ABSTRACT

Today Tsunami is a very wild natural disaster that threatens the existence of
mankind. In this project we present the implementation of low cost model of a
tsunami detection and warning system, to detect the occurrence of Tsunami, at a
small laboratory scale. Our project detects the seabed movement caused by the
underwater earthquake and sirens will be produced as well as warning messages
will be sent to people living in coastal areas using mobile computing, so that the
people will have enough time to relocate themselves and thus save many lives and
property.

INTRODUCTION
The Tsunami is caused when a powerful earthquake occurs underwater. Seabed moves
causing a large shift in water. In an attempt to fill the gap in seabed, water flows in or
is pushed out and a shallow but an extremely deep wave is created which radiates
outside from epicenter.
The aim of this project is to implement a lost cost model of a TSUNAMI
DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEM, to detect the occurrence of a Tsunami and
to provide adequate warnings, at a small laboratory scale.
Our project detects this seabed movement caused by the underwater earthquake and
sirens will be produced as well as warning messages will be sent to people living in
coastal areas using mobile computing, so that the people will have enough time to
relocate themselves.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

Power supply
ATMEGA16
3 axis accelerometer ADXL335
Buzzer
16*2 LCD screen
Max 232 IC

Power supply unit provides power required for the various

components.
The accelerometer ADXL335, buzzer, 16*2 LCD screen and max 232 IC are
connected to the microcontroller ATMEGA16.
ADXL335 accelerometer senses a considerable seabed movement in the seabed and
its analog output is given to the ATMEGA16 microcontroller.
In the ATMEGA16 microcontroller, the sensor value is compared with Tsunami
Threshold values.
If the value does not exceeds the threshold, then there is no Tsunami and everything
is normal.
If the value exceeds the threshold, then a Tsunami is confirmed and the information
is passed to the vulnerable people.
Buzzer that can be heard at long range as sirens are given as an alarm.
Warning messages are displayed in 16*2 LCD screen for awareness.
Warning messages are sent to the mobile phones of people living in affected areas
through computer with the aid of max 232 IC

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

POWER SUPPLY:
The power supply circuit uses transformers, filters, rectifiers, and
then voltage regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a steady dc
voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac voltage, then filtering to a dc
level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc voltage. The
regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit,
which takes a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower dc voltage,
which remains the same even if the input dc voltage varies, or the
output load connected to the dc voltage changes.

THREE-TERMINAL VOLTAGE REGULATORS:

Figure shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to a load.

The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, Vi, applied to one
input terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vo, from a second terminal, with the third
terminal connected to the ground. The series 78 regulators provide fixed regulated
voltages from 5 to 24 V.

3 AXIS ACCELEROMETER ADXL335:

The ADXL335 is a small, thin, low power, complete 3-axis

acclerometer with signal conditioned voltage outputs. The product
measures acceleration with a minimum full-scale range of 3 g. It
can measure the static acceleration of gravity in tilt-sensing
applications, as well as dynamic acceleration resulting from motion,
shock, or vibration.
Features:
3-axis sensing
Small, low profile package 4 mm 4 mm 1.45 mm
LFCSP(Lead frame Chip Scale Package)
Low power : 350 A (typical)
Single-supply operation: 1.8 V to 3.6 V
10,000 g shock survival
Excellent temperature stability
RoHS/WEEE lead-free compliant

ATMEGA16 MICROCONTROLLER

The Atmel ATmega16 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly-flexible and

cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The ATmega16 is a
low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR enhanced RISC
architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega16
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the system designer to
optimize power consumption versus processing speed. The ATmega16 AVR is
supported with a full suite of program and system development tools
Features:
General Features
High-performance, Low-power Atmel AVR 8-bit Microcontroller
Advanced RISC Architecture-with 131 powerful instructions and
32 x 8 general purpose working registers.
It can work up to 16 MIPS throughput at 16 MHz
High Endurance Non-volatile Memory segments with 16
kilobytes of in system self programmable flash program
memory,
512 Bytes EEPROM, 1 Kbyte Internal SRAM,1000s of write/erase
cycles,20 years of data retention, etc.

