ECDL Module 1 Notes

Module 1: Concepts of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Hardware
Concepts

What is Hardware?
The term hardware refers to the physical
components of your computer such as the
system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor etc.

What is a personal computer?

IBM invented the PC (Personal Computer) way back in 1981. All PCs
released since then are in many ways compatible with the original design,
though many extensions have been made. The term PC compatible relates
to PCs manufactured by companies other than IBM which are compatible
with the traditional PC specification. In the early days, most PCs ran an
operating system called DOS (Disk Operating System). These days most PCs
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will be running a version of Microsoft Windows such as Microsoft Vista.

Capacity : Large hard disks combined with a large working memory (RAM)
Speed : Fast. Normally measured in GH z.
Costs : Getting cheaper by the day.
Typical Users : Home users, large and small office users. Education, Doctors.
In fact just about everyone needs to know how to operate a PC these days.

Apple computers

The Apple Mac is a computer, but NOT a PC. It uses a different operating
system, and may require special versions of application programs (such as
word-processors or spreadsheets). Even the hardware add-ons have to be
customised to some extent to be able to be connected to a Mac. In the early
days the thing which really distinguished the Mac over the PC was the GUI
(Graphical User Interface), or in plain English the way you could use the
mouse to drive the computer. In the early days of the PC, you really had to
be a bit of an expert to use and maintain your PC. Recently the differences
between the PC and the Mac have blurred, with Microsoft buying a stake in
Apple.

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Laptop & palmtop computers

Laptop computers, as the name implies, are small portable computers

which can run on batteries as well as mains power. They use special
screens, rather than the traditional bulky VDUs (Visual Display U nits), which
allows for longer battery life as well as portability. A newer term,
Notebooks, simply indicates a VERY small laptop. These are especially
popular with salespersons on the move or people giving presentations.
While they tend to still be more expensive than an equivalent Desktop
computer, they can now match the power of a Desktop computer. Palmtops
are even smaller computers which can literally fit into the palm of your
hand.

Capacity : Large hard disks combined with a large working memory (RAM)
Often less powerful than for a PC of equivalent price.
Speed : Fast. Normally measured in GH z. Often speed specifications are less
than for a PC of equivalent price.
Costs: Components need to be much more compact, so there is a price
overhead w hen compared to a PC of equivalent power.

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Typical Users: Business users, people on the move, educational users.

Features of handheld portable digital devices

A range of small portable digital devices are now available including:

- Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
- Mobile (Cell) phones
- Smartphones
- Multimedia players

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

These devices use a special pen, rather than a keyboard and can be used
for storing and retrieving information. Like most computer devices, many
can connect to the Internet. They are extremely compact.
PDAs have many built-in features such as a calculator, a clock and a
calendar.
Many allow you to send and receive emails and even browse the web.
PDAs can also be used for:

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sending and receiving e mails

video recording
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typewriting and word processing

address book

making and writing on spreadsheets

scanning bar codes

playing computer games

recording survey responses

Global Positioning System (GPS).

Newer PDAs also have both colour screens and audio capabilities,
enabling them to be used as mobile phones (smartphones), web
browsers, or portable media players. Many PDAs can access the Internet,
intranets or extranets via Wi-Fi, or Wireless Wide-Area Networks
(WWANs). Many PDAs employ touch screen technology.

Capacity: Much smaller storage capacity compared to a PC.

Speed: Much less than a PC unless you pay a lot extra.
Costs: In relative terms expensive when compared to a PC.
Typical Users: Mostly business users.

Mobile phones (cell phones)

A mobile phone or cell phone is used for mobile communication

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(including speech, text-messaging, e-mailing and accessing the web)

Many also allow you to send and receive pictures and video.
Most mobile phones use a signal from a local transmission tower and will
not work when you are out of range or if the signal is blocked by
mountains, or even buildings.
Satellite phones use a signal coming from a satellite. They tend to be
much more expensive to purchase and use. While you should never be
out of range, the satellite signal may be blocked by tall buildings.

Media players
Media players allow you to store digital music and video. A famous example
is the ipod from Apple, which lets you store your digital music which you
can then listen to at your leisure. Thousands of songs can be stored on
these devices.
You can also get devices with a built-in screen which will allow you to watch
films and video clips that you download to these devices.

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Smart phones
A smartphone is a mobile phone (cell phone) offering advanced
computer-like features. Capabilities and standards vary from one
manufacturer to another.
Most smartphones have some sort of operating system allowing you to
connect to other devices and also to install applications. Most
smartphones allow you to send and receive emails and may even allow
you to browse the Web.
Some have a personal organizer built into them and some sort of contact
management organiser.
Some even have a miniature computer-type keyboard built into them,
while others have a touch screen.
You might even have GPS positioning systems.
Some smartphones allow you to read documents in Microsoft Word or
Adobe PDF format.
Other features can include a built-in camera, the ability to play music,
display photos and video clips, media software for playing music,
browsing photos and viewing video clips.

Parts of a computer
You should understand some of the basic elements that make up a
computer including:

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- Central processing unit (CPU)

- Types of memory
- The hard disk
- Input and output devices

The CPU

The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is normally an Intel (or equivalent) and it
is one of the most important components within your computer. It
determines how fast your computer will run and the CPU speed is measured
by its MHz or GHz speed. Thus, a 2 GHz Pentium is much faster than say a 1
GHz Pentium CPU. It is the CPU which performs all the calculations within
the computer, when running programs such as word-processors,
spreadsheets and databases.

The CPU contains following elements:

Control Unit: The control unit is responsible for controlling the sequencing
and timing of the other elements making up the CPU.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs the mathematical
calculations using data stored within the CPU registers.
Registers: The registers are memory storage areas within the CPU that hold
the data that is worked on by the ALU.

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BUS: The computer bus transports data between the memory and registers.

Memory (RAM)

The RAM (Random Access Memory) within your computer is where the
operating system is loaded to when you switch on your computer and also
where your applications are copied to when you start an application, such
as a word processor or database program. When you create data, (e.g.
letters and pictures), these are initially created and held in RAM and then
copied to disk when you save the data. As a rule of thumb, the more RAM
you have installed in your computer the better. These days you will
commonly find over 512 Megabytes of RAM installed.

