MET CS 669 Database Design and Implementation for Business

SQL Lab 2 Instructions: Interconnecting Data

OBJECTIVE
Theobjectiveofthislabistoprovideyouwithapracticalexerciseofcreatingand
usingrelateddatausingtheStructuredQueryLanguage(SQL).Together,wewill
learnhowto:
enforcerelationshipsbetweentwotablesusingaFOREIGNKEYconstraint
addrelateddatatorelatedtables
askquestionsandanswerthemusingSQLqueriesthatrelatedata

PREREQUISITES
Beforeattemptingthislab,itisbesttoreadthetextbookandlecturematerial
coveringtheobjectiveslistedabove.Whilethislabshowsyouhowtocreateanduse
theseconstructsinSQL,thelabdoesnotexplaininfullthetheorybehindthe
constructs,asdoesthelectureandtextbook.

REQUIREDSOFTWARE
TheexamplesinthislabwillexecuteinmodernversionsofOracleandMicrosoftSQL
Serverasis.IfyouhavebeenapprovedtouseadifferentRDBMS,youmayneedto
modifytheSQLforsuccessfulexecution,thoughtheSQLshouldexecuteasisifyour
RDBMSisANSIcompliant.

ThescreenshotsinthislabdisplayexecutionofSQLintheOracleSQLDeveloper
clientandinMicrosoftSQLServerManagementStudio.Notethatifyouareusing
Oracle,youarenotrequiredtouseOracleSQLDeveloper;therearemanycapable
SQLclientsthatconnecttoOracle.

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Copyright20122014BostonUniversity.AllRightsReserved.

SAVINGYOURDATA
Ifyouchoosetoperformportionsofthelabindifferentsittings,itisimportantto
commityourdataattheendofeachsession.Thisway,youwillbesuretomake
permanentanydatachangesyouhavemadeinyourcurentsession,sothatyoucan
resumeworkingwithoutissueinyournextsession.Todoso,simplyissuethis
command:

COMMIT;

Wewilllearnmoreaboutcommittingdatainfutureweeks.Fornow,itissufficientto
knowthatdatachangesinonesessionwillonlybevisibleonlyinthatsession,unless
theyarecommitted,atwhichtimethechangesaremadepermanentinthe
database.

LABCOMPLETION
Usethesubmissiontemplateprovidedintheassignmentinboxtocompletethislab.

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SECTIONONE
OVERVIEW
InSectionOne,wewillworkwiththeRestaurantandMealtablesillustratedbelow.The
relationshipbetweenthesetwotablesisdescribedbythefollowingbusinessrules:

ARestaurantmayservemanyMeals
AMealmaybeservedataRestaurant

NotethattheboldedcolumnsrepresentthosewithaNOTNULLconstraint.Furthernote
thatrestaurant_idinMealisaforeignkeyreferencingtheRestauranttable.Itisthis
foreignkeythatenforcestheonetomanyrelationshipbetweenMealandRestaurant.

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 STEPS

1. ExecutethefollowingcommandstocreatetheRestaurantandMealtables.Make
suretotypethecommandsexactlyasillustrated,includingspaces,parentheses,and
newlines.

CREATE TABLE Restaurant (

restaurant_id DECIMAL(12) PRIMARY KEY,
name VARCHAR(64) NOT NULL
);

CREATE TABLE Meal (

meal_nr DECIMAL(12) NOT NULL,
description VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
date_served DATE NOT NULL,
restaurant_id DECIMAL(12)
);
ALTER TABLE Meal
ADD CONSTRAINT meal_pk
PRIMARY KEY(meal_nr);

Thestructureofthefirsttwocommandsarefamiliartousfrompreviouslabs.We
havenotyetseentheALTERTABLEcommandinpreviouslabs,soletusexplorewhat
thiscommandisaccomplishing.AnALTERTABLEcommandletsusmodifyallaspects
ofthestructureofatable.AnypropertywecanspecifyinaCREATETABLE
statement,wecanchangeusinganALTERTABLEstatement.Thiscommandisquite
usefulbecauseinproductionsystemswithlivedata,wecannotalwaysdropandre
createanexistingtableinordertomakechangestoit.Instead,weusetheALTER
TABLEstatement.

