!"#$%&'(!)*+,"-"./(!012,2,.

3(4(5"063+"#37

!"#$%&'()(!"#*+,-.,/0(1(234(56/-76.(
!"#$%&'(#)*+',-.'/0#'1#2)%34'5#67'

Module I:
Overview of Semantic Technologies and the
Semantic Web

Module I - Executive Briefing on Semantic Technologies

and the Semantic Web [Course Day 1]
!!

!"#$%&'()%"*+"&*,$-."#+)%"*#%*#/.*0%'$1.*

!!

2/+#*-1*3.4+")(*5.(/"%6%789*2/+#*-1*-#*:%%&*;%$9*

!!

5/.*<==$.(-+)"7*>+6'.*%?*@A.+"-"7B*

!!

C.4%*!*

!!

A+==-"7*#/.*3.4+")(*5.$$+-"*

DDDDD**E'"(/)4.*DDDDD*
!!

0%4=+$-"7*3.4+")(*F-#/*0%"G.")%"+6*5.(/"%6%7-.1*

!!

C.4%*!!*

!!

3#%(H-"7*I%'$*3.4+")(*5%%6J%K*

!!

L"%F6.&7.*A+"+7.4."#*+"&*#/.*3.4+")(*2.J*

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 2

The Semantic Wave is NOT one thing there are

differing major streams within it

!!The Semantic Web

"! Information sharing on a global scale
"! Intranets vs. Internet

!!Semantic Technology
"!
"!
"!
"!

Enhanced knowledge access and search

Semantic Interoperability
Information syndication
and so forth

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 3

Semantic Web: Make web content machine-readable!

The Semantic Web is a vision: the idea of having data on the Web defined
and linked in a way that it can be used by machines not just for display
purposes, but for automation, integration and reuse of data across various
applications.[W3C 2001]

The Semantic Web is an extension of the current Web in which information is

given well-defined meaning, better enabling computers and people to work in
cooperation. [Tim Berners-Lee et al 2001]

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 4

What could the Web do?

Can this sort of

interaction
become part of
the Web itself?

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 5

How could the Web do it?

Built-in by the Webmaster

Agree upon an interlingua

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 6

What about XML? Doesnt it support semantics?

!! M5AE*7+G.*'1*?%$4+N"7*#+71*
!! OAE*7+G.*'1*('1#%4*#+71*
"!
"!

I%'*7.#*#%*=-(H*8%'$*#+71P+Q$-J'#.1*
5+71*(+"*/+G.*B4.+"-"7R*1=.(-S(*#%*8%'$*+==6-(+)%"*

!! A+"8*&-+6.(#1*/+G.*J6%11%4.&*
!! OAE*+"&*OAE*3(/.4+*J.(+4.*2T0*1#+"&+$&1*
!! *3#+"&+$&*&-+6.(#1*+$.*J.-"7*&.G.6%=.&*J8*4+"8*

-"&'1#$8*7$%'=1*U*OVWEX%$7Y*;=AEX%$7Y*5+KAEX%$7Y*D**

!! ZG.$8*6+$7.*%$7+"-[+)%"*/+1*#/.-$*%F"*OAE*3(/.4+1*

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 7

Gartner: All Tied Up with XML: 1999

Unprecedented growth of standard development

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 8

Gartner: All Tied Up with XML: 2001

From 2001 through 2004 enterprises spent $3 billion on modeling activities with no
return on investment from $ 2 billion of it.
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 9

A new Web of terminology

Whats the Interlingua for the Interlingua?

Use the same technology for mapping web pages

to terminology
to map terminology to one another
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 10

AAA Slogan Anyone

can say
Anything

about Any topic

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 11

Non-unique naming
Java
public String getContextPath() {
try {
Method getContextPathMethod =
delegate.getClass().getMethod("getContextPath", null); //$NONNLS-1$
return (String) getContextPathMethod.invoke(delegate, null);
} catch (Exception e) {
// ignore
}
return null;
}

Programming language?

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Java?

Coffee?

Hot Beverage?

Slide 12

What is Semantic Technology?

