browser will only download updated/changed resources from the server

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully supports Application Cache.
API
Application Cache 4.0

10.0

3.5

HTML Cache Manifest Example

4.0

11.5

The example below shows an HTML document with a cache manifest (for offline browsing):

Example
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html manifest="demo.appcache">
<body>
The content of the document......
</body>
</html>
Try it Yourself

Cache Manifest Basics

To enable application cache, include the manifest attribute in the document's <html> tag:
<!DOCTYPE HTML>
<html manifest="demo.appcache">
...
</html>
Every page with the manifest attribute specified will be cached when the user visits it. If the manifest
attribute is not specified, the page will not be cached (unless the page is specified directly in the manifest
file).
The recommended file extension for manifest files is: ".appcache"
A manifest file needs to be served with the correct media type, which is "text/cache-manifest". Must
be configured on the web server.

The Manifest File

The manifest file is a simple text file, which tells the browser what to cache (and what to never cache).
The manifest file has three sections:

CACHE MANIFEST - Files listed under this header will be cached after they are downloaded for
the first time
NETWORK - Files listed under this header require a connection to the server, and will never be
cached
FALLBACK - Files listed under this header specifies fallback pages if a page is inaccessible

CACHE MANIFEST
The first line, CACHE MANIFEST, is required:

CACHE MANIFEST
/theme.css
/logo.gif
/main.js
The manifest file above lists three resources: a CSS file, a GIF image, and a JavaScript file. When the
manifest file is loaded, the browser will download the three files from the root directory of the web site.
Then, whenever the user is not connected to the internet, the resources will still be available.

NETWORK
The NETWORK section below specifies that the file "login.asp" should never be cached, and will not be
available offline:
NETWORK:
login.asp
An asterisk can be used to indicate that all other resources/files require an internet connection:
NETWORK:
*

FALLBACK
The FALLBACK section below specifies that "offline.html" will be served in place of all files in the
/html/ catalog, in case an internet connection cannot be established:
FALLBACK:
/html/ /offline.html
Note: The first URI is the resource, the second is the fallback.

Updating the Cache

Once an application is cached, it remains cached until one of the following happens:

The user clears the browser's cache

The manifest file is modified (see tip below)
The application cache is programmatically updated

Example - Complete Cache Manifest File

CACHE MANIFEST
# 2012-02-21 v1.0.0
/theme.css
/logo.gif
/main.js
NETWORK:
login.asp

FALLBACK:
/html/ /offline.html
Tip: Lines starting with a "#" are comment lines, but can also serve another purpose. An application's
cache is only updated when its manifest file changes. If you edit an image or change a JavaScript
function, those changes will not be re-cached. Updating the date and version in a comment line is one
way to make the browser re-cache your files.

Notes on Application Cache

Be careful with what you cache.
Once a file is cached, the browser will continue to show the cached version, even if you change the file on
the server. To ensure the browser updates the cache, you need to change the manifest file.
Note: Browsers may have different size limits for cached data (some browsers have a 5MB limit per site).

HTML5 Web Workers

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A web worker is a JavaScript running in the background, without affecting the performance of the page.

What is a Web Worker?

When executing scripts in an HTML page, the page becomes unresponsive until the script is finished.
A web worker is a JavaScript that runs in the background, independently of other scripts, without affecting
the performance of the page. You can continue to do whatever you want: clicking, selecting things, etc.,
while the web worker runs in the background.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully support Web Workers.
API
Web Workers 4.0

10.0

3.5

4.0

11.5

HTML Web Workers Example

The example below creates a simple web worker that count numbers in the background:

Example
Count numbers:

Try it yourself

Check Web Worker Support

Before creating a web worker, check whether the user's browser supports it:
if(typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {
// Yes! Web worker support!
// Some code.....
} else {
// Sorry! No Web Worker support..
}

Create a Web Worker File

Now, let's create our web worker in an external JavaScript.
Here, we create a script that counts. The script is stored in the "demo_workers.js" file:
var i = 0;
function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()",500);
}
timedCount();
The important part of the code above is the postMessage() method - which is used to post a message back
to the HTML page.
Note: Normally web workers are not used for such simple scripts, but for more CPU intensive tasks.

Create a Web Worker Object

Now that we have the web worker file, we need to call it from an HTML page.
The following lines checks if the worker already exists, if not - it creates a new web worker object and
runs the code in "demo_workers.js":
if(typeof(w) == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("demo_workers.js");
}
Then we can send and receive messages from the web worker.
Add an "onmessage" event listener to the web worker.

w.onmessage = function(event){
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = event.data;
};
When the web worker posts a message, the code within the event listener is executed. The data from the
web worker is stored in event.data.