ROM-BIOS
ROM-BIOS is an abbreviation of Read Only Memory Basic Input Output
System. In PC's the BIOS contains all the code required to control the
keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number
of miscellaneous functions.
The BIOS is typically placed in a ROM chip that comes with the computer.
This ensures that the BIOS will always be available and will not be damaged
by disk failures. It also makes it possible for a computer to boot itself.
Because RAM is faster than ROM, though, many computer manufacturers
design systems so that the BIOS is copied from ROM to RAM each time the
computer is booted. This is known as shadowing.

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Disks

You use disks to store any data that you create. This can range from a
memo created within a word processor to a video file created using a video
camera.
There are many different types of disks:
-

Hard Disks

CDs / DVDs

Removable Disks (pendrives)

On so on

The Hard (Fixed) Disk

Hard disks are the main, large data storage areas within your computer.
Hard disks are used to store your operating system, your application
programs (i.e. your word processor, games etc) and your data. They are
much faster than CD/DVDs and can also hold much more data. Hard disks
are installed within the system unit of your computer.

Input/output ports

The Input and Output ports are normally located at the back or on the side
of your computer. These include ports such as USB, serial, parallel , network
and FireWire ports. You plug cables into these ports to connect your
computer to other devices, such as printers, scanners and cameras.

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Universal Serial Bus (USB) Port

You will see one or more USB sockets at the

back / front of the system unit, allowing
you to plug in devices designed for the USB.
These devices include printers, scanners
and digital cameras. Memory sticks can also be plugged into a USB port
allowing you to copy data to or from your hard disk.

Serial Port

The serial port is a socket located at the back of your computer which
enables you to connect items to the computer, such as a modem. They are
commonly labelled as COM1 or COM2.

Parallel Port

The parallel port is a socket located at the back of your computer which
enables you to connect items to the computer, such as a printer. It is
commonly labelled as LPT1 or LPT2.

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NOTE : The parallel port used to be the main way the computer connected
to a printer. These days you are more likely to use a USB cable to connect
the computer to a printer.

Network Port

The network port allows you to plug a network cable into your computer,
which then lets you communicate with other computers connected to your
local network or to other computers via the Internet.

FireWire Port

FireWire is an interface from Apple Inc. that allows high data transfer
between your computer and a compatible device such as a digital camera.
FireWire has largely replaced earlier ways of transferring data, such as
parallel or SCSI cables. There are numerous versions of FireWire including
fibre optic, coaxial and wireless versions. Most multimedia computers will
have FireWire ports built into them.

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Computer Performance

Factors affecting computer performance

There is a wide range of factors that can affect the performance of your
computer.

These include:
CPU speed
RAM size
Type of graphics card processor
Memory (RAM)
The number of applications running.

It is important to realise that it is not just the speed of the CPU that affects
the overall performance of your computer. There is no point in having a
very fast CPU if the other parts of a computer may slow down the overall
performance.

CPU Clock speed

The computer clock speed governs how fast the CPU will run. The higher the
clock speed the faster the computer will work for you. The clock speed is
given in megahertz (MHz or GHz). The higher the speed the faster the
computer.
RAM size

As a rule the more memory you have the faster the PC will appear to
operate. Windows also uses the hard disk a lot, so logically the faster the
hard disk can operate then again the faster the PC will appear to run.

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Hard disk speed and storage

Hard disks are also measured by their speed, defined by the disk access
time, which is measured in milliseconds. The smaller this access time the
faster the hard disk will store or retrieve data. The data storage capacity of
hard disks

continues to increase as new products are released. The disk

storage capacity is measured in Gigabytes (GB). 1 GB is equivalent to 1024

Megabytes (MB).

Free hard disk space

To get the most out of your Windows based PC, you not only need a fast
hard disk but also a large hard disk with plenty of "spare space". This is due
to the fact Windows is constantly moving data between the hard disk and
RAM (Random Access Memory). Microsoft Windows will create many socalled temporary files which it uses for managing your programs. In fact, if
you have very little free hard disk space you may find that Microsoft
Windows will not be able to run your programs at all.

De-fragmenting files

If you are running Windows you may find that if you click on the Start
menu, select Programs, and then select the Accessories / System tools
group, there is a de-fragmentation program. Running this periodically may
noticeably speed up the operation of your PC. When you use a PC, over a
period of time the files get broken up into separate pieces which are spread
all over the hard disk. De-fragmentation means taking all the broken up
pieces and joining them back together again.

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Multitasking considerations

Windows is a multitasking system, which means that it can run more than
one program at a time. However, the more programs which are running at
the same time, the slower each one will run. To some extent this slowing
effect

depends on what each program is doing. Editing a large high

definition video for instance can take up a lot of CPU time.

CPU speeds

Speed (operating frequency) of the CPU is measured in megahertz (MHz) or

gigahertz (GHz). The higher the value the faster the CPU will operate. The
original IBM PC released way back in 1981 ran at 4.77 MHz whereas modern
PCs can run at over 4000 MHz, which gives you an idea of how far things
have progressed. 1 MHz means that the device will run at one million cycles
per second. 1 GHz is a thousand times faster, so that 1 GHz 1000 MHz.

Memory and Storage

What is computer memory?

You can store data on your hard disk, while data which is being processed is
stored in RAM (Random Access Memory). Data which is stored on a hard
disk can be permanent, while data in RAM is only temporary (also referred
to as volatile). Normally when people talk about memory in relation to a
PC, they are talking about RAM.

RAM

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the main 'working' memory used by the
computer. When the operating system loads from disk when you first

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switch on the computer, it is copied into RAM. The original IBM PC could
only use up to 640 KB of memory (just over half a megabyte), whereas a
modern computer can effectively house as much RAM as you can afford to
buy. Commonly modern computers are supplied with over 128 MB of RAM
(Usually you find computers with 1 or 2 GB or RAM 1 GB is equivalent to
1024 MB). As a rough rule, a Microsoft Windows based computer will
operate faster if you install more RAM. When adverts refer to a computer
having 128 Mbytes of memory, it is this RAM which they are talking about.
Data and programs stored in RAM are volatile (i.e. the information is lost
when you switch off the computer).

ROM

Read Only Memory (ROM) as the name suggests is a special type of memory
chip which holds software which can be read but not written to. A good
example is the ROM-BIOS chip, which contains read-only software. Often
network cards and video cards also contain ROM chips.

