LRFD Example 3

3-Span Precast
Prestressed Box
Beam Bridge
[PPBBB]
Example

3-Span PPBBB
This example illustrates the design of a three span precast prestressed box
beam bridge. The bridge has spans of 85.25, 86.50 and 85.25 feet resulting in
equal lengths of the modified AASHTO BII-48 box beam in all spans. The
bridge has zero skew. Standard ADOT 32-inch f-shape barriers will be used
resulting in a bridge configuration of 1-5 barrier, 12-0 outside shoulder,
one 12-0 lane, a 4-0 inside shoulder and a 1-5 barrier. The overall outto-out width of the bridge is 30-10. A plan view and typical section of the
bridge are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
The following legend is used for the references shown in the left-hand column:
[2.2.2]
LRFD Specification Article Number
[2.2.2-1] LRFD Specification Table or Equation Number
[C2.2.2] LRFD Specification Commentary
[A2.2.2] LRFD Specification Appendix
[BDG] ADOT LRFD Bridge Design Guideline
Bridge Geometry
Span lengths
85.25, 86.50, 85.25 ft
Bridge width
30.83 ft
Roadway width
28.00 ft
Superstructure depth
3.17 ft
Web spacing
4.00 ft
Web thickness
5.00 in
Cast-in-place deck thickness
5.00 in
Top slab thickness
5.50 in
Bottom slab thickness
6.00 in
Deck overhang
1.42 ft

[Table 2.5.2.6.3-1]

Minimum Requirements
The minimum span to depth ratio for a simple span adjacent box beam bridge
is 0.030 resulting in a minimum depth of (0.030)(84) = 2.52 feet.
A nominal 5 inch concrete slab will be cast compositely with the 5.50 inch top
slab of the precast member resulting in a 10.50 inch composite deck.
Concrete Deck Slab Minimum Requirements
Slab thickness
10.50 in
Top concrete cover
2.50 in
Bottom concrete cover
1.00 in
Wearing surface
0.50 in
Span Length
The bridge is composed of equal length box beams separated by 12 inches.
The centerline of bearing is 9 inches from the end of the beam. The resulting
span length of each box beam is 86.50 1.00 (2)(0.75) = 84.00 feet.

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Figure 1

Figure 2

LRFD Example 3
Material Properties
[5.4.3.1]
[5.4.3.2]

[Table 5.4.4.1-1]
[5.4.4.2]

3-Span PPBBB
Reinforcing Steel
Yield Strength
fy = 60 ksi
Modulus of Elasticity Es = 29,000 ksi
Prestressing Strand
Low relaxation prestressing strands
= 0.153 in2
diameter strand
Aps
Tensile Strength
fpu
= 270 ksi
= 243 ksi
Yield Strength
fpy
Modulus Elasticity
Ep
= 28500 ksi
Concrete
The final and release concrete strengths are specified below:
Deck
Pier & Footing
Precast Box Beam
fc = 5.0 ksi
fc = 4.5 ksi
fc = 3.5 ksi
fci = 4.4 ksi

[Table 3.5.1-1]
[C 3.5.1]

[C5.4.2.4]

Unit weight for normal weight concrete is listed below:

Unit weight for computing Ec = 0.145 kcf
Unit weight for DL calculation = 0.150 kcf
The modulus of elasticity for normal weight concrete where the unit weight is
0.145 kcf may be taken as shown below:
Precast Box Beam:
E c = 1820 f ' c = 1820 5.0 = 4070 ksi
E ci = 1820 f ' ci = 1820 4.4 = 3818 ksi

Deck Slab:
E c = 1820 f ' c = 1820 4.5 = 3861 ksi
Pier and Footing:
E c = 1820 f ' c = 1820 3.5 = 3405 ksi

LRFD Example 3
[5.7.1]

3-Span PPBBB
The modular ratio of reinforcing to concrete should be rounded to the nearest
whole number. An exception is made for prestressed members where the
modular ratio is rounded to two places in this example.
Precast Box Beam
28,500
n=
= 7.46 Use n = 7.46 for Prestressing in Beam at Transfer
3818

n=

28,500
= 7.00 Use n = 7.00 for Prestressing in Beam at Service
4070

n=

29,000
= 7.13 Use n = 7 for Reinforcing in Beam
4070

Deck Slab:
29,000
n=
= 7.51 Use n = 8 for Deck
3861
Pier and Footing:
29,000
n=
= 8.52 Use n = 9 for Pier and Footing
3405
[5.7.2.2]

1 = The ratio of the depth of the equivalent uniformly stressed compression

zone assumed in the strength limit state to the depth of the actual compression
zone stress block.
Precast Box Beam
f ' c 4.0
5.0 4.0
= 0.85 0.05
= 0.800

1.0
1.0

1 = 0.85 0.05
Deck Slab

f ' c 4.0
4.5 4.0
= 0.85 0.05
= 0.825

1.0
1.0

1 = 0.85 0.05
Pier and Footing
1 = 0.85

LRFD Example 3
Modulus of Rupture
[5.4.2.6]

Service Level
Cracking

3-Span PPBBB
The modulus of rupture for normal weight concrete has two values. When
used to calculate service level cracking, as specified in Article 5.7.3.4 for side
reinforcing or in Article 5.7.3.6.2 for determination of deflections, the
following equation should be used:
f r = 0.24 f ' c
For superstructure calculations:
Deck: f r = 0.24 4.5 = 0.509 ksi
Box Beam: f r = 0.24 5.0 = 0.537 ksi

For substructure calculations:

f r = 0.24 3.5 = 0.449 ksi
When the modulus of rupture is used to calculate the cracking moment of a
member for determination of the minimum reinforcing requirement as
specified in Article 5.7.3.3.2, the following equation should be used:
Minimum
Reinforcing

f r = 0.37 f ' c
For superstructure calculations:
Deck: f r = 0.37 4.5 = 0.785 ksi
Box Beam: f r = 0.37 5.0 = 0.827 ksi
For substructure calculations:
f r = 0.37 3.5 = 0.692 ksi

LRFD Example 3
Limit States
[1.3.2]

3-Span PPBBB
In the LRFD Specification, the general equation for design is shown below:

Q
i

Rn = R r

For loads for which a maximum value of i is appropriate:

i = D R I 0.95
For loads for which a minimum value of i is appropriate:

i =

[1.3.3]

[3.4.1]
[BDG]
[1.3.4]

D R I

1.0

Ductility
For strength limit state for conventional design and details complying with the
LRFD Specifications and for all other limit states:

D = 1.00
Redundancy
For the strength limit state for conventional levels of redundancy and for all
other limit states:

R = 1.0
[1.3.5]

Operational Importance
For the strength limit state for typical bridges and for all other limit states:

I = 1.0
[3.4.1]
[BDG]

For an ordinary structure with conventional design and details and

conventional levels of ductility, redundancy, and operational importance, it can
be seen that i = 1.0 for all cases. Since multiplying by 1.0 will not change
any answers, the load modifier i has not been included in this example.
For actual designs, the importance factor may be a value other than one. The
importance factor should be selected in accordance with the ADOT LRFD
Bridge Practice Guidelines.

LRFD Example 3
DECK DESIGN
[BDG]

3-Span PPBBB
As bridges age, decks are one of the first element to show signs of wear and
tear. As such ADOT has modified some LRFD deck design criteria to reflect
past performance of decks in Arizona. Section 9 of the Bridge Design
Guidelines provides a thorough background and guidance on deck design.

Effective Length
[9.7.2.3]

ADOT Bridge Practice Guidelines specify that deck design be based on the
effective length rather than the centerline-to-centerline distance specified in the
LRFD Specification. The effective length for monolithic cast-in-place
concrete is the clear distance between supports. For this example with a
centerline-to-centerline web spacing of 42.50 inches and web width of 5
inches, the effective length is 37.50 inches or 3.13 feet. The resulting
minimum deck slab thickness per ADOT guidelines is 8.00 inches.

Method of Analysis
[9.6.1]
[BDG]

In-depth rigorous analysis for deck design is not warranted for ordinary
bridges. The empirical design method specified in [9.7.2] is not allowed by
ADOT Bridge Group. Therefore the approximate elastic methods specified in
[4.6.2.1] will be used. Dead load analysis will be based on a strip analysis
using the simplified moment equation of [w S2 / 10] where S is the effective
length.

Live Loads
[A4.1]

The unfactored live loads found in Appendix A4.1 will be used. Multiple
presence and dynamic load allowance are included in the chart. Since ADOT
bases deck design on the effective length, the chart should be entered under S
equal to the effective length of 3.13 feet rather than the centerline-to-centerline
distance of 3.54 feet. Since the effective length is used the correction for
negative moment from centerline of the web to the design section should be
zero. Entering the chart under the minimum span of 4-0 yields the following
live load moments:
Pos M = 4.68 ft-k/ft
Neg M = -2.68 ft-k/ft (0 inches from centerline)

Figure 3
7

LRFD Example 3
Positive Moment
Design

Service I
Limit State
[9.5.4]
[BDG]

3-Span PPBBB
A summary of positive moments follows:
DC Loads (Non-Composite)
Deck
0.150(5.50/12)(3.13)210
CIP Deck 0.150(5.00/12)(3.13)210
Build-up 0.150(1.00/12)(3.13) 210
DC

= 0.07
= 0.06
= 0.01
= 0.14 ft-k

DW Loads (Composite)
FWS
0.025(3.13)210

= 0.02 ft-k

Vehicle (Composite)
LL + IM

= 4.68 ft-k

Deck design is normally controlled by the service limit state. The working
stress in the deck is calculated by the standard methods used in the past.
However, the loads must be separated into those acting compositely and those
acting non-compositely. For this check Service I moments should be used.

M s = 1.0 (M DC + M DW ) + 1.0 (M LL + IM )
Non-Composite
Ms = 1.0(0.14) = 0.14 ft-k
Composite
Ms = 1.0(0.02) + 1.0(4.68) = 4.70 ft-k
Try #5 reinforcing bars
Non-Comp
Comp

ds = 5.50 1 clr 0.625/2 = 4.19 in

ds = 10.50 1 clr 0.625/2 - 0.5 ws = 8.69 in

Since the majority of the load is composite, determine approximate area

reinforcing based on composite section properties as follows:
As

Ms
(0.14 + 4.70 ) (12) = 0.309 in2
=
f s jd s (24.0 ) (0.9 ) (8.69 )

Try #5 @ 12 inches
As = 0.31 in2

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Allowable Stress
[9.5.2]
[BDG]

The allowable stress for a deck under service loads is not limited by the LRFD
Specifications. The 2006 Interim Revisions replaced the direct stress check
with a maximum spacing requirement to control cracking. However, the
maximum allowable stress for transverse reinforcing in a deck is limited to 24
ksi per the LRFD Bridge Design Guidelines.

Non-Composite

Determine non-composite stress due to service moment:

p=

As
0.31
=
= 0.006165
bd s (12) (4.19)

np = 7(0.006165) = 0.04316
k = 2np + np 2 np = 2 (0.04316 ) + (0.04316 ) 0.04316 = 0.254
2

j = 1

fs =

Composite

0.254
k
= 1
= 0.915
3
3

Ms
(0.14) (12)
=
= 1.41 ksi
As jd s (0.31) (0.915) (4.19 )

Determine composite stress due to service moment:

p=

As
0.31
=
= 0.002973
bd s (12 ) (8.69 )

Use the cast-in-place deck concrete properties for positive moment

compressive analysis.
np = 8(0.002973) = 0.02378
k = 2np + np 2 np = 2 (0.02378) + (0.02378) 0.02378 = 0.196
2

kd = (0.196)(8.69) = 1.70 in < CIP deck slab thickness = 4.50 in

0.196
k
= 1
= 0.935
3
3
Ms
(4.70) (12)
fs =
= 22.39 ksi
=
As jd s (0.31) (0.935) (8.69 )

j = 1

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The applied stress is the sum of the non-composite and composite stresses
equal to 1.41 + 22.39 = 23.80 ksi.

Allowable Stress

Since the applied stress is less than 24 ksi, the LRFD Bridge Practice
Guideline service limit state requirement is satisfied.

Control of Cracking
[5.7.3.4]

For all concrete components in which the tension in the cross-section exceeds
80 percent of the modulus of rupture at the service limit state load combination
the maximum spacing requirement in Equation 5.7.3.4-1 shall be satisfied.
fsa = 0.80fr = 0.80( 0.24 f ' c ) = 0.80(0.537) = 0.430 ksi
Scr = (12.00)(5.50)2 6 = 60.5 in3 (non-composite)
Scr = (12.00)(10.00)2 6 = 200 in3 (composite)
f cr =

M s (0.14 ) (12 ) (4.70 ) (12 )

=
+
= 0.310 ksi < fsa = 0.430 ksi
S cr
60.5
200

Since the service limit state stress is less than the allowable, the control of
cracking requirement is met.

Strength I
Limit State
[Table 3.4.1-1]

Factored moment for Strength I is as follows:

M u = DC (M DC ) + DW (M DW ) + 1.75(M LL + IM )
M u = 1.25 (0.14 ) + 1.50 (0.02 ) + 1.75 (4.68) = 8.40 ft-k

Flexural
Resistance
[5.7.3]
[5.7.3.2.2-1]

The flexural resistance of a reinforced concrete rectangular section is:

a

M r = M n = As f y d
2

As f y

c=

[5.7.3.2.3]

a = 1c = (0.825)(0.491) = 0.41 in

0.85 f ' c 1b

(0.310 ) (60 )
= 0.491 in
(0.85) (4.5) (0.825 ) (12 )

[5.7.3.1.1-4]

10

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The tensile strain must be calculated as follows:
dt

8.69
1 = 0.003
1 = 0.050
0.491
c

T = 0.003

[5.5.4.2.1]

Since T > 0.005, the member is tension controlled and = 0.90.

0.41

M r = (0.90 ) (0.310 ) (60 ) 8.69

12 = 11.84 ft-k
2

Since the flexural resistance, Mr, is greater than the factored moment, Mu, the
strength limit state is satisfied.

Maximum
Reinforcing
[5.7.3.3.1]

The 2006 Interim Revisions eliminated this limit. Below a net tensile strain in
the extreme tension steel of 0.005, the factored resistance is reduced as the
tension reinforcement quantity increases. This reduction compensates for the
decreasing ductility with increasing overstrength.

Minimum
Reinforcing
[5.7.3.3.2]

The LRFD Specification specifies that all sections requiring reinforcing must
have sufficient strength to resist a moment equal to at least 1.2 times the
moment that causes a concrete section to crack or 1.33 Mu. Since the deck is
composed of two different strengths of concrete, the cast-in-place deck will be
transformed into an equivalent width of the higher strength concrete of the box
beam.
The width of the cast-in-place deck will be modified based on the ratio of
modulus of elasticity of the deck to the beam. The inch wearing surface will
not be subtracted since the thicker slab creates a higher cracking moment.
n=

3861
= 0.949
4070

n
W
H
0.949 12.00 5.00
1.000 12.00 5.50

A
y
56.94 8.00
66.00 2.75
122.94

yb = 638 / 122.94 = 5.190 in

I = 285 + 843 = 1128 in4
Sc = I / yb = 1128 / 5.190 = 217 in3

11

Ay
456
182
638

Io
119
166
285

A(y-yb)^2
450
393
843

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

1.2 M cr = 1.2 f r S c = (1.2 ) (0.827) (217) 12 = 17.95 ft-k

1.33 Mu = (1.33)(8.40) = 11.17 ft-k < Mr = 11.84 ft-k
The minimum reinforcement limit is satisfied.

Fatigue
Limit State
[9.5.3] &
[5.5.3.1]

Fatigue need not be investigated for concrete decks.

The deck is adequately reinforced for positive moment using #5 @ 12 in the

bottom of the box beam top slab.

Distribution
Reinforcement
[9.7.3.2]

Reinforcement shall be placed in the secondary direction in the bottom of slabs

as a percentage of the primary reinforcement for positive moments as follows:
220
S

220
3.13

= 124 percent < 67 percent

Use 67% Maximum.

As = 0.67(0.31) = 0.208 in2
Use #5 @ 12 As = 0.31 in2

Skewed Decks
[9.7.1.3]
[BDG]

For bridges with skews less than 20 degrees, the ADOT LRFD Bridge Design
Guidelines specifies that the primary reinforcement shall be placed parallel to
skew. For zero degree skew in this example, transverse deck reinforcement
shall be placed normal to the webs.

12

LRFD Example 3
Negative Moment
Design

3-Span PPBBB
A summary of negative moments follows:
DC Loads (Non-Composite)
Deck
0.150(5.50/12)(3.13)2 10
CIP Deck 0.150(5.00/12)(3.13)2 10
Build-up 0.150(1.00/12)(3.13)2 10
DC
DW Loads (Composite)
FWS
0.025(3.13)210
Vehicle (Composite)
LL + IM

Service I
Limit State
[9.5.2]
[BDG]
[Table 3.4.1-1]

= -0.07
= -0.06
= -0.01
= -0.14 ft-k
= -0.02 ft-k
= -2.68 ft-k

Deck design is normally controlled by the service limit state. The working
stress in the deck is calculated by the standard methods used in the past. For
this check Service I moments should be used.

M s = 1 .0 (M DC + M DW ) + 1 .0 (M LL + IM

Non-Composite
M s = 1.0 (0.14) = 0.14 ft-k
Composite
Ms = 1.0(0.02) + 1.0(2.68) = 2.70 ft-k
Try #5 reinforcing bars
Non-Comp
Composite

ds = 5.50 1.0 clear 0.625 / 2 = 4.19 inches

ds = 10.50 2.50 clear 0.625 / 2 = 7.69 inches

Determine approximate area reinforcing as follows:

As

Ms
(2.70) (12) = 0.195 in2
=
f s jd s (24.0) (0.9 ) (7.69 )

Try #5 @ 12 inches
As = 0.31 in2

13

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Determine stress due to service moment:
p=

As
0.31
=
= 0.003359
bd s (12) (7.69)

Use the box beam concrete properties for negative moment compressive
analysis.
np = 7(0.003359) = 0.02352
k = 2np + np 2 np = 2 (0.02352) + (0.02352 ) 0.02352 = 0.195
2

kd = (0.195)(7.69) = 1.50 in < Box beam top slab = 5.50 in

j = 1

fs =

k
0.195
= 1
= 0.935
3
3

Ms
(2.70) (12)
= 14.54 ksi 24.0 ksi
=
As jd s (0.31) (0.935) (7.69 )

Allowable Stress

Since the applied stress is less than 24 ksi, the LRFD Bridge Design Guideline
service limit state requirement is satisfied.

Control of Cracking
[5.7.3.4]

The deck must be checked for control of cracking. For all concrete
components in which the tension in the cross section exceeds 80 percent of the
modulus of rupture at the service limit state load combination the maximum
spacing requirement in Equation 5.7.3.4-1 shall be satisfied. For negative
moments the cast-in-place deck concrete strength will be used for tensile
checks.
fsa = 0.80fr = 0.80( 0.24 f ' c ) = 0.80(0.509) = 0.407 ksi
Scr = (12.00)(10.00)2 6 = 200 in3
f cr =

M s (2.70 ) (12 )
=
= 0.162 ksi < fsa = 0.407 ksi
Sb
200

Since the service limit state stress is less than the allowable, the control of
cracking requirement is satisfied.

14

LRFD Example 3
Strength I
Limit State
[3.4.1]

3-Span PPBBB
M u = DC (M DC ) + DW (M DW ) + 1.75(M LL + IM )
M u = 1.25 (0.14) + 1.50 (0.02) + 1.75 (2.68) = 4.90 ft-k
The flexural resistance of a reinforced concrete rectangular section is:

Flexural
Resistance
[5.7.3]

M r = M n = As f y d
2

c=

[5.7.3.1.1-4]

[5.7.3.2.3]

As f y
0.85 f ' c 1b

(0.310) (60)
= 0.456 in
(0.85) (5.0) (0.800) (12)

a = 1c = (0.800)(0.456) = 0.36 inches

dt

7.69

1 = 0.003
1 = 0.048
0.456
c

T = 0.003

Since T > 0.005, the member is tension controlled and = 0.90.

[5.5.4.2.1]

0.36

M r = (0.90) (0.310) (60) 7.69

12 = 10.48 ft-k
2

Since the flexural resistance, Mr, is greater than the factored moment, Mu, the
strength limit state is satisfied.

Minimum
Reinforcing
[5.7.3.3.2]

The LRFD Specification specifies that all sections requiring reinforcing must
have sufficient strength to resist a moment equal to at least 1.2 times the
moment that causes a concrete section to crack or 1.33 Mu. The critical
cracking load for negative moment will be caused by ignoring the 0.5 inch
wearing surface and considering the full depth of the section.
Sc = 12.0(10.50)2 6 = 220.5 in3
1.2 M cr = 1.2 f r S c = (1.2) (0.785) (220.5) 12 = 17.31 ft-k

Factored moment for

Strength I is as
follows:

1.33 Mu = 1.33(4.90) = 6.52 ft-k < Mr = 10.48 ft-k

The minimum reinforcement limit is satisfied.

15

LRFD Example 3
Fatigue
Limit State
[9.5.3] &
[5.5.3.1]

3-Span PPBBB
Fatigue need not be investigated for concrete deck slabs in multigirder
applications.

The cast-in-place deck is adequately reinforced for negative moment using #5

@ 12 inches.
There will also be stresses in the top slab of the box beam caused by its selfweight, the cast-in-place slab and build-up. By inspection these moments are
very low and using #5 @ 12 inches for the top of the box beam slab is
adequate.

Shear
[C4.6.2.1.6]

Past practice has been not to check shear in typical slabs. For a standard
concrete deck shear need not be investigated.

16

LRFD Example 3
OVERHANG
DESIGN
[A13.4.1]

3-Span PPBBB
The overhang shall be designed for the three design cases described below:
Design Case 1: Transverse forces specified in [A13.2]
Extreme Event Limit State

Design Case 1

Figure 4
The deck overhang must be designed to resist the forces from a railing
collision using the forces given in Section 13, Appendix A. A TL-4 railing is
generally acceptable for the majority of applications on major roadways and
freeways. A TL-4 rail will be used. A summary of the design forces is shown
below:

[A13.2-1]

Design Forces
Ft, Transverse
Fl, Longitudinal
Fv, Vertical Down
Lt and Ll
Lv
He Minimum

54.0
18.0
18.0
3.5
18.0
32.0

17

Units
kips
kips
kips
feet
feet
inch

LRFD Example 3
Rail Design

3-Span PPBBB
The philosophy behind the overhang analysis is that the deck should be
stronger than the barrier. This ensures that any damage will be done to the
barrier which is easier to repair and that the assumptions made in the barrier
analysis are valid. ADOT generally avoids attaching the barrier directly to the
precast member since a damaged deck will be easier and less expensive to
repair than a damaged precast member. The forces in the barrier must be
known to analyze the deck.
Rw = total transverse resistance of the railing.
Lc = critical length of yield line failure. See Figures 5 and 6.
For impacts within a wall segment:
2

M L
8M b + 8M w + c c

[A13.3.1-1]

2
Rw =
2 Lc Lt

[A13.3.1-2]

L
8 H (M b + M w )
L
Lc = t + t +
Mc
2
2
2

The railing used on the bridge is the 32 inch f-shape concrete barrier as shown
on ADOT SD 1.01. From previous analysis of the barrier the following values
have been obtained:
Mb = 0.00 ft-k
Mc = 6.17 ft-k
Mw = 28.66 ft-k

3.50
3.50 8 (2.67 ) (0 + 28.66)
Lc =
+
= 11.86 ft
+
2
6.17
2
2

(6.17 ) (11.86)2 = 54.83 k
2
8 (0 ) + 8 (28.66) +
Rw =

2.67
2 (11.86) 3.50

Since the railing resistance to a transverse load, Rw = 54.83 kips, is greater than
the applied load, Ft = 54.00 kips, the rail is adequately designed.

