Interactive Design Systems

MC3D
Short Bench Casting Geometry
Control For Windows
Version 1.1
Users Manual

Application Status: Version 1.1

Doc. Status: Final
Last Update: 8 September 2007

MC3D Users Manual

Copyright

About MC3D
Version 1.1
Copyright 2002-2007 Interactive Design Systems

Copyright
Copyright 2002-2007 Interactive Design Systems. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part
of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored in a retrieval
system, or translated into any language in any form without prior written consent from
Interactive Design Systems. The software applications described in this manual,
including the manual and any associated media, is copyrighted and contains proprietary
information that is subject to change without notice. All other trademarks or registered
trademarks are acknowledged as the exclusive property of their respective owners.

Interactive Design Systems

Interactive Design Systems
16885 Via Del Campo Ct., Suite #207
San Diego CA 92127
Phone: (858) 674-4196 or (800) 326-5525
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: http://www.ids-soft.com

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Contents

Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction_________________________________________ 5
Short Line Match Casting ...................................................................................................7
Geometry Control for Short Line Casting ............................................................................8

Chapter 2 Structure Geometric Definition _________________________ 9

Roadway Alignments ........................................................................................................10
3D Spine Curve ................................................................................................................10
Span Distribution Pier Stations ......................................................................................11

Chapter 3 Structure Topology - Segments And Joints______________ 13

Span Configuration - Segment Distribution .......................................................................13
Joints................................................................................................................................13
3D Coordinates of Control Points and Survey Markers .....................................................13

Chapter 4 Match-Casting ______________________________________ 15

Concept and Applicability .................................................................................................15
Casting Cell and Bulkheads..............................................................................................19
Starter Segment vs. Typical Segment...............................................................................19
Survey and As-Cast - Method of Geometry Control ..........................................................20

Chapter 5 Survey and As-Cast Coordinates ______________________ 23

Chapter 6 MC3D Program Overview _____________________________ 27
Options.............................................................................................................................27

Chapter 7 MC3D Program Architecture __________________________ 29

Project Definition ..............................................................................................................30
Joint Coordinates..............................................................................................................31
Camber Diagram ..............................................................................................................33
Starter Segment Set-Up ...................................................................................................34
Typical Segment Set-Up...................................................................................................37
Survey ..............................................................................................................................37
As-Cast Coordinates ........................................................................................................40
Reports.............................................................................................................................42

Chapter 8 Working with MC3D _________________________________ 45

Installation and Registration .............................................................................................45
Getting Started .................................................................................................................45
The Casting Cycle Geometry Control and Survey ..........................................................46

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MC3D Users Manual

Chapter 9 MC3D Reporting ____________________________________ 49

Project Report ..................................................................................................................49
Casting Cell Reports.........................................................................................................49

Chapter 10 General Remarks __________________________________ 51

Units.................................................................................................................................51
Survey and As-Cast Accuracy ..........................................................................................51
Erection Control................................................................................................................51

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Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1 Introduction
PRESTRESSED concrete segmental bridges evolved in Europe as the need arose to
eliminate the use of conventional falsework, which, in many cases was impractical or
economically prohibitive. Today this bridge type is used for almost any conceivable site
condition and has extended the practical competitive economic span range of concrete
bridges. Its popularity has increased steadily over the years, as engineers have
developed a better understanding of the time-dependent behavior of the materials
(concrete creep and shrinkage, steel relaxation).
Jean Muller made the first application of precast segmental box girder construction in
1962, to the Choisy-le-Roi Bridge over Seine River in France. The contribution to the
concept of segmental construction was significant because it offered the engineer
superior quality control of the bridge elements by using factory-produced precast
concrete.
Because the fabrication of the bridge can be accomplished while the substructure is
being constructed, the erection period is accelerated and the time required to gain
strength in the concrete is removed from the critical path. As a result of the maturity of
the concrete at the time of erection, the effects of concrete creep and shrinkage are
reduced. The match cast joint method of precasting concrete segments has proved to be
the most versatile and reliable way to building precast segmental bridges. With proper
geometry control, this method is ideal for building structures with complex geometry.
CONCEPT OF SEGMENT LAYOUT The match-cast method presents several
advantages for precasting concrete segments. The primary advantage is in the area of
geometry control. Two different methods have been commonly used:

Long Bench, where all segments are precast together on a long bench, usually with
sliding formwork.

Short Cell Method, where each segment is cast separately. The cell forms are for
one segment (Fig. 2).

The short cell casting method is usually preferred for variable curvature in plan and
elevation.
IMPACT OF GEOMETRY ON SEGMENT LAYOUT The structure geometry has great
impact on the casting method and the layout of concrete segments at the design stage.
Span lengths are determined on the basis of structural stability, economics, and on other
site related constraints. Segment lengths are determined together with the construction
method, lifting and erection equipments, and casting cell geometric considerations. For
spans on a tight curve (access ramps), span layout and segment lengths as well as
location of cast-in-place joints have considerable impact on constructability.

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MC3D Users Manual

MATCH CAST JOINTS In the short cell method, each segment is cast, and
subsequently moved into match-cast position before pouring the next segment.
Placement of the match-cast segment is of primary concern to accommodate the
geometry. In this process a 3-D curve along the box centerline must be followed
accurately to accommodate both horizontal and vertical alignments. In addition, the
cross-fall must be accounted for, together with predicted long-term structural deflections
for proper placement of the match-cast segment (casting Curves). The accuracy of
calculations and proper control of relative placement in the cell will greatly determine the
degree of success of the erection process and the final geometry of the constructed
structure.
BULKHEAD PLACEMENT In the short cell casting method the bulkhead remains fixed
and perpendicular to the centerline of the segment being cast (Fig. 3). This simplifies the
cell adjustments to simply extending the forms to the match cast segment in place. The
only adjustment to the fixed bulkhead side consists in placement of the post-tensioning
ducts at proper locations. Placing the match-cast segment in the casting-cell requires
local coordinates of the match cast segment (control points are established with
bolts/stirrups and hairpins embedded in the top slab).