Peripheral Features

Two 8-bit Timer/Counters

One 16-bit Timer/Counter
Real Time Counter
Four Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) Channels
8-channel, 10-bit Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
8 Single-ended Channels
Two-wire Serial Interface

Programmable Serial USART

Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Programmable Watchdog Timer
On-chip Analog Comparator

Special Features
Programmable Brown-out Detection
Six Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Powerdown, Standby and Extended Standby
Other Features

32 Programmable I/O Lines

40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad QFN/MLF
Operating Voltages is 4.5V - 5.5V
Speed Grade is 0 - 16 MHz
Power Consumption at 1 MHz, 3V, and 25C for ATmega16L is
1.1 ma in active mode,0.35 ma in idle mode
and <1 ua in power-down mode.

LCD DISPLAY

LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display module and find a wide
range of applications. A 16x2 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly
used in various devices and circuits

Economical
Easily programmable
no limitation of displaying special & even custom characters
it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines
each character is displayed in 5x7 pixel matrix
LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data
command register stores the command instructions given to
the LCD
data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD
+ 5V power supply
Pin Diagram:

Pin Description:

Pin
No

Function

Name

Ground (0V)

Ground

Supply voltage; 5V (4.7V 5.3V)

Vcc

Contrast adjustment; through a variable resistor

VEE

Selects command register when low; and data register Register

when high

Select

Low to write to the register; High to read from the

Read/write

register
6

Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is

Enable

given
7
8

DB0
DB1

8-bit data pins

DB2

10

DB3

11

DB4

12

DB5

13

DB6

14

DB7

15

Backlight VCC (5V)

Led+

16

Backlight Ground (0V)

Led-

MAX 232

The MAX232 is an IC, first created in 1987 by Maxim Integrated Products, that
converts signals from an RS 232 serial port to signals suitable for use in TTL
compatible digital logic circuits and vice versa.
Commonly known as a RS-232 Transceiver, it consists of a pair of drivers and a pair
of receivers.
The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. 7.5 V) from a single
+ 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful
for implementing RS-232 for serial port communications. The receiver performs the
reverse conversion

BUZZER

The PCB mounting buzzers have a loud but pleasant 85dB tone and operate from a
either 5 or 12VDC supply. They are only 7.5mm high when mounted on the PCB. They
will work with supply voltages ranging from 3 to 8V DC or 8 to 15V DC depending which
version is required. Supply polarity is marked on the bottom of the top of the housing
as an aid to installation. The case is finished in black.
The base of the device is potted to maximise protection against flux
contamination
Masking label is included over the sound emission hole to permit board
cleaning
Encapsulated in a low profile housing making them particularly suitable for
inclusion in miniature electronics instrumentation
Supplied with PCB pins for direct mounting to PCBs
Small / low profile design
Compact rich sound
Pitch 7.6mm

FLOWCHART

PROGRAM

# define Buzzer PORTB.F7

sbit LCD_RS at PORTD2_bit;
sbit LCD_EN at PORTD3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4 at PORTD4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5 at PORTD5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6 at PORTD6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7 at PORTD7_bit;

//Buzzer connected at portB7

// LCD module connections

sbit LCD_RS_Direction at DDD2_bit;

sbit LCD_EN_Direction at DDD3_bit;
sbit LCD_D4_Direction at DDD4_bit;
sbit LCD_D5_Direction at DDD5_bit;
sbit LCD_D6_Direction at DDD6_bit;
sbit LCD_D7_Direction at DDD7_bit; // End LCD module connections
void main()
{
unsigned int x,y,z;//Three variables for the 3 axis accelerometer
DDRB=0xFF;//Set portB as an output port
Buzzer=0;//Buzzer initially OFF
Lcd_Init();//Initialize LCD
UART1_Init(9600);// Initialize UART module at 9600 bps
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CLEAR); // Clear display
Lcd_Cmd(_LCD_CURSOR_OFF); // Cursor off
while(1)
{
x=adc_read(0); // get ADC value from channel 0 ie, portA 0
y=adc_read(1); // get ADC value from channel 1 ie, portA 1
z=adc_read(2); // get ADC value from channel 2 ie, portA 2
if((x>500)||(y>500)||(z>500))