18

LRFD Example 3
Barrier Connection
To Deck

3-Span PPBBB
The strength of the attachment of the barrier to the deck must also be checked.
The deck will only see the lesser of the strength of the barrier or the strength of
the connection. For the 32 inch barrier, #4 at 16 inches connects the barrier to
the deck.
As = (0.20)(12) / (16) = 0.150 in2
ds = 14.75 1 clear 0.50 / 2 = 13.00 inches

Flexure

For a reinforcing bar not parallel to the compression face only the parallel
component is considered. The #4 reinforcing is oriented at an angle of 26
degrees.
c=

As f y cos
0.85 f ' c 1b

(0.150) (60) cos(26) = 0.234

(0.85) (4.0) (0.85) (12)

in

a = 1c = (0.85)(0.234) = 0.20 inches

a

M n = As f y cos( ) d s
2

0.20

M n = (0.150 ) (60 ) cos (26 ) 13 .00

12 = 8.70 ft-k
2

Mn = (1.00)(8.70) = 8.70 ft-k

Pu = (8.70)(12) (32) = 3.261 k/ft
Shear

The barrier to deck interface must also resist the factored collision load. The
normal method of determining the strength is to use a shear friction analysis.
However, in this case with the sloping reinforcing, the horizontal component of
reinforcing force will also directly resist the horizontal force.
Rn = As fy sin = (0.150)(60)sin(26) = 3.945 k/ft
The strength of the connection is limited by the lesser of the shear or flexural
strength. In this case, the resistance of the connection is 3.261 k/ft.

19

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Figure 5

Figure 6

20

LRFD Example 3
Face of Barrier
Location 1
Figure 4

3-Span PPBBB
The design horizontal force in the barrier is distributed over the length Lb equal
to Lc plus twice the height of the barrier. See Figures 5 and 6.
Lb = 11.86 + 2(2.67) = 17.20 ft
Pu = 54.83 / 17.20 = 3.188 k/ft < 3.261 k/ft connection strength.
Dimensions
h = 12.00 in
d1 = 12.00 2.50 clr 0.625 / 2 = 9.19 in

Moment at Face of Barrier

Deck

= 0.150(9.00 / 12)(1.42)2 2 = 0.11 ft-k

0.150(3.00 / 12)(1.42)2 6 = 0.01 ft-k
= 0.12 ft-k

Barrier

= 0.355(0.817)

= 0.29 ft-k

Collision = 3.188[2.67 + (12.00/12) / 2] = 10.11 ft-k

[A13.4.1]
Extreme Event II
[3.4.1]

The load factor for dead load shall be taken as 1.0.

Mu = 1.00(0.12 + 0.29) + 1.00(10.11) = 10.52 ft-k
e = Mu / Pu = (10.52)(12) / (3.188) = 39.60 in
Determine resulting force in the reinforcing:
T1 = (0.310)(60) = 18.60 k

Simplified Method

A simplified method of analysis is available. If only the top layer of

reinforcing is considered in determining strength, the assumption can be made
that the reinforcing will yield. By assuming the safety factor for axial tension
is 1.0 the strength equation can be solved directly. This method will determine
whether the section has adequate strength. However the method does not
consider any bottom layer of reinforcing, does not maintain the required
constant eccentricity and does not determine the maximum strain.

M n = T1 d1 Pu
2
2 2

21

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

where a =

T1 Pu
18.60 3.188
=
= 0.34 in
0.85 f ' c b (0.85) (4.5) (12 )

M n = (1.00) (18.60) 9.19

0.34
12.00 0.34

(3.188)
12
2
2
2

Mn = 12.43 ft-k
Since Mn > Mu the overhang has adequate strength. Note that the resulting
eccentricity equals (12.43)(12) 3.188 = 46.80 inches compared to the actual
eccentricity of 39.60 inches that is fixed by the constant deck thickness, barrier
height and dead load.
For an in-depth analysis of the overhang resisting the combination of tension
and flexure using a stress-strain analysis refer to Appendix A.
Development
Length
[5.11.2]

The reinforcing must be properly developed from the barrier face towards the
edge of deck. The available embedment length equals 17 inches minus 2
inches clear or 15 inches. For the #5 transverse reinforcing in the deck the
required development length is as follows:

[5.11.2.1.1]

For No. 11 bar and smaller:

1.25 Ab f y
f 'c

(1.25) (0.31) (60) = 10.96 in

4.5

But not less than 0.4 db fy = (0.4)(0.625)(60) = 15.00 in

Since the available length is equal to the required length, the reinforcing is
adequately developed using straight bars.
If #6 transverse reinforcing was used as the top deck reinforcing, the
development length would have been inadequate and the bars would require
hooks unless modification factors reduced the demand to 15 inches of less.
The reduction for excess reinforcing cannot be directly used since the analysis
is based on a strain that ensures that the reinforcing yields. To use a reduced
development length based on excess reinforcing, a stress-strain analysis must
be performed that limits the strain in the reinforcing to a limit that produces
less than the yield stress in the reinforcing. Consideration must also be given
to the magnitude of the strain in the compressive zone in the concrete. For low
levels of stress the analysis will default to a working stress limit in the concrete
with the standard triangular stress block. Use of this method is complicated
and is not recommended.

22

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Interior Support
Location 2
Figure 4

The deck slab must also be evaluated at the interior point of support. For this
location only the top reinforcing in the cast-in-place slab will be considered.
At this location the design horizontal force is distributed over a length Ls2
equal to the length Lc plus twice the height of the barrier plus a distribution
length from the face of the barrier to the interior support. See Figures 4, 5 and
6. Using a distribution of 30 degree from the face of the barrier to the interior
support results in the following:
LS2 = 11.86 + 2(2.67) + (2)[tan(30)](0.42) = 17.68 ft
Pu = 54.83 / 17.68 = 3.101 k/ft
Dimensions
h = 10.50 in
d1 = 10.50 2.50 clr 0.625 / 2 = 7.69 in
Moment at Interior Support
For dead loads use the maximum negative moments for the interior cells used
in the interior deck analysis.
.
DC
= 0.14 ft-k
DW
= 0.02 ft-k
Collision = 3.101[2.67 + (10.50 / 12) / 2] = 9.64 ft-k

The load factor for dead load shall be taken as 1.0.

[A13.4.1]
Extreme Event II
[3.4.1]

Mu = 1.00(0.14) + 1.00(0.02) + 1.00(9.64) = 9.80 ft-k

e = Mu / Pu = (9.80)(12) / (3.101) = 37.92 in
Determine resulting force in the reinforcing:
T1 = (0.310)(60) = 18.60 k

23

LRFD Example 3
Simplified Method

3-Span PPBBB
The simplified method of analysis is available based on the limitations
previously stated.

M n = T1 d1 Pu
2
2 2
where a =

T1 Pu
18.60 3.101
=
= 0.30 in
0.85 f ' c b (0.85) (5.0 ) (12 )

M n = (1.00) (18.60) 7.69

0.30
10.50 0.30

(3.101)
12
2
2
2

Mn = 10.37 ft-k

Design Case 1

Since the axial and flexural strength of the deck at the two locations
investigated exceeds the factored applied loads, the deck is adequately
reinforced for Design Case 1.

24

LRFD Example 3
Design Case 2
[A13.4.1]

3-Span PPBBB
Design Case 2: Vertical forces specified in [A13.2]
Extreme Event Limit State

Figure 7
[A13.2-1]

This case represents a crashed vehicle on top of the barrier and is treated as an
extreme event. The downward vertical force, Fv = l8.0 kips, is distributed over
a length, Fl = 18.0 feet. The vehicle is assumed to be resting on top of the
center of the barrier. See Figure 7.
At the face of exterior support:
DC Dead Loads
DW Dead Load

= 0.12 + 0.29 = 0.41 ft-k

= 0 ft-k

[3.6.1]

Vehicle
Collision = [18.0/18.0] [1.417 - (5.25/12)] = 0.98 ft-k

[A13.4.1]
Extreme Event II
[3.4.1]

The load factor for dead load shall be taken as 1.0.

Mu = 1.00(0.41) + 1.00(0) + 1.00(0.98) = 1.39 ft-k
25

LRFD Example 3
Flexural Resistance
[5.7.3.2]

3-Span PPBBB
The flexural resistance of a reinforced concrete rectangular section is:
a

M r = M n = As f y d
2

Try #5 reinforcing bars

ds = 12.00 2.50 clr 0.625 / 2 = 9.19 inches
Use #5 @ 12, the same reinforcing required for the interior span and overhang
Design Case 1.
As f y

c=

[5.7.3.2.3]

a = 1c = (0.825)(0.491) = 0.41 inches

0.85 f ' c 1b

(0.310) (60)
= 0.491 in
(0.85) (4.5) (0.825) (12)

[5.7.3.1.1-4]

dt

9.19

1 = 0.003
1 = 0.053
0.491
c

T = 0.003
[5.5.4.2.1]

[1.3.2.1]

Since T > 0.005 the member is tension controlled.

0.41

M n = (0.310) (60) 9.19

12 = 13.93 ft-k
2

= 1.00

Mr = Mn = (1.00)(13.93) = 13.93 ft-k

Since the flexural resistance, Mr, is greater than the factored moment, Mu, the
extreme limit state is satisfied.
Maximum
Reinforcing
[5.7.3.3.1]
Minimum
Reinforcing
[5.7.3.3.2]

The 2006 Interim Revisions eliminated this requirement.

The LRFD Specification requires that all sections requiring reinforcing must
have sufficient strength to resist a moment equal to at least 1.2 times the
moment that causes a concrete section to crack or 1.33 Mu.
Sc = bh2 / 6 = (12)(12.00)2 / 6 = 288 in3
1.2Mcr = 1.2frSc = 1.2(0.785)(288)/12 = 22.61 ft-k
1.33 Mu = (1.33)(1.39) = 1.85 ft-k < Mr = 13.93 ft-k
Therefore the minimum reinforcing criteria is satisfied.

26

LRFD Example 3
Design Case 3

3-Span PPBBB
Design Case 3: The loads specified in [3.6.1] that occupy the overhang
Strength and Service Limit State

Figure 8
Due to the short overhang, the live load acting at a distance on one foot from
the barrier face does not act on the overhang. Therefore, this case need not be
investigated.
Figure 9 shows the required reinforcing in the deck and box beam slab.

27

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Figure 9

28

LRFD Example 3
SUPERSTR DGN
Precast Prestressed
Box Beam

3-Span PPBBB
The composite section properties have been calculated subtracting the -inch
wearing surface from the cast-in-place top slab thickness. However, this
wearing surface has been included in weight calculations.
Step 1 Determine Section Properties

Transformed section properties will be used for the structural design but gross
section properties will be used for deflection and live load distribution
calculations. The use of transformed section properties simplifies some
calculations but complicates others requiring an iterative approach.
For a precast prestressed concrete beam the transformed section properties at
transfer are used for determination of stresses due to prestressing at release and
self-weight. The transformed section properties at service are used for noncomposite externally applied loads. The transformed composite section
properties are used for the composite dead loads and live loads. The net
section properties are used to determine stresses due to time-dependent losses.
The calculation of these properties is an iterative process since the required
area of strands is a function of the number and location of the strands. These
steps have been eliminated and the section properties will be shown for the
final strand configuration.
For this problem the beam section properties will be calculated. The standard
AASHTO box beams are 48 inch wide. However, local practice is to fabricate
the beams one-half inch narrower so the effective spacing, including the
inch spacing between adjacent box beams, is 48 inches. For this problem two
rows of strands are placed in the bottom slab as shown in Figure 11. To
maintain the 2 inch edge distance to the center of the strands, the bottom slab
thickness was increased to 6 inches.

Figure 10
29

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The section properties for the typical section shown in Figure 10 are shown
below:

Box Beam
Typical Section
Gross Section
Properties

Gross Section - Box Beam (33 inch deep)

Top
Web
Bottom
Fillet
Fillet
Inset
Key

W
H
A
y
Ay
47.50 5.50 261.25 30.25 7903
10.00 21.50 215.00 16.75 3601
47.50 6.00 285.00 3.00
855
3.00 3.00
9.00 26.50
239
3.00 3.00
9.00 7.00
63
0.75 6.00
-4.50 30.00
-135
1.50 6.00
-9.00 24.00
-216
765.75
12310

Ag = 765.75 in2
yb = 12310 / 765.75 = 16.076 in
Ig = 9765 + 101,596 = 111,361 in4
r2 = 111,361 / 765.75 = 145.43 in2
Diaphragm Area

Composite
Properties

Io
A(y-yb)2
659
52486
8282
98
855
48730
5
978
5
741
-14
-872
-27
-565
9765 101596

e = 16.076 2.824 = 13.252 in

The area of the interior diaphragms for the box beam is required to determine
the weight of the interior diaphragms.
Area = (37.50)(21.50) 4(1/2)(3.00)(3.00) = 788.25 in2
Composite Section - Box Beam & Deck
n = 3861 / 4070 = 0.949
Interior Box Beam
n

0.949 48.00

A
y
Ay
Io
765.75 16.076 12310 111361
204.98 35.25 7226
346
970.73
19536 111707

4.50

Ac = 970.73 in2
ycb = 19536 / 970.73 = 20.125 in
yct = 33.00 20.125 = 12.875 in
Ic = 111,707 + 59,446 = 171,153 in4
r2 = 171,153 / 970.73 = 176.31 in2

30

A(y-yb)2
12554
46892
59446

e = 20.125 2.824 = 17.301 in

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Exterior Box Beam
n

A
y
Ay
Io
765.75 16.076 12310 111361
0.949 65.00
4.50 277.58 35.25 9785
468
0.949 17.00
4.00
64.53 31.00 2000
86
0.949 17.00 *3.00
24.20 28.00
678
12
1132.06
24773 111927

A(y-yb)2
25882
49597
5364
906
81749

Ac = 1132.06 in2
ycb = 24773 / 1132.06 = 21.883 in
yct = 33.00 21.883 = 11.117 in
Ic = 111,927 + 81,749 = 193,676 in4

Torsional
Inertia

[C4.6.2.2.1-3]

The torsional inertia is required for determination of the live load distribution.
This property is calculated for the composite section since that is the section
the live load will see.
s = center-to-center length for the composite section.
t = thickness of member.
Walls:
Slabs:

s = 33 + 4.50 10.0 / 2 6.0 / 2 = 29.50 in

s = 47.50 5.00 = 42.50 in

4 Ao
(
4) [(42.50 ) (29.50)] 2
=
J=
= 271,796 in4
29.50
s
42.50 42.50
t 5.00 (2) + 6.00 + 10.00
2

Volume/Surface
Ratio

The surface area of the box beam is composed of the exterior surface and the
interior surface. The interior surface is not exposed to the atmosphere and will
be ignored.
Perimeter = 2(47.50 + 33) = 161 in
V/S = 765.75 / 161 = 4.76 in
The issue of whether to consider the interior surface area is currently not
resolved. A case can be made to consider 50% of the interior surface area.
This ratio is used in determining the creep restraint at supports. The ratio is
also used in the refined method of prestress loss calculation but normal
practice is to use the approximate method. Increasing the perimeter will
reduce the V/S ratio and result in a higher creep.
31

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Figure 11

Figure 12
32

LRFD Example 3
Midspan
Transformed
Properties

3-Span PPBBB
Transformed section properties are calculated at the midspan based on the
strand pattern shown in Figure 11. The area of prestress strand and the center
of gravity are calculated as follows:
Aps = 0.153(34) = 5.202 in2
c.g. = [20(2.0) + 14(4.0)] 34 = 2.824 in
Net Section - Box Beam
No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
765.75 16.076 12310 111,361
34 0.153
-5.20 2.824
-15
0
760.55
12295 111,361

A(y-yb)2
6
-926
-920

An = 760.55 in2
ynb = 12295 / 760.55 = 16.166 in
e = 16.166 2.824 = 13.342 in
ynt = 33.00 16.166 = 16.834 in
In = 111,361 - 920 = 110,441 in4
r2 = I / A = 110,441 / 760.55 = 145.21 in2
Transformed Section - Box Beam (n = 7.46) at Transfer (fci = 4.4 ksi)
n
7.46

No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
760.55 16.166 12295 110441
34 0.153 38.81 2.824
110
0
799.36
12405 110441

A(y-yb)2
318
6255
6573

At = 799.36 in2
ytb = 12405 / 799.36 = 15.519 in
e = 15.519 2.824 = 12.695 in
ytt = 33.00 15.519 = 17.481 in
It = 110,441 + 6573 = 117,014 in4
r2 = I / A = 117,014 / 799.36 = 146.38 in2
Transformed Section - Box Beam (n = 7.00) at Service (fc = 5.0 ksi)
n
7.00

No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
760.55 16.166 12295 110441
34 0.153 36.41 2.824
103
0
796.96
12398 110441

At = 796.96 in2
ytb = 12398 / 796.96 = 15.557 in
ytt = 33.00 15.557 = 17.443 in
It = 110,441 + 6185 = 116,626 in4
33

A(y-yb)2
282
5903
6185

e = 15.557 2.824 = 12.733 in

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Composite Section - Box Beam & Deck
n = 3861 / 4070 = 0.949
Interior Box Beam
n

0.949 48.00

A
y
Ay
Io
796.96 15.557 12398 116626
4.50 204.98 35.25 7226
346
1001.94
19624 116972

Ac = 1001.94 in2
ycb = 19624 / 1001.94 = 19.586 in
yct = 33.00 19.586 = 13.414 in
Ic = 116,972 + 63,231 = 180,203 in4

A(y-yb)2
12937
50294
63231

e = 19.586 2.824 = 16.762 in

Exterior Box Beam

A
y
Ay
Io
A(y-yb)2
796.96 15.557 12398 116626
26949
0.949 65.00
4.50 277.58 35.25 9785
468
53462
0.949 17.00
4.00
64.53 31.00 2000
86
5982
0.949 17.00 *3.0
24.20 28.00
678
12
1063
1163.27
24861 117192
87456
n

Ac = 1163.27 in2
ycb = 24861 / 1163.27 = 21.372 in
yct = 33.00 21.372 = 11.628 in
Ic = 117,192 + 87,456 = 204,648 in4

34

e = 21.372 2.824 = 18.548 in

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Transfer Length

The section properties are also required near the ends of the beam at a distance
equal to the transfer length from the end of the beam. Since transformed
section properties are being used, the section properties will vary with the
change in center of gravity of the strands. The transfer length of the bonded
prestressing strands is 60 times the strand diameter. For 0.5 inch diameter
strand the transfer length equals 30 inches. The centerline of bearing is 9
inches from the end. Therefore the critical location is 21 inches from the
centerline of bearing.
See Figure 12 for a diagram of the harped strands. The rise in the top strand at
the end of the transfer length is:
Y = 4.00 + (27.00)(31.75) / (34.25) = 29.029 in
cg =

2 (29.029) + 2 (27.029) + 12 (4.00) + 18 (2.00 )

= 5.768 in
34

Net Section - Box Beam

No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
765.75 16.076 12310 111361
34 0.153
-5.20 5.768
-30
0
760.55
12280 111361

An = 760.55 in2
ynb = 12280 / 760.55 = 16.146 in
ynt = 33.00 16.146 = 16.854 in
In = 111,361 - 556 = 110,805 in4

A(y-yb)2
4
-560
-556

e = 16.146 5.768 = 10.378 in

Transformed Section - Box Beam (n = 7.46) at Transfer

n
7.46

No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
760.55 16.146 12280 110805
34 0.153 38.81 5.768
224
0
799.36
12504 110805

At = 799.36 in2
ytb = 12504 / 799.36 = 15.643 in
ytt = 33.00 15.643 = 17.357 in
It = 110,805 + 3977 = 114,782 in4

35

A(y-yb)2
192
3785
3977

e = 15.643 5.768 = 9.875 in

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Transformed Section - Box Beam (n = 7.00) at Service
n
7.00

No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
760.55 16.146 12280 110805
34 0.153 36.41 5.768
210
0
796.96
12490 110805

At = 796.96 in2
ytb = 12490 / 796.96 = 15.672 in
ytt = 33.00 15.672 = 17.328 in
It = 110,805 + 3742 = 114,547 in4

A(y-yb)2
171
3571
3742

e = 15.672 5.768 = 9.904 in

Composite Section - Box Beam & Deck

Interior Box Beam
n

0.949 48.00

A
y
Ay
Io
796.96 15.672 12490 114547
4.50 204.98 35.25 7226
346
1001.94
19716 114893

Ac = 1001.94 in2
ycb = 19716 / 1001.94 = 19.678 in
yct = 33.00 19.678 = 13.322 in
Ic = 114,893 + 62,495 = 177,388 in4

A(y-yb)2
12790
49705
62495

e = 19.678 5.768 = 13.910 in

Exterior Box Beam

A
y
Ay
Io
A(y-yb)2
796.96 15.672 12490 114547
26616
0.949 65.00
4.50 277.58 35.25 9785
468
52855
0.949 17.00
4.00
64.53 31.00 2000
86
5884
0.949 17.00 *3.0
24.20 28.00
678
12
1038
1163.27
24953 115113
86393
n

Ac = 1163.27 in2
ycb = 24953 / 1163.27 = 21.451 in
yct = 33.00 21.451 = 11.549 in
Ic = 115,113 + 86,393 = 201,506 in4

e = 21.451 5.768 = 15.683 in

For an in-depth discussion of calculation of section properties comparing this

approximate method with a more precise method refer to Appendix B.

