Lab 2 Solns
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DPLab 2 Solns
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DPMath 115 Lab 2 Solutions
1. If a system of 5 equations in 7 variables has a solution, explain why there is more than one solution.
Solution:
The rank r of the augmented matrix satisfies r 5 because there are 5 equations. Hence there are
7 r 2 parameters by Theorem 3
2 2 5
2. Find the rank of A =
1 1 2
1 1 0
1.2, and so there is more than one solution.
3
.
Solution:
2
2
5
8
1 1
1 1 2 3 R2 R1 2 2
1 1 0 2
1 1
5 8
R2 2R1
0 2 R3 R 1
2
1 1
0 0
0 0
1 2
2 5 R3 2R2
1 1
0 0
0 0
1 2
.
0 1
Since there are three leading ones the rank of A is 3.
3. Find the matrix A if
5
0
4
1
3A 4
=
6
1 4 2
4
Answer
T
1
1
.
3 2 4
A=
.
1 5 2
4. For the system of equations
x1
x2
x1
(a2 8)x2
= a
determine the values of a for which the system has (i) no solutions, (ii) a unique solution, and (iii) an
infinite number of solutions.
Solution:
We convert to an augmented matrix and row reduce:
1
3
1 3
1
1
R2 R2 + (1) R1
0 a2 9 a 3
1 a2 8 a
At this stage, wed like to divide the 3rd row by a2 9 to start to approach RREF, but we need to be
careful of the case of a2 9 = 0, i.e. a = 3.
If a = 3, the third equation reads 0 = 6, so the system is inconsistent, i.e. has no solutions.
If a = 3, the augmented matrix becomes
1
0
so x2 is a free variable, so the system has infinitely many solutions.
If a 6= 3, we divide the last row by a2 9 to get
1
1
1
a+3
1 0
0 1
Thus, the system has
i) no solutions if a = 3
ii) a unique solution if a 6= 3
iii) an infinite number of solutions if a = 3.
1
a+3
R1 R1 R2
1
a+3
5. Find the augmented matrix, in reduced row-echelon form, of a system of equations in the variables x,
y and z which has the following solutions: x = 1 2t, y = 3 + t and z = t.
1
1 0 2
Solution:
0 1 1 3
0 0 0
0
6. Solve the following system of non-linear equations for the unknown angles , and , where 0 2,
0 2, and 0 :
2 sin
cos
4 sin
2 cos
6 sin
3 cos
3 tan
2 tan
tan
Solution:
Set x1 = sin , x2 = cos and x3 = tan .
The system becomes
2x1
x2
4x1
2x2
6x1
3x2
3x3
2x3
x3
We convert to an augmented matrix and row reduce:
3 3
2 1
4
2 2 2
6 3
1 9
Therefore, x1 = sin = 1, so =
2,
4 8 4
R2 R2 + (2) R1
R3 R3 + (3) R2
0 8
0
1
3
3
4 8 4
R3 ( 81 ) R3
0
1
0
1 0
3 R1 R1 + (3) R3
4 0 4
R2 R2 + 8 R3
0 1
0
1 0
3
1
1 0 1
R2 4 R2
0 1
0
0 0
2 R1 R1 + R2
1 0 1
0 1
0
0 0
1 R1 21 R1
1 0 1
0 1
0
since 0 2.
Also, x2 = cos = 1, so = , since 0 2.
Lastly, x3 = tan = 0, so = 0, since 0 .
Thus (, , ) = ( 2 , , 0).
7. Consider the following linear system.
x1 + 2x2 3x3
x1 + 3x2 5x3
11
2x1 + 5x2 8x3
19
(a) Write the augmented matrix.
(b) Obtain a row equivalent matrix such that the coefficient matrix is in reduced row echelon form.
(c) If the system is consistent, write its general solution in the form of a vector equation and interpret
the solution as a point or a line or a plane.
Solution:
(a)
1
(b)
1
2 3
3 5
5 8
2 3
3 5
5 8
11
19
8
1
11
R2 R1 , R3 2R1 0
0
19
2 3
1 2
1 2
8
1
3
R3 R2 0
0
3
2 3
1 2
0
8
1 0 1
3
R1 2R2 0 1 2
0 0 0
0
(c) System is consistent, having infinitely many solutions.
Let x3 = t. Then x1= 2 t,
=
3 + 2t.
x2
2 t 2 1
In vector form, ~x =
3 + 2t = 3 + 2 t.
1
0
t
This is the equation of a line.
8. Show that the matrix
1
(A AT ) is skew-symmetric for any square matrix A.
2
Solution
1
1
( (A AT ))T = (A AT )T
2
2
1 T
(A (AT )T )
2
1 T
=
(A A)
2
1
= (A AT )
2
=
Thus,
1
(A AT ) is skew-symmetric.
2