ROM-BIOS

The 'Read Only Memory Basic Input Output System' chip is a chip located on
the computer's system (mother) board, which contains software. This
software performs a variety of tasks. When you first switch on the
computer the ROM-BIOS software performs a self-diagnostic to check that
the computer is working OK. This software then loads your operating
system from the disk into the RAM.

Video (graphics) memory

The picture which you see on your screen is a form of data and this data has
to be stored somewhere. The on-screen pictures are held in special memory

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chips called video memory chips; these chips are usually located on the
video card. A modern computer will be supplied with several Megabytes of
video memory.

Measurement of storage capacity

It is important that you understand a little about the measurements used to
define storage capacities:
Bit: Computer are digital. This means they work by processing ones and
zeros. The basic one or zeros is called a bit of information.
Byte: There are eight bits in a Byte.
KB - Kilobyte: There are 1024 bytes in a KB
MB - Megabyte: There are 1024 KB in a MB
GB - Gigabyte: There are 1024 MB in a GB
TB - Terabyte: There are 1024 GB in a TB

Types of storage media

These days there are a range of storage media to choose from including
CDs, DVDs, USB flash drives, memory cards, internal hard disks, external
hard disks, network drives and on-line file storage. Some are more suitable
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than others for a particular job, for instance a flash drive is great for quickly
transferring relative small amounts of data from one computer to another.

Internal hard disks

All PCs are supplied with an internal hard disk. This is

where the operating system (such as Windows) is stored.
It is also were you store your data. When you install new
applications, they are copied from CD or DVD to your
internal hard disk.

External hard disks

As the name suggests these are secondary hard disks

that you can plug into your computer. They are
normally connected via a USB cable. They are available
in a range of speeds and storage capacities and are an
ideal way to backup your data, such as photos or movies.

CDs

Most computers are now supplied with a CDROM (Compact Disc - Read Only Memory)
drive. CD-ROM discs look exactly like music CDs
but contain computer data instead of music.
The advantage of a CD-ROM is that it can hold
a vast amount of data (equivalent to the storage capacity of over 450 floppy
disks). The other big advantage of CD-ROMs is that they are
interchangeable. This means that you can own a range of different CD-ROM
s and choose which one to insert into your CD-ROM drive.

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DVDs

Short for "Digital Versatile Disk. Similar to CD-ROM drives but allows you to
use DVD disks, which contain vastly more information than a traditional CD ROM disk. These also transfer the data from the disk to the computer far
faster, allowing you to watch movies on your computer
screen. A CD-ROM can store 650 700 MB of data,
while a single-layer, single-sided DVD can store 4.7 GB
of data.

Recordable CD & DVD drives

CD-ROMs are read-only devices, but increasingly people are purchasing a

special type of CD drive unit which allows you to record data, music or video
to your own CDs. These devices require the purchase of special CDs to
which you can write, called CD-R (Compact Disc Recordable).

USB flash drives (memory sticks)

Flash drives plug into the USB port and when viewed via the Windows
Explorer, look just like any other drive. They are supplied in a range of sizes
with the 1 GB devices being a very cheap way of transferring relatively small
amounts of data between computers.

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Memory cards

A memory card (also called a flash memory card) is a card containing

memory chips that is often used in devices such as digital cameras, mobile
phones, music players, video game consoles, GPS system and similar devices
where there is a need to store data in a compact from, often using a battery
power source. There are a number of different
types of memory cards with different storage
capacities. Many new PCs have built-in slots
for different types of memory cards.

Network drives and on-line file storage

Within an office it is normal that the computers are connected together via
a network. This allows you to store your data centrally, on a network server.
This network server should be backed-up by the IT support staff on a daily
basis. This means that your data is safely backed up for you. Alternatively
you may create and store your data on your own PC or laptop and
periodically copy it across the network to be stored safely on a central
network server. In many companies network software automatically backs
up selected folder on each computer to the central server.

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Floppy disks (diskettes)

Floppy disks are also known as diskettes. They are very slow compared to
hard disks or CD-ROMs, and hold relatively small amounts of data (1.44
MB). Sometimes people will backup (i.e. copy) important data from their
hard disk to floppy disks. However, as diskettes are notoriously unreliable
this is not the best way of backing up valuable data. Modern computers and
laptops are not normally supplied with this type of drive. Floppy disks have
almost entirely been replaced by CD or DVD disks.

Input Devices

Input devices allow you to input information to the computer and include
things such as the keyboard and mouse.

Keyboard

The keyboard allows you to type information into the computer. It has
evolved over the years. The keyboard is built into laptop computers but is a
separate item if used with a Desktop computer. They can be connected via
cables or may be wireless.

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Mouse

When using an operating system, such as Microsoft Windows, you use the
mouse to select drop down menus, to point and click on items, to select
items and to drag and drop items from one place to another.

Scanners

A scanner allows you to scan printed material and convert it into a file
format which may be used within the PC. You can scan pictures and then
manipulate these inside the PC using a graphics application of your choice.
In addition, you can scan printed text and convert this not just to a picture
of the text but also to, actual text which can be manipulated and edited as
text within your word-processor. There are a number of specialist
programs, generically called OCR (Optical Character Recognition) programs
which are specifically designed for converting printed text into editable text
within your applications.

Tracker balls

A tracker ball is an alternative to the traditional mouse and favoured by

graphic designers. Tracker balls often give much finer control over the
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movement of the items on the screen. They may take a while to get used to
if you are used to the traditional mouse, but offer a lot in terms of added
flexibility.

Touch pads
A touchpad (also trackpad) is a pointing device consisting of specialized
surface that can translate the motion and position of a user's fingers to a
relative position on screen. They are a common feature of laptop
computers and also used as a substitute for a computer mouse where desk
space is scarce. Touchpads vary in size but are rarely made larger than 40
square centimeters (about 6 square inches). They can also be found on
personal digital assistants (PDAs) and some portable media players.

Light Pens

A light pen is a handheld input device that looks like a pen. The pen is held
to the computer screen and the area to be selected is highlighted. The
pointing device is used instead of a mouse to
move around the screen.

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Graphics tablets

A graphics tablet is an input device which is often used by graphics

designers and illustrators to work with images or hand drawn designs. A
graphics tablet resembles a mouse mat; you write on it and the data is
displayed on the screen.

Stylus pens

Pointed instruments used as an input device on a

pressure-sensitive screen used with PDAs and
most touch screen mobile phones.