Figure 1. Fixed Bulkhead Orientation

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Chapter 1 Introduction

Short Line Match Casting

Match casting is the term used to describe the method of casting one segment adjacent
to its neighbor so that when the segments are erected together in their final location in
the bridge, they fit together precisely. In some cases where since no glue or other filling
material is used ("dry joints"), the exact match between segments is even more vital.
Normally epoxy glue is used to lubricate the joint and to provide a waterproof seal to the
pre-stressing tendons. When all tendons are external, the joint does not need to be
waterproofed, and the time saved in not applying the glue enables construction rates to
be increased. The lack of glue does mean that the shear interface between segments
requires more consideration, but overall benefits can be obtained from the dry jointed
system.
The match-casting set-up comprises a number of moulds with bulkhead, soffit and side
forms. A central moveable core form enables the trapezoidal cross section to be cast. In
addition, one end of the mould allows a previously cast segment to form the stop end for
the segment currently being cast. This previously cast segment forms the match cast
face ensuring a perfect fit during erection.
To

St
or
ag
e

nt
me
g
e
S
nt
ast
me
g
C
e
tch
st S
Ma
t Ca
e
W

Fixed Bulkhead
Inner Core

SHORT CELL METHOD

Figure 2. Short Cell Casting Method

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MC3D Users Manual

Geometry Control for Short Line Casting

The structure geometry has great impact on the casting method and the layout of
concrete segments at the design stage.
The goal of the geometry control program will be to monitor the casting operations and
establish as-cast curves step-by-step to verify that the actual superstructure geometry is
in close agreement with the geometry described in the design documents.
After each segment is cast, the position of this segment is established in the general plot
of the structure. Comparing the location of the newly cast segment with the location
assumed in the design geometry will allow for the determination of the adjustments
required before the next pour.
It is important to understand that the geometry is solely dictated by the position of the
match cast segment, the new cast segment is always poured in the same stationary form
against a fix bulkhead. In reality, the new cast segment forms can be slightly deformed to
match the fix bulkhead on one side and the front of the match cast segment on the other
side.
The position of the match cast segment is monitored by using four elevation bolts
generally placed above the webs close to the extremities of the segment and two
centerline survey markers. For a straight bridge in plan and elevation, the segments are
simply moved from wet cast to match cast position in a straight line.
For a bridge with a vertical curve the segments are first moved in a straight line to the
match cast position, then tilted around a horizontal axis parallel to the joints.
For a bridge with horizontal curve, without super-elevation variation, the segments are
first moved in a straight line to the match cast position, and then tilted around a vertical
axis passing through the centerline at the front of the segment.
Finally, variable super-elevation can also be obtained by tilting the match cast segment
around a horizontal axis perpendicular to the segment joint.
Therefore, short cell casting provides the ability for following any kind of superstructure
geometry in three dimensions. Other advantages of the short cell are the limited space
required in the casting yard and the stationary location of the forming system. Efficient
means of adjustments must be designed into the match- cast segment soffit to limit the
amount of time required for these operations.
The geometry of the bridge is actually determined by the casting yard and will be difficult
to adjust at the time of erection. It is therefore very important to properly monitor the
geometry in the casting yard.

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Chapter 2 Structure Geometric Definition

Chapter 2 Structure Geometric Definition

The structure geometric definition results from the placement of concrete segments
defined along a 3D spine curve defining the centerline of girder. This centerline may be
generated in various ways, by using COGO-like roadway geometry software.
The segment placement rules may be somewhat complex, depending on project
geometric assumptions. In all cases, the placement rules lead to 3D joints that are
placed perpendicular to the centerline of segment, in order to satisfy the cell basic
geometric configuration, i.e.:
The bulkhead joint is always perpendicular
to the longitudinal axis of the casting-cell.
The structure is broken-down into sub-structures which will be cast as a unit. In MC3D,
these units are called casting-sets. Casting-Sets are made of a Starter segment (the
first segment to be cast), and a succession of typical segments following the casting
rules. MC3D does not make any specific assumptions regarding the direction of casting
(up-station or down-station), but simply assumes the first segment is the starter
segment, and all subsequent segments are given in the order of casting.
The basic data given to MC3D is a series of 3-Dimensional general coordinates provided
in a conventional Right-Hand Rule System of Coordinates. Three control points are
given for each joint. The orientation of the general axes (X, Y, Z) is basically arbitrary
but the Z axis is by convention vertical and Z is positive upward.
Control Point Coordinates are provided in a Right Hand Rule General System
of coordinates, in which the Z axis is vertical and z values are positive upward.
Version 1.1 of MC3D accepts control point coordinates for crowned top slab. The
program simply creates a fictitious centerline point that is uses internally (mid-point
between East and West).

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MC3D Users Manual

Roadway Alignments
The structure centerline is a 3D spine curve resulting from the geometry of several
roadway alignment curves. They can be:

Baseline alignment

Offset alignment

Profile Grade Line (PGL)

and can also be the result of applying various roadway design conditions, such as:

Super-elevation and Transitions

Constant or Variable roadway width conditions

3D Spine Curve
Based on roadway design standards, these geometric alignments and conditions provide
a set of parameters needed to determine the 3D location of the structure centerline
points. Once obtained (either using computer programs such as COGO or other 3D
Bridge Geometry programs), the general coordinates of base points (without applying
final camber) are given to the MC3D program in the form of a table of X, Y and Z
coordinates for:

Centerline Point

East Control Point

West Control Point

MC3D Version 1.1 accepts control point coordinates for top slabs with a crown.

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Chapter 2 Structure Geometric Definition

11

Span Distribution Pier Stations

INE

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Rig

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Nor d
th

Based on the roadway geometry described above, and pier stations, it is possible to
locate all segments for a casting-set (a span, or a cantilever arm) and the general
coordinates must be oriented according to the MC3D axes assumptions. The sketch
below shows the orientation of axes to satisfy MC3D coordinate systems.

E
T LIN
S
E
W
Figure 3. Casting Bed Orientation to Final Location

By convention, the North is always in the Direction of Casting Upstation

when casting Upstation and DownStation when casting DownStation

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Chapter 3 Structure Topology - Segments And Joints

13

Chapter 3 Structure Topology - Segments And Joints

Span Configuration - Segment Distribution
The methodology to obtain the control point coordinates is described in Chapter 2.
MC3D may be used to control the geometry of different types of structures and
construction methods, among which are:

Span-by-Span construction method

Cantilever Construction

Cable-Stayed Bridge Construction (Cantilever with stay-cables)

MC3D Version 1.0 can process casting-sets of pre-cast segments in sequence of casting
and erection progression, either up-station or down-station. It is important to input the
segments and joints definition in the order of casting. (See sign conventions and
coordinate system orientation described in the Span Distribution Pier Stations section
of Chapter 2.)

