Scribd
Upload
236 views

Lect 1 Introduction Radar Signal Processing

This document provides an overview of radar signal processing and radar technology. It begins with an introduction and brief history of radar, including key developments such as the magnetron in 1939 which enabled microwave radars. It then presents a simplified block diagram of basic radar components and describes the function of each component. The two main types of radar systems - pulsed radar and continuous wave radar - are introduced. Finally, the document discusses modern radar applications and concludes with examples of state-of-the-art radars.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Imran Baig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
236 views

Lect 1 Introduction Radar Signal Processing

This document provides an overview of radar signal processing and radar technology. It begins with an introduction and brief history of radar, including key developments such as the magnetron in 1939 which enabled microwave radars. It then presents a simplified block diagram of basic radar components and describes the function of each component. The two main types of radar systems - pulsed radar and continuous wave radar - are introduced. Finally, the document discusses modern radar applications and concludes with examples of state-of-the-art radars.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Imran Baig
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 31

Lecture 1:INTRODUCTION

Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti


Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Course
Logistics
C
L
i i
Radar Introduction.
A brief history.
Simplified Radar Block Diagram.
Two basic Radar Types.
Radar Wave Modulation.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Recommended Books
Text Book:
Radar
Principles, Technology, Applications
Author: Byron Edde
ISBN 81-317-1383-0
Reference Books:
Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd Edition
Author: Merrill II. Skolnik
ISBN-10: 0070579091
Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing
Author: Mark A. Richards
ISBN 00-07-060737-0
07 060737 0
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Group name:
rsp2012maju
p
j

Group home page:


http://groups.yahoo.com/group/rsp2012maju

Group email:
[email protected]

Email for submission of Assignments


[email protected]

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

RADAR

The term radar is an acronym for the phrase


RAdio Detection And Ranging

It is used to describe systems


y
that use electromagnetic
g
energy to detect distant objects and possibly determine
other characteristics such as direction and range
This is accomplished by illuminating a volume of space
with electromagnetic energy and sensing the energy
reflected by objects in that space.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Radar: Acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging


Radar is a remote sensing technique: Capable of gathering
information about objects located at remote distances from the
sensing device.
Two distinguishing characteristics:
1. Employs EM waves that fall into
the microwave portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum
(1 mm < < 75 cm)
2. Active technique:
q
radiation is
emitted by radar radiation
scattered by objects is detected
by radar.
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Why microwaves?
Microwaves can penetrate haze, fog and snow readily, and
rain and hail less readily,
y so radar can see through
g these
conditions.
An elementary radar system

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

A short history of RADAR (19th Century)

EM radiation propagating through atmosphere can be


reflected, scattered or transmitted at reduced speed
Development of radio technologies bring these effects to
light
Realization that information buried in these effects

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

1886 - Heinrich Hertz discovers wave form of EM


radiation

EM waves can be reflected byy certain objects


j
Proves electrical wave identical to optical wave (James Clerk
Maxwells thesis)

1900 Nikola Tesla said in Century Magazine when


we make sound wave we can hear echo likewise
electrical
l tri l waves also
l b
bounce off
ff an object
bj t andd the
th
echo potentially can tell us the distance and velocity of
that object
object

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Early 1900s Development of pulsed technology

1904 Christian Holsmeyer


y Patent issued byy
Germany and England after 1st recorded demonstration
of detection of objects by radio

Under development for detection of submarines using


acoustic
ti waves in
i WWI.
WWI
EM waves needed new technologies in short wave generation.

P
Public
bli ddemonstration
i 18 May,
M 1904 off detection
d
i off ships
hi
passing under bridge through beam of radio waves

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

10

1922 Important studies on propagation of radio


waves by Gugliemo Macroni lead to advances in
electromagnetic
l
i detection
d
i
1922 Navy testing high frequency radio transmission
across Potomac
P
river
i interrupted
i
d by
b passing
i wooden
d
ship the Dorchester

Researchers Albert Hoyt Taylor and Leo C.


C Young noticed this
and suggested that these interruptions be used to detect ships
in the night. Later, in 1934 Young and Taylor have similar
experience with passing aircraft!

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

11

1925 First pulsed device making ranging possible


1925 G.
G Briet and M Tuve (Dept.
(Dept of Terrestrial Magnetism
of the Carnegie Institution) demonstrate first ranging
In cooperation with radio engineers of the US (Naval
R
Research
hL
Labs)
b ) NRL pulsed
l d a 71.3
71 3 m wavelength
l
h
NRL transmitter was located 10 km southeast of their
laboratoryy and detected echoes 150 km from above
Was this first radar???
Yes: because they detected
No: because reflection height a function of wavelength and not well
defined position of an object

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

12

p to measure Ionosphere
p
1918- 1923 1st real attempts
heights by pulsed radar

British
B
i i h physicist
h i i W
W. F
F. G
G. SSwann came to U
Univ.
i off
Minnesota where Breit was Assistant Professor and
Tuve was Research Fellow. They were unsuccessful but
their work led to later work.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

13

History (Continued)

1935 Atmospheric Scientists brought in Britain


CSSAD Committee for the Scientific Survey of Air
Defense approached Robert A. Watson Watt about
use of radio waves to find aircraft
Watt was pioneering detection of thunderstorms by
detecting radio emissions of lightning
Inquiry triggered Watson-Watt and Collegue A. F.
Wilkns to propose a radar system to detect local
aircraft
5 months later Watson-Watt demonstrate radio
g g of aircraft led to a radar
detection and ranging
network that provided British early detection of
approaching German aircraft