Joysticks

Many games require a joystick for the proper playing

of the game. There are many different types, the
more sophisticated respond to movement in 3 axis
directions, as well as having a number of configurable
buttons.

Webcams

Ever since it was invented, the Web has become

increasingly interactive. You can now use a small digital

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movie camera (a Webcam) mounted on the PC monitor to allow two-way

communication involving not just text communication but sound and video
communication as well. While not yet considered a standard piece of PC kit,
it is only a matter of time

Digital cameras

A digital camera can be used in the same way a traditional camera can, but
instead of storing images on rolls of film which require developing, the
images are stored digitally in memory housed
within the camera (or on memory cards). These
pictures can easily be transferred to your
computer and then manipulated within any
graphics programs which you have installed on
your computer.
Microphones
Early voice recognition systems offered very poor results, due to the
limitations of the software combined with hardware limitations. It takes an
awful lot of CPU processing power to convert the spoken word into text
which appears on the screen. Things are changing rapidly however and
recent systems allow you to talk to a PC and see text appear on the screen.
Most of these systems require an initial training
period, where you train the software to respond
to your particular voice. Whilst still not perfect this
is a key technology of the future.

Output devices
Include items such as monitors, printers, speakers and headphones.

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VDU
VDU stands for Visual Display Unit. In other words, it is the monitor of the
computer. It is used for showing the main output of the computer in way
that humans can understand, since the computer works and calculates only
in binary (1 and 0). Traditional computer monitors are based on the same
sort of technology that is used within a television screen. Recently, the TFT
(Thin Film Transistor) monitors were introduced. These will take less space
on the desk than the traditional CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors and use
less energy.

Projection devices
Projection devices can be attached to your computer and are useful for
displaying presentations to a group of people. They are best used in
combination with presentation programs, such as Microsoft PowerPoint.
They are used within education and are also very popular for sales
presentations.

Speakers and headphones

Most computers are sold with the capability to add a pair of speakers to
your system unit. In fact, in some cases, the computer screen may have
speakers built directly into the unit. Most computers allow you to plug
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headphones into one of the computer sockets.

Speech synthesizers
A recent development is the ability not only to display text on a monitor but
also to read the text to you. Thus, you could receive a text email from a
colleague and the system could read that email to you. This is of enormous
benefit to the visually impaired when using a computer. On the flip side, it is
now possible to use a microphone to talk to the computer and for the
computer to directly convert the spoken word into text which will be
displayed within say your word-processor. Whilst these systems are far
from foolproof they are getting better as more advanced software is being
made available.

Printers
Most data is printed once you have created it and there are a vast number
of different printers available to accomplish this. Most common are inkjet
and laser printers both of which can now produce coloured output.

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Different types of printers

There are many different types of printers. In large organisations and

offices, laser printers are most commonly used because they can print very
fast and give a very high quality output. In most organisations, the printers
are connected to the computers via a network. This means that each person
with a computer does not require his or her own printer. Each computer
connected to the network can print using a particular shared printer.
Laser Printer
This type of printer is mostly used in offices where high
amount of copies is necessary to be printed, it is more
economical and it uses the same system as a photocopier,
these are more common in black and white only, but
nowadays colour laser printers are also being introduced.

Inkjet Printer
The inkjet printer is the most commonly used printer at
home. It makes use of cartridges filled with inks.

Impact Printer
A printer in which a keystroke actually hits the paper, like a
typewriter, to produce hard copy.

Dot Matrix Printer

Used in offices for invoicing purposes. They make use of
papers with holes at the sides, and also have a carbonated
paper.

Daisy Wheel and Line Printer

An almost obsolete type of printer. A daisy wheel printer has a small plastic
'wheel' with spokes running out from its centre. At the end of each spoke
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there is a flat part that has a raised alphanumeric character shape. The way
it works is that the wheel is rotated to bring a character up against an inkribbon. Then a tiny hammer pushes the shape on to the ribbon causing a
letter or number to appear on the paper
behind the ribbon. Daisy wheel printers are
noisy and slow compared to modern ink-jet
and laser printers.

Plotter
Plotters are used to print or plot large formats
such as floor plans and large photographic
posters. Plotters are often used by engineers,
designers and architects to produce large
technical drawings (often a metre wide and any
length). The paper is rolled back and forth, while a set of ink pens move side
to side, dropping down onto the paper when required.

Input and output devices

Some devices are both input and output devices.

A modem can be used for downloading information
from web sites and receiving emails. It can also be
used for uploading and sending emails. Thus, we refer
to a modem as both an input and output device.

Another example of an input-output device is a

touch screen, which is used as both a visual device,
as well as a pointing device.

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Software

Concepts

What is software?
Software is the collection of instructions which makes the computer work.
For instance, when you type in words via the keyboard, the software is
responsible for displaying the correct letters, in the correct place on the
screen. Software is held either on your computers hard disk, CD-ROM, DVD
or on a diskette (floppy disk) and is loaded (i.e. copied) from the disk into
the computers RAM (Random Access Memory), as and when required.

There are two types of software:

-

Systems or Operational Software (Operating System)

Applications Software

What is an operating system?

The operating system is a special type of program which loads automatically
when you start your computer. The operating system allows you to use the
advanced features of a modern computer without having to learn all the
details of how the hardware works. There are a number of different types of
operating system in common use. The IBM PC (Personal Computer) was
introduced way back in 1981 and was originally supplied with an operating
system called DOS (Disk Operating System). This operating system was very
basic, and you had to be a bit of a computer expert just to understand how
to use it. It was NOT user-friendly. Later on, Microsoft introduced Windows
and this is the operating system which is most widely used on PCs today.
There are a number of different types of Windows. Most people are today
running either Windows XP or Windows Vista.

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Other examples of Operating Systems are:

-

Windows 95

Windows 98

Windows 2K (or Windows 2000)

Linux and Unix

Mac OS

Applications Software
An application program is the type of program which you use once the
operating system has been loaded.

Examples include:
-

Word-processing programs (for producing letters, memos etc)

Spreadsheets (for doing accounts and working with numbers)

Databases (for organising large amounts of information)

Games

Graphics programs (for producing pictures, advertisements, manuals

etc).

It is important that you recognise examples of application programs

covering the following areas:
-

Word processing

Spreadsheets

Databases

Presentations

E-mailing

Web brow sing

Photo editing

Computer games

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Word processing applications

A word processing program (such as Microsoft Word) allows you to produce
letters, memos, etc., easily. You can easily mail merge a list of names and
addresses to produce mass mailers, individually addressed to customers or
subscribers.

