3/12/2015

8086 Trainer Kit user and Technical Reference Manual

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8086 Trainer Kit user and Technical Reference Manual

INTRODUCTION

The PS-8086 board which demonstrates the capabilities of the 40-pin 8086 (various families) Sample programs
are provided to demonstrate the unique features of the supported devices.
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The PS-8086 Kit comes with the following:

PS-8086 Board
Sample devices (INTEL 8086/NEC 8086)
Cross cable (RS232)
CD-ROM, which contains:
- Sample programs
- PS-8086 Board User manual
Keyboard (101 keys)

8086 Board Overview

The PS 86A board is based on Intel 8086 Microprocessor, which operates at 6.144 MHz using the crystal
of 18.432. The board can operate using the 101/104 PC keyboard supplied along with the trainer kit and 2 Line
by 16-character LCD display or from the PC (using the Terminal Emulation Software).
Microprocessors Address, Data and Control bus pins are brought to the 50 pin FRC connector. PS -86A is
equipped with powerful software monitor in two-27C256 EPROM.
The monitor supports Video terminal RS232C interface, local 101keyboard and LCD display. The board has
64KB CMOS static RAM (type 62256). PS -86A works on +9V DC.
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8086 Specifications

8086 Microprocessor operating at 18.432 MHz

16KB powerful software monitor two 27C256 EPROM
Three 16-bit programmable timers from 8253
48 programmable I/O lines from two nos. of 8255
Serial interface using 8251
50 pin FRC connector for system bus expansion
20 pin FRC connector for user interface from 8255
9 pin D type connectors for RS 232 interface
Six different selectable baud rates from 150 to 9600
101 PC type keyboard for entering user address/data and for commands
Built in line-by-line assemble and disassemble
User friendly software monitor for loading and executing programs with break point facility

System Description

Hardware

Processor Clock Frequncy

8086 operates at 18.432 MHz clock.

Memory

Monitor EPROM: 0000 FFFF (SEGMENT)

System RAM: 0000 FFFF (SEGMENT)
1000 3FFF (Reserved For Monitor program)
User RAM Area: 1100 3FFF

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Allocation Of Eprom

START ADDRESS

END ADDRESS

SOCKET NO

IC USED

0000

FFFF

U9
U8

27256
27256

START ADDRESS

END ADDRESS

SOCKET NO

IC USED

0000

FFFF

U10
U11

62256
62256

TOTAL CAPACITY
32 K BYTE
32 K BYTE

Allocation Of Ram

TOTAL CAPACITY
32 K BYTE
32 K BYTE

Parallel Interface

8255 - Programmable peripheral interface.

SYSTEM MAPPING: I/O mapped I/O.
The following are the I/O addresses for 8255(GPIO I):

SOCKET.NO

U22

FUNCTION

ADDRESS

CONTL REG
PORT A
PORT B
PORT C

FF26
FF20
FF22
FF24

CONNECTOR.NO
J8
GPIO I
J9(GPIO I&GPIOII)

The following are the I/O addresses for 8255(GPIO II):

SOCKET.NO

FUNCTION
CONTL REG

ADDRESS

CONNECTOR.NO

FF36

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U16

PORT A
PORT B
PORT C

FF30
FF32
FF34

J6
GPIO II
J9(GPI0 I&GPIOII)

Timer Interface

8253 - Programmable Interval Timer:

SYSTEM MAPPING: I/O mapped I/O.
Channel 2
Input clock : 3 MHz
Output clock: Depends on selection of baud rate.
Used for : Baud rate generation for 8521 USART.

I/O Address

SOCKET.NO

U12

FUNCTION
CONTL REG
CHENNAL 0
CHENNAL 1
CHANNEL 2

ADDRESS

CONNECTOR.NO

FF06
FF00
FF02
FF04

J2

Connector Details

20 Pin Expansion Connectors

The 20 Pin FRC connector is used to interconnect with the Interface cards like ADC, DAC, SWITCH/LED,
RELAY buzzer Interfaces etc. Pin details are given below

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50 Pin Expansion Connector

The 50 Pin FRC connector is used to interconnect with the Interface cards like 8255, 8279, 8253/8251, 8259,
8257 and the pin details are given below

Keyboard Connector

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9Pin d Type (Female)

8251 - Universal Synchronous / Asynchronous Receiver / Transmitter.

RS232 Bridge Converter

Baud Clock
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Baud clock for 8251 is programmable, provided by Channel 2 of 8253

Input Clock for 8251

3.072 MHz

Drivers Used

MAX 232 is used for transmitting receiving of characters.

8251 Uart I/O Address

SOCKET.NO
U15

FUNCTION
8251 CONTL REG
8251 DATA

ADDRESS
FF10
FF12

CONNECTOR.NO
D2(SKT)

LCD Interface

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Device used: 16 2 / 20 4 LCD module

System Mapping: I/O mapped I/O.
SOCKET.NO

FUNCTION
LCD COMMAND
LCD DATA

ADDRESS

CONNECTOR.NO

FF40
FF42

----

-----

RESET

This key is located in the main 8086 board. On depressing this key the program starts executing from the
beginning or reset address 0000. On power on reset it. Display PS - 86 in local LCD display.