Terminate a Web Worker

When a web worker object is created, it will continue to listen for messages (even after the external script
is finished) until it is terminated.
To terminate a web worker, and free browser/computer resources, use the terminate() method:
w.terminate();

Reuse the Web Worker

If you set the worker variable to undefined, after it has been terminated, you can reuse the code:
w = undefined;

Full Web Worker Example Code

We have already seen the Worker code in the .js file. Below is the code for the HTML page:

Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<body>
<p>Count numbers: <output id="result"></output></p>
<button onclick="startWorker()">Start Worker</button>
<button onclick="stopWorker()">Stop Worker</button>
<br><br>
<script>
var w;
function startWorker() {
if(typeof(Worker) !== "undefined") {
if(typeof(w) == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("demo_workers.js");
}
w.onmessage = function(event) {
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = event.data;
};

} else {
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML = "Sorry! No Web Worker support.";
}
}
function stopWorker() {
w.terminate();
w = undefined;
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
Try it yourself

Web Workers and the DOM

Since web workers are in external files, they do not have access to the following JavaScript objects:

The window object

The document object
The parent object

HTML5 Server-Sent Events

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Server-Sent Events allow a web page to get updates from a server.

Server-Sent Events - One Way Messaging

A server-sent event is when a web page automatically gets updates from a server.
This was also possible before, but the web page would have to ask if any updates were available. With
server-sent events, the updates come automatically.
Examples: Facebook/Twitter updates, stock price updates, news feeds, sport results, etc.

Browser Support
The numbers in the table specify the first browser version that fully support server-sent events.
API

SSE

6.0

Not supported 6.0

5.0

11.5

Receive Server-Sent Event Notifications

The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications:

Example
var source = new EventSource("demo_sse.php");
source.onmessage = function(event) {
document.getElementById("result").innerHTML += event.data + "<br>";
};
Try it yourself
Example explained:

Create a new EventSource object, and specify the URL of the page sending the updates (in this
example "demo_sse.php")
Each time an update is received, the onmessage event occurs
When an onmessage event occurs, put the received data into the element with id="result"

Check Server-Sent Events Support

In the tryit example above there were some extra lines of code to check browser support for server-sent
events:
if(typeof(EventSource) !== "undefined") {
// Yes! Server-sent events support!
// Some code.....
} else {
// Sorry! No server-sent events support..
}

Server-Side Code Example

For the example above to work, you need a server capable of sending data updates (like PHP or ASP).
The server-side event stream syntax is simple. Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream". Now
you can start sending event streams.
Code in PHP (demo_sse.php):
<?php
header('Content-Type: text/event-stream');
header('Cache-Control: no-cache');
$time = date('r');

echo "data: The server time is: {$time}\n\n";

flush();
?>
Code in ASP (VB) (demo_sse.asp):
<%
Response.ContentType = "text/event-stream"
Response.Expires = -1
Response.Write("data: The server time is: " & now())
Response.Flush()
%>
Code explained:

Set the "Content-Type" header to "text/event-stream"

Specify that the page should not cache
Output the data to send (Always start with "data: ")
Flush the output data back to the web page

The EventSource Object

In the examples above we used the onmessage event to get messages. But other events are also available:
Events
Description
onopen
When a connection to the server is opened
onmessage When a message is received
onerror
When an error occurs

HTML Examples
Previous
Next Chapter
HTML Basic
HTML document
HTML headings
HTML paragraphs
HTML links
HTML images
Examples explained

HTML Attributes
The title attribute
The href attribute

The width and height attributes

The alt attribute
Attribute without quotes
Attribute without quotes does not work
Examples explained

HTML Headings
HTML headings
HTML horizontal rules
HTML head
Examples explained

HTML Paragraphs
HTML paragraphs
More HTML paragraphs
The use of line breaks in HTML
Poem problems (some problems with HTML formatting)
How to control the line breaks and spaces with the <pre> tag
Examples explained

HTML Styles
HTML styles
HTML background color
HTML text color
HTML text font
HTML text size
HTML text alignment
Examples explained

HTML Text Formatting

Bold formatting using the <b> element
Strong formatting using the <strong> element
Italic formatting using the <i> element
Emphasized formatting using the <em> element
Small formatting using the <small> element
Marked formatting using the <mark> element
Marked deleted using the <del> element
Marked inserted using the <ins> element

Marked deleted and inserted using <del> and <ins>

Subscript formatting using the <sub> element
Superscript formatting using the <sup> element
Examples explained

HTML Quotations and Citations

Formatting short quotations with the <q> element.
Formatting quoted sections with the <blockquote> element.
Formatting document author/owner information with the <address> element
Formatting abbreviations and acronyms the <abbr> element
Formatting work title with the <cite> element
Formatting text direction with the <bdo> element
Examples explained

HTML Computercode Elements

Keyboard input formatting using the <kbd> element
Computer output formatting using the <samp> element
Programming code formatting using the <code> element
Programming code formatting preserving whitespace and line-breaks
Variable formatting using the <var> element
Examples explained