Spreadsheets applications
A spreadsheet program (such as Microsoft Excel) allows you to work out a
companys income, expenditure and then calculate the balance. It enables
you to make 'what if' type projections of how the company will fair in the
future and to forecast how changes in prices will affect profits.

Database applications
A database program (such as Microsoft Access) allows you to compile
information and then to search this information to extract just the
information you require. For instance, if you have a database of all the
equipment housed within an office you can very simply produce a report
listing only the equipment above a certain value.

Presentation applications
A presentation program (such as Microsoft PowerPoint) allows you to
produce professional looking presentations, which can be printed out
directly onto slides for use with an overhead projector. Alternatively, you
can display your presentations directly on a computer screen or via a
computerised projector.

E-mailing applications
There are many emailing programs available. As the name suggests you use
these to send and receive emails. Microsoft Outlook is supplied within
Microsoft Office.

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Web browsing applications

Applications used to view and interact with the World Wide Web (WWW).
Examples of web browsing applications include:
-

Microsoft Internet Explorer

Netscape Navigator

Mozilla Firefox

Photo editing applications

These programs allow you to edit digital photos. You can adjust items such
as the picture brightness, contrast and colour balance. You can remove
defects such the red eye effect often caused when using a flash. You can
also apply interesting special effects and filters to visually enhance your
photographs. Examples include Photoshop from Adobe and Paint Shop Pro
from Correl.

Computer games
Computer games started off as simple bat and ball games and today have
evolved into an enormous worldwide business. The level of graphical detail
on the screen gets better each year.

Difference between the operating system and application programs

The operating system works closely with the hardware that you have
installed within your computer. It interprets the input via the mouse or
keyboard and outputs data to the screen. Application programs are specific
to a particular task. For instance Microsoft Word is designed as a word
processing program, while Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program. Each
computer may have different applications software, depending on the
needs of the user. However, each and every computer has to have at least
one operating system in order to be able to function.

Accessibility options

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There are a range of options to improve computer accessibility.

These cover:
-

Voice recogniti on software

Screen reader software

Screen magnifier software

On-screen keyboard.

Voice recognition software

Voice recognition software lets you talk to a computer and use simple
commands or sentences. These systems are easily confused by regional
accents and background noise, but are getting better each year as the
software improves.

Screen reader software

Screen reader software is designed for the visually impaired and tries to
interpret the contents of the computer screen and then communicate that
information in different formats, such as speech output, sound icons or as
Braille output.

Screen magnifier software

This type of software magnifies the screen contents, making it easier to
read. Microsoft Windows has basic screen magnifier software included.

On-screen keyboard
An on-screen keyboard is a representation of the physical keyboard on the
screen. It is designed for use by individuals who are not able to use a
physical keyboard. Window s has a basic on-screen keyboard option located
within the Accessories group.

Networks

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Network Types

LAN (Local Area Network)

A LAN (Local Area Network) is a system whereby individual PCs are
connected together within a company or organisation. For instance if ten
people are working together within an office it makes sense for them all to
be connected. In this way, the office can have a single printer and all ten
people can print to it. In a similar way, other devices such as modems or
scanners can be shared. Even more useful is the ability to share information
when connected to a network.

WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network)

A WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) allows you to connect to other
computers within your LAN using wireless technology.

WAN (Wide Area Network)

A WAN (Wide Area Network) as the name implies allows you to connect to
other computers over a wider area (i.e. the whole world).

Client/server networks
This term relates to the type of network where resources are kept centrally
on the server and used locally by the client. The server tends to be a very
powerful PC (or group of PCs), while each client workstation, which the
users have, is less powerful.

Internet
A collection of networks started by and for the US military to enable them
to 'survive' a nuclear war. Later adopted by the educational system, and
now exploited by the commercial world.
The Internet is a global network of interconnected networks. The unique

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thing about the Internet is the sheer amount of information which you can
access from it. Whatever your interest, you can search for and find
information on the most obscure topics. The Internet is an incredibly
valuable tool, which can be used for research, communication, marketing
and business, amongst other things.

World Wide Web (WWW) vs. the Internet

The World Wide Web (WWW) is just a small part of the Internet as a whole.
The Internet relates to all the hardware and software involved, as well as
the WWW. It also includes FTP (File Transfer Protocol), email and
newsgroups. The WWW is basically the text and pictures which you can
view using your web browser, such as Microsoft Internet Explorer, or
Netscape Navigator.

Intranets
An Intranet is a smaller, closed version of the Internet, which can only be
accessed by authorized members of an organisation. Intranets are
becoming an increasingly popular way to share information within a
company or other organisation. An Intranet uses Internet technologies to
allow users to access company documents, search databases, schedule
meetings and of course send emails. The Intranet can only be accessed by
employees working within a particular firm, using a specific username and
password.

Extranets
An Extranet is an Intranet which is partially accessible to authorised
outsiders. An Intranet is normally only accessible by members of the same
company or organization while an extranet also allows outsiders who have
been issued with a password to gain limited access to information held on a
company network. Extranets are being used as a way for business partners
to share information.

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Data Transfer

Downloading from & uploading to a network

You can download data from a network, for instance you can download a
file from a web site. Another example of downloading would be copying a
file from another computer on your Local Area Network to the hard disk on
your computer. Uploading refers to copying data from your computer to
another computer, either on your local area network or on your company
website.

Data transfer rate measurement

When you download or upload data the speed of the data transfer is
measured by the amount of data that is transferred per second.
Common transfer rate units are:
-

Bits per second (bps). (Very slow connections will be quoted in bits per
second).

Kilobits per second (kbps).

Megabits per second (mbps). (High speed data transfer is measured in

megabits bits per second.

Broadband vs. dial-up Internet connection services

In the early days of the Internet, you plugged a modem into your computer,
which in turn was plugged into a phone line. Each time you wanted to
connect to the Internet you had to dial up your Internet Service Provider
(ISP), via your modem and you would be connected to the Internet. You
were charged for every second that you connected to the Internet. Dial up
Internet access is very slow. It is OK for browsing Websites, but you would
not be able to watch movies on a dial up connection.
A broadband Internet connection means that you are permanently
connected to the Internet. It is not charged by the second, but by a monthly

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fee. The speed of your broadband connection depends on how much you
wish to pay each month. A fast broadband connection allows you to view
movies and listen to music.