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Power Supply Details

PS trainer kit will work at 0 5v (1 amp) from the PS power supply. Provision is made in PS power supply to
bring out on the front panel DC regulated voltage output for interfacing with add-on cards.
+5V

1 amp

POWER SWITCH

Supply Turned OFF

Supply Turned ON

Keyboard Details

101 PC type keyboard is interfaced to Microcontroller through its port pin. Communication between keyboard
and Microcontroller takes place using 2 wires one for serial clock and serial data (P1.6 and P1.7).

COMMANDS AND KEYS

Reset

This key is located in the main PS-86A board .On depressing this key the programs. Starts executing from the
beginning or reset address 0000. On power on reset it. Displays PS- 86A in local LCD display
PS -86
!!!!
H (Help Menu)

This key is used go PS- 86A help menu and it will display the following commands

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KEY
A <BEG>
B
D <BEG>
E <BEG><END>
G <BEG>
H
I <INSERT>
L <OFFSET>
M <ADDR>
N
Q
R <REG>
S
T <START><END><DS>
U <BEG><END>
X
?

8086 Trainer Kit user and Technical Reference Manual

FUNCTIONS
ASSEMBLE
BAUD RATE
DISASSEMBLE
EXAMINE
EXECUTE
HELP COMMANDS
INTERNAL RAM
DOWN LODE
MODIFY
NORMAL MODE
QUIT
REGISTER DISPLAY
SERIAL TRANSFER
BLOCK TRENSFER
UP LODE
DELETE BLACK MEMORY
INSTRUCTIONS

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS

Power On

Connect the PS 8051 board to the power having the following specifications.
+9V DC 1 Amp
Switch on the power supply after ensuring the correct voltages. Following message will appear on the LCD
display.
PS -- 86
!!!!
On power on or after reset the display shows PS 86 as a sign on message. The prompt character is displayed
in the next line informing the user, that the board is ready to accept the commands.
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Instruction

PROGRAM ENTRY USING ASSEMBLER

Entering Mnemonics

Example

Press H for help

Enter the starting Address

A1100
Enter Key
User program starts from address 1100 and displays the following and waits for the user data to be typed in the
second line

Example

0000 : 1100:

Enter the mnemonics

MOV AX,1212
Enter Key
0000 : 1103:

Enter the mnemonics

MOV BX,1212
Enter Key
Program end.
Exit Command: Double Enter you get the main menu

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PS _ 86
_

Program Entry Using Opcode

Modify Memory
Press H for help

Enter the starting Address

_M1100
Enter Key
0000:1100
18 _
0000:1100

Enter the opcode

18B8_
Enter the Space Bar Key
0000:1101:

Enter the opcode

34 12_
Enter the Space Bar Key
Program end. Exit Command:
Double Enter you get the Main Menu

Entering GExecuting Command

PS _ 86

Enter the starting Address

_G1100
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Enter Key
After executing display
PS _ 86

Executing display

_G1100
To EXIT Execution Mode PRESS RESET Switch

Entering Result Command

Press H for help

Enter the Memory Location

_M

Enter Key

Disassembler

Disassemble converts the hex byte stored in the memory into equivalent mnemonics. To enter into disassemble
mode, type D in the command mode followed by the memory address.

Example

Press H for help

Enter the starting address

_D1100
Enter Key
1100: B8 12 12
MOV AX,1212
Enter the Space Bar Key
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1103: BB 12 12
MOV AX,1212
Enter the space bar key

M (Modify External Memory)

Using this command the user can display/modify any external memory address.
Modify External memory
Press H for help

Enter the starting Address

_M1100

R (Register Display)

Example

Press H for help

Enter the starting Address

_R
Enter Key
AX=1104
Enter the Space Bar Key
BX=1204
Enter the space bar to see the remaining registers

T (Transfer Command)

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Example

Press T
The source segment addresses 0000. The above command transfer the memory content starting from source start
address 1100 to destination start address 1200 till source end address 1500 is reached.

Src seg address

Starting address
End address
Destination address

0000
1100
1200
1500

Block Transfer
Src seg : 0000

Enter Key
start : 1100

Enter the 1100 address

end : 1200

Enter the 1200address

Enter Key
for exit command
dest : 0 : 1500
Enter Key
Transfer Complete
Enter Key
for exit command

N (Local Mode)

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When this key is depressed on PC keyboard, the PS 8051 Kit starts working through local 101 keyboard.
Serial communication is disabled. Following message will appear in the LCD display.
! NORMAL MODE !

B (baud rate)

Press the B
Cur BAUD : 2400

Enter the Space Bar Key

150
Cur BAUD : 2400

Enter the starting Address

9600
Enter Key
SET the 9600 baud rate
Baud rates : 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600
When using the serial Communication.

S (Serial Mode Key)

When this key is depressed the system start communicating through connector. All keys are disabled except
reset.
! Serial Mode!
The system displays the message SERIAL MODE. To come back to LCD mode
(Normal Mode) user has to press the N key in the computer keyboard otherwise press the Reset button.