36

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Step 2 Determine Loads and Stresses

The flexural design of the precast prestressed box beam is based on simple
span positive moments. Normally moments, shears and stresses are calculated
at tenth points using computer software programs. For this problem, only
critical values will be determined.
Dead Load
[3.5.1]

Loads

Midspan
Moments

In LFRD design, the dead load are separated between DC loads and DW loads
since their load factors differ. For precast girders, each load is also separated
by the type of section property used to determine the stresses. The DC loads
that use the transformed section properties at transfer include moments from
the self-weight of the precast beam. The DC loads that use the transformed
section properties at service include the moments from externally applied loads
including the shear key concrete, build-up and the cast-in-place deck. The
small overhangs on each side are equally distributed to all members for this
narrow bridge since the shear keys are already cast and differential movement
between beams is prohibited. The DC loads that use the composite
transformed section properties include the barriers. The DW load that uses the
composite transformed section properties includes the 0.025 ksf Future
Wearing Surface and any utilities. The barrier and future wearing surface are
distributed equally to all beams.
Self Weight
Int Diaphragms
Shear Key
Build-up
Slab
Overhang
Barriers
FWS

0.150(766 /144)
0.150(788.25 / 144)(1.00)
0.150[(1.25)(6) + (2.00)(6)]/144
0.150(1.00 / 12)(4.00)
0.150(5.00 / 12)(4.00)
0.150(10.50)(17)(2 / 7) / 144
0.355(2 / 7)
0.025(28.00) / 7

= 0.798 k/ft
= 0.821 k each
= 0.020 k/ft
= 0.050 k/ft
= 0.250 k/ft
= 0.053 k/ft
= 0.101 k/ft
= 0.100 k/ft

DC Loads Transformed Section Properties at Transfer

Self Weight
0.798(84.00)28
= 704 ft-k
Int Diaphragms 0.821[(3/2)(42.00) - 21.00] = 34 ft-k
= 738 ft-k
DC Loads Transformed Section Properties at Service
Shear Key
0.020(84.00)2 8 = 18 ft-k
Build-up
0.050(84.00)2 8 = 44 ft-k
Overhang
0.053(84.00) 2 8 = 47 ft-k
Slab
0.250(84.00)2 8 = 221 ft-k
= 330 ft-k
DC Loads Composite Transformed Section Properties
Barriers
0.101(84.00)2 8 = 89 ft-k
DW Loads Composite Transformed Section Properties
FWS
0.100(84.00)2 8 = 88 ft-k
37

LRFD Example 3
Transfer Length
Moments

3-Span PPBBB
At a distance x from the support, the moment from a uniform load is:
Mx = (w)(x)(L x) 2
DC Loads Transformed Section Properties at Transfer
Self Weight
0.798(1.75)(84.00 - 1.75)2 = 57 ft-k
Int Diaphragms 0.821(3/2)(1.75)
= 2 ft-k
= 59 ft-k
DC Loads Transformed Section Properties at Service
Shear Key
0.020(1.75)(84.00 1.75) 2 = 1 ft-k
Build-up
0.050(1.75)(84.00 1.75) 2 = 4 ft-k
Overhang
0.053(1.75)(84.00 - 1.75) 2 = 4 ft-k
Slab
0.250(1.75)(84.00 - 1.75) 2 = 18 ft-k
= 27 ft-k
DC Loads Composite Transformed Section Properties
Barriers
0.101(1.75)(84.00 - 1.75) 2 = 7 ft-k
DW Loads Composite Transformed Section Properties
FWS
0.100(1.75)(84.00 - 1.75) 2 = 7 ft-k

Hold-Down
Moments

DC Loads Transformed Section Properties at Transfer

Self Weight
0.798(33.50)(84.00 - 33.50) 2 = 675 ft-k
Int Diaphragms 0.821[(3/2)(33.50) - 12.50]
= 31 ft-k
= 706 ft-k

Figure 13

38

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Live Load
[3.6.1]
[BDG]

The HL-93 live load in the LRFD specification differs from the HS-20-44 load
in the Standard Specifications. For design of the precast prestressed box beam,
ADOT calculates the live load moments assuming a simple span.

Midspan
Moments

The maximum moment at midspan from the design lane load is caused by
loading the entire span. The force effects from the design lane load shall not
be subject to a dynamic load allowance. At midspan the moment equals the
following:

Design Lane

M lane = w (l ) 8 = 0.640 (84 ) 8 = 564 ft-k

2

The maximum design truck moment results when the truck is located with the
middle axle at midspan. The truck live load positioned for maximum moment
at midspan is shown below:

Design Truck

Figure 14
R = [8 (56 ) + 32 (42 ) + 32 (28)] 84 = 32.00 kips
M truck = 32.00 (42) 8 (14) = 1232 ft-k

The maximum design tandem moment results when the tandem is located with
one of the axles at midspan. The tandem live load positioned for maximum
moment is shown below:

Design Tandem

Figure 15

39

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
R = [25 (42 ) + 25 (38)] 84 = 23.81 kips
M tan dem = 23.81 (42) = 1000 ft-k

By inspection the moment from the combination of design truck and design
lane load is higher than the combination of design tandem and design lane
load.
[4.6.2.2.1-1]

Interior
Box Beam

[4.6.2.2.2b-1]

The LRFD Specification has made major changes to the live load distribution
factors. The first step is to determine the superstructure type from Table
4.6.2.2.1-1. For side-by-side box beams with a cast-in-place concrete overlay
the typical cross section is identified as Type (f).
Since the range of applicability for all variables is within the allowable, the
live load distribution factor for moment for an interior beam with one lane
loaded may be taken as:
Applicable Range
Nb = number of beams = 7
5 Nb 20
b = width of beam (in) = 47.50 in
35 b 60
L = span length of beam (ft) = 84 ft.
20 L 120
I = moment of inertia of composite section (in4) = 171,153 in4
J = torsional inertia of composite section (in4) = 271,796 in4
0.5

b I
LL Distribution = k

33.3L J

0.25

where k = 2.5(Nb)-0.2 > 1.5

k = (2.5)(7)-0.2 = 1.694
0.5

171,153
47.50

LL Distribution = 1.694

(33.3) (84.00 ) 271,796

0.25

= 0.197

The live load distribution factor for moment for an interior beam with two or
more lanes loaded is:
0.6

0.2

b b I
LL Distribution = k


305 12.0 L J

0 .6

0.06

0 .2

47.50 47.50 171,153

LL Distributi on = 1.694

305 12.0 84.00 271,796

40

0.06

= 0.293

LRFD Example 3
Exterior
Box Beam
[4.6.2.2.2d-1]

3-Span PPBBB
The live load distribution factor for one design lane loaded for moment for an
exterior beam is:
LL Distribution = e ginterior
e = 1.125 + de / 30 > 1.0

[4.3]

de = distance from the exterior web of the exterior beam to the inside face
of barrier in feet. A response from FHWA to our inquiry concerning the
definition of de, states that de is measured to the center of the exterior web.
For this problem de equals 2.5 inches or 0.21 feet.
e = 1.125 + 0.21 / 30= 1.132
LL Distribution = 1.132(0.197) = 0.223
The live load distribution factor for two or more design lanes loaded for
moment for an exterior beam is:
LL Distribution = e ginterior
e = 1.04 + de / 25 > 1.0
e = 1.04 + 0.21 / 25= 1.048
LL Distribution = 1.048(0.293) = 0.307

Skew Effect
[4.6.2.2.2e]

Since the bridge is a right angle bridge the live load skew reduction factor is
not applied.

Dynamic Load
Allowance
[3.6.2]

The dynamic load allowance IM equals 33% for Strength and Service Limit
States.
Dynamic load allowance applies to the truck or tandem but not to the design
lane load. The dynamic load allowance has been included in the summation of
live loads for one vehicle.
The maximum midspan moment from live load plus dynamic load allowance
is:
MLL+IM = [564 + 1.33(1232)](0.293) = 645 ft-k Interior Beam
MLL+IM = [564 + 1.33(1232)](0.307) = 676 ft-k Exterior Beam

41

LRFD Example 3
Transfer Length
Moment

3-Span PPBBB
At the transfer length the live load moment is:
Lane
M = 0.640(1.75)(84.00 1.75) 2
= 46 ft-k
Truck
M = 1.75[(32)(82.25) + (32)(68.25) + 8(54.25)] 84 = 109 ft-k
Tandem M = 1.75[(25)(82.25) + (25)(78.25)] 84
= 84 ft-k
MLL+IM = [46 + 1.33(109)](0.293) = 56 ft-k
MLL+IM = [46 + 1.33(109)](0.307) = 59 ft-k

Interior Beam
Exterior Beam

Limit States
[3.4.1-1]

The LRFD Specification has made major changes to the group load
combinations contained in [T3.4.1-1]. There are several limit states that must
be considered in design of the superstructure. Limit states for this problem are
as follows:

Midspan
Moments

STRENGTH I Basic load combination relating to the normal vehicular use of

the bridge without wind.
Mu = 1.25(DC) + 1.50(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM)
Mu = 1.25(738 + 330 + 89) + 1.50(88) + 1.75(645) = 2707 ft-k Interior
Mu = 1.25(738 + 330 + 89) + 1.50(88) + 1.75(676) = 2761 ft-k Exterior
SERVICE LIMIT STATES:

Midspan
Stresses

Transformed Non-Composite at Transfer

M = 738 ft-k
ft =

(738) (12) (17.481) = 1.323 ksi

fb =

(738) (12) (15.519) = 1.175

117,014

117,014

ksi

Transformed Non-Composite at Service

M = 330 ft-k
ft =

(330) (12) (17.443) = 0.592

fb =

(330 ) (12) (15.557 ) = 0.528

116,626

116,626

42

ksi

ksi

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Transformed Composite
Dead Load
M = 89 + 88 = 177 ft-k
ft =

(177 ) (12) (13.414) = 0.158

fb =

(177) (12) (19.586) = 0.231 ksi

180,203

ksi

180,203

LL + IM
M = 645 ft-k
ft =

(645) (12) (13.414) = 0.576

fb =

(645) (12) (19.586) = 0.841

180,203

ksi

180,203

SERVICE I Load combination relating to normal operational use of the

bridge including wind loads to control crack width in reinforced concrete
structures. For a precast member with a cast-in-place deck where transformed
section properties are used each service state must be broken into subgroups
depending upon the section properties used to determine the stress.
Ms = 1.0(DC + DW) + 1.0(LL + IM)
ft = 1.0(1.323 + 0.592 + 0.158) + 1.0(0.576) = 2.649 ksi
SERVICE III Load combination relating only to tension in prestressed
concrete superstructures with the objective of crack control.
Ms = 1.0(DC + DW) + 0.80(LL + IM)
fb = 1.0(-1.175 0.528 0.231) + 0.80(-0.841) = -2.607 ksi

43

LRFD Example 3
Exterior
Box Beam

3-Span PPBBB
Transformed Composite
Dead Load
M = 89 + 88 = 177 ft-k
ft =

(177 ) (12) (11.628) = 0.121 ksi

fb =

(177) (12) (21.372) = 0.222 ksi

204,648

204,648

LL + IM
M = 676 ft-k
ft =

(676) (12) (11.628) = 0.461 ksi

fb =

(676) (12) (21.372) = 0.847

204,648

204,648

ksi

SERVICE I
ft = 1.0(1.323 + 0.592 + 0.121) + 1.0(0.461) = 2.497 ksi
SERVICE III
fb = 1.0(-1.175 0.528 0.222) + 0.8(-0.847) = -2.603 ksi
Since the top and bottom midspan stresses are less for the exterior box beam
than for the interior, the prestress design will be based on an interior box beam.

44

LRFD Example 3
Transfer Length
Stresses

3-Span PPBBB
Transformed Non-Composite at Transfer
M = 59 ft-k
ft =

(59) (12) (17.357 ) = 0.107 ksi

fb =

(59) (12) (15.643) = 0.096 ksi

114,782

114,782

Transformed Non-Composite at Service

M = 27 ft-k

Interior
Box Beam

ft =

(27 ) (12) (17.328) = 0.049 ksi

fb =

(27 ) (12) (15.672) = 0.044 ksi

114,547

114,547

Transformed Composite
Dead Load: M = 7 + 7 = 14 ft-k
ft =

(14) (12) (13.322) = 0.013

fb =

(14) (12) (19.678) = 0.019

177,388

ksi

177,388

LL + IM: M = 56 ft-k

ft =

(56 ) (12 ) (13.322 ) = 0.050

fb =

(56) (12) (19.678) = 0.075 ksi

177,388

177,388

SERVICE I
ft = 1.0(0.107 + 0.049 + 0.013) + 1.0(0.050) = 0.219 ksi
SERVICE III
fb = 1.0(-0.096 0.044 0.019) + 0.8(-0.075) = -0.219 ksi

45

LRFD Example 3
Prestress Design
[5.9]

3-Span PPBBB
Step 3 Determine Number of Strands

The design of a precast prestressed concrete beam involves making

assumptions, calculating results, comparing the results to the assumptions and
repeating the process until convergence occurs. The iterative process will not
be shown in this example. Rather the final iteration with valid assumptions
and calculations will be shown.
The required number of strands, the associated center of gravity, and long-term
time-dependent losses, the release concrete strength and final concrete strength
must be assumed. For this problem assume the following:
No. Diameter Strands = 34
Time-Dependent Losses = 33.32 ksi
fci = 4.4 ksi
fc = 5.0 ksi
The first calculation is to determine a strand pattern and associated center of
gravity. For this problem 34 strands are required with 20 in the lower level
and 14 in the second level. The center of gravity from the bottom equals:
c.g. =

(20) (2) + (14) (4) = 2.824 in

34

In this pattern 2 strands in each web are harped to within 2 inches of the top of
the box beam with the hold-down point 8-6 from the center of the beam. See
Figure 12.

[5.9.4]
[BDG]

With the above values the number of strands can be determined from the basic
equation for stress for a prestressed member. While transformed section
properties are used, note that the stresses from the time-dependent losses must
be based on the net section properties. The number of strands is based on the
tension limit of 0.0984 f ' c in the bottom fiber at midspan after all losses.
1 ey
f bt Astr NS + t tb
It
At

1 en y nb
+ f b 0.0948 f ' c
f loss Astr NS
+
A
I
n
n

Solving for the number of strands, NS, results in:

NS

[ f

1 ey
f bt Astr + t tb
It
At

46

0.0948 f ' c

1 en y nb

f loss Astr
+
I n
An

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Where:

(12.695) (15.519)
1
= (200.27 ) (0.153)
+

117,014
799.36

= 0.089922
1 en y nb
(13.342) (16.166)
1
= (33.32) (0.153)
+
+
f loss Astr

760
.
55
110
,
441
A
I

n
n

= 0.016659
1 ey
f bt Astr + t tb
It
At

Allowable Tension = 0.0948 5.0 = 0.212 ksi

NS

[ ( 2.607 ) 0.212]
0.089922 0.016659

= 32.69 Use 34 strands

Step 4 Determine Losses

Loss of Prestress
[5.9.5]

Total losses in a prestressed precast member are due to relaxation before

transfer, elastic shortening, and the time-dependent losses consisting of
shrinkage, creep and relaxation losses.

Relaxation Loss
Before Transfer

The relaxation loss is broken up into two parts: the relaxation before transfer
and the relaxation after transfer. The relaxation before transfer is the loss in
stress from the time the strands are pulled until they are released. The equation
for relaxation before transfer in the 2004 Specification is slightly different than
the equation shown in the 1975 Commentary of the Standard Specifications
with the denominator being changed from 45 to 40. For concrete release
strengths less than 4.5 ksi, 18 hours may be assumed between time of concrete
pour and time of strand release. Typically the strands will be pulled the day
before the concrete is poured. Assume a total of 36 hours exists between time
of stressing and time of release. The 2006 Interim Revisions deleted this loss
without any explanation. However, when the strands are tensioned relaxation
will occur until the strands are cut and the force transferred to the concrete. In
some regions of the country fabricators overstress the strands initially to
compensate for these losses but the fabricators in Arizona do not.

[5.9.5.3]
[BDG]

[5.9.5.4.4b-1]

The relaxation loss before transfer for low-relaxation strands is:

f pR1 =

log(24.0t ) f pj
0.55 f pj

40.0 f py

f pR1 =

log(24.0 1.50 ) 0.75

0.55 (0.75) (270 ) = 2.23 ksi

40.0

0.90

The prestress stress before transfer = (0.75)(270) 2.23 = 200.27 ksi

47

LRFD Example 3
Elastic Shortening
Losses
Transformed
Section Properties

3-Span PPBBB
Elastic shortening losses need not be determined to calculate concrete stresses
when transformed section properties are used. However, elastic shortening
losses are required for some calculations involving strand stresses and for the
determination of time-dependent losses using the refined method.
An alternate to determining the elastic shortening losses directly, is to apply
the self-weight of the member plus the prestress before transfer to the
transformed section. The Commentary in Article C5.9.5.2.3a states that when
calculating concrete stresses using transformed section properties, the effects
of losses and gains due to elastic deformations are implicitly accounted for and
the elastic shortening loss, fpES, should not be included in the prestressing
force applied to the transformed section at transfer.
et = 15.519 2.824 = 12.695 in
The effective prestress force is the jacking stress minus the relaxation loss
from time of stressing till time of transfer.
Pbt = (200.27)(0.153)(34) = 1041.80 k
The concrete stress at the centroid of the prestress steel using transformed
section properties at transfer is:
1
(12.695)2 (738) (12) (12.695)
f cgp = (1041.80)
+

117,014
799.36 117,014
fcgp = 2.738 0.961 = 1.777 ksi
The elastic shortening loss is then determined as follows:

[5.9.5.2.3a-1]

f pES =

Ep
E ct

f cgp =

28500
(1.777 ) = 13.26 ksi
3818

This method of determining the elastic shortening loss eliminates the need to
estimate losses or use a trial and error approach. The method is direct, simple
and produces the same elastic shortening loss as the Commentary equation
using the net section properties as demonstrated on the following page.
When using transformed section properties the elastic shortening in not
included as a loss in the prestress. Therefore this step is not required and is
only shown for educational purposes. Refer to Appendix E of this examplefor
a comparision of losses and stresses using different section properties for a
further clarification on this issue.

48

LRFD Example 3
Elastic
Shortening
[5.9.5.2.3a]
Net Section
Properties

[C5.9.5.2.3a-1]
Modified

3-Span PPBBB
When transformed section properties are not used, elastic shortening losses can
be calculated directly with a rather lengthy equation in lieu of a trial and error
method. The equation for calculation of elastic shortening in the LRFD
Commentary [C5.9.5.2.3a-1] is correct as long as the variable fpbt includes the
relaxation before transfer. The equation shown in the Commentary has been
modified by dividing both the numerator and denominator by the area of the
beam. This modification eliminates the need to work with large numbers
improving the accuracy of the calculations. The net section properties are used
in this calculation.

f pES

f pbt A ps r 2 + em em M g
=
I E ci
2
A ps r 2 + em +
Ep

The elastic shortening loss will be calculated at the midspan.

Midspan Losses

0.5 Span
em = 16.166 2.824 = 13.342 in
Aps = (34)(0.153) = 5.202 in2

A ps r 2 + em

) = (5.202) (145.21 + (13.342) ) = 1681

2

I E ci (110,441) (3818)
=
= 14,795
Ep
28,500
f pES =

(200.27 ) (1681) 13.342 (738) (12) = 13.26 ksi

1681 + 14,795

Calculate fcgp and verify the elastic shortening loss.

f cgp

[5.9.5.2.3b-1]

2
1
(
13.342 )

= (5.202 ) [200.27 13.26]

+

760
.
55
110
,
441

(738) (12) (13.342) = 1.777 ksi

110,441

f pES =

Ep

28500
f cgp =
(1.777) = 13.26 ksi OK
E ci
3818

49

LRFD Example 3
Approximate
Time-Dependent
Losses Interim 2006

[5.9.5.3-1]

3-Span PPBBB
For standard precast pretensioned members the long-term prestress losses due
to creep of concrete, shrinkage of concrete and relaxation of prestress steel
may be estimated as follows:

f pLT = 10.0

f pi A ps
Ag

h st + 12.0 h st + f pR

in which:
[5.9.5.3-2]

h = 1.7 0.01H = 1.7 0.01(40) = 1.30

[5.9.5.3-3]

st =

5
5
=
= 0.926
1 + f ' ci 1 + 4.4

fpi = prestressing steel stress immediately prior to transfer.

fpi = (0.75)(270) 2.23 = 200.27 ksi

fpR = an estimate of relaxation loss taken as 2.5 ksi for low relaxation
strand.

f pLT = 10.0

(200.27 ) (5.202) (1.30) (0.926) + 12.0 (1.30) (0.926) + 2.50

766

fpLT = 33.32 ksi

The variables in the approximate equation do not vary along the span so the
time-dependent losses will be constant.
The final loss excluding elastic shortening is shown below:
[5.9.5.3]
[DBG]

fpT = fpRbt + fpES + fpLT

fpT = 2.23 + 0 + 33.32 = 35.55 ksi
The refined method of determining time-dependent losses is shown in
Appendix C, of this example problem. At the time this problem was
developed, Bridge Group was in the process of evaluating this method of loss
calculation. For the purpose of this example, the approximate losses will be
used.

50

LRFD Example 3
Prestress
Strand Stress
[Table 5.9.3-1]

3-Span PPBBB
Step 5 Check Allowable Stress in Strands

There are two limits for stress in prestress strands for pretensioned members.
The first allowable limit is immediately prior to transfer. It is important to note
that Table 5.9.3-1 has an error. Under Immediately prior to transfer the table
includes the prestressing force plus the elastic shortening loss. The elastic
shortening loss should not be included. This check is on the stress in the
strands just prior to transfer. At this time these is no elastic shortening only
relaxation before transfer since the stress has not been transferred to the
concrete. The strands are usually pulled to a stress equal to 0.75 fpu.
(1) fpj = 0.75 fpu (2.23) / (270) = 0.742 fpu < 0.75 fpu OK.
The second stress limit is a service limit state after all losses. The dead load
(excluding self-weight) and live load plus dynamic load allowance is
considered.
fpe = 0.75fpu (13.26 + 35.55) / (270) = 0.569 fpu after all losses
At service limit state added dead load and live load plus dynamic allowance
stresses are added to the strand stress since the strands are bonded.

(330) 12 (12.733) (89 + 88 + 645) 12 (16.762)

f service =
+

116,626
180,203

28,500

= 9.452 ksi
4070
Strand stress = 0.569 fpu +(9.452) / (270)fpu = 0.604 fpu
(2) Strand stress = 0.604 fpu < 0.80 fpy = 0.80(0.90) fpu = 0.720 fpu
Since the two criteria for stress in the strand are met, the jacking coefficient of
0.75 is satisfactory.

51

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Step 6 Verify Initial Concrete Strength

[5.9.4.1.1]
[5.9.4]
[BDG]

Once the amount of prestressing steel is determined from tension criteria, the
resulting concrete stress and required concrete strength can be determined.
Service I limit state is used to determine the initial concrete compressive stress.
The concrete stress in compression before time dependent losses is limited to:

Allowable Compression = 0.60 f ' ci = 0.60 (4.4 ) = 2.640 ksi

The basic equation for stress in concrete follows:

1 e y (M ) y
f s = A ps f si + m +
I
I
A
Hold-Down Point (33.50 feet from CL Brg)
fsi = 200.27 ksi
Fpi = (5.202)(200.27) = 1041.80 kips

fb =

(706) (12) (15.519) = 1.124

117,014

ksi

(12.695) (15.519) 1.124 = 1.933 ksi

1
f b = (1041.80)
+

117,014

799.36
Transfer Length (1.75 feet from CL Brg)

fb =

(59) (12) (15.643) = 0.096 ksi

114,782

(9.875) (15.643) 0.096 = 2.609 ksi

1
f b = (1041.80)
+

114,782

799.36
Additional refinement of the example is not likely to reduce the required
release strength of fci = 4.4 ksi. Since the release strength is not excessive the
design is adequate. Note that a reduction in the release strength will affect the
modulus of elasticity and the elastic shortening loss. Since, the initial concrete
stresses are less than the allowable compressive stress, fci = 4.4 ksi is
acceptable.

52

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Step 7 Temporary Tension at Ends

The stresses at the end of the beam and at the hold-down points of the precast
beams must be checked to ensure that the eccentricity is limited to keep any
tension within the allowable limits. As with the compressive check, the end
critical location will be at the end of the transfer length.
The allowable tension in the top of the precast beam without additional mild
reinforcement equals:
[5.9.4]
[BDG]

Allowable Tension = 0.0948 f ' ci = 0.0948 4.4 = 0.199 ksi < 0.200 ksi
Hold-Down Point (33.50 feet from CL Brg)

ft =

(706) (12) (17.481) = 1.266

117,014

ksi

(12.695) (17.481) + 1.266 = 0.593 ksi

1
f t = (1041.80)

117,014
799.36

Transfer Length (1.75 feet from CL Brg)

ft =

(59) (12) (17.357 ) = 0.107

114,782

ksi

(9.875) (17.357 ) + 0.107 = 0.145 ksi

1
f t = (1041.80 )

114,782

799.36
Since the tension is less than the allowable, the criteria is satisfied without
adding mild reinforcing in the top of the beam.