TheALTERTABLEcommandaddsaprimarykeyconstrainttotheMealtable.Whyis
thisneeded?IfyouexaminetheCREATETABLEfortheMealtable,youllnoticethat
noprimarykeyconstraintispresent.Thiswasleftoutpurposefullytoshowyou
anothermethodofspecifyingprimarykeyconstraints,byusingtheALTERTABLE
commandafterthetableiscreated.Becausetherearemanykindsofchangeswecan
makewithanALTERTABLEcommand,weusedthewordsADDCONSTRAINT
keywordstoindicatethatwearespecificallyaddingaconstraint.

Justaswenametableswithanidentifier,wecannameconstraints.Ifweusethe
shorthandmethodofaddingconstraintsbyincludingthemaspartofacolumn
definitioninaCREATETABLEstatement,suchaswiththeCREATETABLEstatement
thatcreatestheRestauranttable,theRDBMSgeneratesaconstraintnameforus.
Thisisknownasasystemgeneratedconstraintname.Sowhywouldwewantto
nameourconstraints?Systemgeneratednamesusuallydonothelpusidentifythe
table,column,orconditionenforcedbytheconstraint.IfoneofourSQLcommands

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violatesaconstraintthathasasystemgeneratedname,oftentimesweneedto
lookuptheconstrainttofindtheconditionthathasbeenviolated.Ifwenameour
constraints,manytimeswewillknowtheconditionbytheconstraintsname,and
canavoidthelookup.

ThewordfollowingtheADDCONSTRAINTkeywords,meal_pkinthiscase,isthe
identifierthatnamesourconstraint.Thoughwecouldhaveusedanylegalidentifier
ofourchoosing,weusedthenameofthetable,followedbypkasanacronymfor
primarykey,toindicatethattheconstraintistheprimarykeyconstraintforthe
Mealtable.Therearemanyconventionsthatcanbeusedwhennamingconstraints,
andmanyorganizationsadopttheirownconventions.Oneimportantaspectofany
namingconventionisconsistency,sothattheconventioncanbeunderstood,andso
thatthereaderisnotrequiredtoguessatwhatthenameoftheconstraintmeans.

ThePRIMARYKEYkeywordsfurtherindicatetotheRDBMSthatweareaddinga
PRIMARYKEYconstraint.Thesyntaxrequiresustothenencloseacommaseparated
listofcolumnnameswithinparentheses.Thecolumnsspecifiedinthislistwillallbe
coveredbythenewprimarykeyconstraint.Inourexample,weaddedonlyone
columnmeal_nrtoindicatethatonlythemeal_nrcolumniscoveredbythe
primarykeyconstraint.

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2. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.

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BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.

3. Wewillnowbeginharnessingthemostusefulandpowerfulfeatureofarelational
databaserelateddata!Relateddata,andtheabilitytoaskplannedandunplanned
questionsaboutthisdata,aretheindemandfeaturesofRDBMSstoday,andenable
ustosolveawidevarietyofproblemsusinganRDBMS.

Thefirststeptorelatingdataissettingupthestructureofthetablestoenforcethe
relationshipsweexpect.Wedothisbycreatingaforeignkeyconstraint.Inour
relationalschema,theMealtablehasaforeignkeytotheRestauranttable.Letusgo
aheadandcreatethatforeignkeyconstraint.

ALTER TABLE Meal

ADD CONSTRAINT meal_restaurant_fk
FOREIGN KEY(restaurant_id)
REFERENCES Restaurant(restaurant_id);

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WehaveusedanotherformoftheALTERTABLEcommandwhichwelearnedabout
insteps1and2.ThefirsttwolineshavethesameformatastheALTERTABLE
commandinstep1,thoughwediduseadifferentidentifier,meal_restaurant_fk,
toindicatethattheconstraintdefinesaforeignkeyfromtheMealtabletothe
Restauranttable.Thelettersfkareanacronymtorepresentforeignkey.