Programming The 8086 Trainer Kit

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Procedure 1: TO ENTER THE MNEMONICS

1) Initially connect the 9V adaptor to J10 connector

2) Switch ON the PS-8086 kit using slide Switch SW1
3) PS - 86 will be displayed on the LCD
4) Connect the Keyboard in PS/2 connector
5) Depress A starting address of the program for Ex: A1100
For ex: A1100 enter key
Type the mnemonics MOV AX, 1212press Enter key
Type the mnemonics MOV BX, 1212 press Enter key and continue the same procedure till the end of the
program

ADDRESS
1100
1103
1106
1108
110B
110D

OPCODES
B8 12 12
BB 12 12
01 D8
BE 00 12
89 04
F4

MNEMONICS
MOV AX,1212
MOV BX,1212
ADD AX,BX
MOV SI,1200
MOV [SI],AX
HLT

6) To verify the code depress D starting address and depress space bar to see next memory location
For Ex: D1100 and press spacebar till the end of the program
7) To execute the program Depress G staring address for Ex: G1100.
8) To see the result depress M result address for Ex: M1200.
9) To view the output in the Register depress R and press enter key in keyboard.

Procedure 2: TO ENTER THE OPCODE

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Follow the same procedure till step 4

1) Depress M starting address of the program for Ex: M1100
For ex: M1100 press enter
Type the opcode B8 space bar
Type the opcode 12 space bar and continue the same till the end of the program

ADDRESS
1100
1103
1106
1108
110B
110D

OPCODES
B8 12 12
BB 12 12
01 D8
BE 00 12
89 04
F4

MNEMONICS
MOV AX,1212
MOV BX,1212
ADD AX,BX
MOV SI,1200
MOV [SI],AX
HLT

2) To view the code depress D starting address and depress space bar to see next memory
For Ex: D1100 and press spacebar till the end of the program
3) To execute the program Depress G staring address for Ex: G1100.
4) To see the result depress M result address for Ex: M1200.
5) To view the output in the Register depress R and press enter key in keyboard
Note:
M is used for displaying the result, for Ex: M8500
M is used to entering the Opcode.
M is used for entering the data.
Note:
There are two ways to enter the program

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Mnemonics method
Opcode method
Sample program is given to enter the program in both the methods

PROGRAMMING DETAILS

Programming 8086 Overview

The 8086 Microprocessor uses a multiplexed 16 bit address and address bus
During the first clock of machine cycle the 16 bit address s sent out on address/data bus
These 16 bit addresses may be latched externally by the address latch enable signals(ALE)
8086 Microprocessor can access 1024kb of external memory using its 20 bit address and memory
read/write signals
The 8086 provide s0, s1 and s2 signals for bus control.
The 8086 Microprocessor has a 16 bit program counter (IP) and 16 bit stack pointer (sp)
It has following set of 16 bit Registers:
AX Accumulator
BX, CX, DX (These four register can be used as two 8 bit register individually)
Index Register
SI Source index
DI Destination index
BP Base pointer index
Segment Register
CS Code segment register
DS Data segment register
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ES Extra segment register

SS Stack segment register
FL Flag register

Interrupts

The 8086 have two interrupt

External mask able interrupt (INTR)
Non mask able interrupt (NMI)

Break Point Display In Local Mode

When break point is encountered, all the register values are saved and the Acc. AX=XXXX Value is
displayed in the LCD display. Now use SPACE key to check register values one by one

EXAMPLE PROGRAMS

Addition of Two Bytes of Data

Flow Chart

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Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to the memory for data and result.

Load the data into AX, BX.
Add the two data of AX and BX registers.
Store the result into Memory from AX registers.

Input

Input datas (2 byte) are loaded into Memory address 1500.

LSB in 1500, MSB in 1501 1st data.
LSB in 1502, MSB in 1503 2nd data.

Output
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Result stored in Memory address 1520.

LSB in 1520, MSB in 1521.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS
MOV

SI, 1500

COMMENTS

1100

BE 00 15

1103

AD

1104

89 C3

1106

AD

1107

01 C3

ADD

BX, AX

Add BX and AX registers

1109

BF 20 15

MOV

DI, 1520

Load 1520 address location into DI

110C

89 1D

MOV

[DI], BX

Store BX value into memory

110E

74

LODSW
MOV

BX, AX

LODSW

HLT

Move 1500 into SI pointer

Load the first data into AX
Move AX value into BX
Load the second data into AX

HALT

Subtraction of Two Bytes of Data

Flow Chart

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Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to the memory for data and result.

Load the two datas into AX, BX.
Subtraction of these two bytes of data.
Store the result into Memory address 1520.

Input

Input datas (2 byte) are loaded into Memory address 1500.

LSB in 1500, MSB in 1501 1st data.
LSB in 1502, MSB in 1503 2nd data.

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Output

Result stored in Memory address 1520.