Joints
Joint coordinates are input in a grid of successive rows with the East, Center and West
coordinates according to the orientation assumptions described above. The sic control
points necessary to fully define each segment are computed by the program following the
assumptions below.

3D Coordinates of Control Points and Survey Markers

In order to achieve the desired geometry, it is necessary to establish reference points on
each segment. These control points are used to physically position each match cast
segment and to determine actual as-cast positions for each segment just after it has been
cast see Figure 6. Every segment requires six control points (four for elevation control
and two for horizontal control.).

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MC3D Users Manual

For horizontal control, a hairpin wire is cast into each end of the segment at the
centerline, 0.050m from the segment joint. At the time of the after-cast survey, the
longitudinal segment centerline is transferred from the survey control by placing punch or
saw cut marks in the hairpin wire. These locations correspond to the alignment line along
the centerline of segment.

Horizontal Alignment
Vertical Alignment

b
Stirrups
Horiz.

b
Vertical Alignment

Bolts (Rivets)
Vertical Control,

Match Cast Position

Wet Cast Position

Dire
ction
of

Cast
ing

Casting
Fixed

Figure 4. Typical Segment Control Points

For vertical control, four bolts (or rivets) are positioned over the segment webs. For this
project, the vertical control points will be positioned at offsets b from the centerline of
the segment and a from the segment joints. These locations correspond to the West
and East alignment lines. The four points are NW, NE, SW and SE. Care must be taken
to ensure these bolts are placed as close as possible to the theoretical plane of concrete
and at the specified locations. (See Chapter 4 for a discussion of the theoretical plane of
concrete.)
It should be noted that the transverse dimension from the centerline of the box to the
vertical control points is a fixed dimension used in defining the segment geometry in the
data files provided to the site. The transverse dimension cannot be changed. The
longitudinal offset of the geometry control points for the vertical control is set at value a
and set at value c for horizontal control. These dimensions will be used throughout the
project.

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Chapter 4 Match-Casting

15

Chapter 4 Match-Casting
Concept and Applicability
Theoretical Concrete: The system of vertical geometry control is based on a concept of
a theoretical Reference plane. The base assumption is that a segment cast against a
fixed bulkhead forms a top slab horizontal plane located at the elevation of the fixed
bulkhead. The survey rivets, which cannot be placed perfectly in the reference plane,
become measurements of the location of the plane rather than its actual definition. (See
Example Figure 5).
2.400m
0.050m
Actual Concrete Surface
(distorted for clarity)
Rivet B
0.002m

0.050m
Rivet A
0.001m

Segment 1
(Wet - Cast)

Fixed Bulkhead

Floating Bulkhead

Theoretical Concrete
Elevation 0.000m

AS-CAST VALUES
Rivet A: Theoretical plane of concrete is 0.001m below rivet
Rivet B: Theoretical plane of concrete is 0.002m below rivet
Figure 5. Casting Starter Segment

As the actual concrete surface is slightly irregular and quite possibly skewed, the
theoretical plane of concrete is not to be confused with the actual concrete surface.
The interpretation of Figure 5 is as follows:
Rivet N: Reference plane is 0.00lm below the rivet.
Rivet S: Reference plane is 0.002m below the rivet.
Once the reference plane has been established for a segment, the rivet readings can be
used for defining set-up values for casting the next segment.
First, assume the camber diagram for a span has ordinates of 0.0m, 0.0m and 0.005m for
the first three segment joints as measured in the local system. The wet-cast Segment 2
will be cast in a level position so that the match-cast Segment 1 will need to be positioned
to obtain the angle break desired. (See Figure 6).

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MC3D Users Manual

3.150m

2.400m
Rivet B
0.007m
Desired
Camber =
0.005m

0.050m

Rivet A
0.001m

Segment 1
(Match - Cast)

Segment 2
(Wet - Cast)

Theoretical Concrete
Elevation 0.000m
Fixed Bulkhead

16

Figure 6. Set-Up for Casting Segment 2

With the reference plane of Segment 1 to be located properly, the setup elevations for
rivets North (N) and South (S) are calculated based on the ratio of their distance from
the segment joints and their elevation with respect to the as-cast of concrete. Therefore,
the following is obtained:
Rivet N = (0.050)/2.400 x (.005) + .001 = .001m
Rivet S = (2.350)/2.400 x (.005) + .002 = .007m
These are the setup rivet readings to create the desired camber. It is difficult to obtain
these exact setup values during casting. Deviations occur, most notably from the small
movements of the forms during concrete placement and slight inaccuracies in the actual
setups. These deviations are the cause of unintentional cambers cast into the segments.
After casting of Segment 2, a new survey is performed and actual rivet readings are
taken on the match-cast segment. This determines the actual as-cast location of the
theoretical concrete of the match-cast segment, and is shown in Figure 7, below.

2.400m

0.050m

Rivet A
0.002m

Theoretical Concrete
Elevation 0.000m

Y2

Y1

Segment 1
(Match - Cast)

Segment 2
(Wet - Cast)

Fixed Bulkhead

Rivet B
0.008m

3.150m

Figure 7. Schematic Profile of As-Cast Survey

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Chapter 4 Match-Casting

17

The as-cast data for a segment when it is both wet cast and match cast is used to create
the following locations of the reference planes:
Slope of Reference Plane for Match-Cast Segment
M = [(.008 - .002) (.002m - .001)] / (2.40 2 x 0.05)m = 0.00217
Elevations at Segment Joints
y1 = (.008m - .002m) + .00217 x (.05m) = 0.006m
y2 = (.002m - .00lm) - .00217 x (.05m) = 0.001m
From this example, it is noted that the match-cast joint between the two segments is not
at elevation 0.000m. This will create a step in the theoretical concrete lines representing
the two segments. This does not indicate an actual step in the concrete surfaces between
the two segments, but rather a discontinuity in the theoretical concrete lines.
The next step is to determine the actual geometry that has been cast into the segments.
Figure 8 shows the two obtained theoretical concrete lines for the wet and match-cast
segments.

2.400m
Rivet B
0.008m

0.050m

Segment 1
(Match - Cast)

3.150m
Rivet A
0.002m

Segment 2
(Wet - Cast)

Y3
= 0.006m

Figure 8. As-Cast Survey w/Obtained C

Projecting Segment 1 theoretical concrete onto Segment 2 yields the following:

y3 = obtained camber
= 0.001 - [(0.006 -0.001)/2.40m] x 3.15m
= 0.001 0.007 = 0.006m (upward)
As each subsequent segment is wet-cast, rivets are placed to establish the reference
plane of the segment. The above process of creating setup values for the match-cast
segments, and then using the as-cast data to compute obtained cambers is repeated for
each segment in the casting unit. For each segment, the previously obtained cambers
are utilized in determining the setups.