Thenextkeywords,FOREIGNKEY,indicatetotheRDBMSthattheconstraintweare
addingisaforeignkeyconstraint.TheRDBMSexpectsacommaseparatedlistof
columnnamesenclosedinparenthesestofollowtheFOREIGNKEYkeywords.Inour
case,onlytherestaurant_idcolumniscoveredbytheforeignkeyconstraint,andso
wehaveidentifiedonlythatcolumn.Notethatthislistofcolumnsidentifiesthe
columnswithinthetablewearealtering,inthiscase,theMealtable.

Thenextkeyword,REFERENCES,indicatesthatwhatfollowsarethetableandcolumn
identitiesthattheforeignkeywillreference.Thefirstfollowingword,Restaurant,
indicatesthattheforeignkeywillreferencetheRestauranttable.Followingthisisa
secondcommaseparatedlistofcolumnnamesenclosedwithinparentheses,
indicatingthatnamesofthecolumnsthatwillbereferencedinthereferencedtable,
inthiscase,Restaurant.

Soinsummary,thefirstcommaseparatedlistidentifiesthecolumnswithinthetable
containingtheforeignkeyconstraint,whilethesecondcommaseparatedlist
identifiesthecolumnswithinthereferencedtable..Inourcase,weonlyhaveone
columnidentifiedineachtablebecauseourforeignkeyspansonlyonecolumn.This
isthecommoncase.

Ifyouworkwithdatabaseslongenough,youwillrunintoasituationwherea
compositeforeignkeycoveringmorethanonecolumnisinuse.Whendefiningthe
constraintforcompositeforeignkeys,thefirstcolumnidentifiedinthefirstlist
referencesthefirstcolumninthesecondlist,thesecondcolumnidentifiedinthe
firstlistreferencesthesecondcolumninthesecondlist,andsoon.

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4. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.

BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.

5. NowthatwehaveenforcedtherelationshipbetweenMealandRestaurantusinga
foreignkeyconstraint,letusaddinsomerelateddatausingthealreadyfamiliar
INSERTINTOcommand.

INSERT INTO Restaurant (restaurant_id, name)

VALUES (31, 'Sunset Grill');
INSERT INTO Restaurant (restaurant_id, name)
VALUES (32, 'Oceanside Beachview');

INSERT INTO Meal (meal_nr, description, date_served, restaurant_id)

VALUES (101, 'Grilled eggplant with sides', CAST('03-Jul-2012' AS DATE), 31);
INSERT INTO Meal (meal_nr, description, date_served, restaurant_id)
VALUES(102, 'Delicious pizza with salad', CAST('09-Jul-2012' AS DATE), 31);
INSERT INTO Meal (meal_nr, description, date_served, restaurant_id)
VALUES(103, 'Five-course luxurious meal', CAST('13-Jul-2012' AS DATE), NULL);

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Letusexaminetheseinsertionstodeterminetherelationshipsbetweenthedata.
ThefirsttwoinsertcommandssimplyinserttworestaurantsIDsandnames,and
alonedonotcreateanyrelationships;itistheinsertionsintotheMealtablethat
createtherelationships.How?ThefirstthreevaluesineachMealinsertionare
standarddata,butthefourthvalue,theforeignkey,isofinterest.Noticethat31is
theIDforthefirstSunsetGrillRestaurant,andthatthefirsttwomealshave31as
theirrestaurant_idvalue.Howshouldweinterpretthis?Simple!Thefirsttwomeals
wereservedattheSunsetGrillRestaurant.

Doyouseehowthisworks?Todeterminerelatedrows,wearematchingupthe
valueintheforeignkeycolumninthereferencingtabletothevalueinthe
referencedcolumninthereferencedtable,inourexample,therestaurant_idvalues
intheMealtabletotherestaurant_idvaluesintheRestauranttable.Inshort,the
samevalueintwodifferentrowsindicatesarelationshipbetweenthoserows.

HowshouldweinterprettheNULLintherestaurant_idcolumnforthethirdmeal?
Again,simple!Thethirdmealhasnoindicationoftherestaurantthatservedit,sowe
knowthemealwasnotservedattheSunsetGrillRestaurantortheOceanside
BeachviewRestaurant.Simplyput,therestaurantthatservedthethirdmealis
unknown.