LSB in 1520, MSB in 1521.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

BE 00 15

MOV SI,1500

Load 1500 into SI

1103

AD

LODSW

Load the first data

1104

89 C3

MOV BX, AX

Move AX value into BX

1106

AD

LODSW

Load the second data

1107

01 C3

SUB BX, AX

subtract AX from BX

1109

BF 20 15

MOV DI, 1520

Load 1520 address into DI

110C

89 1D

MOV [DI],BX

Load BX value into DI

110E

CC

INT 3

Break point

Multiplication Of Two Byte Data

Flow Chart

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Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to the memory for data and result.

Load the multiplier value into AX register.
Load multiplicand value in BX register.
Multiply of these two datas.
Store the result into Memory address 1520.

Input

Input datas (2 byte) are loaded into Memory address 1500.

Load the multiplier value in 1500.
Load the multiplicand value in 1502.
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Output

Result stored in Memory address 1520.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

BE 00 15

MOV SI,1500

Load 1500 into SI

1103

AD

LODSW

Load the multiplicand value

1104

89 C3

MOV BX, AX

Load AX value into BX

1106

AD

LODSW

Load the multiplier value

1107

F7 E3

MUL BX

Multiply two data

1109

BF 0 5 15

MOV DI, 1520

Load 1520 address into DI

110C

89 05

MOV [DI], AX

Store AX value into DI

110E

47

INC DI

Increment the DI

110F

47

INC DI

Increment the DI

1110

89 15

MOV [DI], BX

Store BX value into DI

1112

CC

INT 3

Break point

Division (2 Byte/ 1 Byte)

Flow Chart

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Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to the memory for result.

Load the dividend value into AX register.
Load the divisor value into BX register.
Divide these two datas.
Store the result into Memory address 1520.

Input

Dividend value loaded into AX register.

Divisor value loaded into BX register.

Output
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Result stored into 1520 address.

Quotient stored into 1522 address.
Remainder stored into 1523 address.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

BA 00 00

MOV DX, 0000

Clear DX registers

1103

B8 FD FF

MOV AX, FFFD

Load the dividend in AX

1106

B9 0F 00

MOV BX, 0F

Load the divisor value in BX

1109

F7 F1

DIV BX

Divide the two datas

110B

BF 00 15

MOV DI, 1520

Load 1520 address into DI

110E

88 05

MOV [DI], AL

Load AL value into DI

1110

47

INC DI

Increment DI

1111

88 25

MOV [DI], AH

Load AH value into DI

1113

47

INC DI

Increment DI

1114

89 15

MOV [DI], DX

Load DX value into DI

1116

CC

INT3

Break point

Block Move From One Location to Another

Flow Chart

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Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to the memory where data to be transformed.

Load the AL register with the data from memory.
Initialize destination pointer to the memory where data to stored.
Store data from AL register.

Input
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Input data from address 1500 which is pointed SI, transferred to the desired Location.
Number of byte in CL.

Output

Output data in address 1550 is the moved data.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

MOV CL, 08

Load 08 value into CL

MOV SI, 1500

Load 1500 into SI

1100

B1 08

1102

BE 00 14

1105

BF 50 14

MOV DI, 1550

Load 1550 into DI

1108

AC

LODSB

Load the data in AL Register

1109

88 05

MOV [DI], AL

Store the result in specified Location

110B

47

INC DI

Increment the pointer

110C

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement the pointer

110E

75 F8

JNZ 1108

Loop continues until the counter is zero

1110

CC

INT 3

Break point

Searching a Byte

Flow Chart

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Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to the memory for storing data and result.
Load DL with search byte.
Load CL with count.
Load AL with data from memory. Compare AL with DL if its equal store the result else decrement counts
go to step2.
Store the result.

Input

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(Search the byte) A in 50 locations from 1500.

Output

Store the result byte in 1600.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

BF 00 13

MOV DI, 1600

Load 1600 into DI

1103

BE 00 12

MOV SI, 1500

Load 1500 into SI

1106

B1 50

MOV CL, 50

Load 50 into CL

1108

B2 0A

MOV DL, 0A

Load 10 into DL

110A

AC

LODSW

Load CL register with the count

110B

38 C2

CMP DL, AL

Compare DL and AL register values

110D

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement CL register

110F

75 05

JZ 1114

If count is zero then jump into 1114

1111

75 F7

JNZ 110A

If count is not zero then jump into 110A

1113

F4

HLT

1114

88 05

MOV [DI], AL

Load AL value into DI

1116

4E

DEC SI

Decrement SI register

1117

89 F3

MOV BX, SI

Load SI value into BX

1119

47

INC DI

Increment DI

111A

88 1D

MOV [DI], BL

Store BL value into DI

111C

47

INC DI

Increment DI

111D

88 3D

MOV [DI], BH

Store BH value into DI

111F

CC

INT 3

Break point

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Gray Code Conversion (Look Up Table)

Flow Chart

AlgorithmFlow Chart

Load the memory with truth table of gray codes.

Initialize the pointer to the memory for data and result.
Load AL with the data from memory.
Convert gray code for that data.
Store the result into Memory.
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Input

Data in 1500.

Output

Result in 1501.

Lookup Table

Start from 1600.