Internet connection options

Most people will connect to the Internet via a phone line or via a cable
connection. There are however a range of Internet connection option s
including:
Phone line : The most common type of Internet connection. Your computer
is connected to a modem which connects to the phone line. You can use
dialup or broadband via the phone line.
Cable : The same cable that supplied TV channels can also supply your
Internet connections. Often cable gives you very high speed Internet access.
Mobile phone : This is often very expensive. The connection is established
via special, Internet compatible mobile phones.
Wireless Hot Spots : Some public places, such as airports and local councils
now offer wireless access to the Internet. Sometimes this service is
provided free of charge. It may also be provided with a charge, or else you
may need a username and password in order to use the service (e.g. in
universities)
Satellite : If you live in a very remote area, your only way to connect to the
Internet may be via a satellite link. This may require large satellite dishes
and expensive specialised equipment. The cost of the Internet connection
may also be high.

ICT in Everyday Life

Electronic World

What does Information and Communication Technology (ICT) mean?

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ICT is an acronym that stands for Information Communications Technology

A good way to think about ICT is to consider all the uses of digital
technology that already exist to help individuals, businesses and
organisations use information.

ICT covers any product that will store, retrieve, manipulate, transmit or
receive information electronically in a digital form. For example, personal
computers, digital television, email, robots.

So ICT is concerned with the storage, retrieval, manipulation, transmission

or receipt of digital data. Importantly, it is also concerned with the way
these different uses can work with each other.

Internet services for consumers

The Internet offers a vast range of services for consumers including e commerce, e-banking and e-government.

E-commerce

The phrase e-commerce is a buzzword which relates to

buying or selling via the Internet. Increasingly you can
purchase directly via a Web site by selecting the goods or services which
you require and entering your credit card details. When you send your
credit card details these SH OULD be encrypted by the site operators so that
no one can intercept your details. Most sites which accept credit card
payment are on secure services and your Internet browser program (i.e.
Microsoft Internet Explorer or Netscape Communicator) will normally
inform you (via a popup) when you are entering or leaving a secure server.

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There are numerous web sites from where you can purchase online, a
famous example being amazon.com. Most Internet based shopping sites
use a virtual shopping cart system. As you browse the site you can add
any products you want to purchase to your cart. Once you have placed
items in the cart you can then move to the checkout stage. At the checkout
you enter your name & address, select the type of delivery you want and
enter your payment details.

Advantages of e-commerce
There are many advantages in using e-commerce:
-

Services available 24/7

Large stock range

Detailed product information

Ability to compare prices

Right to return defective goods

Disadvantages of e-commerce
-

Possible credit card fraud

Is the website genuine?

What about returning faulty goods? - Be sure you know about a

companys returns policy, BEFORE you make an online purchase.

E-banking

The phrase e-banking relates to managing your money

online. Instead of having to go to the local branch, or
telephoning them, you can pay your bills online and move
money from one place to another.

E-government

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E-Government (short for electronic government) is a

diffused neologism used to refer to the use of
information and communication technology to provide
and improve government services, transactions and interactions with
citizens, businesses, and other arms of government.

E-learning

E-learning refers to learning via the

Internet or working through a disk based
tutorial. There are many advantages, but
also some disadvantages.

Advantages include:

One trainer can train many people at many different locations. If the
training is solely computer based, then the students can work at their own
pace, and repeat parts of a course which they do not understand. Also the
teaching can be at any time, 24 hours a day, and 7 days a week. Often elearning solutions are cheaper to provide than other more traditional
teaching methods.

Disadvantages include:

There may be no opportunity to ask a question of a real person. The

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Internet connection may temporarily fail for some reason. You may have to
pay for the connection time, by the minute. The download speed may be
too slow for some forms of e-learning. Because of the increased time
required to produce some types of e-learning packages, the e-learning
tutorials may not be available for some time following the release of a new
version of software, or a new certification syllabus.

Uses of computer applications in education

-

Student registration and timetabling

Computer Based Training (CBT)

Using the Internet as a homework resource

Distance learning systems

Teleworking

Tele-working is a broad term which refers to people working at home

connected to the rest of the organisation via a computer network.
Communication is via email or the telephone. This arrangement has
advantages and disadvantages to both the employer and the employee.

Advantages include:

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Reduced or zero commuting time: This saves time (and money) for the
employee and reduces environmental overheads, as less commuting
means less car pollution. It means that the employee does not arrive at
work already stressed from car jams or late train connections.

Greater ability to focus on one task: As there are fewer interruptions

from low priority phone calls, there is a greater ability to concentrate
and focus.

Flexible schedules: In many cases, as long as the job gets done, it does
not matter when the job gets done. This means there is time for other
activities, such as picking up the kids from school. It also means that
work can be finished in the evening if required.

Reduced office desk space requirements: The cost of Office space can
be very high and tele-working can help to reduce these costs if a
proportion of the staff works at home.

Disadvantages of teleworking include:

Lack of human contact

Negative impact on teamwork

Self-discipline: It can take a lot to work from home and remain focused
on work. It is all very well saying 'I will take the afternoon off and work
this evening', but come the evening you may not feel like working.

Communication

Electronic mail (e-mail) Email allows you to send a message to another

person almost instantly, anywhere in the world. It requires both computers
to be connected to the Internet. As well as sending a text message, files can
be sent as email attachments.

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Instant messaging (IM) Instant messaging (IM) provides a mechanism

for real-time communication between two or more people sending text
messages via their computers. This is different from sending an email which
once sent may be read sometime later by the person you sent the email to.

Some types of instant messaging software let you speak rather than

having to type your messages. You can use your web cam so that you can
see the person you are talking to.

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Voice over Internet Protocol, is a

technology that allows you to talk with other people via the Internet. You
can talk at no extra cost to other people using VoIP on their computers. You
can even make calls to real telephones at a much cheaper rate than normal.

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This system is ideal when you need to make a lot of long distance or
international calls. You can use VoIP by just installing a microphone and
headset, or you can purchase a special VoIP compatible phone, which will
normally plug into one of the USB sockets on your computer. A well known
VoIP product supplier is Skype, who produce a range of excellent phones.

Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds RSS (Really Simple Syndication) is

a method used to publish information that needs to be frequently updated.
Such as news headlines, tickertapes or podcasts. A RSS document is called a
"feed" or "channel".