WehavedeterminedtherelationshipsbetweentheSunsetGrillRestaurantandits
meals,andhavealsodeterminedthatthethirdmealdoesnotspecifyarestaurant,
butwhatabouttheOceansideBeachviewRestaurant?BecausenoMealrowshavea
foreignkeyvaluecorrespondingtoOceansideBeachviewsprimarykey,32,that
restauranthasservednomeals.

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6. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.

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BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.

7. WhatifweattempttoinsertaMealthatreferencesanonexistentRestaurant,by
usinganinvalidrestaurant_id?TheRDBMSwillimmediatelyrejectthestatement
becauseitviolatestheforeignkeyconstraint.Letustryit.

INSERT INTO Meal (meal_nr, description, date_served, restaurant_id)

VALUES(104, 'Juicy entree and french fries', CAST('17-Jul-2012' AS DATE), 57);

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8. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.

NoticethatOraclereportsanerrormessageindicatingthattheconstraint
ASSIGNMENTUSER1659.MEAL_RESTAURANT_FKhasbeenviolated.
ASSIGNMENTUSER1659wastheschemausedwhencreatingthislab,andthatyour
schemawillbedifferent.Alsorecallthatmeal_restaurant_fkisthenamewe
ascribedtheforeignkeyconstraint.Nowyouseethevalueofnamingtheconstraint,
sincewecandeterminethatthemealtorestaurantforeignkeyhasbeenviolated
withoutlookinguptheconstraint.

Oracleprovidesthistext,parentkeynotfound,asanindicationthatweattempted
toinsertavalueintoareferencingcolumn,thatdoesnotexistinareferenced
column.Inourexample,weattempttoinsertrestaurant_id57,whichdoesnotexist
intheRestauranttable.Nowyouseehowtheforeignkeyconstrainthelpsenforce
therelationshipbetweenMealandRestaurant.AllreferencesfromMealto
Restaurantwillbevalidbecauseofthepresenceoftheforeignkeyconstraint.Any
attempttoinsertaninvalidreferenceisrejectedbytheRDBMS.

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BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.

NoticethatjustasOraclerejectedthestatement,sodidSQLServer,indicatingthat
theforeignkeyconstraintmeal_restaurant_fkwouldbeviolated.Someofthetext
oftheerrormessageistruncated,soitisreproducedbelow:

Msg 547, Level 16, State 0, Line 1

The INSERT statement conflicted with the FOREIGN KEY constraint
"meal_restaurant_fk". The conflict occurred in database "cs6692",
table "dbo.Restaurant", column 'restaurant_id'.
The statement has been terminated.

ThiserrormessagemaybeeasiertointerpretthanthecorrespondingOracleerror
message,becauseitalsoindicatesthetableandcolumnthatparticipatedinthe
attemptedforeignkeyviolation.Sowehavethenameoftheconstraint,
meal_restaurant_fk,aswellasanindicationfromtheRDBMSofthetableand
column,removingallambiguity.Notethatdatabasecs6692wasthedatabaseused
whencreatingthislab,andyourswilllikelybedifferent.

9. Wehavecreatedthetablestructureforourrelationship,andalsoinsertedrelated
data.Nowletuslearntoretrieveourrelateddatainameaningfulway.

Whenweretrievedata,generallywearenotaimlesslyorrandomlyretrievingrows
andcolumnsfromtables;rather,weareansweringaspecificquestionforaspecific
purpose.Forexample,amanagermaybegatheringsomegeneralinformationon
customers,orawebservermaybegeneratingawebpagethatlistsallprevious
ordersplacedbyacustomer.Thoughtherearewidelyvariedquestionstobe
answeredandwidelyvariedpurposesforansweringthem,thesamekindsofSQL
constructscanbeusedforallofthem.

Thequestiontobeansweredcanbesimpleorcomplex,butletusstartwithasimple
question.

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Whichmealswereservedbywhichrestaurants?