53

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Step 8 Determine Final Concrete Strength

[Table 5.9.4.2.1-1]

The required final concrete strength is determined after all prestress losses at
the midspan and the transfer length. The Service I Limit State load
combination is used for each of the three compressive load cases.
Prestress after transfer (Use transformed properties at transfer):

Midspan

Fi = (5.202)[(0.75)(270) 2.23] = 1041.80 k

(12.695) (17.481) = 0.673 ksi

1
f t = (1041.80)

117,014

799.36
(12.695) (15.519) = 3.057 ksi
1
f b = (1041.80)
+
117,014

799.36
Prestress time-dependent losses (Use net properties):
Floss = (5.202)(33.32) = 173.33 k

(13.342) (16.834) = 0.125 ksi

1
f t = ( 173.33)

110,441

760.55
(13.342) (16.166) = 0.566 ksi
1
f b = ( 173.33)
+
110,441

760.55
Case I Permanent Loads plus Effective Prestress
Allowable Compression = 0.45 fc = (0.45)(5.0) = 2.250 ksi

ft = 1.0(-0.673 + 0.125 + 1.323 + 0.592 + 0.158) = 1.525 ksi < 2.250 ksi

Case II One-half the Case I loads plus LL + IM

Allowable Compression = 0.40 fc = (0.40)(5.0) = 2.000 ksi

ft = (1.525) + 1.0(0.576) = 1.339 ksi < 2.000 ksi Allowable

54

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Case III Effective Prestress, Permanent Loads and Transient Loads
Allowable Compression = 0.60 w fc = 0.60(1.00)(5.0) = 3.000 ksi
The reduction factor w shall be taken equal to 1.0 when the wall slenderness
ratio w is not greater than 15. The critical slenderness ratio involves the
bottom slab.

w =

X u (47.50 10.00 )
=
= 6.3 15
6.00
t

Since the ratio is less than the allowable, the equivalent rectangular stress
block can be used and w = 1.00.

ft = 1.0(-0.673 + 0.125) + 2.649 = 2.101 ksi < 3.000 ksi Allowable

Transfer Length

Transfer Length
Since the relaxation loss before transfer and the time-dependent losses do not
vary along the length of the beam the effective prestress force is the same as
determined at midspan.
Prestress after transfer (Use transformed properties at transfer):

(9.875) (15.643) = 2.705 ksi

1
f b = (1041.80)
+
114,782
799.36

Prestress time-dependent losses (Use net properties):

(10.378) (16.146) = 0.490 ksi

1
f b = ( 173.33)
+
110,805
760.55

Case I Permanent Loads plus Effective Prestress

fb = 1.0(2.705 0.490 0.096 0.044 0.019) = 2.056 ksi < 2.250 ksi
Allowable
Since the live load causes tension in the bottom fiber, Cases 2 and 3 will have a
smaller compressive stress and therefore will not control.

55

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Step 9 Determine Final Concrete Tension

Determination of the tension in the concrete is a Service III Limit State. This
step is not required since the number of strands was determined based on the
tension in the bottom fiber in Step 3 ensuring that the criteria is satisfied. The
allowable tension after all losses is limited to:
[5.9.4]
[BDG]

Allowable Tension = 0.0948 f ' c = 0.0948 5.0 = 0.212 ksi

The basic equation for stress in concrete is:

1 e y (M ) y
f = Aps f se + m
I
I
A
Bottom fiber at Midspan

fb = 1.0(3.057 0.566) 2.607 = -0.116 ksi < -0.212 ksi

Since the tension is less than the allowable tension the criteria is satisfied.

Fatigue
Limit State
[5.5.3.1]

Fatigue of the reinforcement need not be checked for fully prestressed

components designed to have extreme fiber tensile stress due to Service III
Limit State with the tensile stress limit specified in Table 5.9.4.2.2-1.

56

LRFD Example 3
Flexural
Resistance
[5.7.3]

3-Span PPBBB
Step 10 Flexural Resistance

The flexural resistance of the box beam must exceed the applied factored
loads. Strength I is used.
Mr = Mn < M = Mu
Midspan
STRENGTH I: M = Mu = 2761 ft-k (exterior beam)
Aps = (0.153)(34) = 5.202 in2

[5.7.3.1.1-1]

c
f ps = f pu 1 k

d p

[5.7.3.1.1-2]

f py
k = 21.04

f pu

= 21.04 243 = 0.28 for low relaxation strand

270

For a rectangular section without mild reinforcing steel:

dp = 33.00 + 5.00 0.5 w.s. 2.824 = 34.68 inches

c=

0.85 f ' c 1b + kAps

[5.7.3.1.1-4]

c=

[C 5.7.2.2]

A ps f pu
f pu
dp

(5.202) (270)
0.85 (4.5) (0.825) (48.00) + 0.28 (5.202 )

270
34.68

= 8.63 < tslab =10.0

The depth of the stress block is such that it crosses two layers of concrete with
different strengths. This effect can be handled by using 1 and fc for the lower
strength concrete. A more complex method of producing a weighted average
is shown in the Specification. However, the effort required by this method is
not worth the extra effort required by the refinement.
Since the stress block depth is less than the composite slab thickness, the
section is treated as a rectangular section:
a = c 1 = (8.63) (0.825) = 7.12 in

57

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The tensile strain must be calculated as follows:
dt

34.68
1 = 0.003
1 = 0.009
8.63

T = 0.003

[C 5.5.4.2-1]

Since T > 0.005, the member is tension controlled and = 1.00.

8.63

f ps = (270) 1 (0.28)
= 251.19 ksi
34.68

M n = A ps f ps d p
2

7.12

M n = (5.202 ) (251.19) 34.68

12 = 3389 ft-k
2

Mn = 1.0(3389) = 3389 ft-k > Mu = 2761 ft-k

Section is adequate for flexural resistance

Minimum
Reinforcing
[5.7.3.3.2]

There is also a minimum amount of reinforcement that must be provided in a

section. The amount of prestressed and nonprestressed tensile reinforcement
shall be adequate to develop a factored flexural resistance at least equal to the
lesser of:
1.2 Mcr
1.33 Mu
The cracking moment is determined on the basis of elastic stress distribution
and the modulus of rupture of the concrete.
S

M cr = S c ( f r + f cpe ) M dnc c 1 S c f r
S nc

58

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Use gross section properties.

Sc =

I
171,153
=
= 8504 in3
y b 20.125

S nc =

I
111,361
=
= 6927 in3
y b 16.076

Use transformed section properties at transfer to determine initial stress:

(12.695) (15.519) = 3.057 ksi

1
f i = (1041.80 )
+

117,014
799.36

Use net section properties to determine stress from prestress losses:

(13.342) (16.166) = 0.566 ksi

1
f loss = ( 173.33)
+
110,441

760.55
8504
1
M cr = (8504) (0.827 + 3.057 0.566) 12 (738 + 330 )
6927
Mcr = 2108 ft-k
Sc fr = (8504)(0.827) 12 = 586 ft-k minimum
1.2 Mcr = (1.2)(2108) = 2530 < Mn = 3389 ft-k
Therefore the minimum reinforcing requirement is satisfied.

59

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Positive Moment
Continuity
Connection

The girders must be connected at the bottom to resist any positive moment at
the supports. This moment is caused by restraining the girder as the ends tend
to rotate due to creep and shrinkage. Usually strands are extended and hooked
up into the cast-in-place diaphragm to resist this moment.
The LRFD Specification does not contain any direction as to design for these
forces. Therefore, the design for the positive moment connection will follow
the procedure outlined in the PCA publication Design of Continuous
Highway Bridges with Precast, Prestressed Concrete Girders, August 1969.
Figures referenced PCA in this section refer to Figures in that publication. The
end rotations from dead load, prestress and differential shrinkage from the
cast-in-place slab are restrained by the continuity connection with appropriate
creep factors considered. In addition negative moments will result from the
composite dead load such as the barriers. For a three span bridge, positive
moments will result from live loads in remote spans.

Creep Factor

Since creep is time dependent, the amount of positive restraint moment

induced depends on the time when the continuity connection is made. The
sooner the connection is made the higher the restraint moments will be. For
design purposes 30 days will be used. For design, the ultimate creep value of
0.386 x 10-6 may be taken from PCA Figure 5 for a concrete with an initial
modulus of 3818 ksi using the 20-year creep curve as the ultimate creep. This
value must be modified to adjust for the effect of age when the girders are
prestressed and for the volume/surface ratio.
Assuming the prestress is transferred to the concrete at day one, the creep
adjustment factor is 1.80 from PCA Figure 6. The beam volume/surface ratio
4.76 is used ignoring the interior surface area. The creep adjustment factor for
volume/surface ratio is 1.16 from PCA Figure 7.
The amount of creep that has occurred before the connection is made at an
assumed time of 30 days is 40 percent from PCA Figure 8. This means that 60
percent of the creep occurs after the connection is made contributing to the
restraint moment.
The adjusted creep strain is:
s = (0.386 x 10-6)(1.80)(1.16)(0.60) = 0.484 x 10-6

60

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

The effects of creep under prestress and dead load can be evaluated by
standard elastic analysis methods by assuming the elements were cast and
prestressed as a monolithic continuous girder. The variable is the ratio of
creep strain to elastic strain. This value can be determined by multiplying the
creep strain by the modulus of concrete as follows:
= (0.484 x 10-6)(3818 x 103) = 1.848
The continuity moments are then multiplied by the following factor to account
for creep:
Creep Factor = (1 e ) = (1 e 1.848 ) = 0.842

Non-Composite DL
and P/S

Once the girders are restrained, additional creep rotation from the noncomposite dead load of the girder, diaphragms and deck slab will cause a
restraint moment. This restraint moment is the moment at the support resulting
from the analysis of a continuous beam with the weight of the girder,
diaphragms and slab adjusted by the dead load creep factor. From the
continuous beam analysis the resulting dead load moments are show below:
Girder
Diaphragms
Slab & NC DL

-588 ft-k
-27 ft-k
-274 ft-k
-889 ft-k

CR: Adjusted DL = (-889)(0.842) = -749 ft-k

The final prestress force is applied to the continuous beam resulting in a
positive support moment of 1270 ft-k.
CR: Adjusted P/S = (1270)(0.842) = 1069 ft-k

Composite DL
LL + IM

The barrier will cause negative moments at the piers while the live load plus
dynamic load allowance will cause a positive moment. However, there is no
creep modification factor for these loads since the loads are applied after the
bridge has been made continuous and are not the result of creep restraint. The
following pier moments result:
DC: Barrier
LL + IM

-74 ft-k
85 ft-k
61

LRFD Example 3

Differential
Shrinkage

3-Span PPBBB

The remaining force is the differential shrinkage caused by the time delay
between casting the box beam and placing the deck. During this time, the box
beam shortens due to shrinkage. When the deck is cured the deck and box
beam will shorten together. However, the deck must undergo all its shrinkage
while the box beam has already seen much of its shortening. The deck will
shorten more relative to the box beam causing a positive moment along the
span. This results in a negative restraint moment at the support.
When test data is not available, the ultimate shrinkage of concrete at a relative
humidity of 50 percent can be estimated as 0.600 x 10-3. This value must be
corrected for humidity variances. For a relative humidity of 40 percent the
correction factor is 1.09 from PCA Figure 10.
Assuming a 30 day lapse between casting the box beams and placing the deck,
the box beam will have undergone 40 percent of its shrinkage as seen from
PCA Figure 8. This means that the box beam/deck system will see a
differential shrinkage equal to 40 percent of the total shrinkage. The
differential shrinkage strain is:
s = (0.600 x 10-3)(1.09)(0.40) = 0.262 x 10-3
The equation for the differential shrinkage moment applied to the box beam
along its entire length is:
t

M ds = s Eb Ab yt +
2

s = differential shrinkage strain

Eb = elastic modulus for the deck slab concrete = 3861 ksi
Ab = area of deck slab = (4.50)(48) = 216 in2
yt = distance to the top of beam from the centroid of the gross composite
section = 12.875 in

4.50

M ds = 0.262 x10 3 (3861) (216) 12.875 +

12
2

Mds = 275 ft-k

For a 3 span continuous beam with equal spans, the support moment will equal
1.20 times the uniformly applied moment. Therefore the support moment
equals (-1.20)(275) = 330 ft-k.

62

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The negative support moment due to differential shrinkage is adjusted for
creep by the following factor:
Creep Factor =

(1 e ) = (1 e

1.848

1.848

) = 0.456

The support moment for differential shrinkage must be adjusted by the above
creep factor resulting in:
CR: Adjusted Differential Shrinkage = (0.456)(-330) = -151 ft-k
Combining the above loads results in the following:
Service I Limit State
Limit States
[Table 3.4.1-1]

Ms = 1.0(DC) + 1.0(LL + IM) + 1.0(SH + CR)

Ms = 1.0( 74) + 1.0(85) +1.0(-749 + 1069 -151) = 180 ft-k
Strength I Limit State
Mu = 0.90DC + 1.75(LL + IM) + 0.5(SH + CR)
Mu = 0.90( 74) + 1.75(85) + 0.5(-749 + 1069 - 151) = 167 ft-k
The prestress strands will be extended to resist the positive moment. The
strands will be designed based on the criteria in Report No. FHWA-RD-77-14,
End Connections of Pretensioned I-Beam Bridge, November 1974.
Try extending 8 strands with four each in the bottom two rows.
As = 8(0.153) = 1.224 in2
c.g. = 3.00 in
d = 38.00 0.5 ws 3.00 = 34.50 inch
p=

As
1.224
=
= 0.000739
bd (48.00 ) (34.50)

np = (7) (0.000739) = 0.00517

Service I
Limit State

k = 2np + np 2 np = 2 (0.00517 ) + (0.00517 ) 0.00517 = 0.097

2

k
0.097
= 1
= 0.968
3
3
Ms
(180) (12)
fs =
=
= 52.84 ksi
As jd (1.224 ) (0.968) (34.50 )
j = 1

63

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
From test data in the research report the recommended development length due
to service loads for strands bent 90 over a reinforcing bar is:
Le = 0.228fs + 8.25 when Lpb 8.25
L pb 8.25

Le = 0.225 f s
+ L pb when Lpb > 8.25
0.472

Normally the gap between girders is 12 inches. With two rows of strands
extended the lower one is extended 10 inches while the upper one is extended
8 inches. To simplify the design assume that both rows are extended only 8
inches. Therefore Lpb, the length to the bend, is 8.25 inches.
Le = (0.228)(52.84) + 8.25 = 20.3 inches

Strength I
Limit State
[Table 3.4.1-1]

The strength limit state must also be checked. From the research report an
upper limit of 150 ksi is placed on the stress in the strand with the required
development length as follows:
Le = 0.163fps + 8.25 when Lpb 8.25
L pb 8.25

Le = 0.163 f ps
+ L pb when Lpb > 8.25
0
.
337

Try a 21 inch extension and rearrange the equation to solve for fps.
f ps =

a=

Le 8.25 21 8.25
=
= 78.22 ksi 150 ksi
0.163
0.163

As f ps
0.85 f ' c b

(1.224) (78.22) = 0.52

0.85 (4.5) (48.00)
a
2

in

M n = As f ps d = (0.90) (1.224) (78.22) 34.50

0.52
12
2

Mn = 246 ft-k > Mu = 167 ft-k

Therefore, the service and strength limit states are satisfied by extending 8
strands a total of 21 inches.

64

LRFD Example 3
Negative Moment
Continuity
Reinforcement

3-Span PPBBB
The precast prestressed box beam behaves as a simple span under self-weight
and the non-composite dead loads. However, this bridge type is made
continuous to eliminate the expansion joints and improve the riding surface of
the deck. Continuity is provided by designing an adequate amount of mild
reinforcing steel in the top slab of the deck to resist the negative moments from
the composite dead loads, live load plus dynamic load allowance and any creep
or shrinkage restraint moment.
To maximize the negative moment, the restraint moment should be determined
at a time of 120 days. This longer time will produce a greater negative
shrinkage restraint moment than the normal 60 days assumed for the deck pour
and the 30 days assumed for positive connection design. The method of
determining the shrinkage restraint forces was shown in the previous section
on positive moment continuity connection.

Creep Factor

The only variable that changes from the previous calculation is the time used
for creep. The amount of creep that has occurred before the connection is
made, at an assumed time of 120 days, is 65 percent from PCA Figure 8. This
means that 35 percent of the creep occurs after the connection is made
contributing to the restraint moment.
The adjusted creep strain is:

s = (0.386 x 10 6 ) (1.80) (1.16 ) (0.35) = 0.282 x 10 6

The variable is determined as follows:
= (0.282 x 10-6)(3818 x 103) = 1.077
The continuity moments are then multiplied by the following factor to account
for creep:
Creep Factor = (1 e ) = (1 e 1.077 ) = 0.659
CR: Adjusted DL = (-889)(0.659) = -586 ft-k
CR: Adjusted P/S = (1270)(0.659) = 837 ft-k
Differential
Shrinkage

Assuming a 120 day lapse between casting the box beams and placing the
deck, the box beam will have undergone 65 percent of its shrinkage as seen
from PCA Figure 8. This means that the box beam/deck system will see a
differential shrinkage equal to 65 percent of the total shrinkage. The
differential shrinkage strain is:
s = (0.600 x 10-3)(1.09)(0.65) = 0.425 x 10-3

65

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The differential shrinkage moment equals:
Mds = (0.425 x 10-3)(3861)(216)(12.875 + 4.50 / 2) 12
Mds = 447 ft-k
The negative support moment due to differential shrinkage is adjusted for
creep by the following factor:

(1 e ) = (1 e
Creep Factor =

1.077

1.077

) = 0.612

From a continuous beam analysis of uniformly applied moment from the

differential shrinkage, the support moment equals (-1.20)(447) = 536 ft-k.
This value must be adjusted by the creep factor of 0.612 resulting in a moment
equal to (0.612)(-536) = -328 ft-k.
A continuous beam analysis is made for DC, DW and LL+IM for a
configuration with spans of 85-3, 86-6, 85-3. For an interior girder the
live load from one vehicle is modified by the distribution factor of 0.293 and
the skew reduction factor of 1.0. The sum of the creep and shrinkage moments
equal -586 + 837 328 = -77 ft-k
Strength I
Limit State

For the Strength I Limit State where DC and DW moments are positive the
FWS is ignored and the following equation applies:
Mu = 0.90(DC) + 1.75(LL + IM) + 0.5(SH + CR)
When both DC and DW are negative the following equation applies:
Mu = 1.25(DC) + 1.50(DW) + 1.75(LL + IM) + 0.5(SH + CR)
A summary of negative moments for an interior box beam follows:
Span 1
0.5
0.6
55
44
54
43

DC (Barriers)
DW (FWS)

0.4
58
58

One Vehicle
LL + IM

-349
-102

-436
-128

SH & CR

-31

Service I
Strength I

-75
-142

66

0.7
25
25

0.8
-1
-1

0.9
-34
-34

1.0
-74
-74

-524
-154

-611
-179

-809
-237

-1052
-308

-1764
-517

-39

-46

-54

-62

-69

-77

-112
-194

-156
-253

-208
-318

-301
-449

-445
-667

-742
-1147

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Span 2
0.0
-74
-74

0.1
-40
-40

0.2
-14
-14

0.3
5
5

0.4
16
16

0.5
20
20

-1764
-517

-1177
-345

-960
-281

-724
-212

-624
-183

-525
-154

CU & SH

-77

-77

-77

-77

-77

-77

Service I
Strength I

-742
-1147

-502
-752

-386
-569

-284
-405

-244
-344

-211
-290

DC (Barriers)
DW (FWS)
One Vehicle
LL + IM

One Vehicle = design lane plus design truck or design tandem for one lane
including dynamic load allowance.
LL + IM = One Vehicle times the distribution factor of 0.293.
A comparison of the restraint moments for 30 days versus 120 days reveals an
interesting trend. At 30 days, the time used to determine the positive
continuity moment connection, the restraint moment is 749 + 1069 151 =
169 ft-k. At 120 days, the time used to determine the negative continuity
moment, the restrain moment is 586 + 837 328 = -77 ft-k. While the dead
load and prestress creep moments reduce with increased time, the negative
restraint moment due to differential shrinkage increases. Since the time of
erection and deck pour is not controllable, it is reasonable to bracket the
extremes for design.

67

LRFD Example 3
Negative Moment
Design

Service I
Limit State
[Table 3.4.1-1]

3-Span PPBBB
Even though the top surface serves as the deck the allowable stress in the
longitudinal direction is not limited to 24 ksi as is the case for transverse
reinforcing. Thus the service limit state may not control the design.
M s = 1 .0 (M DC + M DW ) + 1 .0 (M LL + IM ) + 1 .0(M SH + CR )
Composite Loads:
MLL+IM = (-1764)(0.293) = -517 ft-k
Ms = 1.0(-74 - 74) + 1.0(-517) +1.0(-77) = -742 ft-k

Allowable Stress

Try #10 reinforcing bars

ds = 38.00 2.50 clear 0.625 1.27 / 2 = 34.24 inches
Since there is no direct check for the allowable stress, assume a stress of 36 ksi
maximum with the understanding that his step may have to be repeated.
As

Ms
(742) (12)
=
= 8.03 in2
f s jd s (36.0 ) (0.9) (34.24)

Try alternating #9 and #10 @ 6 inches

As = (8)(1.00 + 1.27) 2 = 9.08 in2 per box beam
Determine stress block depth assuming a rectangular section.
p=

As
9.08
=
= 0.00558
bd s (47.50 ) (34.24 )

np = 7(0.00558) = 0.03908
k = 2np + np 2 np = 2 (0.03908) + (0.03908) 0.03908 = 0.243
2

kd = (0.243)(34.24) = 8.33 inch > 6.00 inch bottom slab thickness

Since the depth of the stress block exceeds the depth of the bottom slab, the
section must be treated as a T-section.

68

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Figure 16
Transform the area of reinforcing into an equivalent area of concrete and take
moments about the neutral axis ignoring the fillets. The following equation
results:
nAs(d - kd) = (b bw)hf(kd - hf 2) + bw(kd)2 2
(bw 2)(kd)2 +[(b bw)hf + nAs](kd) (b bw)hf2 2 nAsd = 0
Solving the quadratic equation for kd results in the following coefficients:
A = bw 2 = 10.00 2 = 5.00
B = (b bw)hf + nAs = (47.50 10.00)(6.00) + 7(9.08) = 288.56
C = (b bw)hf2 2 nAsd = -(47.50 10)(6.00)2 2 7(9.08)(34.24)
= - 2851
kd =

288.56 +

(288.56)2 4 (5.00) ( 2851)

= 8.60 in
2 (5.00 )

69

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Determine the moment of inertia of the cracked section about the neutral axis
as follows:
2
3
(b bw )h f 3
hf

bw (kd )
2
+
+ (b bw )h f kd
I cr = nAs (d kd ) +
3
12
2

Icr = (7)(9.08)(34.24 8.60)2 + (10.00)(8.60)33 + (47.50 10)(6.00)312

+ (47.50 10)(6.00)(8.60 6.00 2)2 = 51,636 in4
yt = 34.24 8.60 = 25.64 in
fs =

(7 ) (742) (12) (25.64) = 30.95 ksi

51,636

There is not a direct stress limit in the LRFD Specification. The Bridge Group
limit of 24 ksi for decks applies to the transverse reinforcing not the
longitudinal reinforcing. However, the reinforcing stress is required in
determining the maximum allowable reinforcing spacing.
Control of Cracking
[5.7.3.4]

For all concrete components in which the tension in the cross-section exceeds
80 percent of the modulus of rupture at the service limit state load combination
the maximum spacing requirement in Equation 5.7.3.4-1 shall be satisfied.
fsa = 0.80fr = 0.80( 0.24 f ' c ) = 0.80(0.509) = 0.407 ksi
f cr =

M s y t (742) (12) (12.875 + 4.5)

=
= 0.904 ksi > fsa = 0.407 ksi
Ig
171,153

Since the service limit state cracking stress exceeds the allowable, the spacing,
s, of mild steel reinforcing in the layer closest to the tension force shall satisfy
the following:
[Equation 5.7.3.4-1]

700 e
2d c
s fs

where
e = 0.75 for Class 2 exposure condition for decks
dc = 2.5 clear + 0.625 + 1.27 2 = 3.76 inches
fs = 30.95 ksi
h = 38.00 inches

70

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

s = 1+

dc
3.76
= 1+
= 1.16
0.7(h d c )
0.7 (38.00 3.76 )

(700) (0.75) (2) (3.76) = 7.10 in

(1.16) (30.95)

Since the spacing of 6.0 inches is less than 7.10 inches, the cracking criteria is
satisfied.