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MC3D Users Manual

Horizontal geometry control follows a similar procedure, with a vertical plane defined by
the punch marks in the centerline stirrups. The stirrup marks are established on the wetcast segment during the after cast survey. All calculations for horizontal control are
identical to the vertical control.
Twist Control: As previously noted, deviations from theoretical occur during match
casting. The deviations are the direct result of not maintaining the exact setup position
required of the match-cast segment. The consequences of this are two-fold. First, the
vertical camber is affected, and second, a potential twist may occur.
Twist is defined as warping of the match-cast segment due to stress. It occurs when the
relative relationship of rivet elevations change from the wet-cast to the match-cast
positions. This twist can be attributed to the support restraints differing between the wet
and match-cast conditions.
The geometric relationship between two segments is created during match casting.
Consider the case that the match-cast segment has a stress induced twist. The
geometric relationship between the two segments differs from the geometric relationship
that would have occurred had the match-cast segment been stress free (i.e., no twist).
The stress-free state is what will actually occur when the segments are erected.
Therefore, to properly define the geometric relationship between two segments, they both
must be in a stress-free state.
Twist correction is the elimination of the effects of stress-induced twist in the match-cast
segment. It is accomplished by altering the after-cast survey rivet elevations of the
match-cast segment at the South joint. MC3D incorporates the twist correction in its
processing of the match cast data. The value of the twist correction is shown on the
screen and included in the report form.

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Chapter 4 Match-Casting

19

Casting Cell and Bulkheads

Figure 9 depicts the casting bed arrangement based on the local system of coordinates.

N
Called NORTH
Survey Position

CL Segment

Vertical Alignment
WEST Line

Vertical Alignment
EAST Line

Dimension B

Wet-Cast

North End

Dimension B

NW
Hairpin Offset
Dimension C

Match-Cast

South End
North End

South End

+y

NW

A
Rivet Offset
Dimensions

SE
NE

Alignment
Stirrup, typ.

SW

NE

+x

SW

Fixed Bulkhead

SE

Target
NOTE: Survey position and target may be reversed; called north always in orientation shown.
Figure 9. Casting Bed Orientation and Axes

Of critical importance is the proper orientation of the transverse offset (local y axis) in
order to achieve the correct direction of curvature in plan view.

Starter Segment vs. Typical Segment

MC3D makes a distinction between Starter segments and Typical segments. A
casting-set is always made of a Starter segment (the first segment to be cast for the
set), and a series of typical segments to be cast in succession with the short-call method.

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MC3D Users Manual

The Starter segment is usually cast in its own casting cell, and the back joint (South
Joint) is orientated using a Floating Bulkhead. In other words, there is no Match-Cast
segment to be used when pouring the Starter. MC3D recognizes this and has a specific
input form for the starter segment. The third tab of the user interface (Set-Up & Survey)
is where each segment set-up is displayed as well as all the fields for the recording of
survey readings. The Starter input form is automatically displayed when you click the
Starter segment (first segment in this release).
If you select other segments (typical), then the program automatically displays a Typical
segment Set-Up and input fields for a typical segment (i.e. with Match-cast survey
readings).

Survey and As-Cast - Method of Geometry Control

Theoretical 3D coordinates of control points (3 points at the joints East, West and
Centerline) are used to create the local systems at the joints. The coordinates include
any and all corrections for camber (inverse of final deflections). Local systems are
located at each joint in the direction of casting (fixed bulkhead), and represent the
casting-cell local coordinate system.
Starter Segment The starter is the first segment cast. The fixed bulkhead is described
above. The previous joint is arbitrarily named the floating bulkhead (it can be another
segment already cast, and placed as match cast). For the starter segment, the setup
consists of the 2 elevations of the floating bulkhead (East and West), the centerline
(hairpin) offsets and the lengths on East and West lines.
Starter Segment Survey The 4 bolt elevations, hairpin offsets, East and West lengths,
and bulkhead movements are measured in the cell (local coordinates). From these local
coordinates, we can compute the general as-cast coordinates of the starter segment.
Next Segment (Typical) From the as-cast general coordinates of the starter segment,
we can compute the relative position of the starter (now in match-cast position) and the
next typical segment. This produces the match-cast setup, local coordinates of the
match-cast in the cell system (of the wet-cast). To do so, we use a 3-dimensional matrix
method, which produces a 3D translation vector and a 3D rotation matrix used to position
the match cast. The setup of the match-cast segment indicates how the match cast
should be positioned relative to the fixed bulkhead (cell system of coordinates).
Survey - Once the typical segment is cast (wet-cast), the 4 bolt elevations, hairpin offsets
and length on centerline of both wet-cast and match-cast are surveyed, and produce the
relative position of wet-cast and match-cast. From these measurements, we can
compute the general as-cast coordinates of the typical segment (wet-cast). These
coordinates indicate how the structure is actually cast as compared to the theoretical
general coordinates.

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Chapter 4 Match-Casting

21

The as-cast coordinates of the wet-cast are used to produce its relative placement with
the next typical segment. The methodology is the same as in 4) above, and produces the
match-cast setup (4 elevations, 2 horizontal offsets and the length on center), by
combining a 3D translation vector and a 3D rotation matrix. The cycle continues
thereafter until completion of the entire casting-set.