Semantic technology (software) allows the meaning
of and associations between information to be known
and processed at execution time.
For a semantic technology to be truly at work within a
system, there must be a knowledge model of some
part of the world (an active ontology) that is used by
one or more applications at execution time.(((
-- TopQuadrant

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 13

Static
HTML
CGI, Perl, ...

Hand crafted by
people for people

Dynamic
+ RDBMS
JSP, ASP, Java,

Generated applying
specific templates,
used by people

Transactional

Semantic

+ XML

+ RDF,
OWL ?

J2EE, .NET,
Generated by
applications based on
fixed schemas, used
by applications and
people

Generated by
applications based
on models, used by
applications,
devices and people

Paradigm

Creation

Encoding

Semantic Technology and the

Internet

Killer Apps

Marketing

! Browser

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant

Inc.
1995

Sales

Service

Integration

! Search

! Portals

! Advisors

! Content Mgmt

! Process
Integration

! Personal Agents

! Web Services

! Cognitive Engines

! Web Application
Servers

2000

! IP Apps

2005

Slide 14

Contrasting the Semantic Web and Semantic

Technology Solutions
!! 5/.8*-386.*-"*#/.-$*
:%+61*U*9:,0*#/.8*F+"#*#%*+((%4=6-1/*
"! >+6'.*=$%=%1-)%"1*U*9:;*J%#/.$*F-#/*#/.4*
"! W.+&-".11*?%$*(%44.$(-+6*+==6-(+)%"*U*9:6/*#%*7.#*%"*#/.*#$+-"**
"!

!! 5/.8*/+G.*<"46("=6.7,#*-"*#/.-$*'1.*%?*
5%%61*\.X7XY*,"#%6%78*.&-#%$1]*
"! >."&%$1*+"&*^$%&'(#1*
"! 3%6')%"*+$(/-#.(#'$.1*
"!

!! 5/.8*<:,.6(3/(>"44"/**
3.4+")(*6+"7'+7.1*+"&*1#+"&+$&1**
*\&.G.6%=.&*J8*#/.*2T0__2%$6&*2-&.*2.J*0%"1%$)'4]*
"! ;%$*A%$.*!"?%$4+)%"*1..`*
"!

! +88#9::;;;<;=<"0.:(7
! +88#9::;;;<;=<"0.:>??@:3;7
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 15

W3C standards for semantic models

!! 2T0*3.4+")(*1#+(H*-1*J'-6#*%"*OAE*
!! OAE_J+1.&*,"#%6%78*6+"7'+7.1*+$.*J.-"7*&.G.6%=.&*#%*

1'==%$#*1.4+")(*-"#.$%=.$+J-6-#8X*

Semantic Web is stimulating a

whole new class of applications
at individual, enterprise and web
scales
Eric Miller, W3C, Semantic
Technologies for eGOV2003
www.w3.org/
www.w3.org/2001/sw

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 16

Application integration today

I+/%%a*;-"+"(.*

MySimon

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 17

How do they do it?

!! I+/%%a*+"&*A83-4%"*+$.*(%66.()"7*1-4=6.Y*F.66_

'"&.$1#%%&*&+#+*\=.$1%"+6*S"+"(-+6*$.(%$&1Y*$.#+-6*
=$-(.1]X**
!! ^$%7$+44.$1*J'-6#*+*1-"76.*=$%7$+4*?%$*+66*&+#+*1%'$(.1*
!! C._?+(#%*1#+"&+$&1*\6-H.*b'-(H."]*+$.*+6$.+&8*-"*=6+(.*

Simplest kind of Application Integration everyone

agrees on a simple representation. Just use it!

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 18

Its supposed to be a web, after all!

Mash-ups are not the
responsibility of some
service on the web

They are the

responsibility of the
web infrastructure!!

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 19

How does it work?

RDF the Ultimate Mash-up
Language !!

RDF

RDF

RDF
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

RDF
Slide 20

Capability Case: Model-enabled Application Integrator

Solution Story: Geospatial Mashup in TopBraid Composer
A view of TopBraid Composer being used to connect a real estate
ontology and other RDF resources with geospatial ontologies.