Thisgeneralquestiongivesusadirection,butweneedmoredetails,namely,
preciselywhatpropertiesofrestaurantsandmealswearelookingfor.Doweneed
theIDs?Doweneedthenamesordescriptions?Doweneeddates?Weneedto
constructourrequesttobespecificenoughtobeimplemented.Letusthenposea
morespecificrequest:

Listthedescriptionanddateservedofallofthemealsservedatarestaurant,andthe
nameoftherestaurantthatservedthemeal.

ThisrequestrequiresdatafromtwotablesRestaurantandMealandwecanfulfill
thisrequestusingaSELECTstatementwithaJOINclause.Trythecommandbelow.

SELECT description, date_served, name

FROM Meal
JOIN Restaurant ON Meal.restaurant_id = Restaurant.restaurant_id;

LetusexaminethisSQLcommandpiecebypiece.Onthefirstline,youseethe
familiarSELECTkeywordalongwiththecolumnnamestoberetrieved.Weretrieved
specificallythedescription,date_served,andnamecolumns.Onthesecondline,you
seethefamiliarFROMkeywordalongwiththenameofthetable.Itisthethirdline
thatintroducestheJOINkeyword.TheJOINinthisstatementindicatesthattheMeal
tablewillbejoinedwiththeRestauranttable.TheONkeywordindicatesthejoin
condition,whichisaBooleanexpressionthatcanusethecolumnsintheMealand
Restauranttables.

RecallthatajoinwithnojoinconditionbetweentwotablesisaCartesianproduct.If
weaddajoincondition,thenweareselectingspecificrowsfromtheresultsofthe
Cartesianproduct.Inotherwords,thejoinconditionisevaluatedforeveryrowinthe
Cartesianproducttodeterminewhichrowswillbeselected.Inthisexample,ourjoin
condition:

Meal.restaurant_id = Restaurant.restaurant_id

indicatesthatweonlywanttherowsfromtheCartesianproductwherethe
restaurant_idvaluesareequalinthetwotables.InplainEnglishthismeanswewant
onlywantthemealsthatwereservedatrestaurants,andonlytherestaurantthat
servedthemealwillbelistedwithameal.

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10. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.

BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.

Theresultsetatthebottomisexactlywhatweexpected.Thefirsttwomeals
descriptionsanddatesservedwerelisted,alongwiththeRestauranttheywere
servedat,theSunsetGrill.WehavesatisfiedtherequestinStep9infull.Thisis
exciting!WehavelearnedtoretrieverelateddatausingasingleSQLcommand!

Thekindofjoinillustratedaboveisknownasaninnerjoin.Thereareseveral
differentwaysinSQLtospecifyinnerjoins,andthesearecoveredinthetextbook
andlectures.However,thestyleusedaboveisdefinedintheANSIstandardsandis
therecommendedstyletouseformaximumportabilityandeaseofuse.

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11. Althoughinnerjoinscanbeusedtofulfillmanyrequestswehavewithourrelated
data,somerequestscanonlybeansweredwithanouterjoin.Forexample,wecould
notuseaninnerjointofulfillthisrequest:

Listthedescriptionanddateservedofallofthemeals,andifthemeal
wasservedatarestaurant,listthenameoftherestaurantthatserved
themeal.

DoyouseethedifferencebetweenthisrequestandtherequestinStep9?The
requestinStep9onlyasksformealsthatwereservedatrestaurants.Therequestin
thisstephoweverisaskingforallmeals,whetherornottheywereservedata
restaurant.Wewillfulfillthisrequestbyusingaleftouterjoin.Weonlyneedadd
onewordtotheSQLquerylistedinStep9todoso.

SELECT description, date_served, name

FROM Meal
LEFT JOIN Restaurant ON Meal.restaurant_id = Restaurant.restaurant_id;

WhatdoesthisLEFTkeyworddoforus?ItinstructstheRDBMStoretrieveallrows
thatmatchthejoincondition,andalsoretrieverowsfromthefirsttablelistedthat
donotmatchthejoincondition.Inourexample,theMealtableisthefirsttable
listed,andsoanymealsthatdonothaverestaurantswillalsobelisted.Letustryit.

12. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.

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BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.