NOTE
Note 1:
Bulkhead movements are accounted for, for starter segment as well
as for the typical segments.
Note 2:
The twist values are given at every step. It is the responsibility of
the engineer to adjust the setup to account for the twist.
Note 3:
This methodology may be tested by inputting arbitrary bolt elevations
and offsets for the wet-cast, and assuming that the wet-cast and
match-cast surveys are exactly equal to the proposed setup. The
end result should be a perfect structure for which the as-cast
coordinates are exactly equal to the theoretical general coordinates.
Note 4:
The distances a, b & c are assumed constant throughout the project.
However, a and c (local offsets from the joints) may be re-defined
specific per segment. The transverse offset b is considered
constant and equal on both sides (East and West).
Note 5:
All computations are conducted with matrix algebra. The position of
any point in 3D space is recognized as a Translation plus a
Rotation characterized with a Vector and a 3x3 Rotation Matrix as
follows:

X i X 0 r11

Yi = Y0 + r21
Z Z r
i 0 31

r12
r22
r32

r13 xi

r23 y i
r33 z i

Or, when expressed in matrix form:

{X i } = {X 0 } + [Rij ] {x j }

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Chapter 5 Survey and As-Cast Coordinates

23

Chapter 5 Survey and As-Cast Coordinates

All survey operations should be performed by two independent surveys in order to
provide critical checks of the results. A first survey (match cast set-up) is performed prior
to segment casting to ensure the proper setup of the match-cast segment and the casting
cell. After the segment is cast and initially cured, a second survey (after cast) is
performed to check the actual as-cast position of the segment.
Two permanent horizontal reference points and a permanent bench mark should be set
up for establishing and checking the surveying instrument position. The horizontal
reference points should be established on line with the instrument mounting point. The
permanent benchmark should be established at a location where it will not be disturbed
by construction activities.
Control points for alignment, elevation and shape of the fixed bulkhead must be
established prior to beginning casting operation and checked every time a survey on the
adjoining segment is performed.
Starter Segment Form Set-up: The starter segment is always cast between two
bulkheads (or the fixed bulkhead and another segment). The bulkheads are normal to the
segment centerline and the top slab is in a level position. All geometric transitions are
usually accommodated in the remaining segments of a casting-set.
Match-Cast Form Set-Up: Subsequent segments after the starter segment are cast
using the fixed bulkhead at one end and the adjacent segment in the match-cast position
at the other end for the floating bulkhead.
The match-cast set-up survey will be performed after the match-cast set-up values for
both horizontal and vertical alignments have been calculated using the program MC3D.
The procedure commences after the segment has been moved from the wet-cast to the
match-cast position. A series of elevation shots are made along the East and West
alignment lines to determine the existing altitude of the match-cast segment with respect
to a benchmark to be used exclusively for the individual segment form. A comparison of
this information is then made to the pre-calculated theoretical set-up values to determine
which adjustment must be made to place the match-cast segment in its theoretically
correct position.
The initial large adjustment of the match-cast segment is usually carried out using two
jacks simultaneously to avoid inducing stress in the segment as a result of twisting. For
example, a typical adjustment pattern may be executed as follows:
1. Adjust jacks under points NE and SE, to bring NE to its theoretical elevation.
2. Adjust jacks under points NW and SW, to bring NW to its theoretical elevation.
3. Adjust jacks under points SE and SW, to their theoretical elevations.

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The remaining minor elevation adjustments may be performed individually, as minimal

twist will not have any significant effect on the segment. Match-cast segments should be
set as closely as feasible to theoretical values generated from previous as-cast data.
After the segment has been aligned in the match-cast position, a twist calculation will be
performed. A calculation worksheet is included on the survey form. The acceptable value
twist is established as +/-0.0001m. If the twist is determined to be greater than this value
after set-up, the segment shall be realigned to bring the twist into tolerance.
Using the theodolite, readings will be taken on the centerline stirrups along alignment line
N-S to determine the horizontal attitude of the segment. Adjustment will be made to the
soffit of the form to bring the segment to the required horizontal attitude, following which
the form will be locked to maintain this position. The typical segments are all cast with a
fixed bulkhead perpendicular to the centerline of the segment, and the match-cast end
skewed, as necessary, to accommodate the horizontal curvature.
The overall wet-cast segment length will now be measured to insure its consistency
within specified tolerances. Two measurements will be taken, one along each web line at
the top deck. These values will be averaged, to determine the length of the segment on
the centerline. If the new segment length is found to be out of tolerance, adjustments will
be incorporated to correct it.
A final survey will be performed on the elevation points of the match-cast segment to
ensure that no excessive vertical movement has taken place as a result of the horizontal
or length adjustment. If any movement is detected, adjustment will be made immediately
to correct the match-cast segment position.
When all segment set-up criteria have been satisfied and checked, the form will be left for
the crews to close and tighten in preparation for concrete placement. During the form
closing operations, it is not uncommon for the match-cast segment to have moved from
its set-up position. For this reason, one final survey will be made to determine if the
segment is still in satisfactory position to pour concrete. If the closing operations have
moved the segment, adjustments will be made to return it to its theoretical position.
After-Cast Survey: The after-cast survey will constitute the most critical phase of the
survey operation, as it will be from these values that the current segment elevations are
calculated. The after-cast surveys should be performed in the early morning hours, prior
to removal of the concrete forms. This time frame is absolutely necessary, as a true
match cast/wet cast relationship must be determined prior to any separation of the two
segments. The cooler morning temperature will also result in greater degree of accuracy
in readings due to reduced visual thermal distortion.

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Independent Graphical Check: It is recommended that independent plots of the as-cast

elevations and horizontal alignment be made and compared with the theoretical
elevations and line. This provides the surveyor with a better understanding and a check
of the MC3D program. The plots will graphically illustrate the deviations from the
theoretical grade and line, the corrections needed to return the casting to the theoretical
casting curve and any trends in the casting that can be corrected and avoided.

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Chapter 6 MC3D Program Overview

The computer program MC3D allows the following:

Input of a casting-set (a cantilever or a span), including number of segments,

segment definition, joint definition and camber (final deflections at the end of
construction with time effects).

Match-Cast setup based on already cast geometry (As-Cast)

Survey of match-cast and wet-cast markers, in order to compute as-cast

coordinates

Print-out of As-Cast coordinates

The program provides input and output through the use of screen forms, running in the
Windows operating system (see attached screen shots). Joint coordinates and camber
values are input in Excel-compatible grids that the user may edit.

Options
MC3D uses a few options that are recorded in the registry. They are accessible via the
Option Menu, and the Option Dialog Box is displayed:

The parameters given here dictate how MC3D interprets the input file with the joint
general coordinates:
Starting and Ending Joints indicates if input lines must be skipped at the beginning and at
the end of the file when reading joint coordinates.
Include Segment Names indicates that segment names are given for each joint following
the joint number (the name is for the segment defined between the current joint and the
next joint)

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Include Shim Angles indicates that angles values will be given in the match cast survey
and accounted for in as-cast coordinates computations. This is an advanced feature that
is not normally necessary (please contact IDS for detail about using this feature if
needed)
Options are recorded in the registry and remain as defined for subsequent runs.

