A composite bridge has a concrete deck that works together with steel girders to resist loads. It is more economical for spans of 10-20 meters. Shear connectors connect the concrete slab to the steel beams to transfer shear forces and prevent separation. The design of shear connectors must allow for composite action between the concrete and steel.
A composite bridge has a concrete deck that works together with steel girders to resist loads. It is more economical for spans of 10-20 meters. Shear connectors connect the concrete slab to the steel beams to transfer shear forces and prevent separation. The design of shear connectors must allow for composite action between the concrete and steel.
A composite bridge has a concrete deck that works together with steel girders to resist loads. It is more economical for spans of 10-20 meters. Shear connectors connect the concrete slab to the steel beams to transfer shear forces and prevent separation. The design of shear connectors must allow for composite action between the concrete and steel.
A composite bridge has a concrete deck that works together with steel girders to resist loads. It is more economical for spans of 10-20 meters. Shear connectors connect the concrete slab to the steel beams to transfer shear forces and prevent separation. The design of shear connectors must allow for composite action between the concrete and steel.
It is one whose decking system consists of a concrete slab and which in conjunction with steel girders , resists moving loads on the bridge. This type of bridge is found to economical for spans of 10 to 20 m .
What is composite bridge?
It offers : 1. More efficient use of materials, since the size of the steel member can be significantly reduced owing to incorporation of the deck into the resisting cross-section ,i.e. into the compression zone. 2. Speedy erection of prefabricated steel girders 3. Greater vertical clearance by effecting reduction in beam depth. 4. Enhanced flexural stiffness , resulting in reduced deflection and vibrations.
Explain in detail about shear
connectors Its most imp structural element in a composite bridge deck Its provided at the junction of the concrete slab and longitudinal steel girders. Its generally a metal element of particular shape, which extends vertically from the top flange of the supporting beam and gets embedded into the slab. Depending on the magnitude of the SF at the interface of the beam and the slab, a number of shear connectors can be placed along the length of the beam.
Design requirements of shear
connectors The shear connectors have to be designed to facilitate conjoint action between the RC slab and the steel beam. Their basic function is To transfer the SF at the interface of the slab and the beam without slip. To prevent separation of the slab from the steel beam in the perpendicular direction There are rigid and flexible shear connectors. The rigid type includes channel angles, tee sections while the stud type of shear connectors come under flexible type.
Different types of connectors
For a welded stud connector of steel with min ultimate strength fu of 460 MPA and yield strength fy of 350 Mpa and having a ratio of (h/d) 4.2 , the safe shear for each shear connector is given by Q = 4.8 h d fck Where Q= safe shear resistance in N of 1 shear connector h= height of the stud in mm d= diameter of the stud in mm fck= characteristic compressive strength of concrete For a ratio h/d 4.2 , the safe shear resistance is given by Q= 196 d2 fck The spacing of the shear connectors can be determined from the formula . p= NQ/ FS h Where p=spacing of the connectors in mm N= number of connectors in a row Q= safe shear resistance of a connector in newton S h = horizontal shear stress developed per unit length of the beam in N/m F- factor of safety , generally taken as 2
Factors to be considered for the
selection of bridge site The characteristics of an ideal site for a bridge across a river are : 1. A straight reach of river 2. Steady river flow without serious whirls and cross currents. 3. A narrow channel with firm banks 4. Rock or other hard inerodible strata close to the river bed level. 5. Economical approaches which should be not very high or long ; the approaches should be free from obstacles such as hills, sacred places, graveyards or troublesome land acquisitions. 6. Proximity to a direct alignment of the road to be connected. 7. Absence of sharp curves in approaches 8. Absence of expensive river training works 9. Avoidance of excessive underwater construction 10. Suitable high banks above HFL on each side.
What preliminary data should be collected and
analysed by engineer in charge of the investigation of a bridge site? 1. 2. 3. 4.
Need for large scale river training works
Means of transport for materials Name of the stream and road Location of the nearest GTS( Great Trigonometric Survey) benchmark with its reduced level. 5. Present and anticipated future volume and nature of traffic on the road at the bridge site. 6. Hydraulic data pertaining to the river, including the HFL, OFL and LWL , size ,shape ,slope and nature of catchment , frequency of rainfall in catchment and probability of large trees or rolling debris floating down the stream. 7. Availability of skilled and unskilled labor for different trades required for construction. 8. Facilities required for housing labor during construction 9. Important details of the bridges, if any , crossing the same river , within a reasonable distance of the proposed bridges. 10. Availability of electric power
Explain in detail about crash barriers in
bridges IRC 6 clause 209.7
What is Impact factor ? How is it
calculated for class A and class AA loading Impact factors are generally applied to the moving wheel or distributed loads to enhance their magnitude to include the dynamic effects on the bridge deck. IRC 6 Clause 211
Explain the effect of centrifugal forces
on a road bridge IRC 6 clause 215
Explain the effect of horizontal forces due
to water currents on a bridge structure IRC 6 clause 213
Explain IRC class AA tracked and
wheeled loadings with neat sketches IRC 6 Clause 207
A Short Guide to the Types and Details of Constructing a Suspension Bridge - Including Various Arrangements of Suspension Spans, Methods of Vertical Stiffening and Wire Cables Versus Eyebar Chains
A Short Guide to the Types and Details of Constructing a Suspension Bridge - Including Various Arrangements of Suspension Spans, Methods of Vertical Stiffening and Wire Cables Versus Eyebar Chains