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 21

CapabilityCase: Semantic Multi-Faceted Search

SolutionStory: BeachHouse search and bring the beach home

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 22

CapabilityCase: Semantic Multi-Faceted Search

SolutionStory: Executive Search Company

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 23

Semantic Model-driven Applications

3.4+")(*5.(/"%6%78*1'==%$#1*".F*#8=.1*%?*';/,43>(
?+<3/6<<(@##73>,A"/<(
B'6<3C/6-(D".(+<6.<(((E((?+370(D".(>:,/C6F(

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 24

Capability Case: Semantic Portal

CapabilityCase:
Semantic Portal
http://del.icio.us/CapabilityCases/SemanticPortal
Intellidimensions Semantic
Portal

Nokias Mobile Phones

Forum

Ontference

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 25

CapabilityCase: Semantic Portal

SolutionStory: Ontference
Integrating multiple sources of information talk submissions,
attendee registrations, user profiles:

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 26

CapabilityCase: Semantic Data Integrator

SolutionStory: FAA Passenger Threat Analysis
Systems developed in different work practice settings have different
semantic structures for their data. Time-critical access to data is made
difficult by these different semantics. Semantic Data Integration allows
data to be shared and understood across these settings.
Aviation Security Passenger Threat Analysis
Data for passenger threat analysis comes from
a wide range of heterogeneous, structured and
unstructured sources, including the FBI most
wanted list, flight details, news, public records,
and biometrics.
A solution built using Semagix Freedom allows
security personnel to assess passenger threats
while maintaining a high rate of passenger flow.
Semagix Freedom interfaces with diverse
information sources, extracts relevant
information in near real-time, and then organizes
and normalizes them based upon the ontology. It
co-relates the information from different sources
to determine possible threats. by discovering
hidden relationships between seemingly
unrelated pieces
of information.

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Passenger Threat Analysis Console (Ontology-based Analysis)

Slide 27

Customer Story: Major retailer deploys customer site in

12 weeks
A web portal for consumers to maintain information about
their homes and belongings. Many different product all
have different types of information.
Generated Web UI
(view and edit)

JENA in-memory RDF Store

(domain model)
JENA in-memory RDF Store
(form models)
JENA in-memory RDF Store
(USER 1 data)

JENA SDB
RDF Store
(User Data)
MySQL

.
.

JENA in-memory RDF Store

(USER N data)
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 28

TopBraid Live has an open Architecture

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 29

Graph stores
!! ZK+4=6.*=$%&'(#1`*3."#."(.1Y*3.4+7-K*;$..&%4cY*

d<W:Y*0%7-#%*

!! W%6.*-"*3.4+")(*2.J`**
"!^$._&+#.*3.4+")(*2.J*3#+"&+$&1*
"!3#$-(#68*1=.+H-"7Y*"%#*1.4+")(*F.Je**
"!#8=-(+668*"%#*2T0*(%"?%$4+"#*

!! M%F*#%*.G+6'+#.*%".`*
"!3(+6+J-6-#8*\"'4J.$*%?*"%&.1Y*#/$%'7/='#]*
"!b'.$8*6+"7'+7.*
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 30

Comparing Semantic and Relational

RDB
!"#$#%&'%('
!)*+,-'
./,*0()*'

!"#$#%&'%('
!11(22(34%,'
564)7,'

8-(1,**#)7'
9:,,3'

Semantic Model (Ontology)

#! Database must be designed

to answer the questions
#! Specific, typically complex,
queries must be developed

#! Ontology must be designed to

answer the questions
#!Queries can be generic and
very simple

#! Inflexible:

#! Flexible:

"! Database structure must be

modified so it can continue
to answer the questions
"! Queries must be re-written
"! Data must be ported

"! Ontology can be easily extended

so it can continue to answer new
questions
"!No data porting required

#! Can be very fast with proper #! Not as fast, but improving,

tuning mature technology:
tuning does not affect
"! Known optimization
flexibility:
approaches

"! Adding more processing

power and distributed

#!Certain queries, such as multi
computation helps
table joins and self joins are
#!Performs better than RDBMS
known to cause problems
for certain query types Slide 31
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Key differences in the representation of relationships

RDB

8).*9%):9/+'-,'
.#:)3-%;09<;'

#!Relationships are either 1:1,

many:1 or many:many
#!Many:many relationships must be
broken into many:1 relationships
by creating join tables

Semantic Model (Ontology)

#!By default all relationships are
many:many
#!Functional properties and
cardinality restrictions are used to
specify 1:1, many:1 as well as other
cardinalities
#!It is possible to specify, for example, 1:4
or min 2, etc.