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Chapter 7 MC3D Program Architecture

The MC3D (Match-Cast 3D) program is a Windows application based on a series of
tabbed forms. Each form is dedicated to the input and output of a specific sequence of
the casting process. The tabs are:

Project Definition

Joint Coordinates

Camber

Starter Segment Set-Up

Typical Segment Set-Up

As-Cast Coordinates

Reports

The information input and output in each tab is detailed below. Each form and its
utilization are described in more detail in Chapter 8 Working with MC3D.
MC3D application architecture is based on Object Orientation. The objects are
concrete segments and joints and their relationships are captured in the object model.
A Project is made of a collection of joints and segments (starter and typical) for which
the relative geometry is known through a series of data sets, such as:
General Theoretical Coordinates
Local Theoretical Coordinates
Local As-Cast Coordinates (Survey)
Local Match-cast Coordinates (Survey)
General As-Cast Coordinates
The data sets as well as the objects are maintained by the application, through a
process named serialization (the collections of objects are stored on the hard-disk for
re-use). There is no need for a commercial database environment (such as MS-Access
or SQL Server), and the projects are stored in their entirety on small disk files. Users
may re-use existing projects by simply opening project files. On open, all joint
theoretical and as-cast coordinates, segment relationships as well as past survey reading
for all already cast segments are restored and ready to be used for the next cast.

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Project Definition
Use this tab to input basic Project data, such as the Project Name, the Casting Set
name, and the initial or full name of the author of the run. The casting-set is the set of
general coordinates specific for the run. Coordinates must follow the orientation
described in sections 2.3, 3.1 and 4.1.

Figure 10. Project Tab

In addition, you can input the default values for the a, b, c parameters:

Value a is the longitudinal offset of the elevation bolts. This value is considered
constant unless modified specifically for one or more segments.

Value b is the transverse offset for the elevation bolts. It is considered constant
on both sides (East and West) of the centerline for the entire casting-set

Value c is the longitudinal offset of the centerline hairpins. This value is

considered constant unless modified specifically for one or more segments.

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Joint Coordinates
The general coordinates of the control points (elevation bolts and centerline hairpins) are
given in an Excel spreadsheet like grid view. The coordinates given must follow the
general orientation described in Chapters 3 and 4.

Figure 11. General Coordinates Tab and Grid

If you already have a spreadsheet file with the coordinates in the proper order, you may
cut-and-paste the coordinates into this grid. If you have an ASCII (text) file containing
the coordinates in the proper order, you may use the Read File button to open the file
and read in the text content.
NORMALIZE Check Box
A Normalize check option may be used to extrapolate coordinates so the basic b
dimension defined for the project is respected.
INCLUDE CAMBER Check Box
In addition, you may include the camber diagram (see below) by clicking the Include
Camber option. Doing so will add the camber values to the display of vertical coordinate
(Y) of all control points.

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PRINT Button
You may obtain a printed page with the set-Up values by pressing the Print button.
APPLY Button
By pressing the Apply button, you will record the survey as input in the form. On doing
so, the program will compute the resulting as-cast coordinates of the bulkhead joint as
well as the set-up for the next segment.
PREVIEW Button
You may use the Preview button to obtain a print preview of the coordinate table,
which may be sent to the installed printer. As for all Windows application, you will need
to have a printer driver installed in your Windows operating system. (See Microsoft
documentation to install a new printer in Windows 9x or Windows NT/2K.)

Figure 12. Preview Window

The preview Dialog shows the computed values of the B constant on the East and West
side for evaluation. Also, the program computes and prints the 3D Bulkhead Angle, i.e.
the angle between the centerline of box and the bulkhead plane. In the Short-Cell
method, this angle must be exactly 90 degrees.
The preview Dialog also shows the computed values of Cross-Slopes resulting from the
control point coordinates, as well as the orientation of the Z axis. The Z axis orientation
must be positive upward.

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Note: It is not possible to enter additional joint coordinates after starting to record the
survey and initiating computations of match-cast setups and as-cast coordinates. If it
becomes necessary to add segments to the casting set, you must restart recording the
survey from the starter segment on.
If joints coordinates are added after the survey recording has started, you must
re-initialize and restart the survey recording from the beginning.

Camber Diagram
The camber diagram is made of the inverse of the long term vertical deflections
computed to account for all long-term stress redistributions (creep, shrinkage and
relaxation), obtained from a time-dependent analysis similar to the Bridge Designer II
program (BD2) developed by Interactive Design Systems.
The camber values given must follow the joint orientation specific to the casting-set, and
the joint number must correspond to the previously input joint coordinates. (See the Joint
Coordinates section on page 31.)
If you already have a spreadsheet file with the camber values in the proper order, you
may cut-and-paste the values into this grid. If you have an ASCII (text) file containing
the camber values in the proper order, you may use the Read File button to open the
file and read in the text content.

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Figure 13. Camber Tab and Grid

APLY Button
Pressing Apply will add the camber values to the joints definition. When camber
values are added, they will automatically be accounted for in the theoretical geometry
and set-up values (see segment Set-up and Survey).

Starter Segment Set-Up

The Starter segment setup tab is different from the Typical Segment Set-Up. For the
Starter segment, you need to position a Floating bulkhead, which can be a form or
another segment previously cast. In all cases, the program provides the Floating
Bulkhead set-up in the form of:

East and West Control Elevations

Centerline offset on the South side

East and West Line required Lengths

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Figure 14. Starter Segment Set-Up & Survey Tab

If the a and/or c basic dimensions are changed for the Starter Segment, you may input
the modified values in the Bolt Offsets input group. The edit fields are given for:

aN : Value of a on the North Side (Elevation Bolts - North)

aS : Value of a on the South Side (Elevation Bolts - South)

cN : Value of c on the North Side (Centerline Pin - North)

cS : Value of c on the South Side (Centerline Pin - South)

FLOATING BULKHEAD SET-UP

The program displays here the required elevations of the Floating Bulkhead. Based on
the theoretical coordinates of the control points (including camber). The program simply
computes the local coordinates of the back joint in the cell coordinate system.
The surveyor should provide this information for accurate placement of the floating
bulkhead (or of another segment placed in match-cast position).
FLOATING BULKHEAD SURVEY
Input here the surveyed elevations and horizontal offsets of the control points on the
floating bulkhead (or segment placed as match-cast)