Noticethatinthisresultset,thetwomatchingrowsarelisted,justaswiththeinner
join,butathirdrowisalsolisted.Thefivecourseluxuriousmealislisted,andNULL
isindicatedfortherestaurantname.Thisisbecausewhenweinsertedourdata,the
fivecourseluxuriousmealwasnotgivenarestaurant_idbecauseitwasnotserved
atarestaurantwehadinoursystem.

13. Theinverserequestisstraightforward.;however,letusenhancetherequestby
introducinganotherrequirement,whichisthatofsortingtheresultsbaseduponthe
nameoftherestaurant.

Listthenameofallrestaurants,orderedalphabetically.Iftherestaurant
servedanymeals,listthedescriptionanddateservedofeachmeal.

WefulfillthisrequestbyusingarightouterjoinandanORDERBYconstruct.

SELECT description, date_served, name

FROM Meal
RIGHT JOIN Restaurant ON Meal.restaurant_id = Restaurant.restaurant_id
ORDER BY name;

Thedifferencebetweenarightouterjoinandaleftouterjoinisthatarightouter
joinretrievesrowsthatdonotmatchfromthesecondtablelisted,whilealeftouter
joinretrievesrowsthatdonotmatchfromthefirsttablelisted.

TheORDERBYconstructtellstheRDBMStosorttheresultsbaseduponthevaluesin
acolumnorgroupofcolumns.Acommaseparatedlistofcolumnnamesfollowsthe
ORDERBYkeywords.Inourexample,weonlywantedtosortbytherestaurantname,
andsowehavelistedonlyonecolumn.

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14. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.

BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.

Noticethatinthisresultset,thesecondandthirdrowsarethematchingrows,and
arethesamerowsreturnedwithbytheequivalentinnerjoin.Thefirstrowistherow
thatdoesnotmatchintheRestauranttable,resultingfromtherightouterjoinwe
performed.OceansideBeachviewistherestaurantname,andNULLisindicatedfor
theMealcolumns.Recallthatwhenweinsertedthedata,wedidnotindicatethat
theOceansideBeachviewRestaurantservedanymeals.

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Furthernoticethattheresultshavebeenorderedjustaswespecified.SinceO
comesbeforeS,theOceansideBeachviewrestaurantisorderedbeforetheSunset
Grillrestaurant.IfwehadnotusedtheORDERBYconstruct,theOceanside
Beachviewrowwouldhavecomelast,sinceitwasinsertedaftertheSunsetGrill
rows.

15. Wecanalsoretrievematchingrowsandrowsthatdonotmatchinbothtables,
whichisacombinationofwhatwedidinSteps11and13.Belowisarequestthat
asksustodoso.

Listthedescriptionsanddatesservedofallmeals,andthenamesofall
restaurants.Showwhichrestaurantsservedwhichmeals.Thelistshould
besortedbythedescriptionsofthemealsinreversealphabeticalorder.

Thisrequestcanbefulfilledwithafullouterjoin,whichreturnsthematchingrows,
andalsorowsthatdonotmatchinboththefirstandsecondtables.Inshort,afull
outerjoinisacombinationofleftandrightouterjoins.Weagainneedtousethe
ORDERBYconstructtofulfillthesortingrequirement.

SELECT description, date_served, name

FROM Meal
FULL JOIN Restaurant ON Meal.restaurant_id = Restaurant.restaurant_id
ORDER BY description DESC;

WeaddedaqualificationtotheORDERBYconstructbyplacingtheDESCkeyword
afterthelistofcolumnnames.Therequestaskedustosortbythemealdescriptions
inreversealphabeticalorder.ThekeywordDESCisshortfordescending,meaning
thattheorderingwillbereversed.Whenwewanttosortinorder,wecaneitheruse
thekeywordASC,whichisshortforascending,orwecanomitthesewords
altogether,becauseascendingisthedefaultwhenORDERBYisused.

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16. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.Belowisa
samplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninOracleSQLDeveloper.

BelowisasamplescreenshotofthecommandexecutioninMicrosoftSQLServer
ManagementStudio.