HTML Comments
Hidden comments
Conditional comments
Comments for debugging
Examples explained

HTML CSS
HTML with inline CSS
HTML with internal CSS
HTML with external CSS
HTML with CSS fonts
HTML with CSS using the id attribute
HTML with CSS using the class attribute
HTML and CSS borders
HTML and CSS padding

HTML and CSS margin

HTML and CSS full demo
Examples explained

HTML Links
Linking, using an absolute URL
Linking, using a relative URL
Changing the color of links
Removing the underline from links
Changing the target of a link
An image as a link
Creating a bookmark link
A link that breaks out of a frame
A mailto link
A mailto link with subject
Examples explained

HTML Images
The Mountain
An image height and width using attributes
An image height and width using CSS
An image height and width using both
An image in another folder
An image with a broken link
An image on another server
Using an image as a link
A moving image
An image map with clickable regions
A floating image
Examples explained

HTML Tables
Basic HTML tables
A table with borders
A table with collapsed borders
A table with cell padding
A table with headings
A table with left-aligned headings
Horizontal/Vertical table headings
A table with a caption
Table cells that span more than one column
Table cells that span more than one row

A table with cell spacing

A table with HTML tags inside
Tables with different style using id I
Tables with different style using id II
Tables with different style using class I
Tables with different style using class II
Examples explained

HTML Lists
An unordered list (default)
An unordered list with disc bullets
An unordered list with circle bullets
An unordered list with square bullets
An unordered list without bullets
An ordered list (default)
An ordered list with numbers
An ordered list with letters
An ordered list with lowercase letters
An ordered list with roman numbers
An ordered list with lowercase roman numbers
A description list
A nested list I
A nested list II
A horizontal list
A horizontal list menu
Examples explained

HTML Block and inline elements

Styling <div> elements
Styling <span> elements
Examples explained

HTML Classes
Classing <div> elements I
Classing <div> elements II
Classing <span> elements
Examples explained

HTML Layout

Layout using <div> elements

Layout using semantic elements
Layout using <table> elements
Examples explained

HTML IFrame
Inline frame (a frame inside an HTML page)
Examples explained

HTML head Elements

A valid HTML document with no <html> <body, and <head>
A valid HTML document with no <head> element
The <title> element defines the document title
The <style> element contains style information
The <link> element defines a relationship to an external resource
The <meta> element defines special meta information
The <script> element defines client-side JavaScripts
The <base> element defines the base URL for all URLs
Examples explained

HTML Scripts
Insert a script
Use of the <noscript> tag
Examples explained

HTML Forms
Form with text input
Form with radio button input
Form with text fields and a submit button
Form with a text fields without a name attribute
Grouping Form Data
Send e-mail from a form
Examples explained

HTML Form Elements

A simple drop-down list

A drop-down list with a pre-selected value
A textarea (a multi-line text input field)
An input button
Using the <datalist> Element
Using the <keygen> Element
Using the <output> Element

Examples explained

HTML Input Types

Input type text
Input type password
Input type radio
Input type checkbox
Input type button
Input type number - with restrictions
Input type number - with steps
Input type date - with date picker
Input type date - with restrictions
Input type color - with color picker
Input type range
Input type month
Input type week
Input type time
Input type datetime
Input type datetime-local
Input type email
Input type search
Input type tel
Input type url

Examples explained

HTML Input Attributes

The autocomplete attribute
The novalidate attribute
The autofocus_attribute
The form attribute
The formaction attribute
The formenctype attribute
The formmethod attribute
The formnovalidate attribute
The formtarget attribute

The height and width attributes

The list attribute
The min and max attributes
The multiple attribute
The pattern attribute
The placeholder attribute
The required attribute
The step attribute

Examples explained

HTML5 Canvas
Draw on the canvas with JavaScript
Draw a line with lineTo()
Draw a circle with arc()
Draw a text with fillText()
Draw a text with strokeText()
Draw a linear gradient
Draw a circular gradient
Draw an image with drawImage()

Examples explained

HTML5 SVG
SVG Cirlce
SVG Rectangle
SVG Rounded Rectangle
SVG Star
SVG Logo

Examples explained

HTML5 Media
Play Bunny
Play bear video with controls
Play bear video with autoplay
Play Horse sound with controls
Examples explained

HTML5 Geolocation
Get geolocation coordinates
Handle geolocation errors
Get geolocation with a map
Get geolocation with Google map script
Get geolocation and watch the position
Examples explained

HTML5 Local Storage

Store a name permanentely
Store a counter permanently
Store a counter for one session
Examples explained

More HTML5 Examples

HTML5 drag and drop
HTML5 application cache
HTML5 web workers
HTML5 server sent events

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