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FIXED BULKHEAD SURVEY

Input here the surveyed displacements of the control points on the fixed bulkhead. These
displacements (or bulkhead movements) will be used to correct the readings on the wetcast bolts.
BOLT OFFSETS
You may here correct the values a and c given for the project, in case the bolts and
hairpins are located at different offsets. Value a is the longitudinal distance from the
bolts to the joint and value c Is the longitudinal distance from the hairpin to the joint.
These values may be different on the North side and on the South side. However,
they are considered identical on the East and West sides (for the bolts).
WET-CAST SURVEY
Input here the surveyed elevations of the bolts as placed on the wet-cast segment
(starter segment) and horizontal offsets of the hairpins used for horizontal (offset) control.
PRINT Button
You may obtain a printed page with the set-Up values by pressing the Print button.
APPLY Button
By pressing the Apply button, you will record the survey as input in the form. On doing
so, the program will compute the resulting as-cast coordinates of the bulkhead joint as
well as the set-up for the next segment.
Please note that the starter segment is always placed in match-cast position based on
the theoretical elevation of the south joint center control point. In other words, it is
assumed that this segment will always be placed on the theoretical casting curve
(theoretical profile plus camber), regardless of elevations & displacements of the floating
bulkhead. The bolts as-cast survey readings, however are used to determine the SetUp for the next segment pour.
Note: MC3D always assumes that the North joint (fixed bulkhead) of the Starter Segment
is exactly placed on theoretical. Therefore any discrepancy on the Starter Segment
Length is accounted for on the back joint (Floating Bulkhead), and there is not length
correction for the first typical segment.

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Typical Segment Set-Up

Figure 15. Typical Segment Set-Up & Survey Tab

Survey
MATCH-CAST SET-UP
The program displays here the required elevations of the Match-cast bolts. Based on the
as-cast coordinates of the bolts and horizontal offsets surveyed when the segment was in
wet-cast position. The program simply computes the local coordinates of the match-cast
control points in the cell coordinate system.
The surveyor should use information for accurate placement of the match-cast segment.
Great care should be taken not to induce distortion in placing the segment from wet-cast
to match-cast position. If such a distortion occurs (known as twist), the program
automatically corrects elevations as to eliminate this error from the survey (see
discussion in Chapter 5).
MATCH-CAST SURVEY
Input here the surveyed elevations and horizontal offsets of the control points on the
floating bulkhead (or segment placed as match-cast)

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FIXED BULKHEAD SURVEY

Input here the surveyed displacements of the control points on the fixed bulkhead. These
displacements (or bulkhead movements) will be used to correct the readings on the wetcast bolts.
BOLT OFFSETS
You may here correct the values a and c given for the project, in case the bolts and
hairpins are located at different offsets. Value a is the longitudinal distance from bolts
to the joint, value c Is the longitudinal distance from the hairpin to the joint. These
values may be different on the North side and on the South side. However, they are
considered identical on the East and West sides (for the bolts).
WET-CAST SURVEY
Input here the surveyed elevations of the bolts as placed on the wet-cast segment
(starter segment) and horizontal offsets of the hairpins used for horizontal (offset) control.
MATCH-CAST TWIST
MC3D automatically evaluates the twist, defined as a distortion of match-cast segment,
which can occur when the segment is moved from its original position in the cell, to its
match-cast position. If a non-zero twist is detected (from the bolts surveyed elevations in
match-cast position), it is displayed in the form for information, and a correction is applied
half on the east bolt and half on the west bolt.
FIXED BULKHEAD MOVEMENTS
Input here the (hopefully small) differences in elevation and plan due to the fixed
bulkhead possible movement. Please not that MC3D corrects the Wet-Cast Survey
(elevations and horizontal offsets) with the values provided here. If non-zero values are
provided for the fixed bulkhead movements DO NOT PRESS THE APPLY BUTTON
MORE THAT ONCE. Doing so would apply the correction multiple times!
APPLY Button
By pressing the Apply button, you will record the survey as input in the form. On doing
so, the program will compute the resulting as-cast coordinates of the bulkhead joint as
well as the set-up for the next segment.
See note above regarding Fixed Bulkhead Movement.
If Bulkhead Movement corrections are given here, DO NOT use APPLY more than
once, as this would re-apply the correction multiple times.

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PRINT Button
You may obtain a printed page with the set-Up values by pressing the Print button.

Figure 16. Print Preview of Match-Cast Set-Up

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As-Cast Coordinates

Figure 17. As-Cast Coordinates Tab

Once the survey readings are recorded for a segment, the program calculates the ascast coordinates of the bulkhead joint control points, as well as the as-cast bolt and
hairpin coordinates.
This information may be used to evaluate the accuracy of casting, by comparing the ascast coordinates to the Theoretical coordinates, on this form.
SEGMENT COMBO-BOX
Select the segment for which you wish to display As-Cast coordinates
BULKHEAD JOINT THEORETICAL COORDINATES
The program displays here the x, y, z theoretical general coordinates of the control
points on the North side of the segment (i.e. the fixed bulkhead side).
BULKHEAD JOINT AS-CAST COORDINATES
The program displays here the x, y, z as-cast general coordinates of the control points
on the North side of the segment (i.e. the fixed bulkhead side), for comparison with the
theoretical.

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BOLTS AND HAIRPINS COORDINATES

The program displays here the x, y, z as-cast general coordinates of the bolts and
hairpins based on the surveyed elevations and offsets.

Figure 18. Match-Cast Setup Preview & Print

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Reports

Figure 19. Reports Tab

Once the survey readings are recorded for a segment, the program calculates the ascast coordinates of the bulkhead joint control points, as well as the as-cast bolt and
hairpin coordinates.
This information may be used to evaluate the accuracy of casting, by comparing the ascast coordinates to the Theoretical coordinates, on this form.
AS-CAST VS THEORETICAL COORDINATES
Select this option to obtain a report showing the Theoretical and As-Cast Coordinates at
all joints for the segments that are cast at this time. Click the Preview button to have
MC3D display a preview click Print to send to the printer.

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SEGMENT COMBO-BOX
Select a segment number in this combo box to obtain a report specific to the segment
selected.

Figure 20. Report Print & Preview

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Chapter 8 Working with MC3D

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Chapter 8 Working with MC3D

Installation and Registration
To install MC3D, simply follow the directions in the Installation Notes. The program
installs on a PC as a standard Windows application. It registers file type MC3D
Documents with the extension .mc3.
You may uninstall the application at any time, by using the add/remove programs icon,
in Windows Control Panel.
MC3D is first installed as a 30 days trial license, and you need to obtain a registration key
(also called site key) from IDS, or from the Distributor.