=%,-.2)3-%'
6#).9%&'
.#:)3-%;09<;'

#!Additional information about the

relationship is represented by the
extra columns in the join table

#!Relationship is reified (made into a

class)
#!Additional information is
represented as properties of the
class

#! Implicit

#! Explicit

#!Embedded in the name of the

join table or in the name of the
>0#'%)/?.#'-,'
column
.#:)3-%;09<;'
#!Typically these names are not
designed for ease of
understanding of the nature of
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrantthe
Inc. relationship

#!Care is taken to name a relationship

in a way that its nature and
intentions are well understood

Slide 32

Properties (ST) vs. Attributes and Relations (OO)

!! ,2E*^$%=.$).1*$.=$.1."#*$.6+)%"1*J.#F.."*#F%*

-"&-G-&'+61*G&"0(>7,<<6<H(

!! ,2E*^$%=.$#8*#8=.1`*
"!

IJK6>0(L."#6.A6<(6-"H*+"*-"&-G-&'+6*#%*+"*-"&-G-&'+6*

"!

',0,0;#6(L."#6.A6<*6-"H*+"*-"&-G-&'+6*#%*1-4=6.*G+6'.1*
! 2,8).)03A(B-"183A(3802,.3A((C""-)1,3A(1,D(3"(E"08+7
! 1,(F$G(H*+)I1('1818/#)(#02I282J)(J1-K)("0(1,(L'M(-28)01-7

!! 5/%1.*F-#/*,,*.K=.$-."(.P.K=.$)1.*4'1#*%G.$(%4.*

#/.*#8=-(+6*=$._(%"(.=)%"*#/+#*=$%=.$).1*J.6%"7*#%*#/.*
(6+11a*

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 33

Properties are first-class constructs

5/-1*+66%F1*$.6+)%"1/-=1*J.#F.."*^$%=.$).1*

!!In contrast to most OO paradigms, where properties are

owned or contained in Classes
/+1^+$."#*

5/-1*+66%F1*$.6+)%"1/-=1*
J.#F.."*^$%=.$).1*

/+1A%#/.$*

/+1;+#/.$*

This is not a class diagram!

&(`($.+#%$*
48`+'#/%$*

and for other modelers to

reuse properties

BF/.$.G.$*!*'1.*#/.*=$%=.$#8*
f+'#/%$gY*#.66*#/.*F%$6&*#/+#*#/.8*
(+"*$.+&*f&(`($.+#%$gR*

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 34

In OWL, Properties may have Sub Properties

!! !#*-1*=%11-J6.*#%*?%$4*/-.$+$(/-.1*%?*=$%=.$).1*\#/.1.*+$.*

"%#*06+11*/-.$+$(/-.1]*

!! 5/.*.-D<M<+JL."#6.0;ID*(%"1#$'(#*+66%F1*$.6+)%"1/-=1*

#%*J.*+J1#$+(#.&*'=*#/.*1'J_=$%=.$#8*#$..X*

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 35

(ST) In OWL, Classes are inferred or computed

!! ,2E*(6+11.1*+$.*-"#.$=$.#.&*+1*<60<*#/+#*(%"#+-"*

-"&-G-&'+61*

<*(6+11*-1*/"0*+*H-"&*%?*#.4=6+#.*+1*-"*,,*#.(/"%6%78*
"! !"*,2EY*(6+11.1*+$.*J'-6#*'=*%?*&.1($-=)%"1*#/+#*1=.(-?8*#/.*(%"&-)%"1*#/+#*4'1#*J.*
1+)1S.&*J8*+"*-"&-G-&'+6*#%*J.*+*4.4J.$*%?*#/.*(6+11**
"!