Strength I
Limit State
[3.4.1]

Factored moment for Strength I is as follows:

M u = DC M DC + DW M DW + 1.75M LL + IM + 0.5M SH +CR
M u = 1.25 ( 74) + 1.50 ( 74) + 1.75 ( 517 ) + 0.5 ( 77 ) = 1147 ft-k
Verify section type by calculating depth of rectangular stress block.

[5.7.3.1.1-4]

c=

c=

As f y
0.85 f ' c 1bw

(9.08) (60)
= 3.37
0.85 (5.0 ) (0.800) (47.50)

in < 6.00 in bottom slab

Since the depth is less than the bottom slab depth the section is treated as a
rectangular section.
The flexural resistance of a reinforced concrete rectangular section is:
M r = M n
[Equation5.7.3.2.2-1]
[5.7.3.2.3]

M n = As f y d s
2

a = 1c = (0.800 ) (3.37 ) = 2.70 in

2.70

M n = (9.08) (60) 34.24

12 = 1493 ft-k
2

71

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

The tensile strain must be calculated as follows:

dt

34.24
1 = 0.003
1 = 0.027
3.37

T = 0.003

Since T > 0.005, the member is tension controlled and = 0.90 for the
reinforced member.
[5.5.4.2.1]

M r = (0.90 ) (1493) = 1344 ft-k

Since the flexural resistance, Mr = 1344 ft-k, is greater than the factored
moment, Mu = 1147 ft-k, the strength limit state is satisfied.

Minimum
Reinforcing
[5.7.3.3.2]

The LRFD Specification specifies that all sections requiring reinforcing must
have sufficient strength to resist a moment equal to at least 1.2 times the
moment that causes a concrete section to crack or 1.33 Mu. Use the composite
gross section properties for this calculation.
Sc = (171,153) / (12.875 + 4.50) = 9851 in3
1.2 M cr = 1.2 f r S c = (1.2) (0.785) (9851) 12 = 773 ft-k
1.2 M cr = 773 M r = 1344 ft-k
Therefore the minimum reinforcement limit is satisfied.

72

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Fatigue

The stress range in the continuous reinforcing over the pier must be checked
for fatigue.
Fatigue Load
[3.6.1.4]

The fatigue load shall be one design truck but with a constant 30.0 feet
between the 32.0 kip axles. The dynamic load allowance of 15 percent shall be
applied to the fatigue load. From the live load generator, the maximum fatigue
truck moment at the support is:
Negative LL + IM = -605 ft-k
Positive LL + IM = 152 ft-k
The live load distribution for an interior girder with one design lane loaded is
0.197.

Multiple Presence
Factor
[3.6.1.1.2]
Fatigue
Limit State
[3.4.1]

The multiple presence factor is already included in the distribution factor.

Therefore the force effect should be divided by 1.20 when investigating
fatigue.
Mf = 0.75MLL+IM = (0.75)(-605)(0.197) / 1.20 = -74 ft-k
Mf = 0.75MLL+IM = (0.75)(152)(0.197) / 1.20 = 19 ft-k
f range =

[5.5.3.2-1]

(7 ) (74 + 19) (12) (25.64) = 3.88

51,636

ksi

r
f f = 21 0.33 f min + 8
h
When the actual value of r / h is not known use a value of 0.30.
DC + DW + LL+IM:
f min =

(7 ) (74 + 74 19) (12) (25.64) = 5.38

51,636

ksi

f f = 21 (0.33) (5.38) + 8 (0.30) = 21.62 ksi

Since the stress range of 5.38 ksi is less than the allowable fatigue stress of
21.62 ksi, the fatigue criteria for the reinforcing is satisfied.
The superstructure is adequately reinforced for negative moment using #9 and
#10 alternating at 6 inches over the pier. This reinforcing can be reduced along
the span based on the negative moment diagram considering the service,
strength and fatigue limit states. The reinforcing anchorage requirements in
5.14.1.2.7b shall be satisfied.
73

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Shear
[5.8]

The LRFD method of shear design is a complete change from the methods
specified in the Standard Specifications and that used by ADOT. For this
example an in-depth shear design will be performed at the critical locations in
Span 1 near the abutment and pier.

Critical Section
[5.8.3.2]

The critical location is located a distance dv from the face of the support. This
creates a problem in that dv is largest of three values, two of which are a
function of distance from the support. To eliminate the iterative process in
determining the critical shear location, a simplification is required. It is
recommended that the equation, dv = 0.72 h be used to determine the critical
shear location. Since dv is the larger of the three values determined in Step 3,
using dv = 0.72h = (0.72)(33.0 + 4.50) / 12 = 2.25 feet will be conservative.

dv
[5.8.2.9]

Step 1 Determine Shear

Shears and moments from a simple span analysis will be slightly higher near
the abutment and will be used in that analysis. Shears and moments from a
continuous beam analysis will be used near the pier. The more critical design
will be used in the final solution to obtain a symmetrical shear reinforcing
pattern for the box beam.
Abutment Shear

For a uniform load w distributed along the entire span L the shear at a
distance x from the support is Vx = (w)(L / 2 x). Simple span shears 2.25
feet from the abutment are determined as follows:
Box Beam
Diaphragms
Non-Comp
Barriers
DC

VCrit = 0.798 [(84.00) / 2 2.25]

VCrit = 0.821(3 / 2)
VCrit = 0.373 [(84.00) / 2 2.25]
VCrit = 0.101 [(84.00) / 2 - 2.25]
VCrit = 31.7 + 1.2 + 14.8 + 4.0

= 31.7 kips
= 1.2 kips
= 14.8 kips
= 4.0 kips
= 51.7 kips

DW

VCrit = 0.100 [(84.00) / 2 - 2.25]

= 4.0 kips

Design Lane VCrit = [0.640)(84.00 - 2.25)2 / 2] 84.00

Design Truck VCrit = [32(81.75) + 32(67.75) + 8(53.75)] 84
Design Tandm VCrit = [25(81.75) + 25(77.75)] 84
Vehicle
Interior Box Beam

LL Distribution
[4.6.2.2.1]

= 25.5 k
= 62.1 k
= 47.5 k

VCrit = 25.5 + 1.33(62.1) = 108.1 kips

The live load distribution factor for shear will be determined based on the
provisions the more critical of an interior or exterior beam. The distribution of
live load per lane for shear for an interior beam for one design lane loaded is:
b
LL Distribution =

130 L

74

0.15

I

J

0.05

47.50
=

130 84.00

0.15

171,153

271,796

0.05

= 0.432

LRFD Example 3
Live Load
Distribution
[4.6.2.2.1]

[4.6.2.2.3a-1]

3-Span PPBBB
The distribution for two or more design lanes loaded is:
0.4

0.1

b b I
LL Distribution =


156 12.0 L J
where

0.05

b

48

b 47.5
=
= 0.990 1.0
48
48
0.4

0.1

47.50 47.50 171,153

LL Distribution =

156 12.0 84.00 271,796

Exterior Box Beam

0.05

(1.0) = 0.447

The distribution of live load per lane for shear for an exterior beam for one
design lane loaded is:
g = e ginterior
e = 1.25 +

de
1.0 where de has been previously calculated = 0.21 feet
20

.
e = 1.25 +

0.21
= 1.26
20

g = (1.26)(0.432) = 0.544
The distribution of live load per lane for shear for an exterior beam with two or
more design lanes loaded is:
48
48
g = e g int erior where
1.0
b
b
b

d e + 12 2.0
e = 1+

40

0.5

1.0

47.5

0.21 + 12 2.0
e = 1+

40

0.5

= 1.233

g = (1.233)(0.447)(1.0) = 0.551 Critical

75

LRFD Example 3
Skew Effect
[4.6.2.2.3c-1]

3-Span PPBBB
For skewed bridges, the shear shall be adjusted to account for the effects of
skew. For a right angle bridge the correction factor equals one.
LL+IM
VCrit = (108.1)(0.551)(1.00) = 59.6 kips
Vu = 1.25(51.7) + 1.50(4.0) + 1.75(59.6) = 174.9 kips

Step 2 Determine Analysis Model

Sectional Model
[5.8.3]

The sectional model of analysis is appropriate for the design of typical bridge
webs where the assumptions of traditional beam theory are valid. Where the
distance from the point of zero shear to the face of the support is greater than
2d the sectional model may be used. Otherwise, the strut-and-tie model should
be used. Assume a 12 inch long bearing pad.
For Simple spans:
Point of Zero Shear to Face of Support = 84.00 / 2 0.50 = 41.50 ft
2d = 2(3.125) = 6.25 ft < 41.50 ft
Therefore sectional model may be used.

Step 3 Shear Depth, dv

The shear depth is the maximum of the following criteria:

1) dv = 0.9 de where d e =

A ps f ps d p + As f y d s
A ps f ps + As f y

= d p when As = 0

From Figure 12 at a distance 2.25 feet from centerline bearing:

Y = 4.00 + (27.00)(31.25) / 34.25 = 28.635 in

c.g. =

(2) (28.635) + (2) (26.635) + (12) (4.00) + (18) (2.00) = 5.72 in

34

d p = 37.50 5.72 = 31.78 in

d v = 0.9d p = 0.9(31.78) = 28.60 in

76

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
2) 0.72h = 0.72(37.50) = 27.00 in

[C5.8.2.9-1]

3) d v =

Mn
As f y + A ps f pu

At the critical location, 2.25 feet from the abutment, the 4 harped strands are in
the compression zone and are ignored for strength calculations. Since the
compression zone extends beyond the deck and into the beam, the width of the
beam will be used for b.

[5.7.3.1.1-4]

As = (0.153)(30) = 4.590 in2

A ps f pu
c=
f pu
0.85 f ' c 1b + kAps
dp
When the cast-in-place deck has a different strength than the precast member,
the lower concrete strength may be used in the flexural analysis when the
compression block extends into the precast member.
c=

(4.590) (270)
0.85 (4.5) (0.825) (47.50) + 0.28 (4.590)

270
31.78

= 7.71 in

a = c1 = (7.71)(0.825) = 6.36 in
[5.7.3.1.1-1]

7.71

f ps = (270) 1 (0.28)
= 251.66 ksi
31.78

The effect of the bond on the strand stress at the end of the girder must be
considered. The embedment length, lpx = 9.00 + 2.25(12) = 36 inches is
greater than the transfer length of 30 inches. The development length must
also be satisfied as follows:

[5.11.4.2-1]

l d k f ps f pe d b
3

k = 1.6 for pretensioned members with a depth greater than 24.0 inches.
fpe = effective stress in the prestress steel after losses.
fpe = (0.75)(270) 2.23 - 13.26 33.32 = 153.69 ksi
fps = average stress in prestress steel at the time for which the nominal
resistance of the member is required = 251.66 ksi.

77

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
2

l d (1.6 ) 251.66 153.69 (0.5) = 119.4 inches = 9.95 feet

3

Since the strand is not fully developed, the flexural resistance is reduced. This
is a complex problem to solve. AASHTO has an equation to determine the
stress in the strand as a function of embedment length as shown below:

[5.11.4.2-4]

f px = f pe +

(l

px

(l d

f px = 153.69 +

60d b )

60d b )

(f

ps

f pe )

(36.00 60 0.5) (251.66 153.69) = 160.27 ksi

(119.4 60 0.5)

This reduced strand stress will result in a change in the neutral axis and
resulting stress block depth. The problem now becomes how to determine the
location of the neutral axis while in a transition zone between working stress
and ultimate strength. The Specification does not provide any clear direction
as to how to proceed. Considering the complex issues involved it is
recommended that this third method of determing the shear depth not be used
for sections within the development length of the strands for pretensioned
members.
Based on the above, the shear depth, dv, controlled by criteria 1, equals 28.60
inches.

Step 4 Calculate, Vp

Due to the strand upturn at the hold-down points, some of the prestress force is
in the upward vertical direction and directly resists the applied shear. Since the
critical section for shear is located beyond the transfer length, the effective
prestress force is used. Since the critical section for shear is near the transfer
length, the transfer length losses are used. See Figure 12 for the angle of the
cable path.

(27.00) = 0.06569
12 (34.25)

radians

Vp = (4)(0.153) [(0.75)(270) 2.23 13.26 - 33.32] (0.06569) = 6.2 kips

78

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Step 5 Check Shear Width, bv

The LRFD Specification requires that web width be checked for minimum
width to protect against crushing.
[5.8.3.3-2]

Vu <= Vn = (0.25fcbvdv + Vp)

174.9
6.2
0.9
= 5.26 inches
Required bv =
(0.25) (5.0) (28.60)
Available bv = 5.00(2 webs) = 10.00 inches, ok

Step 6 Evaluate Shear Stress

Calculate the shear stress as follows:

[5.8.2.9-1]

vu =

Vu V p

bv d v

174.9 0.90 (6.2 )

= 0.658 ksi
0.90 (10.00 ) (28.60 )

vu
0.658
=
= 0.132
5.0
f 'c

Step 7 Estimate Crack Angle

The LRFD method of shear design involves several cycles of iteration. The
first step is to estimate a value of , the angle of inclination of diagonal
compressive stress. Since the formula is not very sensitive to this estimate
assume that = 26.5 degrees. This simplifies the equation for the first cycle
by setting the coefficient 0.5 cot = 1.0.
Step 8 Calculate strain, x

There are two formulae for the calculation of strain for sections containing at
least the minimum amount of transverse reinforcing. The first formula is used
for positive values of strain indicating tensile stresses, while the second
formula is used for negative values of strain indicating compressive stresses.

79

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Formula for x for positive values:

[5.8.3.4.2-1]

Mu

+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot A ps f po

x = v

2(E s As + E p A ps )

Formula for ex for negative values:

[5.8.3.4.2-2]

General Procedure
[5.8.3.4.2]

Mu
+ 0.5 N u + 0.5 Vu V p cot A ps f po

x = v

2(E c Ac + E s As + E p A ps )

where:

Ac = area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member. The

flexural tension side is the portion of the member in tension from flexure
with a depth of half the composite member depth of (37.50) / 2 = 18.75
inches.
Ac = (47.50)(6) + (10.0)(12.75) + (2)(1/2)(3)(3) = 421.5 in2
Aps = area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member.
Aps = 0.153(30) = 4.590 in2
As = area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of the
member. As = 0.
fpo = a parameter taken as the modulus of elasticity of prestressing tendons
multiplied by the locked-in difference in strain between the prestressing
tendons and the surrounding concrete. For the usual levels of prestressing,
a value of 0.7 fpu will be appropriate. Since fpo is an effective stress and
the critical location is further from the beam end than the transfer length,
the full stress is utilized.
fpo = 0.70(270) = 189 ksi
Nu = factored axial force taken as positive if tensile.
Nu = 0 kips
Vu = factored shear force.
Vu = 174.9 kips

80

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Mu = factored moment but not to be taken less than Vudv.
For a uniformly distributed load, the moment at a distance x from the support
is Mx = (w)(x)(L x) 2. The moments at the critical shear location are
calculated below:
Box Beam
Diaphragm
Non-Comp
Barriers

MCrit = 0.798(2.25)(84.00 2.25) / 2

MCrit = 0.821(3 / 2)(2.25)
MCrit = 0.373(2.25)(84.00 - 2.25) / 2
MCrit = 0.101(2.25)(84.00 - 2.25) / 2

= 73 ft-k
= 3 ft-k
= 34 ft-k
= 9 ft-k

DC

MCrit = 73 + 3 + 34 + 9 = 119 ft-k

DW

MCrit = 0.100(2.25)(84.00 2.25) / 2 = 9 ft-k

The live load moment corresponding to the shear is determined by multiplying

the critical shear by the critical distance.
Design Lane MCrit = (25.5)(2.25) = 57 ft-k
Design Truck MCrit = (62.1)(2.25) = 140 ft-k
Design Tandm MCrit = (47.5)(2.25) = 107 ft-k
LL+IM

MCrit = [57 + 1.33(140)](0.307) = 75 ft-k

MCrit = 1.25(119) + 1.50(9) + 1.75(75) = 294 ft-k

Mu = 294 ft-k but not less than Vudv = (174.9)(28.60) / 12 = 417 ft-k

[5.8.3.4.2-1]

417 12
+ 0 + 1.0 174.9 6.2 (4.590 ) (189 )

x = 28.60
2(29000 0 + 28500 4.590 )

x = -0.00200 = -2.00 x 1000 -3

Since the value is negative the second formula must be used.

[5.8.3.4.2-2]

417 12

+ 0 + 1.0 174.9 6.2 (4.590) (189)

x = 28.60
2(4070 421.5 + 28500 4.590)

x = -0.000142 = -0.142 x 1000 -3

81

LRFD Example 3

[5.8.3.4.2-1]

3-Span PPBBB
Now go into [Table 5.8.3.4.2-1] to read the values for and . From the
previously calculated value of vu / fc = 0.132, enter the 0.150 row and from
the calculated value of x = -0.142 x 1000, enter the -0.10 column. The new
estimate for values is shown below:

= 23.3 degrees
= 2.79
With the new value of , the strain must be recalculated.

417 12
+ 0 + 0.5 174.9 6.2 cot (23.3) 4.590 (189)

x = 28.60
3,692,640

x = -0.000135 = -0.135 x 1000

With this new estimate for strain, reenter the table and determine new values
for and . Since our new values are the same as assumed, our iterative
portion of the design is complete.

Step 9 - Calculate Concrete Shear Strength, Vc

The nominal shear resistance from concrete, Vc, is calculated as follows:

[5.8.3.3-3]

Vc = 0.0316

f ' c bv d v

Vc = 0.0316 (2.79) 5.0 (10.00 ) (28.60 ) = 56.4 kips

Step 10 - Determine Required Vertical Reinforcement, Vs

[5.8.3.3-4]

Vs =

Av f y d v (cot + cot )sin

s

Vu VR = Vn = (Vc + Vs + V p )
Vs =

Vu

Vc V p =

Av f y d v cot
s

82

Av f y d v cot
s

where = 90

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

s=

Minimum
Reinforcing

[5.8.2.5]

Av f y d v cot (0.62) (60 ) (28.60) cot (23.3)

=
= 18.8 in
Vu
174.9
56.4 6.2
Vc V p
0.90

The minimum transverse reinforcing requirement is satisfied by limiting the

maximum allowable spacing to the following:
s max

s max

Maximum Spacing
[5.8.2.7]

Av f y
0.0316 f ' c bv

(0.62) (60)
= 52.6 in
0.0316 5.0 (10.00 )

The maximum spacing of transverse reinforcing is limited by the following:

For vu < 0.125 f ' c s max = 0.8d v 24.0
For vu 0.125 f ' c s max = 0.4d v 12.0
vu = 0.658 ksi 0.125(5.0) = 0.625 ksi
smax = 0.4(28.60) = 11.4 inches Critical
Use #5 stirrups at 11 inch spacing
Determine the stirrup resistance as follows:
Vs =

(0.62) (60) (28.60)cot (23.3) = 224.6

11

kips

The shear strength is the lesser of:

[5.8.3.3-1]

Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp = [56.4 + 224.6 + 6.2] = 287.2 kips

[5.8.3.3-2]

Vn = 0.25fcbvdv + Vp = [0.25(5.0)(10.00)(28.60) + 6.2] = 363.7 kips

Vn = (0.90)(287.2) = 258.5 k > Vu = 174.9 k

83

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Step 11 - Longitudinal Reinforcement

In addition to transverse reinforcement, shear requires a minimum amount of

longitudinal reinforcement. The requirement for longitudinal reinforcement
follows:

[5.8.3.5-1]

As f y + A ps f ps

Mu
d v f

+ 0.5

+ u V p 0.5Vs cot
c v

Nu

Where Vs is limited to Vu / = 174.9 / 0.90 = 194.3 kips

The effect of the bond on the strand at the end of the girder must be
considered. The development length equals the following:

[5.11.4.2-1]

l d k f ps f pe d b
3

k = 1.6 for pretensioned members with a depth greater than 24.0 inches.
fpe = effective stress in the prestress steel after losses.
fpe = (0.75)(270) 2.23 13.26 33.32 = 153.69 ksi
fps = average stress in prestress steel at the time for which the nominal
resistance of the member is required = 251.66 ksi.
2

l d (1.6 ) 251.66 153.69 (0.5) = 119.4 inches

3

[5.11.4.2-4]

f px = f pe +

(l

px

(l d

f px = 153.69 +

60d b )

60d b )

(f

ps

f pe )

(36.00 60 0.5) (251.66 153.69) = 160.27 ksi

(119.4 60 0.5)

Considering only the prestressing steel in the tension side of the member yields
the following:
417 12

174.9
(4.590) (160.27 )
+
6.2 0.5 194.3 cot (23.3)
(28.60) (1.00) 0.9

736 kips > 386 kips

84

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
In addition, at the inside edge of the bearing area of simple end supports to the
section of critical shear, the longitudinal reinforcement on the flexural tension
side of the member shall satisfy:

[5.8.3.5-2]

As f y + A ps f ps u 0.5Vs V p cot
v

Assuming a 12 inch long bearing pad, the development length is 9 + 6 = 15

inches. The transfer length is 30 inches so the effective prestress stress
accounting for development is:
fps = (15 / 30)(153.69) = 76.85 ksi

(4.590) (76.85) 174.9 0.5 (194.3) 6.2 cot(23.3)

0.90

353 kips > 211 kips

Therefore the bottom prestressing strands are adequate for longitudinal
reinforcement without the addition of mild reinforcing.