You need software called an RSS reader to read

and update RSS content. You can then subscribe to a feed using the RSS
reader. The RSS reader regularly checks for updated content and then
displays the new content. Most good news websites will have the option of
an RSS feed.

Blogging (web logs) A blog (a combination of the words web and log) is

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a website on which chronological entries that can be viewed by visitors. The

word Blog is used as a verb and describes the activity of maintaining a blog.

Blogs can provide information on a vast range of subjects, and often

contain personalised views on a particular subject. Some are devoted to

news, politics or current affairs. Readers can often comment interactively
on the blog while other blogs are more like a shared, personal diary. Some
blogs have become incredibly popular and been made into published books.

Blogs are mainly text based with the odd picture, but they may also

contain music and video contents.

Podcasts

A podcast is a way of providing content such as radio

programs in a form which can be easily downloaded and listened to later on

a PC or mobile device such as an Apple iPod.

The term "podcast" is a

combination of the words "iPod" and "broadcast".

allow you to manually download content.

Many web sites

The thing that makes a

podcast different is that once you subscribe to a podcast it will be

downloaded automatically for you.

Virtual Communities

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Online (virtual) communities

It is important to understanding the

concept of online (virtual) communities. These can take many forms

including:
-

Social networking websites

Internet forums

Chat rooms

Online computer games

Social networking websites These sites allow you to link up with other
people, to share news, experience and gossip. Some, such as Hi5 and
Facebook are specifically designed to let you find friends that you have lost
contact with.

Internet forums (message boards / discussion boards)

An Internet

forum is a web based application that lets you join in online discussions. You
can post your views or comments for all in the forum to see and react to.

Chat rooms The term chat room has had a lot of media attention over
the last few years. The communication in a chat room is in real time, i.e. you
can talk to other individuals, rather than leaving messages.

Online computer games Online games are games that are accessed and
played via the Internet. In many cases you can play against other people.

Publishing and sharing content online. It is important to understand

the ways you can publish and share content online. You can set up your
own web log (blog). You can even set up your own podcast.

Sharing photos, video and audio clips. There are many web sites that

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allow you to upload pictures, audio clips or video clips. Examples include:
Facebook, Hi5 and YouTube.
Precautions when accessing online communities
-

Keep your profile private and limit the amount of personal information
you post

Be aware that posted information is publicly available :

Be wary of strangers

Health and Safety when Using the Computer

If you do any physical activity for a long time without a break you risk
straining or injuring yourself. Using a keyboard or a mouse for a prolonged
period can lead to the computer users equivalent of tennis elbow. It can
affect the fingers, hands, wrists, elbows, or even the back.

Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)

RSI stands for Repetitive Strain Injury. This means damage to nerves,
muscles and other soft body tissues resulting from repeated physical
movement.

Eyesight
Extended periods of staring at PC screen can lead to fatigue and ultimately
to eyestrain. Make sure that your work area is adequately lit and ventilated.

Posture
The hardware of your pc should be arranged in the best possible way in
order to provide comfort for the user.

The Desk
The desk should not be very high or very low. When you are using the
keyboard, your arms should rest horizontally.

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The Chair
The height and seat depth of the chair should be adjustable.

The Screen
The top of the screen should rest at eye level. It is advisable that the user
stays 40 60 cms away from the screen.

The Keyboard
You may wish to use a wrist pad to relieve pressure on your wrists.

Other Factors
The area where you are using the computer should be adequately lit. Make
sure that no light reflects on the monitor. Take frequent breaks when using
the computer. Also, make sure you never have any trailing cables around
your computers, as these can result in accidents.

Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the science of designing things with the comfort, safety and
efficiency of people in mind. For example car makers do a huge amount of
ergonomic research to make sure their cars are as comfortable, safe and

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easy to use as possible.

Ergonomics allow designs of computer workplaces to be as safe and

efficient as possible - for example the chair needs to be of a certain height,
desks should be of the right height, there should be no trailing cables, and
so on. In addition, the light needs to not too bright and not too dim.

Computers and the Environment

People are becoming more aware and more concerned about how our
modern lifestyle is having an impact on the environment.

Here are some of the things that you, as a computer user, can do to help
reduce the impact on our environment:

Recycle paper for printing. If you are printing out non essential
documents, print on the back of old paper. If the paper can no longer
be used put it into a recycling bin.

Don't print unless absolutely necessary. Read your documents on the

screen. Pass them onto others in an electronic format.

Recycle your old printer ink cartridges and toners.

Use a monitor that consumes less power whilst the computer is

inactive.

If you are not going to be using your computer for a period of time,
switch it off and don't just leave it on standby.

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doesn't mean to say that your old one is worthless. You can pass your
computer onto someone else.

Security

Security and Keeping Information Safe

Information Security is a general term used to describe all kinds of security

in a computerised environment.

Protecting your Data

The data on your computer especially in a company or office might be

worth a lot, and therefore it needs to be protected against many things.

User IDs and passwords

A User ID is normally used to logon to a computer, or computer network. It

uniquely identifies you to the network. In addition you use a password
which is only known to you. The password guarantees that no one can
access the network and impersonate you (in theory). Once you have logged
on (i.e. connected) to the rest of your computer network, you will have
been assigned access rights to the network. Your network administrator will
have defined these access rights. The idea of access rights is that you only
have the ability to connect to, or share, devices which you have authority to
use. In other words, the network administrators often have access rights to
just about every computer, printer, modem etc on the network. You on the
other hand may have access rights to print to only certain, specified printers

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and you may be able to access only certain data held on the network.

Passwords

Protect your data from theft and misuse by using passwords. It is important
to keep your passwords safe.

What is a firewall?

A firewall is a system that secures your network from access by

unauthorized users. A firewall can be implemented via software, hardware
or by a combination of the two. If you are using broadband for Internet
access, it is vital that some sort of firewall is in place to stop people trying to
hack into your computer.

Backups

Your files can be lost or destroyed accidentally; the hard disk may also
develop problems. Thus, backups have to be made not only on the hard disk
but also on an external device such as CDs, DVDs, external hard disks or
tape drives. This data should also be protected from fire or flood disasters.

Viruses

These are malicious programs that are intended to make sabotage. They
can destroy some or all your files stored on you computer or even the
computer itself. An anti-virus program is a must to be installed on your
computer system to be protected. It is important that you update the
antivirus on a regular basis.