Getting Started
Once the program is installed and properly registered, you can run one of the test files
included in the delivery. When you are ready to utilize the program, the following
procedure is suggested:
1. Gather general geometry for the project, and determine casting sets. In other
words, the parts of the structures that will be cast as one unit. Casting Sets include a
Starter segment (the first segment in the release), and a series of typical segments
to be cast with the short-cell method.
2. Input the general coordinates (East, Center, West) of the control points for the
casting-set. In order to do so, click the second tab General Coordinates and input
the coordinate values in the grid, starting with the first joint (south joint of the starter
segment).
Please review the assumptions outlined in section for joint orientation. The
north joint is always the forward joint in the direction of casting (it is also the
fixed bulkhead joint). When facing the direction of casting (looking to the north
joint), the control point on the left is the West control point, and the control point of
the right is the East control point.
You may input the coordinate values directly in the grid, or cut-and-paste fro an
Excel file, assuming that the values are organized in the proper order on rows and
columns.
When all values are entered, make sure that the joints all have identifiers, and
click OK. This will initialize your project, as well as create the segments
corresponding to the joint values you have input.
3. Determine the constant values a, b, and c. (See the Project Definition section in
Chapter 7.)

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4. Select the first tab (Project) and fill-out the various fields defining the project. When
you click the OK button, the program will generate the segment in the segment grid
on the right of the form. In this grid, all segments will appear as Not Cast. Make
sure you give each segment an identification or segment name) and click OK.
5. Input camber values in the Camber grid (third tab). The form shows 3 columns (DX,
DY and DZ) in prevision of future implementations where 3D displacements may be
input. In this release, only the DY value is given. It is the opposite of the vertical
deflection obtain from long-term deflection analysis. If the camber values are
obtained from BD2, they are directly usable as DY which represents the vertical
nodal displacements.
6. Finally, when returning to the General Coordinates tab (second tab on the user
interface). You may now click the Include Camber button, and the grid will display
the vertical coordinates (Z values here) including the camber values given in the
camber grid.

The Casting Cycle Geometry Control and Survey

After the General Coordinates are given, Segment Definitions and Camber values are
recorded and the project initialized, the program is ready to record survey readings and
compute as-cast geometry.
The casting cycle is as follows:
1. Run MC3D to produce the Set-Up for the Starter segment (floating bulkhead
elevations (east and west), horizontal offset and 2 lengths (East line and West line)
print this information if needed.
2. Locate and adjust the floating bulkhead accordingly and proceed with pouring the
starter segment.
3. Survey readings for:
a. The floating Bulkhead
b. The fixed Bulkhead
c.

The bolts and hairpins for the Wet-Cast segment (Starter)

4. Record this information on the Starter Segment input form (Set-Up & Survey form
for the first segment), and click OK. MC3D records the survey and computes the ascast coordinates. The casting date for this segment is recorded.
5. Review As-Cast coordinates (As-Cast Coordinates tab is tab number 5). After
reviewing this information, you are ready for the pouring of the next segment, a
typical segment.

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6. Click on the Set-Up & Survey tab again, and select the next segment in the WetCast combo box. The form displays the fields for a typical segment, and shows the
Set-Up values (4 elevations, 2 horizontal offsets and a length) Print this
information if needed.
7. Move the last segment from wet-cast position to match-cast position, trying to
accommodate the required set-up described in Step 6. Make survey readings for
wet-cast and match-cast bolts, as well as fixed bulkhead movements, and wet-cast
segment length. Input these values in the form and click OK.
8. The twist value is displayed based on the relative elevations of the match-cast from
what was measure for these bolts when the segment was in wet-cast position. The
correction for a non-zero twist value is done on the match-cast South bolts, half on
the East bolt and half on the West bolt.
9. Accept the twist corrections by clicking the OK button. The survey for the typical
segment is recorded and the as-cast coordinates of the north joint as well as the
general as-cast coordinates of bolts and hairpins are stored in memory. The date of
casting is recorded so that the program knows that the segment has been cast and
may be located in match-cast position for the next pour.
10. You may view the General As-Cast coordinates by clicking the As-Cast tab. The
last segment number will be automatically selected, and as-cast coordinates will be
displayed. You can then request a printout by clicking the Print button.
11. You may now repeat steps 5 to 10 for the next typical segments until you reach the
end of the unit and the last typical segment of the casting-set.
12. At any time, you may go to the Report tab, and request various reports to be
printed:
a. General Coordinates with and without camber values
b. Individual segment Set-Up and Survey readings
c.

Individual segment As-Cast Coordinates

d. As-Cast vs. Theoretical Coordinates for all segments already cast

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Chapter 9 MC3D Reporting

Project Report
MC3D reporting features allow users to produce formatted reports to be sent to printers
after a screen preview. This reporting capability is useful for several purposes:

Check overall project definition, project parameters, general coordinates and

camber

Obtain printed data for each segment set-up and as-cast coordinates

Overall as-cast coordinates

Each individual segment data may be previewed and printed from the Set-Up and
Survey form as well as the As-Cast Coordinates form. In addition users may preview
and print the same information from the Report tab where several printing options are
available. (See the Reports section in Chapter 7.)

Casting Cell Reports

Use the Preview button in the Set-Up and Survey tab view to Preview and Print each
individual segment set-up. (See Figure 13 and the Survey section in Chapter 7.)

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Chapter 10 General Remarks

Units
MC3D uses a consistent system of units. However, it is up to the user to make sure
that the base parameters are expressed in units consistent with the general coordinates
and camber. (See 3D Coordinates of Control Points and Survey Markers in Chapter 3
and Concept and Applicability in Chapter 4 for more information.)

Survey and As-Cast Accuracy

Results accuracy is a direct function of the accuracy in input of the general coordinates.
The general coordinates may be given with as many digits as required in the input grid.
(See Joint Coordinates in Chapter 7.) When displaying the coordinates MC3D uses 6
digits after the decimal point.
Match-Cast setup elevations and offsets are provided with 4 decimals for maximum
accuracy. Surveyors may or may not provide readings with this level of accuracy, but
should always provide the maximum number of significant digits. As-Cast coordinates
are also provided with 4 decimals.

Erection Control
MC3D does not currently provide any functionality regarding erection control. However,
all text displayed in Grids and Print Preview windows throughout the application are
available for cut-and-paste into other programs or application. In addition, all grids are
compatible with MS-Excel so you can easily export to this application for whatever
formatting and plotting might be required for erection control.

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