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

14

1930s Development inUS, Germany, England, Italy,


J p and Hungry
gy
France,, Holland,, Japan
1936
April
p 28 - NRL first definitive detection and ranging
g g of aircraft
14 December Us Army Signal Corp locate airplane by pulse
method

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

15

History (Continued)

The single most important step in bringing microwave


radars
d was the
h ddevelopment
l
off MAGNETRON iin 1939
1939.
By 1941, US had produced about 100 models of early
warning radars
radars.
World war II changed the world. And after that following
radars started to made
o Tracker radars
o Airborne radars
o VHF radars
d
o Fire control radars

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

16

Recent Developments
p

Microwave electronicallyy steered Radars antennas.


Phase stable and gridded microwave transmitter
amplifiers.
p
Multimodal Radars.
Digital
g computer
p
signal
g processing.
p
g
Pulse compression.
Fast Fourier Transforms.
Synthetic aperture Radars (SAR).
Sophisticated
p
smoothingg and prediction
p
algorithms.
g
Low observable targets.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

17

Modern radars

Modes of AN/APG-77
AN/APG 77

AN/APG-77 Installed in Raptor 22


Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

18

Different Radar Tasks

Detecting and locating ships and land features for ship


collision avoidance.
N i ti aircrafts
Navigating
i
ft andd ships
hi iin b
bad
d weather
th or att night.
i ht
Measuring altitude above the surface for aircraft and
missile navigation
navigation.
Detecting and locating severe weather for ground, ship
and aviation safetyy and comfort.
Mapping land and sea area from aircraft and spacecraft.
Detecting ground moving vehicles such as tanks for
d f
defense
purposes
Precisely measuring distances for land surveying.
Detecting and measuring objects under the ground
surface.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

19

Radar Simplified Block Diagram

Transmitter/
Modulator

Freq gen
gen.
Timing control

Duplexer
Signal
p
processor

Receiver
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

20

Data Proc.
displays
p y

Block Diagram Modules

Frequency generation and timing control:


This block generates the frequencies and synchronization
signals required by the system.
Transmitter:
It generates the radio signal which is used to illuminate the
target from which the echo is derived.
Modulator:
This function controls the transmitter in pulsed systems,
turningg it on and off to form the pulse.
p
In CW radars it
provides the modulation used by some to find target range.
Duplexer:
Th duplexer
The
d l
switches
i h the
h antenna off monostatic
i single
i l
antenna system between the transmitter and the receiver.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

21

Block Diagram Modules

Antenna:
Th antenna concentrates the
The
h ill
illumination
i i signal
i l iinto a
narrow beam radiated in a single preferred direction,
p the target
g echo signals
g
from this same preferred
p
intercept
direction and matches the system impedances those of the
propagation medium.
A t
Antenna
Controller:
C t ll
The antenna controller positions the antenna beam to the
defined azimuth and elevation angles and reports these
angles to the system controller and data processor.
Receiver:
The receiver amplifies the echo signals to a level sufficient
for later system components, such as signal processor.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

22

Block Diagram Modules

Signal Processor:
This function process the target echoes and interfering
signals to increase the target echo signal level and suppress
the interference , thereby increasing the signal to interference
ratio.
Data Processor:
The data processor stores and processes the location of
detected targets.
Displa s:
Displays:
The displays put the information in a form useable to radar
p
and others,, such as air traffic controller and
operators
weapon system operators and supervisors.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

23

Pulsed RADAR Concept

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

24

Two Basic Radar Types


yp

Pulse Transmission
Continuous
C ti
Wave
W

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

25

PULSED RADAR
Pulse - RADAR transmits a series of pulses separated by
non-transmission intervals during which the radar
listens for a return
listens

CW RADAR
Continuous Wave - Constantly emitting radar. Relative
g is required
q
to
motion of either the radar or the target
indicate target position. Frequency shift.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

26

Pulse Radar Components


Synchronizer

Transmitter
Power
Supply

Display Unit

Duplexer

Receiver

Antenna Control
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

27

ANT.

Continuous Wave Radar


Employs continual
RADAR transmission
Separate transmit and
receive antennas
Relies on the DOPPLER
DOPPLER
SHIFT
Radar Signal Processing
Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

28

Doppler Frequency Shifts

Motion Away:
Echo Freq
Frequency
enc Decreases

Motion
i Towards:
Echo Frequency Increases

Radar Signal Processing


Iqbal Bhatti

Dr. Aamer
29

Pulse Vs. Continuous Wave


Pulse Echo

Single Antenna
Gives Range, usually
Alt. as well
Susceptible To Jamming
Physical Range
Determined By PW and
PRF.

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

Continuous Wave
Requires 2 Antennae
Range or Alt. Info
High SNR
More Difficult to Jam But
Easily Deceived
Amp can
nb
be ttuned
n d tto llookk
for expected frequencies

30

RADAR Wave Modulation

Amplitude Modulation
o Vary the amplitude of the carrier sine wave
Frequency Modulation
o Vary
y the frequency
q
y of the carrier sine wave
Pulse-Amplitude Modulation
o Vary the amplitude of the pulses
Pulse-Frequency Modulation
o Vary the Frequency at which the pulses occur

Radar Signal Processing


Dr. Aamer Iqbal Bhatti

31

You might also like