The look up table is provided by hex or of two bits in a byte the value ranges from 00 to 0f. 1600 - 00 01 03 02
06 07 05 04 0c 0d 0f 0e 0a 0b 09 08.

Program

ADDRESS

OPCODE

MNEMONICS

BB 00 12

MOV BX, 1600

1103

BE 50 11

MOV SI, 1500

Load 1500 into SI

1106

AC

LODSB

Load the accumulator with the data

1107

D7

XLAT

Check gray code for that data

1108

BF 51 11

MOV DI, 1501

Load 1501 address into DI

110B

88 05

MOV [DI], AL

Store the gray code of the given data

110D

CC

INT3

Break point

1100

COMMENTS
Load 1200 into BX

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Sum of N Consecutive Numbers

Flow Chart

Algorithm

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Load the value of n.

t (n) = t (n - 1) + t (n - 2).
t (n - 1) = t (n - 2) + 1.
n = n - 1.
if n > 0 continue else go to step2.
Initialize the pointer to memory for storing the result.
Store result.

Input

Load the value of n into CL.

Output

Result is stored in 1600.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

B1 O4

MOV CL,04

Load CL with value 04

1102

B0 00

MOV AL,00

Initialize 00 value into AL

1104

B3 01

MOV BL,01

Initialize 01 value into BL

1106

00 D8

ADD AL,BL

Add previous and next value

1108

FE C3

INC BL

Increment BL

110A

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement CL

110C

75 F8

JNZ 1106

Loop executes until the desired value of n is

reached

110E

BF 00 20

MOV DI,1600

Store the result in 1600

1111

89 05

MOV [DI],AX

Load AX value into DI

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1113

8086 Trainer Kit user and Technical Reference Manual

CC

INT3

Break point

Ascii to Hex Code Conversion

Flow Chart

Algorithm

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Load the input data in AL register.

Subtract 30 from AL register value.
If data is less than or equal to 16 terminate the program.
Else subtract 7 from AL register value.
Result stored in AL register.

Input

Data input in AL register.

Output

Data output in AL register.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

B0 31

MOV AL,31

Get data 31 into AL

1102

2C 30

SUB AL,30

Subtract 30 with the AL

1104

3C 10

CMP AL,10

If data is less than or equal to 16 go to 110C

1106

72 04

JB 110C

If 1st operand is below the 2nd operand then short

jump into 110C

1108

74 02

JZ 110C

If count zero then jump into to 110C

110A

2C 07

SUB AL,07

Else subtract 7 from AL register value

110C

CC

INT 3

Break point

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Bcd to Hexa Decimal Conversion

Flow Chart

Algorithm

Load the data in AL register.

Separate higher nibbles and (in) lower nibbles.
Move the higher nibbles (in) to lower nibbles position.
Multiply AL by 10.
Add lower nibbles.
Store the result into Memory.

Input
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Data in AL register.

Output

Result in AL register.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

B0 10

MOV AL,10

Load register AL with the data 10

1102

88 C4

MOV AH,AL

Load AL value into AH

1104

80 E4 OF

AND AH,0F

Mask higher bits

1107

88 E3

MOV BL,AH

Load AH value into BL

1109

24 F0

AND AL,F0

Mask lower bits

110B

B1 O4

MOV CL,04

Load 04 value into CL

110D

D2 C8

ROR AL,CL

Rotate the data from last 4bits to first 4 bits

110F

B7 0A

MOV BH,0A

Load 10 value into BH

1111

F6 E7

MUL BH

Multiply by 10

1113

00 D8

ADD AL,BL

Add lower nibble to the multiplied data

1115

CC

INT3

Break point

Hexa Decimal to Ascii Code

Flow Chart

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Spartan3 FPGA Board for Image Processing and

Student Projects

Algorithm

Load AL with the input data.

Check If (AL<=9) then add 30 with AL register.
Else add 7 with AL register.
Result stored into AL register.

Input

Data in AL register.

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Output

Result in AL register.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

B0 0A

MOV AL,0A

Load register AL with the data 10

1102

3C 09

CMP AL,09

If data less than 9 add 30 to the data

1104

74 04

JZ 110A

If count is zero then go to 110A

1106

72 02

JB 110A

If 1st operand is below than 2nd operand then short

jump into 110A

1108

04 07

ADD AL,07

Else Add AL with 07

110A

04 30

ADD AL,30

add 30 with AL

110C

CC

INT3

Break point

Matrix Addition

Flow Chart

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Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to memory for data and result.

Load CL with count.
Add two matrices by each element.
Process continues until CL is 0.
Store the result into Memory.

Input

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Data in 2000 consecutive location as rows and columns for first matrix.
Data in 3000 consecutive location as rows and columns for second matrix.