85

LRFD Example 3
Critical Shear
At Pier

3-Span PPBBB
The shear calculations will also be shown in Span 1 near the pier where a large
negative moment is present in addition to the large shear in basically a
reinforced concrete section. The critical location is located a distance dv from
the face of the support. The equation, dv = 0.72 h = 2.25 feet will be used to
determine the critical shear location near the pier.
Determine Shear

The shears based on a continuous beam analysis were determined for Span 1
from a computer program as follows:
DC (Barriers)
DW (FWS)
LL+IM Vehicle
SH & CR

0.9
-4.3
-4.3
-111.9
-0.9

1.0
-5.2
-5.1
-123.9
-0.9

Unit
k
k
k
k

Shears are determined 2.25 feet from the simple span support and 3.50 feet
from the continuous support to be at the same location as follows:
Box Beam
Diaphragms
Non-Comp
Barriers
DC

= 31.7 kips
VCrit = 0.798 [(84.00) / 2 2.25]
= 1.2 kips
VCrit = 0.821(3 / 2)
= 14.8 kips
VCrit = 0.373 [(84.00 / 2 2.25]
= 4.8 kips
VCrit = 5.2 0.101(3.50)
VCrit = 31.7 + 1.2 + 14.8 + 4.8 = 52.5 kips

DW
Vehicle

VCrit = 5.1 0.100(3.50) = 4.8 kips

VCrit = 123.9 (123.9 111.9)(3.50) / 8.525 = 119.0 kips

LL+IM

VCrit = (119.0)(0.551)(1.00) = 65.6 kips

Vu = 1.25(52.5) + 1.50(4.8) + 1.75(65.6) + 0.5(0.9) = 188.1 kips

Shear Depth, dv

For the shear design, the harped strands will be conservatively ignored in the
determination of the shear depth. The shear depth is the maximum of the
following criteria:
1) dv = 0.9 de where d e =

A ps f ps d p + As f y d s
A ps f ps + As f y

= d s when Aps = 0

d s = 38.00 2.50 clr 0.625 1.27 / 2 = 34.24 in

86

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
d v = 0.9d s = 0.9 (34.24 ) = 30.82 in
2) 0.72h = 0.72(37.50) = 27.00 in
3) d v =

Mn
As f y + A ps f pu

From the negative moment continuity connection design, the moment capacity
equals 1493 ft-k.
dv =

1493 (12 )
= 32.89 in
(9.08) (60) + 0

Based on the above, the shear depth, dv, is controlled by criteria 3 and equals
32.89 inches.

Calculate, Vp

Due to symmetry the upward shear force near the pier equals that near the
abutment. The critical section is beyond the transfer length so the full effective
prestress force may be used.
Vp = (4)(0.153) [(0.75)(270) 2.23 - 13.26 - 33.32] (0.06569) = 6.2 kips

Check Shear Width, bv

The LRFD Specification requires that web width be checked for minimum
width to protect against crushing.
Vu <= Vn = (0.25fcbvdv + Vp)
188.1
6.2
0
.
9
Required bv =
= 4.93 inches
(0.25) (5.0) (32.89)
Available bv = 5.00(2 webs) = 10.00 inches, ok

Evaluate Shear Stress

vu =

Vu V p

bv d v

188.1 0.90 (6.2 )

= 0.617 ksi
0.90 (10.00 ) (32.89)

87

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
vu
0.617
=
= 0.123
5.0
f 'c

Calculate strain, x

Ac = area of concrete on the flexural tension side of the member.

Ac = (0.949)(48)(4.50) + (47.50)(5.5) + (10.0)(8.75) + (2)(1/2)(3)(3)
= 562.73 in2
Aps = area of prestressing steel on the flexural tension side of the member.
Aps = 0 in2 (Neglect the 4 harped strands for simplicity).
As = area of nonprestressed steel on the flexural tension side of the
member. As = 9.08 in2
fpo = 0.70(270) = 189 ksi
Nu = factored axial force taken as positive if tensile.
Nu = 0 kips
Vu = factored shear force.
Vu = 188.1 kips
Mu = factored moment, but not to be taken less than Vudv.
The moment at the critical shear location is required. The moments from the
continuous beam analysis at the critical location near the pier follow:
DC (Barriers)
DW (FWS)
One Vehicle
SH & CR

0.9
-34
-34
-1052
-69

1.0
-74
-74
-1764
-77

Units
ft-k
ft-k
ft-k
ft-k

Box Beam
Diaphragm
Non-Comp
Barriers

MCrit = 0.798(2.25)(84.00 2.25) / 2

MCrit = 0.821(3 / 2)(2.25)
MCrit = 0.373(2.25)(84.00 2.25) / 2
MCrit = -74 + 4.8(3.50) - 0.101(3.50)2 / 2

= 73 ft-k
= 3 ft-k
= 34 ft-k
= -58 ft-k

DW

MCrit = -74 + 4.8(3.50) 0.100(3.50)2 / 2

= -58 ft-k

LL + IM

MCrit = [-1764 + (1764 - 1052)(3.50) / 8.525](0.307)

= -452 ft-k

SH + CR

MCrit = [-77 + (77 69)(3.50) / 8.525]

88

= -74 ft-k

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Mu = 0.90(73 + 3 + 34) + 1.25(-58) + 1.50(-58) + 1.75(-452) + 0.5(-74)
= -889 ft-k
Mu = 889 ft-k but not less than Vudv = (188.1)(32.89) / 12 = 516 ft-k

889 12
+ 0 + 1.0 188.1 6.2 (0 ) (189 )

x = 32.89
2(29000 9.08 + 28500 0 )

x = 0.000961 = 0.961 x 1000

-3

Since the value is positive the first formula must be used.

Now go into [Table 5.8.3.4.2-1] to read the values for and . From the
previously calculated value of vu / fc = 0.123, enter the 0.125 row and from
the calculated value of x = 0.961 x 1000, enter the 1.00 column. The new
estimate for values is shown below:
= 37.0 degrees
= 2.13
With the new value of , the strain must be recalculated.

889 12
+ 0 + 0.5 188.1 6.2 cot (37.0) 0 (189)

x = 32.89
526,640

x = 0.000845 = 0.845 x 1000 -3

With this new estimate for strain, reenter the table and determine new values
for and . Since our new values are the same as assumed, our iterative
portion of the design is complete.

Calculate Concrete Shear Strength, Vc

The nominal shear resistance from concrete, Vc, is calculated as follows:

[5.8.3.3-3]

Vc = 0.0316

f ' c bv d v

Vc = 0.0316 (2.13) 5.0 (10.00 ) (32.89 ) = 49.5 kips

89

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Determine Required Vertical Reinforcement, Vs

s=

Minimum and
Maximum Shear
Reinforcing

Av f y d v cot (0.62 ) (60 ) (32.89 ) cot (37.0 )

=
= 10.6 in
Vu
188.1
49.5 6.2
Vc V p
0.90

Based on minimum reinforcing requirements smax = 52.6 inches. Based on the

maximum spacing requirements:
vu = 0.617 < 0.125(5.0) = 0.625 so smax = 0.8dv = 0.8(32.89) = 26.3 inches
but less than 24 inches.
Use #5 stirrups at 10 inch spacing
Vs =

(0.62) (60) (32.89) cot(37.0) = 162.4

10

kips

The shear strength is the lesser of:

[5.8.3.3-1]

Vn = Vc + Vs + Vp = [49.5 + 162.4 + 6.2] = 218.1 kips

[5.8.3.3-2]

Vn = 0.25fcbvdv + Vp = [0.25(5.0)(10.00)(32.89) + 6.2] = 417.3 kips

Vn = (0.90)(218.1) = 196.3 k > Vu = 188.1 k

Longitudinal Reinforcement

[5.8.3.5-1]

In addition to vertical reinforcement, shear requires a minimum amount of

longitudinal reinforcement. The requirement for longitudinal reinforcement
follows:
V

Mu
N
+ 0.5 u + u V p 0.5Vs cot
As f y + A ps f ps
d v f
c v

Where Vs is limited to Vu / = 188.1 / 0.90 = 209.0 kips

Considering the mild reinforcing steel yields the following:

(9.08) (60)

889 12

188.1
+
6.2 0.5 (162.4 ) cot (37.0 )
(32.89) (0.90) 0.9

545 kips > 522 kips

Therefore the mild reinforcing steel, consisting of alternating #9 and #10 at 6
inches, is adequate.
90

LRFD Example 3
Interface Shear
Transfer
[5.8.4]

3-Span PPBBB
For precast box beams, the cast-in-place deck is cast separately. Thus the
shear transfer across this surface must be investigated. For this example, the
shear transfer will be investigated at the critical shear location near the
abutment. Only the composite dead loads and live load plus dynamic load
allowance are considered.
Vu = 1.25(4.0) + 1.50(4.0) + 1.75(59.6) = 115.3 k
de = the distance between the centroid of the steel in the tension side of the
beam to the center of the compression block in the deck. For simplicity de
may be taken as the distance between the centroid of the tension steel and
the midthickness of the deck. Since this location is within the
development length of the strand, use the approximate method.
de = dp a / 2 = 31.78 10.00 / 2 = 26.78 in

[C5.8.4.1-1]

Vuh =

Vu 115.3
=
= 4.31 k/in
d e 26.78

The nominal shear resistance of the interface plane is:

[5.8.4.1-1]

Vn = cAcv + [Avffy + Pc]

Acv = the area of concrete engaged in shear transfer.
= 47.50 in2/in
Avf = the area of shear reinforcement crossing the shear plane.
= (0.31)(2 webs) / (11 in spacing) = 0.0564 in2/in

[5.8.4.2]

For concrete placed against clean, hardened concrete with surface intentionally
roughened to an amplitude of 0.25 in
= 1.0 = 1.0(1.0) = 1.0
c = 0.100 ksi
Vn = 0.100(47.50) + 1.0[(0.0564)(60) + 0] = 8.13 k/in

[5.8.4.2]

The nominal shear resistance used in the design shall not be greater than the
lesser of:

[5.8.4.1-2]

Vn 0.2 f ' c Acv = 0.2 (4.5) (47.50 ) = 42.75 k/in

[5.8.4.1-3]

Vn = 0.8 Acv = 0.8 (47.50) = 38.00 k/in

91

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Since the nominal capacity of 8.13 k/in is less than 38.00 k/in, the maximum
allowed, the nominal horizontal shear resistance is 8.13 k/in. The horizontal
shear strength is:
Vn = (0.90)(8.13) = 7.32 k/in > Vuh = 4.31 k/in ok

Minimum Shear
Reinforcing
[5.8.4.1-4]

The minimum area reinforcing crossing the interface is:

Avf

0.050bv (0.050 ) (47.50 )

=
= 0.0396 in 2 / in
fy
60

For #5 @ 11 inches Avf = (0.31)(2) / 11 = 0.0564 in2/in

The minimum criteria is satisfied.

Pre-Tensioned
Anchor Zone
[5.10.10]

The design of anchor zone for precast members is simple. Bursting reinforcing
is required to resist a force equal to 4 percent of the total prestress force at a
unit stress of 20 ksi. The first reinforcing bar should be placed as close to the
face as possible with all the required reinforcing placed within a distance equal
to the member depth divided by 4.
As = (0.04 )

(0.75) (270) (34) (0.153) = 2.11 in2

20.0

Use two 4-legged #5 stirrups. As = (2)(4)(0.31) = 2.48 in2

[BDG]

The first stirrup should be placed 2 inches from the beam end. The remaining
stirrups should be placed within a distance = 33.00 / 4 = 8.25 inches from the
end. Use 6 inch spacing between the two stirrups. The requirements in Article
5.10.10.2 for confinement are not deemed appropriate for box beam members.

Figure 17
92

LRFD Example 3
Deflections
[5.7.3.6]

3-Span PPBBB
Deflections must be calculated so a camber can be put in the superstructure to
provide for a smooth riding surface and the build-up can be estimated to
determine the appropriate seat elevations.
Determination of the beam deflections is a tedious task complicated by the fact
that the deck not only makes the beam composite but also continuous. If the
continuity is not considered properly a rough ride can result.
There are four stages the beam experiences. The first stage is the release
deflection when the prestress force is transferred to the beam. The release
deflection is the summation of the deflections caused by self-weight of the
beam and the prestress force under relaxation before transfer and elastic
shortening losses.
The second stage is the initial deflection where some time dependent losses
have occurred in the prestress force but where the concrete has also
experienced creep.
The third and fourth stages comprise the final deflection used to determine
screeds. The third stage consists of the addition of non-composite loads with
the beam simply supported. The fourth stage includes the addition of all other
loads including the effects from time-dependent prestress losses and additional
concrete creep under a composite continuous beam.
For calculations for deflection, the prismatic gross section properties and
prestress losses at midspan will be used. While this may not be technically
correct, it will provide sufficiently accurate deflections considering all the
unknowns.

Release
Deflection

Release Deflection:
The deflection at midspan from self-weight is a combination of uniform loads
from the typical section and concentrated loads from the three equally spaced
diaphragms. At this time the beam concrete is at its release strength.
5wl 4
5 (0.798) (84.00 ) (1728)
= 2.102 in
=
=
384 EI
384 (3818) (111,361)
4

beam

19 PL3 19 (0.821) (84.00) (1728)

= 0.098 in
=
384 EI
384 (3818) (111,361)
3

diaph =

The deflection from prestressing is more complicated but can be determined

using moment area theory. The deflection at midspan from prestressing is:

93

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
p/s =

[ (

P
em 2 L2 + 4aL 4a 2 + ee L2 4aL + 4a 2
24 EI

)]

Pr = [(0.75)(270) 2.23 13.26](0.153)(34) = 972.83 kips

em = 16.076 2.824 = 13.352 in
From Figure 15 at the centerline of bearing:
Y = 4.00 + 27.00(33.50) / 34.25 = 30.409 in
c.g. =

(2) (30.409) + (2) (28.409) + (12) (4.00) + (18) (2.00) = 5.930 in

34

ee = 16.076 5.930 = 10.146 in

2L2 + 4aL 4a2 = 2(84)2 + 4(8.50)(84) 4(8.50)2 = 16679
L2 - 4aL + 4a2 = (84)2 - 4(8.50)(84) + 4(8.50)2 = 4489

p/s =

(972.83) (144) [(13.352) (16679) + (10.146) (4489)]

24 (3818) (111,361)

p/s = 3.683 in
The deflection of the beam at release equals the algebraic sum of the above
deflections:
R = 2.102 + 0.098 3.683 = -1.483 in upward
Initial
Deflection

Initial Deflection:
The initial deflection accounts for a loss of prestress over time and creep in the
concrete. The deflection from the beam based on its final concrete strength is:
beam

5wl 4
5 (0.798) (84.00 ) (1728)
= 1.972 in
=
=
384 EI
384 (4070) (111,361)

diaph

19 PL3 19 (0.821) (84.00) (1728)

= 0.092 in
=
=
384 EI
384 (4070 ) (111,361)

94

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The deflection from prestressing is complicated by the fact that some prestress
loss has occurred. For this problem the time from transfer of prestressing force
till deck pour is assumed to be 60 days. An overall creep factor of 2.0 is
applied with the assumption that 40% of the creep and 50% of the timedependent losses have occurred at the time of deck placement.
Time-Dependent P/S Loss (60 days) = (0.50)(33.32) = 16.66 ksi
The effective prestress force at 60 days is:
P60 = [(0.75)(270) 2.23 13.26 16.66](34)(0.153) = 886.16 k
P/S =

(886 .16 ) (144 ) [(13 .352 ) (16679 ) + (10 .146 ) (4489 )]

24 (4070 ) (111,361)

P/S = 3.147 in
The deflection of the beam at 60 days equals the algebraic sum of the dead
load and prestress deflections times a creep factor. For an overall creep of
2.00, use a modifier of 1.00 + (0.40)(2.00) = 1.80.
i = 1.80(-3.147 + 1.972 + 0.092) = -1.949 in upward

Final
Deflection

Instantaneous
Simple Span

Final Deflection:
The final deflection accounts for the remainder of the time-dependent prestress
loss and concrete creep. The final deflection is added to the profile grade to
determine the screed elevations. The final deflections must be separated
between those that occur while the beam is acting as a simple span and those
that occur on the composite continuous beam.
The simple span deflections will occur instantaneously and will consist of the
weight of the shear key, build-up and deck with a uniform load equal to 0.373
k/ft.
5wl 4
5 (0.373) (84.00 ) (1728)
= 0.922 in
=
=
384 EI
384 (4070 ) (111,361)
4

DL

95

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Instantaneous
Continuous Spans

The barriers will be cast with the now composite beam acting as a continuous
member. A standard continuous beam program is used to determine the
deflection from the uniform barrier load. The resulting deflection is 0.088
inches. The above deflections are immediate with the resulting deflection
equal to 0.922 + 0.088 = 1.010 inches.

Time-Dependent
Couninuous Spans

The remaining deflections are creep related and occur over time. These
deflections are more complicated to determine due to continuity and a
computer program is normally required. Input values are shown in Figure 18
but detailed calculations are not.
Long-term deflections include creep of the girder, barriers, slab, final prestress
force, loss of prestress and differential shrinkage. Different creep factors are
applied to the different loads. The girder dead load and prestress have already
seen a creep factor of 0.80 with a creep factor of 2.00 0.80 = 1.20 remaining
for the long-term effects. For loads applied at 60 days or later, a creep factor
of 1.0 is used. Therefore a creep factor of 1.00 is applied to the loss of
prestress, slab, barrier and differential shrinkage.
A summary of output from the continuous beam analysis is shown below:
Box Beam
Barriers
Final P/S
Loss of P/S
Slab
Diff Shr
Total

Deflection
0.730
0.088
-0.989
0.137
0.325
0.250

Creep
1.20
1.00
1.20
1.00
1.00
1.00

Total
0.876
0.088
-1.187
0.137
0.325
0.250
0.489

The final deflection at midspan equals 1.010 + 0.489 = 1.499 inches for Span
1. The midspan deflection for Span 2 will be smaller since both ends of the
span are continuous and partially restrained.

96

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Figure 18

97

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

APPENDIX A
PRECISE OVERHANG ANALYSIS

A simplified method of determining the adequacy of an overhang subjected to

both tension and flexure is included in the example. This appendix shows the
more complex and precise method along with the assumptions made to derive
the approximate simplified equation.

98

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Tension and
Flexure
[5.7.6.2]

The solution of the deck design problem involves determining the resistance of
the deck overhang to a combination of tension and flexure. Members
subjected to eccentric tension loading, which induces both tensile and
compressive stresses in the cross section, shall be proportioned in accordance
with the provisions of Article 5.7.2.

[5.7.2]

Assumptions for a valid analysis for an extreme event limit state are contained
in Article 5.7.2. Factored resistance of concrete components shall be based on
the conditions of equilibrium and strain compatibility and the following:
Strain is directly proportional to the distance from the neutral axis.
For unconfined concrete, the maximum usable strain at the extreme
concrete compressive fiber is not greater than 0.003.
The stress in the reinforcement is based on a stress-strain curve of the steel
or on an approved mathematical representation.
Tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
The concrete compressive stress-strain distribution is assumed to be a
rectangular stress block in accordance with Article 5.7.2.2.
The development of the reinforcing is considered.

[1.3.2.1]

While the article specifies the use of the reduction factors in Article 5.5.4.2,
that requirement only applies to a strength limit state analysis. For an extreme
event limit state, the resistance factor shall be taken as 1.0.
The above assumptions as shown in Figures A-1, A-2 and A-3 were used in the
development of the equations for resistance from tension and flexure that occur
with a vehicular collision with a traffic railing.

99

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Figure A-1

Figure A-2

Figure A-3
100

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The design of the deck overhang is complicated because both a bending
moment and a tension force are applied. The problem can be solved using
equilibrium and strain compatibility. The following trial and error approach
may be used:
1. Assume a stress in the reinforcing
2. Determine force in reinforcing
3. Solve for k, the safety factor
4. Determine values for a and c
5. Determine corresponding strain
6. Determine stress in the reinforcing
7. Compare to assumed value and repeat if necessary

Face of Barrier
Location 1
Figure 4

The design horizontal force in the barrier is distributed over the length Lb equal
to Lc plus twice the height of the barrier. See Figures 5 and 6.
Lb = 11.86 + 2(2.67) = 17.20 ft
Pu = 54.83 / 17.20 = 3.188 k/ft < 3.261 k/ft connection strength.
Dimensions
h = 12.00 in
d1 = 12.00 2.50 clr 0.625 / 2 = 9.19 in

Moment at Face of Barrier

Deck

= 0.150(9.00 / 12)(1.42)2 2 = 0.11 ft-k

0.150(3.00 / 12)(1.42)2 6 = 0.01 ft-k
= 0.12 ft-k

Barrier

= 0.355(0.817)

= 0.29 ft-k

Collision = 3.188[2.67 + (12.00/12) / 2] = 10.11 ft-k

[A13.4.1]
Extreme Event II
[3.4.1]

The load factor for dead load shall be taken as 1.0.

Mu = 1.00(0.12 + 0.29) + 1.00(10.11) = 10.52 ft-k
e = Mu / Pu = (10.52)(12) / (3.188) = 39.60 in

1. Assume Stress

Assume the top layer of reinforcing yields and fS1 = 60 ksi

2. Determine Force

Determine resulting force in the reinforcing:

T1 = (0.310)(60) = 18.60 k

101

LRFD Example 3
Strength Equation

3-Span PPBBB
Solving the equations of equilibrium by summing the forces on the section and
summing the moments about the soffit and setting them equal to zero yields the
following two equations. See Figure A-3.
Sum forces in horizontal direction
Eqn 1: -kPu + T1 + T2 - C1 = 0 where C1 = 0.85fcab
Sum of moments
Eqn 2: kPu(e)- T1(d1) - T2(d2) + C1(a/2) = 0
Solving the above equations for k, the ratio of strength to applied force and
moment, results in a quadratic equation with the following coefficients:
2
Pu
A=
1.70 f ' c b

T1
h

B = Pu e +
2 0.85 f ' c b

C = T1 d1 +

(T1 )2
1.70 f ' c b

Substituting in specific values yields:

Solution
2
(
3.188)
A=
= 0.110712
1.70 (4.5) (12)

(18.60) = 144.0809
12.00
B = (3.188) 39.60 +

2
0.85 (4.5) (12)

2
(
18.60)
C = (18.60) (9.19 ) +
= 167.1654
1.70 (4.5) (12 )

Solution of the quadratic equation yields the value k, the safety factor.
k=

3. Determine k
Safety Factor

k=

B + B 2 4 AC
2A

144.0809 +

(144.0809)2 4 (0.110712) ( 167.1654)

= 1.159
2 (0.110712 )

102

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Since the value of k is greater than one the deck is adequately reinforced at this
location.

4. Determine
a and c

Calculate the depth of the compression block from Eqn 1. See Figure A-3.
a=

a=

c=

5. Strain
6. Stress

(T1 kPu )
0.85 f ' c b

(18.60 (1.159) (3.188)) = 0.32

0.85 (4.5) (12)
a

in

0.32
= 0.39 in
0.825

Determine the resulting strain in the top layer of reinforcing. See Figure A-2.
y = fy / Es = 60 / 29000 = 0.00207
1 = 0.003(d1 / c-1) = 0.003(9.19 / 0.39 - 1) = 0.0677
Since 1 > y the top layer yields and fs1 = 60 ksi

7. Verify
Assumption
Maximum Strain

Verify Results

Since the top layer of reinforcing yields the assumptions made in the analysis
are valid.
The LRFD Specification does not have an upper limit on the amount of strain
in a reinforcing bar. ASTM does require that smaller diameter rebar have a
minimum elongation at tensile strength of 8 percent. This appears to be a
reasonable upper limit for an extreme event state where = 1.00. For this
example the strain of 6.8 percent is below this limit.
Verify the results by calculating the tensile strength and flexural resistance of
the section. This step is not necessary for design but is included for
educational purposes.
Pn = kPu = (1.00)(1.159)(3.188) = 3.69 k
Solve for equilibrium from Figure A-3 by substituting Mn for kPue and taking
moments about the center of the compression block:
a
h a

M n = T1 d1 kPu
2
2 2

103

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
0.32

M n = (18.60 ) 9.19

12.00 0.32
(1.159) (3.188)

= 146.38 in-k
2
2
Mn = (1.00)(146.38) / 12 = 12.20 ft-k
The factor of safety for flexure is 12.20 / 10.52 = 1.159 the same as for axial
strength. Thus this method provides both a tensile and flexural strength with
the same safety factor.
Since the simplified method yields a greater strength, it would appear that the
simplified analysis method produces non-conservative results. However, the
simplified method uses a safety factor of 1.0 for axial load leaving more
resistance for flexure. As the applied load approaches the ultimate strength
the two methods will converge to the same result. In this example since the
safety factor is close to one, the two procedures produce similar results.