Computer Viruses can easily copy themselves once downloaded on your

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computer; sometimes they can also send themselves to recipients in your

email address book. The worm is a type of virus that is commonly found on
computers. It will be a good practice that before downloading anything
from the Internet you make sure that your Anti-virus software is activated
and updated, as this will decrease the risk of downloading a virus.

Legal Issues
Copyright

What is copyright?
Most programs which you purchase are copyrighted and you must not copy
them. Many people will buy a copy of a game and make a copy for their
friends or other family member. This is also normally unlawful. There are
numerous organisations, such as FAST (the Federation Against Software
Theft), which are dedicated to preventing the illegal copying of software.

When downloading a software application from the internet, it might be

freeware or shareware. When the software is freeware, you will download
the software for free, and you will be able to use all the features of the
program without having to pay anything. If you pass on a copy of the
software to other people, you should do so free of charge. Shareware is
computer software that is distributed for free on a trial basis on the
understanding that if you want to continue to use the software after the
trial is over e.g. 30 days, then you will voluntarily send the author of the
software the required payment.
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Freeware, Shareware, Open Source software and Licence Agrements:

Freeware : This is software which can be copied or downloaded free. It

is often fully functional. Examples may include software developed by
organisations such as Universities, where the aim was not to profit from the
software. It is very important not to confuse freeware and shareware.

Shareware :

This is where you can use software for a free trial period.

Sometimes the shareware versions may be fully functional, but after a time
period will either start to display an annoying message, asking you to
register (i.e. pay for) your software, or in some cases it may stop working
altogether after the trial period. This 'try before you buy' method of getting
software is becoming increasing popular with the major software suppliers.

Open source software :

This type of software licence makes the

programming code available to anyone who wishes to enhance or develop

the code. Over the years many companies have complained that Microsoft
is reluctant to share this level of code detail with competitors, which they
claim gives Microsoft an unfair advantage and stifles competition. It is
important not to confuse open source software with free software.
Sometimes the source code is made available within the public domain for
use by all, as they see fit. In other cases the source code is made available to
particular companies under tight non - disclosure agreements, to protect
commercial sensitivities.

User Licences :

If you have more than one PC, then you can either

purchase a separate copy of the software you require for each PC, or better:
you can purchase a user licence. This user licence allows you to make copies
and install them on each computer. The more copies you make the more
the user licence will cost, but the cheaper the effective cost per PC.

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Licenced Software
When you purchase a piece of software you don't actually own the
software. What you are buying is a licence to be able to use the software.
You are able to load your software onto your machine at home and use it
for as long as you like.

The licence which comes with commercial software is also known as the
EULA or End User Licence Agreement. An End user Licence agreement is a
legal contract between a software author or publisher and the user.
Software Copyright is a way to legally protect the ownership of software.
The EULA will appear on the first screen of the installation wizard when you
start to install the product. In order to continue with installation, you must
read and agree to the terms set out in the licence.

There are three different types of licences:

Single User Licence:

The software can be loaded onto just one machine. Only one person can
use the software at a time.

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Multi-user licences are bought for a certain number of users e.g. 20. So at
any one time, up to 20 people on the network can use the software. The
21st person cannot use the software until one person logs off or shuts it
down.

Site Licence:

A site licence allows everyone on that site or in an office to use the

software. It can be loaded onto every machine and anyone on the site can
use it. Sometimes a site licence covers loading the software onto staff
laptops so that they can use it whilst on the move. It might even cover staff
to have a copy of the software at home, but that is dependent on the terms
of the site licence.

Copyright Issues when copying files

Transferring files across a LAN:

You need to be careful that you do not

accidentally make copies of software via your Local Area Network (unless of
course you are authorised to make such copies).

Downloading files from the Internet:

You need to be VERY careful

when downloading files from the Internet. Just because a site may say you
are free to download materials from the site, does not necessary mean that
the owners of the Internet site have the authority to allow you to do this. It
is possible to download entire software packages from the net, even entire
movie films. In many cases however it is not legal to do so.

Copying diskettes / CD-ROMs / DVD / ZIP disks:

If you purchase

software, you may, in some cases be allowed to make a single, backup copy
of disk. You are not allowed to distribute copies to family and friends. You
are certainly not allowed to copy and re-sell commercial software.

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Data Protection

Data Protection and Privacy Issues

If your computer system holds

information about individuals, then you have a moral and legal duty to treat
that information with respect. For instance if a police force computer is
used by unscrupulous people to gain unauthorised information about a
persons private life, that would be a clear breach of trust. In the same way
doctors, government departments and credit agencies often hold vast
amounts of information about the general public, which is both sensitive
and private. In a free society you have the right to ensure that the
information held about you is not abused. In many countries, this right is
enshrined under data protection laws.

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Abbreviations & Terminology

ITEM MEANING

ADSL

Asymmetric

Digital

ISDN - Integrated Services Digital

Subscriber Line

Network

Bit - 1 or 0 level of storage is called

IT - Information Technology

a bit

Kbyte - Kilobyte. A kilobyte (KB)

BPS - Bits Per Second

consists of 1024 bytes.

Byte - A measurement of storage

LAN - Local Area Network

capacity

MByte - Megabyte. A megabyte

CBT - Computer Based Training

(MB) is one million bytes

CD - Compact Disk

MHz - Million Hertz

CD-R - Compact Disk - Recordable

PC - Personal Computer

CD-ROM - Compact Disk - Read

PSTN - Public Switched Telephone

Only Memory

Network

CPU - Central Processing Unit

RAM - Random Access Memory

DAT - Digital Audio Tape

ROM - Read Only Memory

DOS - Disk Operating System

ROM-BIOS - Read Only Memory -

DSL - Digital Subscriber Lines

Basic Input Output System

DVD - Digital Versatile Disk

RSI - Repetitive Strain Injury

FTP - File Transfer Protocol

TByte - Terabyte. A terabyte (TB) is

GByte - Gigabyte. A gigabyte

one million MBytes

consists of 1024 MBytes

UPS - Uninterruptible Power Supply

GHz - Measurement of computer

USB - Universal Serial Bus

speed. Gigahertz

VDU - Visual Display Unit

GUI - Graphical User Interface

WAN - Wide Area Network

Hz - Hertz (this is a measurement of

WWW - World Wide Web

frequency (i.e. speed).

IS - Information Systems

TCTC

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