Output

Data in 3000 with 9 entries.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

B1 09

MOV CL, 09

Initialize 09 into CL register

1102

BE 00 20

MOV SI, 2000

Load 2000 into SI for 1st matrix

1105

BF 00 30

MOV DI, 3000

Load 3000 into DI for 2nd matrix

1108

8A 04

MOV AL, [SI]

Load AL with data of first matrix

110A

8A 1D

MOV BL, [DI]

Load BL with data of second matrix

110C

00 D8

ADD AL, BL

Add two data of AL and BL

110E

88 05

MOV [DI], AL

Store AL with data into DI

1110

47

INC DI

Increment DI

1111

46

INC SI

Increment SI

1112

FE C9

DEC CL

1114

75 F2

JNZ 1108

Decrement CL
Loop continues until all elements of
Matrix to added

1116

CC

INT3

Break point

Seperating Odd and Even

Flow Chart
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Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to memory for data and result.

Loaded the data in AL register from memory.
Rotate the AL register by one bit.
If carry flag is set then go to step2.
Store the even number as a result into the Memory.

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Input

Data in 2000 (mixer of odd and even numbers).

Count: number of bytes in CL.

utput

Even numbers stored in 3000.

Program

ADDRESS

OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

B1 08

MOV CL, 08

Initialize 08 into CL

1102

BE 00 20

MOV SI, 2000

Load 2000 address into SI

1105

BF 00 30

MOV DI, 3000

Load 3000 address into DI

1108

AC

LODSB

Load the counter value

1109

D0 C8

ROR AL,1

Rotate AL in one time

110B

72 FB

JB 1108

If carry occurs go to L1 (odd

Data)

110D

D0 C0

ROL AL, 1

Else rotate by left to get original data

110F

88 05

MOV [D1], AL

Store the even data

1111

47

INC DI

Increment DI

1112

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement CL

1114

75 F2

JNZ 1108

Loop executes until counter is zero

1116

CC

INT3

Break point

Fibonacci Series
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Floew Chart

Algorithm

Initialize the pointer to memory for storing result.

Number of the counts loaded into CL register.
T (n + 1) = t (n) + t (n - 1).
Repeat the above process until count is 0.
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Input

Load number of terms in CL.

Output

Result in 2000 (clear the memory from 2000 by 00 before executing the program).

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

B1 10

MOV CL, 10

Initialize 10 into CL register

1102

B3 00

MOV BL, 00

Initialize 00 into BL register

1104

B2 01

MOV DL, 01

Initialize 01 into DL register

1106

BF 00 20

MOV DI, 2000

Load 2000 into DI

1109

88 D0

MOV AL, DL

Move DL value into AL

110B

00 D8

ADD AL, BL

Add BL value with AL register

110D

88 05

MOV [DI],AL

Store AL value into DI.

110F

47

INC DI

Increment DI

1110

88 D3

MOV BL, DL

Move DL value BL register

1112

88 C2

MOV DL, AL

Move AL value DL register

1114

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement CL

1116

75 F3

JNZ110B

If count is zero then go to 110B

1118

CC

INT3

Breakpoint

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Factorial of a Number

Flow Chart

Algorithm

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Load the counter with value of n into CL register.

T (n) = t (n - 1) * t (n - 2).
Repeat the process until n becomes to store result.
Initialize the pointer to memory to store result.
Store the result into Memory address 2000.

Input

Load the value of n into CL register.

Output

Result stored in Memory address 2000.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

B1 04

MOV CL, 04

Load the value of 04 in CL

1102

B0 01

MOV AL, 01

Initialize 01 into AL

1104

B3 01

MOV BL, 01

Initialize 01 into BL

1106

F6 E3

MUL BL

Multiply previous value by next Value

1108

FE C3

INC BL

Increment BL

110A

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement CL

110C

75 F8

JNZ 1106

Loop continues until count is Zero

110E

BF 00 20

MOV DI, 2000

Load 2000 address into DI

1111

89 05

MOV [DI], AX

Store AX value into DI

1113

CC

INT3

Break point

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Find the Largest Number in an Array

Flow Chart

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Algorithm

Take the first number of the array.

Compare with next number.
Take the bigger one of the them.
Decrement the count in CL register.
If the count is not zero then continue from step 2.
Store the result into Memory address 9500.

Input

Enter the size of array (count) in 9000.

Enter the data starting from 9001.

Output

Result is stored in 9500.

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

BE 00 90

MOV SI,9000

Load 9000 address into SI

1103

8A 0C

MOV CL,[SI]

Load SI value into CL

1105

46

INC SI

Increment SI

1106

8A 04

MOV AL,[SI]

Move the first data in AL

1108

FE C9

DEC CL

Reduce the count

110A

46

INC SI

Increment SI

110B

3A 04

CMP AL,[SI]

if AL> [SI] then go to jump1 (no swap)

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110D

73 02

JNB 1111

If count is zero then jump into 1111

110F

8A 04

MOV AL,[SI]

Else store large no in to AL

1111

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement the count

1113

75 F5

JNZ 110A

If count is not zero then jump into 110A

1115

BF 00 95

MOV DI,9500

Else store the biggest number at 9500

1118

88 05

MOV [DI],AL

Store the AL value into DI

111A

CC

INT3

Break point

Average Of An Array

Flow chart

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Algorithm

Add the bytes one by one up to the count (CL).

Then divide the total with the count.

Input

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Size of array (count) in CL = 6 (see the program).

Enter the data starting from 9000h.