104

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Interior Support
Location 2
Figure 4

The deck slab must also be evaluated at the interior point of support. For this
location only the top reinforcing in the cast-in-place slab will be considered.
At this location the design horizontal force is distributed over a length Ls2
equal to the length Lc plus twice the height of the barrier plus a distribution
length from the face of the barrier to the interior support. See Figures 4, 5 and
6. Using a distribution of 30 degree from the face of the barrier to the interior
support results in the following:
LS2 = 11.86 + 2(2.67) + (2)[tan(30)](0.42) = 17.68 ft
Pu = 54.83 / 17.68 = 3.101 k/ft
Dimensions
h = 10.50 in
d1 = 10.50 2.50 clr 0.625 / 2 = 7.69 in
Moment at Interior Support
For dead loads use the maximum negative moments for the interior cells used
in the interior deck analysis.
.
DC
= 0.14 ft-k
DW
= 0.02 ft-k
Collision = 3.101[2.67 + (10.50 / 12) / 2] = 9.64 ft-k

The load factor for dead load shall be taken as 1.0.

[A13.4.1]
Extreme Event II
[3.4.1]

Mu = 1.00(0.14) + 1.00(0.02) + 1.00(9.64) = 9.80 ft-k

e = Mu / Pu = (9.80)(12) / (3.101) = 37.92 in

1. Assume Stress

Assume the top layer of reinforcing yields and fS1 = 60 ksi.

2. Determine Force

Determine resulting force in the reinforcing:

T1 = (0.310)(60) = 18.60 k
For the interior face, the box beam concrete strength should be used. Using the
previously derived equations for safety factor yields the following:
2
(
3.101)
A=
= 0.094276
1.70 (5.0) (12)

(18.60) = 132.7392
10.50
B = (3.101) 37.92 +

2
0.85 (5.0) (12)

2
(
18.60)
C = (18.60 ) (7.69 ) +
= 139.6422
1.70 (5.0) (12 )

105

LRFD Example 3
3. Determine k
Safety Factor

3-Span PPBBB
Solution of the quadratic equation yields the value k, the safety factor.
k=

132.7392 +

(132.7392)2 4 (0.094276) ( 139.6422)

= 1.051
2 (0.094276)

Since the value of k is greater than one, the deck is adequately reinforced at
this location.
4. Determine
a and c

Calculate the depth of the compression block.

a=

a=

c=

(T1 kPu )
0.85 f ' c b

(18.60 (1.051) (3.101)) = 0.30 in

0.85 (5.0) (12)
a

0.30
= 0.38 in
0.800

Since c = 0.38 inches is less than the box beam slab depth of 5.50 inches our
assumption of using 5.0 ksi concrete strength is valid.
5. Strain

Determine the resulting strain in the top layer of reinforcing. See Figure 8.
y = fy / Es = 60 / 29000 = 0.00207

6. Stress

1 = 0.003(d1 / c - 1) = 0.003(7.69 / 0.38 - 1) = 0.0577

Since 1 > y the top layer yields and fs1 = 60 ksi

7. Verify
Assumption

Since the top layer of reinforcing yields the assumption made in the analysis is
valid.

Maximum Strain

The maximum strain of 5.8 percent is less than the ADOT limit of 8 percent
and is therefore satisfactory.

Verify Results

Verify the results by calculating the tensile strength and flexural resistance of
the section.
Pn = kPu = (1.00)(1.051)(3.101) = 3.26 k
a
h a

M n = T1 d1 kPu
2
2 2

106

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

0.38
10.50 0.38

M n = (18.60 ) 7.69

(1.051) (3.101)
2
2
2

Mn = 123.01 in-k
Mn = (1.00)(123.01) / 12 = 10.25 ft-k
The factor of safety for flexure is 10.25 / 9.80 = 1.046 approximately the same
as for axial strength.

Simplified Method

A simplified method of analysis is available based on the limitations

previously stated.

M n = T1 d1 Pu
2
2 2
where a =

T1 Pu
18.60 3.101
=
= 0.30 in
0.85 f ' c b (0.85) (5.0 ) (12)

M n = (1.00) (18.60) 7.69

Mn = 10.37 ft-k

107

0.30
10.50 0.30

12
(3.101)
2
2
2

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
APPENDIX B
PRECISE TRANSFORMED SECTION PROPERTIES

The approximate method of calculating transformed section properties assumes

that all the strands may be replaced with a single strand with an area equal to
the area of all the strands acting at the center of gravity of the strand pattern.
The precise method assumes the strands in each row may be replaced with a
single strand with an area equal to the area of all strands in that row acting at
the distance of that row from the bottom.
Both methods produce the same values for the area and location of the neutral
axis. At the midspan, where all the strands are closely spaced near the bottom,
the moment of inertia of the two methods is very close. Near the ends of the
girder where the strands are harped there are some differences in the moment
of inertia. However, these differences are small and can be ignored.
The approximate method is easier to calculate and produces satisfactory
results. However, the precise method could be used to determine the stresses
at the ends of the girder. This could be used to reduce the required initial
concrete strength for designs requiring high release strengths.

108

LRFD Example 3
Midspan
Transformed
Properties

3-Span PPBBB
The following transformed section properties are calculated at the midspan
based on the strand pattern shown in Figure 14:
Net Section - Box Beam
No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
765.75 16.076 12310 111,361
14 0.153
-2.14
4.00
-9
0
20 0.153
-3.06
2.00
-6
0
760.55
12295 111,361

A(y-yb)2
6
-317
-614
-925

An = 760.55 in2
ynb = 12295 / 760.55 = 16.166 in
ynt = 33.00 16.166 = 16.834 in
In = 111,361 - 925 = 110,436 in4
Transformed Section - Box Beam (n = 7.46) at Transfer (fci = 4.4 ksi)
n
7.46
7.46

No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
760.55 16.166 12295 110436
14 0.153 15.98
4.00
64
0
20 0.153 22.83
2.00
46
0
799.36
12405 110436

A(y-yb)2
318
2120
4172
6610

At = 799.36 in2
ytb = 12405 / 799.36 = 15.519 in
ytt = 33.00 15.519 = 17.481 in
It = 110,436 + 6610 = 117,046 in4
Transformed Section - Box Beam (n = 7.00) at Service (fc = 5.0 ksi)
n
7.00
7.00

No.

As

A
y
Ay
Io
760.55 16.166 12295 110436
14 0.153 14.99
4.00
60
0
20 0.153 21.42
2.00
43
0
796.96
12398 110436

At = 796.96 in2
ytb = 12398 / 796.96 = 15.557 in
ytt = 33.00 15.557 = 17.443 in
It = 110,436 + 6221 = 116,657 in4

109

A(y-yb)2
282
2002
3937
6221

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Composite Section - Box Beam & Deck
n = 3861 / 4070 = 0.949
n

0.949 48.00

A
y
Ay
Io
796.96 15.557 12398 116657
4.50 204.98 35.25 7226
346
1001.94
19624 117043

A(y-yb)2
12937
50294
63231

Ac = 1001.94 in2
ycb = 19624 / 1001.94 = 19.586 in
yct = 33.00 19.586 = 13.414 in
Ic = 117,043 + 63,231 = 180,234 in4

Transfer Length
Transformed
Properties

At transfer length from the beam end:

Net Section - Box Beam
No.
2
2
12
18

As
0.153
0.153
0.153
0.153

A
y
Ay
Io
765.75 16.076 12310 111361
-0.31 29.029
-9
0
-0.31 27.029
-8
0
-1.84
4.00
-7
0
-2.75
2.00
-6
0
760.54
12280 111361

An = 760.54 in2
ynb = 12280 / 760.54 = 16.146 in
ynt = 33.00 16.146 = 16.854 in
In = 111,361 - 905 = 110,456 in4

110

A(y-yb)2
4
-51
-37
-271
-550
-905

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Transformed Section - Box Beam (n = 7.46) at Transfer (fci = 4.4 ksi)
n
7.46
7.46
7.46
7.46

No.
2
2
12
18

As
0.153
0.153
0.153
0.153

A
y
Ay
Io
760.54 16.146 12280 110456
2.28 29.029
68
0
2.28 27.029
63
0
13.70
4.00
47
0
20.54
2.00
42
0
799.34
12504 110456

A(y-yb)2
192
409
296
1857
3823
6577

At = 799.34 in2
ytb = 12504 / 799.34 = 15.643 in
ytt = 33.00 15.643 = 17.357 in
It = 110,456 + 6577 = 117,033 in4
Transformed Section - Box Beam (n = 7.00) at Service (fc = 5.0 ksi)
n
7.00
7.00
7.00
7.00

No.
2
2
12
18

As
0.153
0.153
0.153
0.153

A
y
Ay
Io
760.54 16.146 12280 110456
2.14 29.029
62
0
2.14 27.029
58
0
12.85
4.00
51
0
19.28
2.00
39
0
796.95
12490 110456

A(y-yb)2
171
382
276
1751
3604
6184

At = 796.95 in2
ytb = 12490 / 796.95 = 15.672 in
ytt = 33.00 15.672 = 17.328 in
It = 110,456 + 6184 = 116,640 in4
Composite Section - Box Beam & Deck (Interior Box Beam)
n = 3861 / 4070 = 0.949
n

0.949 48.00

A
y
Ay
Io
796.96 15.672 12490 116640
4.50 204.98 35.25 7226
346
1001.93
19716 116986

Ac = 1001.93 in2
ycb = 19716 / 1001.93 = 19.678 in
yct = 33.00 19.678 = 13.322 in
Ic = 116,986 + 62,494 = 179,480 in4

111

A(y-yb)2
12789
49705
62494

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Comparison Properties
Midspan
Transfer Length
Precise

Approx

Precise

Approx

Transformed
At
796.96 796.96 796.95 796.96
yb
15.557 15.557 15.672 15.672
It
116,657 116,626 116,640 114,547
Composite
Ac
1001.94 1001.94 1001.94 1001.94
yb
19.586 19.586 19.678 19.678
Ic
180,234 180,203 179,480 177,388
These results show that at the midspan where the strands are closely spaced,
the results are nearly identical but where the strands are more widely spread at
the ends differences appear. The precise method should produce higher
moment of inertias except where the harped strands are near the neutral axis
where the approximate method will produce higher values. Use of the precise
method could reduce the required concrete strength near the ends for some
designs but the extra effort to calculate them is usually not warranted

112

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
APPENDIX C
REFINED PRESTRESSED LOSSES

The refined prestress losses are based on the following time line of event.

Figure C-1

113

LRFD Example 3
Refined
Time-Dependent
Losses - 2006
[5.9.5.4]

3-Span PPBBB
For precast pretensioned members more accurate values of creep, shrinkage
and relaxation related losses may be determined as follows:

fpLT = (fpSR + fpCR + fpR1)id + (fpSD + fpCD + fpR2 + fpSS)df

The current Specification has a negative sign in front of fpSS. However, this
term is a gain in stress with analysis resulting in a negative sign for the term.
Thus the sign should be a positive sign so the result is subtracted from the
other values.

fpSR = prestress loss due to shrinkage of girder concrete between transfer

and deck placement.

fpCR = prestress loss due to creep of girder concrete between transfer and
deck placement.

fpR1 = prestress loss due to relaxation of prestressing strands between

time of transfer and deck placement.

fpSD = prestress loss due to shrinkage of girder concrete between time of

deck placement and final time.

fpCD = prestress loss due to creep of girder concrete between time of deck
placement and final time.

fpR2 = prestress loss due to relaxation of prestressing strands in composite

section between time of deck placement and final time.

fpSS = prestress loss due to shrinkage of deck composite section.

(fpSR + fpCR + fpR1)id = sum of time-dependent prestress losses between
transfer and deck placement.
(fpSD + fpCD + fpR2 + fpSS)df = sum of time-dependent prestress losses
after deck placement.
Shrinkage of
Girder Concrete
[5.9.5.4.2a]
[5.9.5.4.2a-1]

The prestress loss due to shrinkage of girder concrete between time of transfer
and deck placement shall be determined as follows:
f pSR = bid E p K id
Where:
bid = concrete shrinkage strain of girder between the time of transfer and
deck placement per Eq. 5.4.2.3.3-1.

114

LRFD Example 3

[5.9.5.4.2a-2]

3-Span PPBBB
1

K id =
1+

E p A ps
A e 2 pg
1 + g
E ci Ag
Ig

1 + 0.7 b (t f , t i )

Kid = transformed section coefficient that accounts for time-dependent

interaction between concrete and bonded steel in the section being
considered for time period between transfer and deck placement.
To determine the value of bid the shrinkage strain of the girder must be
determined at the time of deck placement. The basic equation for shrinkage is:
[5.4.2.3.3-1]

sh = -kvs khs kf ktd 0.48 x 10-3

[5.4.2.3.2-2]

kvs = 1.45 0.13(V/S) = 1.45 0.13(4.76) = 0.831

[5.4.2.3.3-2]

khs = 2.00 0.014H = 2.00 0.014(40) = 1.440

[5.4.2.3.2-4]

kf =

5
5
=
= 0.926
1 + f ' ci 1 + 4.4

k td =

t
61 4 f ' ci +t

[5.4.2.3.2-5]

At time of deck placement, assumed at 60 days:

k td =

60
= 0.580
61 (4) (4.4 ) + 60

bid = -(0.831)(1.440)(0.926)(0.580)(0.48 x 10-3) = 0.308 x 10-3

To determine the value of Kid the girder creep must be determined at final age
as follows:

b(tf, ti) = girder creep coefficient at final time due to loading introduced
at transfer per Eq. 5.4.2.3.2-1

tf = final age = (50 years)(365 days / year) = 18,250 days

ti = age at transfer = 1 day.
The time between pouring of the concrete and transfer may be taken as 18
hours for release strengths up to 4.5 ksi. Use one day.
115

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

[5.4.2.3.2-1]

b(tf, ti) = 1.9 kvs khc kf ktd ti-0.118

[5.4.2.3.2-3]

khc = 1.56 0.008H = 1.56 (0.008)(40) = 1.240

[5.4.2.3.2-5]

k td =

18,250
= 0.998 Use 1.0 for design
61 (4) (4.2) + 18,250

b(tf, ti) = (1.9)(0.831)(1.240)(0.926)(1.0)(1)-0.118 = 1.813

Use gross section properties for calculation of Kid.
1
K id =
2
28500 5.202 (766 ) (13.252)
1 +
[1 + (0.7 ) (1.813)]
1+

111,361
3818 766

Kid = 0.797
The prestress loss due to shrinkage between the time of transfer and the time of
deck placement can be determined as follows:
f pSR = (0.000308) (28500 ) (0.797 ) = 7.00 ksi

Creep of Girder
Concrete
[5.9.5.4.2b]
[5.9.5.4.2b-1]

The prestress loss due to creep of girder concrete between time of transfer and
deck placement is determined as follows:
f pCR =

Ep
E ci

f cgp b (t d , t i )K id

fcgp = concrete stress at center of gravity of prestressing tendons as

determined for elastic shortening loss = 1.777 ksi

b(td, ti) = girder creep coefficient at time of deck placement due to

loading introduced at transfer per Eq. 5.4.2.3.2-1

b(tf, ti) = 1.9 kvs khc kf ktd ti-0.118

b(td, ti) = (1.9)(0.831)(1.240)(0.926)(0.580)(1)-0.118 = 1.052
All the remaining variables have already been determined. The prestress loss
due to creep is calculated as follows:
f pCR =

28500
(1.777 ) (1.052 ) (0.797 ) = 11.12 ksi
3818

116

LRFD Example 3
Relaxation of
Prestressing Strands
[5.9.5.4.2c]
[5.9.5.4.2c-1]

3-Span PPBBB
The prestress loss due to relaxation of prestressing strands between time of
transfer and deck placement is determined as follows:
f pR1 =

f pt f pt

0.55

K L f py

fpt = stress in prestressing strands immediately after transfer but shall not
be less than 0.55fpy = 0.55(243) = 133.65 ksi.
fpt = (0.75)(270) 2.23 13.26 = 187.01 ksi
KL = 30 for low relaxation strands.
f pR1 =

Time-Dependent
Losses Prior to
Deck Placement

187.01 187.01

0.55 = 1.37 ksi

30 243

The sum of these first three losses is the time-dependent loss prior to
placement of deck.
(fpSR + fpCR + fpR1)id = 7.00 + 11.12 + 1.37 = 19.49 ksi

117

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The losses from the time of deck placement to final time consist of four
components: shrinkage of concrete, creep of concrete, relaxation of
prestressing strand and shrinkage of deck concrete.

Shrinkage of
Girder Concrete
[5.9.5.4.3a]
[5.9.5.4.3a-1]

The prestress loss due to shrinkage of the girder concrete between time of deck
placement and final time is determined as follows:
f pSD = bdf E p K df
where:
bdf = shrinkage strain of girder between time of deck placement and final
time per Eq. 5.4.2.3.3-1.
Kdf = transformed section coefficient that accounts for time-dependent
interaction between concrete and bonded steel in the section being
considered for time period between deck placement and final time.

[5.9.5.4.3a-2]

K df =

1
E p A ps
Ac e 2 pc

1+
1+
E ci Ac
Ic

1 + 0.7 b (t f , t i )

epc = eccentricity of strands with respect to centroid of the net composite

section.
Ac = area of section calculated using the net composite concrete section
properties of the girder and the deck and the deck-to-girder modular
ratio.
Ic = moment of inertia of section calculated using the net composite
concrete section properties of the girder and the deck and the deck-togirder modular ratio at service.
Use gross section properties to calculate Kdf. The Specification states that net
composite section properties should be used. However, that is not consistent
with usage of gross section properties for Kid. Instead of introducing a new
type of section properties gross composite section properties will be used.

118

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Use gross composite section properties for calculation of Kdf.
1
K df =
2
28500 5.202 (971) (17.301)
[1 + (0.7 ) (1.813)]
1+
1 +

171,153
3818 971

Kdf = 0.803
The value of shrinkage at the time of deck placement has already been
calculated. The shrinkage at final time is calculated as follows:
sh = -kvs khs kf ktd 0.48 x 10-3
sh = -(0.831)(1.440)(0.926)(1.0)(0.48 x 10-3) = 0.532 x 10-3
The difference in strain between time of deck placement and final time is:
bid = 0.532 x 10-3 - 0.308 x 10-3 = 0.224 x 10-3
The prestress loss due to shrinkage after deck placement is:

fpSR = bdf Ep Kdf = (0.000224)(28500)(0.803) = 5.13 ksi

Creep of
Girder Concrete
[5.9.5.4.3b]
[5.9.5.4.3b-1]

The prestress loss due to creep of girder concrete between time of deck
placement and final time is determined as:
f pCD =

Ep
E ci

f cgp b (t f , t i ) b (t d , t i ) K df +

Ep
Ec

f cd b (t f , t d )K df 0.0

where:

b(tf , td) = girder creep coefficient at final time due to loading at deck
placement per Eq. 5.4.2.3.2-1.

b(tf , td) = (1.9)(0.831)(1.240)(0.926)(1.0)(60)-0.118 = 1.118

fcd = change in concrete stress at centroid of prestressing strands due to
long-term losses between transfer and deck placement, combined
with deck weight and superimposed loads.

119

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The long-term time-dependent loss between transfer and deck placement is
19.49 ksi. This change in stress will result in the following tensile forces in the
concrete at the centroid of the prestressing using net section properties.
P = fpid Aps = (19.49)(5.202) = 101.39 k
1
(13.342)2 = 0.297 ksi
f cd 1 = (101.39)
+

760.55 110,441
The addition of the weight of the deck and superimposed loads will result in
the following tensile forces in the concrete based on transformed section
properties.
f cd 2 =

(330) (12) (12.733) + (89 + 88) (12) (16.762) = 0.630 ksi

116,626

180,203

fcd = -0.297 0.630 = -0.927 ksi

The resulting creep loss equals:
f pCD =
+

28500
(1.777 ) [1.813 1.052] (0.803)
3818

28500
( 0.927 ) [1.118] (0.803) = 8.11 5.83 = 2.28 0.0 ksi
4070

fpCD = 2.28 ksi

Relaxation of
Prestressing Strands
[5.9.5.4.3c]
[5.9.5.4.3c-1]

The prestress loss due to relaxation of prestressing strands in composite section

between time of deck placement and final time is determined as follows:
f pR 2 = f pR1 = 1.37 ksi

120

LRFD Example 3
Shrinkage of
Deck Concrete
[5.9.5.4.3d]
[5.9.5.4.3d-1]

3-Span PPBBB
The prestress gain due to shrinkage of deck composite section is determined as
follows:
f pSS =

Ep
Ec

f cdf K df 1 + 0.7 b (t f , t d )

in which:
f cdf =

ddf Ad E cd
1 e pc ed

[1 + 0.7 d (t f , t d )] Ac + I c

fcdf = change in concrete stress at centroid of prestressing strands due to

shrinkage of deck concrete.

ddf = shrinkage strain of deck concrete between placement and final time
per Eq. 5.4.2.3.3-1

The basic equation for shrinkage is:

[5.4.2.3.3-1]

sh = -kvs khs kf ktd 0.48 x 10-3

The volume-to-surface ratio is determined as follows:
V = (4.50)(48) = 216 in2
S = 48 top +48 bottom 48 top flange = 48 in
V / S = 216 / 48 = 4.50 in
kvs = 1.45 0.13(V/S) = 1.45 0.13(4.50) = 0.865
khs = 2.00 0.014H = 2.00 0.014(40) = 1.440
Since there is no specified release strength for the deck, use 80% fc.
5
5
kf =
=
= 1.087
1 + f ' ci 1 + (0.80) (4.5)
k td =

t
18,250
=
= 0.997 Use 1.0
61 4 f ' ci +t 61 (4 ) (0.80 ) (4.5) + 18,250

ddf = -(0.865)(1.440)(1.087)(1.0) (0.48 x 10-3) = 0.650 x 10-3

121

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
Other variables are defined as follows:
Ad = area of deck concrete = (4.50)(48) = 216 in2
Ecd = modulus of elasticity of deck concrete = 3861 ksi
ed = eccentricity of deck with respect to the transformed gross composite
section, taken as negative in common construction.
ed = -12.875 4.50 / 2 = -15.125 in
d(tf , td) = creep coefficient of deck concrete at final time due to loading
introduced shortly after deck placement per Eq. 5.4.2.3.2-1
The deck will start to apply shrinkage effects to the beam as soon as the deck
sets. Therefore use ti = 1 day.

[5.4.2.3.2-1]

d(tf, td) = 1.9 kvs khc kf ktd ti-0.118

d(tf, td) = (1.9)(0.865)(1.240)(1.087)(1.0)(1)-0.118 = 2.215
[5.9.5.4.3d-2]

f cdf =

(0.000650) (216) (3861) 1 + (17.301) ( 15.125) = 0.106

[1 + (0.7 ) (2.215)] 970.73

171,153

f pSS =

28500
( 0.106) (0.803) [1 + 0.7 (1.118)] = 1.06 ksi
4070

Time-Dependent
Losses After
Deck Placement

The sum of the time-dependent prestress losses after deck placement is:

Time-Dependent
Losses

The final sum of time-dependent losses is:

(fpSD + fpCD + fpR2 + fpSS)df = 5.13 + 2.28 + 1.37 1.06 = 7.72 ksi

fpLT = 19.49 + 7.72 = 27.21 ksi

compared to the approximate time-dependent loss of 33.32 ksi.