!! 3'J(6+11.1*+$.*1'J1.#1*%?*#/.-$*=+$."#*(6+11.1X***
!! 3'=.$(6+11_1'J(6+11*$.6+)%"1/-=1*(+"*J.*(%4='#.&*

+'#%4+)(+668*J8*+*.6,<"/6.(

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 36

Properties (ST) vs. Attributes and Relations (OO)

!! ,2E*^$%=.$).1*$.=$.1."#*$.6+)%"1*J.#F.."*#F%*

-"&-G-&'+61*G&"0(>7,<<6<H(

!! ,2E*^$%=.$#8*#8=.1`*
"!

IJK6>0(L."#6.A6<(6-"H*+"*-"&-G-&'+6*#%*+"*-"&-G-&'+6*

"!

',0,0;#6(L."#6.A6<*6-"H*+"*-"&-G-&'+6*#%*1-4=6.*G+6'.1*
! 2,8).)03A(B-"183A(3802,.3A((C""-)1,3A(1,D(3"(E"08+7
! 1,(F$G(H*+)I1('1818/#)(#02I282J)(J1-K)("0(1,(L'M(-28)01-7

!! 5/%1.*F-#/*,,*.K=.$-."(.P.K=.$)1.*4'1#*%G.$(%4.*

#/.*#8=-(+6*=$._(%"(.=)%"*#/+#*=$%=.$).1*J.6%"7*#%*#/.*
(6+11a*

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 37

Semantic Web OO Gotchas!

!"*#/.*3.4+")(*2.JY*8%'*-"?.$*#/.*(6+11*%?*+"*%Jh.(#X*
5/.*(6+11*%?*+"*%Jh.(#*(+"*(/+"7.`*
*%G.$*)4.*
*F-#/*F/+#*8%'*H"%FPJ.6-.G.*
*F-#/*F/%4*8%'*#$'1#*
^$%=.$).1*+$.*S$1#_(6+11*%Jh.(#1*\-"&.=."&."#*%?*(6+11.1a]*
*^$%=.$).1*?%$4*/-.$+$(/-.1*+1*F.66*+1*(6+11.1*
i%*J./+G-%$*-1*&.1($-J.&*+"8F/.$.*U*%"68*3/D6.6/>3/C(
A'6)=6.*1.#*4.4J.$1/-=*-1*(%44%"=6+(.*
*i%*,,*-"/.$-#+"(.*

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 38

How Semantic Languages Work

V$-"7*-"?%$4+)%"*#%7.#/.$*
C$+F*3/D6.6/>6<*?%$*?'$#/.$*=$%(.11-"7*

RDF

OWL
RDFS

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 39

What is RDF?
!! WC;*\(.1%'$(.*@.1($-=)%"*A$+4.F%$H]*-1*+"*

-"?$+1#$'(#'$.*?%$`*
Z"(%&-"7Y*
"! ZK(/+"7.*+"&**
"! C-1#$-J')"7*4.#+&+#+*
"!

RDF Triple:
Subject
Predicate

Safety Harbor

Object
offers

Massage

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 40

RDF: A distributed network of data!

RDF Files: bags of

triples
Safety Harbor
offers

Facial

offeredBy

Safety Harbor

Massage

offeredBy

Safety Harbor

Facial

offers

Massage

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 41

RDFS is a schema language for RDF

WC;3*+66%F1*'1*#%*($.+#.*G%(+J'6+$-.1*
Activity

Resort

rdfs:subClassOf

rdfs:subClassOf

Treatment

Spa
rdf:type

rdfs:domain

offers

rdfs:range
rdf:type

Safety Harbor
offers

Massage

Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 42

RDFS is RDF, too!

If the bags contain RDFS

key symbols, then RDFS
rdfs:subClassOf
Spa
can infer certain
conclusions

Resort

SafetyHarbor
offers

offers
rdfs:domain Spa

Safety Harbor

Massage

Activity

Resort

rdfs:subClassOf

rdfs:subClassOf

Treatment

Spa
rdf:type

rdf:type

rdfs:domai
n

offers

rdfs:range
rdf:type

Safety Harbor
offers
Massage
Copyright 2007-2008 TopQuadrant Inc.

Slide 43