Output

Average is stored in AX register.

Quotient in AL and the reminder in AH.

Program

COMMENTS

ADDRESS

OPCODE

MNEMONICS

1100

BB 00 00

MOV BX,0000

Load 0000 into BX

1103

BE 00 90

MOV SI,9000

Array start address

1106

B8 00 00

MOV AX,0000

Load 0000 into AX

1109

B1 06

MOV CL,06

Initialize 06 into CL register

110B

88 CD

MOV CH,CL

Load the count value into CH

110D

8A 1C

MOV BL,[SI]

Get the data byte

110F

00 D8

ADD AL,BL

Add the data byte

1111

46

INC SI

Increment the SI pointer

1112

FE C9

DEC CL

Check the count

1114

75 F7

JNZ 110D

If count is not zero then go to 110D

1116

F6 F5

DIV CH

Find the average by sum/count

1118

CC

INT3

Break point

Generate Square Wave

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I/O ADDRESS FOR 8253 /8254:

Counter 0 FF00
Counter 1 FF02
Counter 2 FF04
Counter reg FF06

Flow chart

Program

ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

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1100

B0 B7

MOV AL,36

Load 36 into AL for generating SQUARE

1102

BA 06 FF

MOV DX,FF06

Load FF06 into DX

1105

EE

OUT DX,AL

Send the data to the timer

1106

B0 02

MOV AL,FF

Load LSB count in the AL

1108

BA 04 FF

MOV DX,FF04

Port address in DX

110B

EE

OUT DX,AL

Output the AL contents to CLK 2

110C

B0 00

MOV AL,00

Load MSB count in the AL

110E

BA 04 FF

MOV DX,FF04

Load FF04 into DX

1111

EE

OUT DX,AL

Output the AL content to CLK 2

1112

CC

INT3

Break point

Descending Order

Algorithm

Get the first data and compare with the second data.
If the two data are in descending order then no swap.
Else swap the data byte by descending order and then again compare the other data bytes up to the count.
Do the above the array is a ranged in descending order.
Finally the array is arranged in ascending order.

Input

Enter the count in location 9000.

Enter the data location starting from 9001.
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Output

Result in descending order in the location 9001.

Flow chart

Program

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ADDRESS OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

BE 00 90

MOV SI, 9001

Load 9000 into SI

1103

8A 0C

MOV CL, [SI]

Load SI value into CL

1105

BE 00 90

MOV SI, 9000

get the count

1108

8A 14

MOV DL, [SI]

Load SI count value into DL

110A

46

INC SI

Increment the pointer

110B

8A 04

MOV AL, [SI]

first data in AL

110D

FE CA

DEC DL

Decrement DL

110F

74 16

JZ 1127

If count is zero then jump into 1127

1111

46

INC SI

Increment SI

1112

8A 1C

MOV BL, [SI]

Load SI count value into BL

1114

3A C3

CMP AL, BL

if al > bl go to (jump1)

1116

72 07

JB 111F

1118

4E

DEC SI

Decrement SI

1119

88 04

MOV [SI],AL

Load ACC value in SI

111B

88 D8

MOV AL, BL

Store the greatest data

111D

EB 03

JMP 1122

Jump into 1122

111F

4E

DEC SI

Decrement SI

1120

88 1C

MOV [SI], BL

Store the smallest data in memory

1122

46

INC SI

Increment SI

1123

FE CA

DEC DL

Decrement DL

1125

75 EA

JNZ 1111

If count is not zero then jump into 1111

1127

88 04

MOV [SI], AL

Load AL value into SI

1129

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement CL

112B

75 D8

JNZ 1105

If count is not zero then jump into 1105

112D

CC

INT3

Break point

Ascending Order

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Algorithm

Get the first data and compare with the second data.
If the two data are in ascending order then no swap.
Else swap the data byte by ascending order and then again compare the other data bytes up to the count.
Do the above the array is arranged in ascending order.
Finally the array is arranged in ascending order.

Input

Enter the count in location 9000.

Enter the data location starting from 9001.

Output

Result in ascending order in the location 9001.

Flow chart

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Program

ADDRESS

OPCODE

MNEMONICS

COMMENTS

1100

BE 00 90

MOV SI, 9000

Load 9000 into SI

1103

8A 0C

MOV CL, [SI]

Load SI value into CL

1105

BE 00 90

MOV SI, 9000

Get second data

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1108

8A 14

MOV DL, [SI]

Load SI second data into DL

110A

46

INC SI

Increment SI

110B

8A 04

MOV AL, [SI]

Load SI value into AL

110D

FE CA

DEC DL

Decrement DL

110F

74 16

JZ 1127

If count is zero then go to 1127

1111

46

INC SI

Increment SI

1112

8A 1C

MOV BL, [SI]

Load SI value into BL

1114

38 D8

CMP AL, BL

if AL > BL go to (jump1)