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Noticethatinthisresultset,thetwomatchingrowsarelisted,justaswiththeinner
join.Inaddition,therowthatdoesnotmatchfromtheMealtableislisted,asisthe
rowthatdoesnotmatchfromtheRestauranttable.Theseresultswereasexpected
fromthefullouterjoinweusedabove.Weretrievedwhichmealswereservedat
whichrestaurants,retrievedthemealsthatwerenotservedatrestaurants,and
retrievedtherestaurantsthatdidnotserveanymeals.

Inthisresultset,themealdescriptionsweresortedinreversealphabeticalorderjust
aswespecifiedinourcommand.YoumayhavenoticedthattherowwiththeNULL
descriptionisfirstintheresultsetwithOracle,andlastwithSQLServer.Because
NULLrepresentsnovalueatall,oneRDBMSwilltreatitasgreaterthanallvalues,
whileanotherRDBMSwilltreatitaslessthanallvalues,asdemonstratedabove.This
smallexamplehashintedattheworldofnuancesandcomplexitiesthatexistwith
NULL.

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SECTIONTWO
OVERVIEW
InSectionTwo,youwillapplywhatyoulearnedinSectionOnetonewtables,without
beinggiventhecommandsandscreenshots.YouwillworkwithDelivery_serviceand
Packagetablesthatarerelatedviaadeliversrelationship,allofwhichare
diagrammedbelow.NotethattheboldedcolumnsrepresentthosewithaNOTNULL
constraint.

STEPS

1. CreatetheDelivery_serviceandPackagetables,includingalloftheircolumns,
datatypes,andconstraints.Makesuretocreatetheforeignkeyconstraint.
2. Captureascreenshotofthecommandsandtheresultsoftheirexecution.
3. InsertthefollowingdeliveryservicesintotheDelivery_serviceusing
delivery_service_idsofyourchoosing.
UnitedPackageDelivery
FederalDelivery
DynamicDuoDelivery
4. Captureascreenshotoftheinsertcommandsandtheresultsoftheirexecution.
5. InsertthefollowingpackagesintothePackagetableusingpackage_nrvaluesofyour
choosing.

DeliveredbyUnitedPackageDelivery:
description=Perfectdiamonds
date_delivered=29Apr2012

DeliveredbyFederalDelivery:
description=Carepackage
date_delivered=14Jun2012

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Nodeliveryservice:
description=Frenchwine
date_delivered=19Jul2012

6. Captureascreenshotoftheinsertcommandsandtheresultsoftheirexecution.
7. AttempttoinsertaPackagethatreferencesanonexistentdeliveryservice.
8. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
9. Explain:
a. whytheinsertioninStep7failed,and
b. howyouwouldinterprettheerrormessagefromyourRDBMSsothat
youknowthattheerrorindicatesthedeliveryserviceIDwasinvalid
10. Explainthesimilaritiesanddifferencesbetweenaninnerjoin,aleftjoin,arightjoin,
andafullouterjoin.
11. WithasingleSQLquery,fulfillthefollowingrequest:

Listthedescriptionanddatedeliveredofallpackagesdeliveredbyadeliveryservice,
aswellasthenameofthedeliveryservicethatdeliveredthepackage.

12. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
13. ExplainwhysomerowsinDelivery_serviceandsomerowsinPackagewerenot
listedinStep11.
14. WithasingleSQLquery,fulfillthefollowingrequest:

Listthenamesofalldeliveryservices,andifthedeliveryservicedeliveredany
packages,listthedescriptionsanddeliverydatesforthosepackages.

15. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
16. WithasingleSQLquery,fulfillthefollowingrequest:

Listthedescriptionanddatedeliveredofallpackages,andifthepackagewas
deliveredbyadeliveryservice,listthenameofthedeliveryservice.Thelistshouldbe
orderedalphabeticallybythenameofthedeliveryservice.

17. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.
18. WithasingleSQLquery,fulfillthefollowingrequest:

Listthedescriptionsanddatesdeliveredofallpackages,andalsolistthenamesofall
deliveryservices.Indicatewhichpackagesweredeliveredbywhichdeliveryservices.
Thepackagedescriptionsshouldbelistedinreversealphabeticalorder.

19. Captureascreenshotofthecommandandtheresultofitsexecution.

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