122

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
APPENDIX D
APPROXIMATE PRESTRESS LOSSES
DEVELOPMENT OF EQUATION

123

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The approximate method for determining time-dependent prestress losses is
derived from the refined method shown in Appendix B. The time dependent
loss is the sum of the losses before deck placement and those after deck
placement. The following equation results:

fpLT = (fpSR + fpCR + fpR1)id + (fpSD + fpCD + fpR2 + fpSS)df

Substituting the appropriate equation for each loss yields:
Ep
f cgp b (t d , t i )K id + fpR1
fpLT = bid E p K id +
Eci
Ep
f cgp b (t f , t i ) b (t d , t i ) K df
+ bdf E p K df +
E ci
Ep
+
f cd b (t f , t d )K df + fpR2 + fpSS
Ec

Shrinkage Loss

The shrinkage loss is the sum of the shrinkage loss before deck placement and
that after deck placement.
Shrinkage = bid E p K id + bdf E p K df

Assumption 1

Based on investigation of many examples, assume that Kid = Kdf = 0.8

The equation simplifies to:
Shrinkage = 0.8Ep(bid + bdf)
Where bid + bd is the total shrinkage strain as shown below:
sh = -kvs khs kf ktd 0.48 x 10-3

Assumption 2

Assume that the volume to surface ratio is 3.5, then

kvs = 1.45 0.13(V/S) = 1.45 0.13(3.5) = 1.0
ktd = 1.0 for final time
sh = -kvs khs kf ktd 0.48 x 10-3 = (1.0) khs kf (1.0) 0.48 x 10-3
sh = khs kf 0.48 x 10-3
The equation for shrinkage loss reduces to:
Shrinkage = 0.8Ep(bid + bdf) = 0.8(28,500)khs kf 0.48 x 10-3
Shrinkage = 10.94 khs kf Use = 12.0 khs kf
124

LRFD Example 3
Creep Loss

3-Span PPBBB
The creep loss is the sum of the creep loss before deck placement plus the
creep loss after deck placement.
Creep =

Ep
Eci
Ep
Ec

f cgp b (t d , t i )K id +

Ep
E ci

f cgp b (t f , t i ) b (t d , t i ) K df

f cd b (t f , t d )K df

Again assume that Kid = Kdf = 0.8 and combine terms resulting in:
Creep =

Ep
E ci

f cgp b (t f , t i ) (0.8) +

Ep
Ec

f cd b (t f , t d ) (0.8)

Where:

b(tf, ti) = 1.9 kvs khc kf ktd ti-0.118

Assume the following:

Assumption 3

Volume to surface ratio equals 3.5 kvs = 1.0

The load is applied at one day ti-0.118 = 1.0

b(tf, ti) = 1.9 (1.0) khc kf (1.0) (1)-0.118 = 1.9 khc kf

Assumption 4

Assume that the creep factor for loads applied after the deck pour equals:

b(tf, td) = 0.4 b(tf, ti)

Assume the following:
Assumption 5

Assumption 6

1)

2)

Ep
E ci
Ep
Ec

= 7 based on fci = 5.0 ksi

= 6 based on fc = 6.8 ksi

The equation for creep loss then reduces to the following:

Creep = (7)fcgp(1.9 khc kf )(0.8) + (6)fcd(0.4)(1.9 khc kf)(0.8)
Creep = 10.64 khc kf fcgp + 3.65 khc kf fcd

125

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
This is similar in form to the current prestress creep equation. Additional
assumptions are now made to eliminate the two terms fcgp and fcd.
Assume the following:

Assumption 7

1) Final stress at the cg of the strands = 0

Assumption 8

2) Moment from the girder, deck placement and live load are equal,
resulting in M = 3Mg.

Assumption 9

Ae 2
=2
3) 1 +
I

Assumption 10

4) The effective prestress equals 80% of the initial prestress.

Sum the stresses at the c.g. of the strands as follows:
f cg =

3M g e p
Ig

3M g e p
Ig

Girder Moment

Mg =

f cgp

Deck Stress

0.8Pi
=
Ag

f cd =

Ae p 0.8Pi
1 +
=
(2.0)

I
A
g
g

1.6 Pi I g
3 Ag e p

P
= i
Ag

f cgp =

1 e2
0.8 Pi
+ =0
A
I g
g

Ae M e
1 + g p g p

I g
Ig

M e
1.6 Pi I g e p 3.2 Pi
0.8 Pi
(2 ) g p = 1.6 Pi

=
Ag
Ig
Ag
3 Ag e p I g
3 Ag
M gep
Ig

1.6 Pi I g e p 1.6 Pi

=
3 Ag e p I g
3 Ag

Creep = 10.64 khc kf (3.2Pi / 3Ag) + 3.65 khc kf (-1.6Pi / 3Ag)

Creep = 9.40 (Pi / Ag) khc kf
Rounding and Substituting fpi Aps = Pi Yields 10.0(fpi Aps / Ag) khc kf
126

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Assumption 11

Ignore the gain in prestress from the deck shrinkage.

Relaxation Loss
Assumption 12

Assume the relaxation from the prestressing strands equals 2.5 ksi for low
relaxation strands.
The resulting equation is then:
f pLT = 10.0

f pi A ps
Ag

h st + 12.0 h st + f pR

in which:

h = 1.7 0.01H is an average humidity factor for shrinkage and creep.

st =

5
1 + f ' ci

A summary of the assumptions made in the development of the approximate

formula are listed below with the corresponding value from this example.
Assumption
Kid = 0.8
Kdf = 0.8

Actual
Kid = 0.797
Kdf = 0.803

Assumption 2

V / S = 3.5
kVS = 1.0

V / S = 4.76
kVS = 0.831

Assumption 3

ti= 1.0

ti= 1.0

Assumption 4

b(tf, td) = 0.4 b(tf, ti)

b(tf, td) = 0.617 b(tf, ti)

Assumption 5

Ep / Eci = 7

Ep / Eci = 7.46

Assumption 6

Ep / Ec = 6

Ep / Ec = 7.00

Assumption 7

fcgp = 0

fcgp = -0.069 ksi

Assumption 8

Mg = Md = Mll

Mg = 738 ft-k
Md = 507 ft-k
Mll = 645 ft-k

Assumption 1

127

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Assumption 9

1 + A e2 / I = 2

1 + A e2 / I = 2.21 gross
1 + A e2 / I = 2.70 gross composite

Assumption 10

Peff = 0.80 Pi

Peff = 0.77 Pi

Assumption 11

fpSS = 0 ksi

fpSS = 1.06 ksi

Assumption 12

fr = 2.50 ksi

fr = 2.74 ksi

Summary

Assumption 2 is a function of the type of girder/beam. This assumption would

be closer for an I-girder.
Assumption 4 appears to be questionable.
Assumptions 5 and 6 do not reflect current ADOT practice on concrete
strengths.
Assumption 8 is not bad for this example but could differ considerably for
some girder spacings.

128

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
APPENDIX E
ANALYSIS COMPARISON

1) Transformed Section
2) Net Section with Elastic Gain
3) Gross Section with Elastic Gain
4) Gross Section

129

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

1) Transformed
Section

The concrete and prestress strand stresses will be calculated using transformed
section properties.

Transfer Stresses
P/S and Beam

The effective prestress force prior to transfer is:

Pi = [(0.75)(270) 2.23](34)(0.153) = 1041.80 kips
The stress in the concrete using transformed section properties at transfer is:

(12.695) (17.481) + (738) (12) (17.481)

1
f t = (1041.80)

117,014
117,014
799.36

ft = -0.673 + 1.323 = 0.650 ksi

(12.695) (12.695) (738) (12 ) (12.695)

1
+
f cgp = (1041 .80 )
117,014
117,014
799.36

fcgp = 2.738 0.961 = 1.777 ksi

(12.695) (15.519 ) (738) (12 ) (15.519 )
1
f b = (1041 .80 )
+
117,014
117,014
799.36

fb = 3.057 1.175 = 1.882 ksi

The loss of stress in the prestress strand = (1.777)(28,500) / (3818) = 13.26 ksi

Deck Placement

The stress in the concrete from the deck pour using transformed section
properties at service is:

ft =

(330 ) (12 ) (17.443) = 0.592

116,626

f cgp =
fb =

(330 ) (12 ) (12.733) = 0.432

116,626

(330 ) (12 ) (15.557 ) = 0.528

116,626

The gain in stress in the prestress strand = (-0.432)(28,500) / (4070) = -3.03 ksi

130

LRFD Example 3
Composite DL

3-Span PPBBB
The stress in the concrete from the composite dead load is:

ft =

(89 + 88) (12 ) (13.414 ) = 0.158

180,203

f cgp =
fb =

(89 + 88) (12 ) (16.762 ) = 0.198

180,203

(89 + 88) (12 ) (19.586 ) = 0.231

180,203

The gain in stress in the prestress strand = (-0.198)(28,500) / (4070) = -1.39 ksi
Live Load +IM

The stress in the concrete from the live load plus dynamic load allowance is:
Service I

ft =

(645 ) (12 ) (13.414 ) = 0.576

180,203

Service III

f cgp =
fb =

(0.8) (645 ) (12 ) (16.762 ) = 0.576

180,203

(0.8) (645 ) (12 ) (19.586 ) = 0.673

180,203

The gain in stress in the prestress strand = (-0.576)(28,500) / (4070) = -4.03 ksi
Time-Dependent
Loss

The 33.32 ksi prestress loss results in a loss in prestress force of:
Pi = (33.32)(34)(0.153) = 173.33 kips
The stress in the concrete using net section properties is:

(13.342) (16.834) = 0.125

1
f t = ( 173.33)

110,441
760.55

(13.342 ) (16.166 ) = 0.566

1
f b = ( 173 .33)
+

110,441
760.55

131

LRFD Example 3
Stress Summary

3-Span PPBBB
A summary of stresses in the concrete follows:
Service I
ft = 0.650 + 0.592 + 0.158 + 0.576 + 0.125 = 2.101 ksi
Service III
fb = 1.882 0.528 0.231 0.673 0.566 = -0.116 ksi
A summary of stress in the strand is:
fps = (0.75)(270) 2.23 13.26 + 3.03 + 1.39 + 4.03 33.32 = 162.14 ksi

132

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

2) Net Section
With Elastic Gain

The concrete and prestress strand stresses will be calculated using net section
properties and including the elastic gain in prestress.

Transfer Stresses
P/S and Beam

The effective prestress force after transfer including elastic shortening loss is:
Pi = [(0.75)(270) 2.23 13.26](34)(0.153) = 972.83 kips
The stress in the concrete is:

(13.342) (16.834) + (738) (12) (16.834)

1
f t = (972.83)

110,441
110,441
760.55

ft = -0.699 + 1.350 = 0.651 ksi

(13.342 ) (13.342 ) (738) (12 ) (13.342 )

1
f cgp = (972.83)
+
110,441
110,441
760.55

fcgp = 2.847 - 1.070 = 1.777 ksi

(13.342 ) (16.166 ) (738 ) (12 ) (16.166 )
1
f b = (972 .83)
+
110,441
110,441
760 .55

fb = 3.179 - 1.296 = 1.883 ksi

The loss of stress in the prestress strand = (1.777)(28,500) / (3818) = 13.26 ksi

Deck Placement

Since the strands are bonded to the concrete, the addition of external loads will
add tension to the prestress strands. Solution of the problem of determining
the concrete stress at the c.g. of the strands is similar to that for elastic
shortening as shown in the following formula.
The elastic gain from the applied moment, M is shown below:
Me
f cgp =
Ep
I+
A ps (r 2 + e 2 )
E ct
f cgp =

(330 ) (12 ) (13.342)

= 0.432 ksi
28500
2
110,441 +
(5.202 ) 145.21 + (13.342 )
4070

f gain =

Ep
E ct

f cgp =

28500
( 0.432 ) = 3.03 ksi
4070

Pgain = (3.03)(5.202) = 15.74 k

133

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The stress in the concrete from the deck pour is:

ft =

(330 ) (12 ) (16.834 ) + (15.74 )

110,441
ft = 0.604 - 0.011 = 0.593 ksi
fb =

(330 ) (12 ) (16.166 ) + (15.74 )

110,441
fb = -0.580 + 0.051 = -0.529 ksi

Time-Dependent
Loss

(13.342 ) (16.834 )
1

110,441
760.55

(13.342 ) (16.166 )
1
+

110,441
760.55

The time-dependent loss of 33.32 ksi will not cause any elastic gain. The loss
of stress in the concrete will be:

(13.342 ) (16.834 )
1

f t = (33.32 ) (5.202 )
110,441
760.55

ft = 0.125 ksi
(13.342 ) (16.166 )
1
f b = (33.32 ) (5.202 )
+

110,441
760.55

fb = -0.566 ksi
Net Composite
Section Properties

The net composite section properties must be calculated as follows:

Ac = 760.55 + (0.949)(48.00)(4.50) = 965.53 in2
yb = [(760.55)(16.166) + 0.949(4.50)(48.00)(35.25)] 965.53 = 20.218 in
e = 20.218 2.824 = 17.394 in
yt = 33.00 20.318 = 12.782 in
It = 110,441 + 760.55(20.218 16.166)2 + 0.949(48.00)(4.50)3 12
+ 0.949(48.00)(4.50)(35.25 20.218)2 = 169,593 in4
r2 = 169,593 / 965.53 = 175.65 in2

134

LRFD Example 3
Composite
Dead Load

3-Span PPBBB
The elastic gain from the applied moment, M is shown below:

Me

Elastic Gain: f cgp =

I+

f cgp =

Ep
E ct

A ps r 2 + e 2

(89 + 88) (12 ) (17.394 )

= 0.198 ksi
28500
2
169,593 +
(5.202 ) 175.65 + (17.394 )
4070

f gain =

Ep
E ct

f cgp =

28500
( 0.198) = 1.38 ksi
4070

Pgain = (1.38)(5.202) = 7.18 k

The stress in the concrete from the composite dead load is:

ft =

(89 + 88) (12 ) (12.782 ) + (7.18)

(17.394 ) (12.782 )
1

169,593
965.53

169,593
ft = 0.160 - 0.002 = 0.158 ksi
fb =

(89 + 88) (12 ) (20.218 ) + (7.18)

(17.394 ) (20.218)
1
+

169,593
965.53

169,593
fb = -0.253 + 0.022 = -0.231 ksi

Live Load + IM

The elastic gain from the applied moment, M is shown below:

f cgp =

(645) (12 ) (17.394)

= 0.720 ksi
28500
2
169,593 +
(5.202 ) 175.65 + (17.394 )
4070

f gain =

Ep
E ct

f cgp =

28500
( 0.720) = 5.04 ksi
4070

Pgain = (5.04)(5.202) = 26.22 k

135

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The stress in the concrete from the live load is:
Service I

ft =

(645) (12 ) (12.782 ) + (26.22 )

169,593
ft = 0.583 0.007 = 0.576 ksi

(17.394 ) (12.782 )
1

169,593
965.53

Service III
LL + IM = (0.8)(645) = 516 ft-k
fb =

(516 ) (12 ) (20.218 ) + (0.8) (26.22 )

169,593

(17.394 ) (20.218)
1
+

169,593
965.53

fb = -0.738 + 0.065 = -0.673 ksi

A summary of stresses in the concrete follows:
Service I
ft = 0.651 + 0.593 + 0.158 + 0.576 + 0.125 = 2.103 ksi
Service III
fb = 1.883 0.529 0.231 0.673 0.566 = -0.116 ksi
A summary of stress in the strand is:
fps = (0.75)(270) 2.23 13.26 + 3.03 + 1.38 + (0.8)5.04 33.32
= 162.13 ksi

136

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

3) Gross Section
With Elastic Gain

The concrete and prestress strand stresses will be calculated using gross section
properties and including the elastic gain in prestress.

Elastic Shortening

The elastic shortening loss is determined using gross section properties as

follows:
f pES

f pES

f pbt A ps r 2 + em em M g
=
I E ci
2
A ps r 2 + em +
Ep

2
(
200.27 ) (5.202) (145.43 + (13.252) ) (13.252) (738) (12)
=
(5.202) (145.43 + (13.252)2 ) + (111,361) (3818)

28,500

fpES = 13.09 ksi

Transfer Stresses
P/S and Beam

The effective prestress force after transfer including elastic shortening loss is:
Pi = [(0.75)(270) 2.23 13.09](34)(0.153) = 973.71 kips
The stress in the concrete is:

(13.252) (16.924) + (738) (12) (16.924)

1

f t = (973.71)
111,361
111,361
765.75

ft = -0.689 + 1.346 = 0.657 ksi

(13.252 ) (13.252 ) (738 ) (12 ) (13.252 )

1
+
f cgp = (973.71)
111,361
111,361
765.75

fcgp = 2.807 - 1.054 = 1.753 ksi

(13.252 ) (16.076 ) (738) (12 ) (16.076 )
1
f b = (973.71)
+
111,361
111,361
765.75

fb = 3.134 - 1.278 = 1.856 ksi

The loss in stress in the prestress strand = (1.753)(28,500) / (3818) = 13.09 ksi

137

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Deck Placement

Since the strands are bonded to the concrete, the addition of external loads will
add tensile stress to the strands. Solution of the problem of determining the
concrete stress at the c.g. of the strands is similar to that of elastic shortening
but in this case the prestress component is a function of the applied load.
The elastic gain from the applied moment, M is shown below:
Me

f cgp =
I+

f cgp =

Ep
E ct

A ps (r 2 + e 2 )

(330 ) (12) (13.252)

= 0.426 ksi
28500
2
(
)
(
)
111,361 +
5.202 145.43 + 13.252
4070

f gain =

Ep
E ct

f cgp =

28500
( 0.426) = 2.99 ksi
4070

Pgain = (2.99)(5.202) = 15.53 k

The stress in the concrete from the deck pour is:

ft =

(330 ) (12 ) (16.924 ) + (15.53)

111,361
ft = 0.602 - 0.011 = 0.591 ksi
fb =

(330 ) (12 ) (16.076 ) + (15.53)

111,361
fb = -0.572 + 0.050 = -0.522 ksi

Time-Dependent
Loss

(13.252 ) (16.924 )
1

111,361
765.75

(13.252 ) (16.076 )
1
+

111,361
765.75

The time-dependent loss of 33.32 ksi will not cause any elastic gain. The
stress in the concrete from the time-dependent loss is:

(13.252 ) (16.924 )
1

f t = (33.32 ) (5.202 )
111,361
765.75

ft = 0.123 ksi
(13.252 ) (16.076 )
1
f b = (33.32 ) (5.202 )
+

111,361
765.75

fb = -0.558 ksi
138

LRFD Example 3
Composite
Dead Load

3-Span PPBBB
The elastic gain from the applied moment, M is shown below:

Me

f cgp =
I+

f cgp =

Ep
E ct

A ps r 2 + e 2

(89 + 88) (12 ) (17.301)

= 0.195 ksi
28500
2
171,153 +
(5.202 ) 176.31 + (17.301)
4070

f gain =

Ep
E ct

f cgp =

28500
( 0.195) = 1.37 ksi
4070

Pgain = (1.37)(5.202) = 7.10 k

The stress in the concrete from the composite dead load is:

ft =

(177 ) (12 ) (12.875) + (7.10 )

(17.301) (12.875 )
1

171,153
970.73

171,153
ft = 0.160 - 0.002 = 0.158 ksi
fb =

(177 ) (12 ) (20.125 ) + (7.10 )

(17.301) (20.125 )
1
+

171,153
970.73

171,153
fb = -0.250 + 0.022 = -0.228 ksi

Live Load + IM

The elastic gain from the applied moment, M is shown below:

f cgp =

(645) (12 ) (17.301)

= 0.710 ksi
28500
2
171,153 +
(5.202 ) 176.31 + (17.301)
4070

f gain =

Ep
E ct

f cgp =

28500
( 0.710) = 4.98 ksi
4070

Pgain = (4.98)(5.202) = 25.88 k

139

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB
The stress in the concrete from the live load is:
Service I

ft =

(645 ) (12 ) (12.875) + (25.88)

171,153
ft = 0.582 - 0.007 = 0.575 ksi

(17.301) (12.875 )
1

171,153
970.73

Service III
LL + IM = (0.8)(645) = 516 ft-k
fb =

(516 ) (12 ) (20.125 ) + (0.8) (25.88)

171,153
fb = -0.728 + 0.063 = -0.665 ksi

(17.301) (20.125)
1
+

171,153
970.73

A summary of stresses in the concrete follows:

Service I
ft = 0.657 + 0.591 + 0.158 + 0.575 + 0.123 = 2.106 ksi
Service III
fb = 1.856 0.522 0.228 0.665 0.558 = -0.117 ksi
A summary of stress in the strand is:
fps = (0.75)(270) 2.23 13.09 + 2.99 + 1.37 + (0.8)(4.98) 33.32
= 162.20 ksi

140

LRFD Example 3

3-Span PPBBB

Summary
Top Fiber Stress

Girder
P/S
Subtotal
Deck
Elastic Gain
Subtotal

Method 1
1.323
-0.673
0.650

Method 2
1.350
-0.699
0.651

Method 3
1.346
-0.689
0.657

Method 4
1.346
-0.689
0.657

0.592

0.604
-0.011
0.593

0.602
-0.011
0.591

0.602

0.160
-0.002
0.158

0.160
-0.002
0.158

0.160

0.582
-0.007
0.575

0.582
0.582

0.592

0.602

Comp DL
Elastic Gain
Subtotal

0.158

LL + IM
Elastic Gain
Subtotal

0.576
0.576

0.583
-0.007
0.576

P/S Losses

0.125

0.125

0.123

0.123

Total

2.101

2.103

2.104

2.126

Girder
P/S
Subtotal

Method 1
-1.175
3.057
1.882

Method 2
-1.296
3.179
1.883

Method 3
-1.278
3.134
1.856

Method 4
-1.278
3.134
1.856

-0.528

-0.580
0.051
-0.529

-0.572
0.050
-0.522

-0.572

-0.253
0.022
-0.231

-0.250
0.022
-0.228

-0.250

-0.728
0.063
-0.665

-0.728
-0.728

Bottom Fiber Stress

Deck
Elastic Gain
Subtotal

0.158

-0.528

0.160

-0.572

Comp DL
Elastic Gain
Subtotal

-0.231

LL + IM
Elastic Gain
Subtotal

-0.673
-0.673

-0.738
0.065
-0.673

P/S Losses

-0.566

-0.566

-0.558

-0.558

Total

-0.116

-0.116

-0.117

-0.252

-0.231

141

-0.250

LRFD Example 3
Summary

3-Span PPBBB
As can be seen in the above table, use of transformed section properties
(Method 1) and use of net section properties considering elastic gain (Method
2) produce nearly identical results except for minor differences due to
rounding. Use of gross section properties considering elastic gain (Method 3)
produces stresses close to the first two methods with the final sum almost
identical. Any of these three methods should be acceptable.
Use of gross section properties without considering elastic gain (Method 4)
produces higher stresses than the other three methods. While this method is
the simpliest to use it is overly conservative and should not be used.
Method 1 requires maximum effort to determine the section properties but
once determined the calculation of concrete stresses is simple. Method 2
requires some effort to determine the section properties and also requires
consideration of elastic gain. Use of gross section properties is simpliest for
calculation of section properties but does require use of the elastic gain to
produce reliable results.

142