1116

72 07

JNB 111F

1118

4E

DEC SI

Decrement SI

1119

88 04

MOV [SI],AL

Load AL value into SI

111B

88 D8

MOV AL, BL

Load BL value into AL

111D

EB 03

JMP 1122

111F

4E

DEC SI

Decrement SI

1120

88 1C

MOV [SI], BL

Load BL value into SI

1122

46

INC SI

Increment SI

1123

FE CA

DEC DL

Decrement DL

1125

75 EA

JNZ 1111

If count is not zero then go to 1111

1127

88 04

MOV [SI], AL

Load AL value into SI

1129

FE C9

DEC CL

Decrement CL

112B

75 D8

JNZ 1105

If count is not zero then go to 1105

112D

CC

INT3

Breakpoint

ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS ON 8086

Compare string

ADDRESS
1100
1104

MNEMONICS
LEA SI, [1200]
LEA DI, [1300]

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1108

MOV CX, 0003H

110b

CLD

110c

REPE CMPSB

110e

JNZ NOTEQUAL

1110

MOV AL, 01

1112

MOV [1400], AL

1115

HLT

1116

NOTEQUAL:

MOV AL, 00

1118

MOV [1400], AL

111b

HLT

Condition 1: (Same String In Data1 And Data2)

1ST INPUT
1200
11
1201
22

2ND INPUT
1300
11
1301
22

1202

1302

33

33

Output

1400 : 01

Condition 2: (Different String In Data1 And Data2)

1ST INPUT
1200
11
1201
22

2ND INPUT
1300
44
1301
55

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1202

33

1302

66

Output

1400

MOV string program

ADDRESS
1100
1104
1108
110c
110d
110f

OPCODE
MOV
CX,[1500]
LEA
SI,[1600]
LEA
DI,[1700]
CLD
REP
MOVSB
HLT

Input location

COUNT INPUT
1500
03
1601
11

DATA INPUT
1601
22
1602
33

Out location

OUTPUT
1700
11
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1701
1703

22
33

ONE'S COMPLEMENT OF A 16-BIT NUMBER

Objective

To find the one's complement of the data in register pair AX and store the result at 1400.

Theory

In the one's complement of a binary number the ones are changed to zeros and vice versa. It is one way of
representing negative numbers. All negative numbers start with a 1 at the MSBit. For instance considering the hex
number 5600 For ex: 5600 = 0101 0110 0000 0000 One's complement = 1010 1001 1111 1111
= A9FF

Example

The example given is to find the one's complement of 1234 and store it in memory location 1400.
Input :
Data : (AX) = 0001 0010 0011 0100 = 1234
Result : [1400] = 1110 1101 1100 1011 = EDCB

MEMORY ADDRESS
1100
1103
1106
110A

OPCODE
C7 C0 34 12
F7 D0
89 06 00 14
F4

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MNEMONICS
MOVAX, 1234
NOT AX
MOV [1400],AX
HLT

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Procedure

Enter the above mnemonics into RAM memory from 1100 using the assembler command.
Using GO command execute the program and enter 1100. This is the address from where execution of
your program starts.
Press ENTER key to start execution.
Reset the kit using RESET key.

Masking Off Bits Selectively

Objective

To clear 8 selected bits, the 2nd HN and the HN in a 16 bit number.

Theory

The logical AND instruction is used for masking off bits. The bits which have to be cleared are to be AND with a
logical zero and the other bits are to be high. Hence to achieve the above objective, AND with 0F0F.

Example

The 16 bit number is at location 1200 and the result is at location 1400.
Input: [1200] = FF
[1201] = FF
Result: [1400] = 0F
[1401] = 0F

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MEMORY ADDRESS
1100
1104
1108
110C

OPCODE
8B 06 00 12
81 E0 0F0F
89 06 00 14
F4

MNEMONICS
MOV BX,1200
AND AX,0F0F
MOV [1400],AX
HLT

Procedure

The procedure outlined for previous exercises is to be followed for this program also.

Computing a Boolean Expression

Objective

To obtain a Boolean expression F which has 4 terms and 8 variables A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H. F = {(AB'CDE' +
A'BCD(BCD+EFGH)}

Theory

Evaluation of Boolean expressions through minimization procedures is customary. But this example seeks to do
the same using the 8086 registers. The 4 minterms are in FOUR 8 bit registers. Use of logical instructions to
perform this is consequential. Don't care variables are represented by set bits. The correspondence is,
ABCDEFGH)))) D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

Example

Input: AL = 10110111B ------- B7

AH = 01111111B ------ 7F
BL = 11111111B ------ FF
BH = 11111111B ------ FF
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Result: [1100] = 11111111B ------ FF

MEMORY ADDRESS
1100
1103
1106
1108
110C
110E
1110
1112
1116

OPCODE
C6 C0 B7
C6 C4 7F
C6 C3 FF
C6 C7 FF
08 FB
20 DC
08 E0
88 06 00 12
F4

MNEMONICS
MOV AL, B7
MOV AH, 7F
MOV BL, FF
MOV BH, FF
OR BL, BH
AND AH, BL
OR AL, AH
MOV [1200], AL
HLT

Related Article

iplication of two numbers using 8086Subtraction of two numbers using 8086

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6 Trainer Kit user and Technical Reference Manual

Addition of two numbers using 8086

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