//Checking whether the sensor

//values exceeds the Tsunami threshold

{
Buzzer=1;// Buzzer ON
Lcd_Out(1, 3, "Tsunami Detected");//LCD displays warnings
UART1_Write('a');//Send to serial port as case 'a'
}
else
{
Buzzer=0; Buzzer OFF
Lcd_Out(1, 3, "Casual"); LCD displays casual conditions
UART1_Write('b'); //Send to serial port as case 'b'
}
}

Program for Serial communication and Mobile messaging through computer.

void main()

{
clc;// Clear
s=serial('COM3') //Select Serial Com 3 for communication
set(s,'Baud Rate',9600)// Set baud rate at 9600 bps
fopen(s); //open serial port for data transmission
while(1)
A = fscanf(s,'%s') //Read value (case a or b) from Serial COM3
if A=='a'
{
tx='AT+CMGS="9946268993" //The AT+CMGS command sends an SMS .
fprintf(s,'%s',tx);
//message to a GSM phone
a='Tsunami Observed';
fprintf(s,'%s',a);
}
}

PCB LAYOUT

PCB FABRICATION
The materials required for PCB fabrication are
copper clad sheet, a little paint, drilling machine
and ferric chloride solution.
The following steps are involved in making a PCB:
1. Preparation of the layout of the track.
2. Transferring the layout on to the copper.

3. Etching to remove the copper from the

copper clad wherever it is not required.
4. Drilling the holes for component mounting .
Preparing layout
The tract layout of the electronics circuit must
be drawn on a white paper .the layout should
be made such a way that the paths are in easy
routs. This enables the PCB more compact and
economical.

Transferring the layout to the copper

The layout made on the whole paper should be
redrawn on the on the copper clad using paint
or varnish.
Etching
ferric chloride solution is the popularly used
etching solution. The ferric chloride powder is
made into a solution using water and is kept in
a plastic tray .Immerse the marked copper
clad solution in this solution for two hours .
due to the reaction the solution will become
weak and it is not recommended for another
etching process. The copper in the unmarked
area will be etched out. Take out the etched
sheet from the tray and dry out in sunlight for
an hour. later remove the paint or nail varnish
using turpentine.

Drilling
The holes are made by a drilling machine for
the component insertion.

SOLDERING

Soldering is the process of joining two or more similar or dissimilar

metals by melting another metal having low melting point. The
materials and tools required are solder, flux, knife or blade, soldering
iron and nose pillars.
SOLDERING FLUXES
In order to make surface accept the solder readily, the component
terminals should be free from the surface of metal. The leads should
be cleaned chemically or by scraping using a blade or knife. Small
amount of lead should be coated on the cleaned portion of the leads
and the tip of the soldering. Rosin is the most commonly used flux.

The residues which remain after soldering may be washed out with
more water accomplished by brushing.
SOLDER
Solder is used for joining two or more metals at temperature below
its melting point. The popularly used solders are the alloy of tin
(60%) and lead(40%) that metals at 375F(190C) used solidifies when
it cools. Most of the solder wires are flux cored type. When such
solder wires are used extra soldering flux is not required.
SOLDERING TOOLS
Soldering iron
It is used to melt the solder and apply at the joints in the circuit. It
operates in 230v main supply, the normal power rating of
soldering iron are 10w,25w,35w and 125w.The iron bit at the tip of
it gets heated up within a few minutes.10w and 25w soldering iron
are sufficient select for proper soldering iron for work.
Tin the bit before soldering.
Keep the tined bit always clean from oxide formed while
soldering.
Do not overheat the PCB and the device.
Do not excess solder or flux
Clean the surface of the lead to be joined using a blade for light
work.
Soldering gun
It is a gun shaped soldering tool use especially when more heat is
required. Its triggering is a switch that controls the ac powers.
Soldering station
Its the removal of solders from a previously soldered joint .De-solder
pump is a commonly used device for this purpose .When the solder
melts by the action of the soldering iron a trigger on the de-soldering
pump should be activated to create a vacuum. This vacuum pulls the
solder into the tube.

SOLDERING RULES

1. Select the proper soldering iron for the work

2. Tin the bit before soldering .Keep the tinned bit always cleans from the oxide
formed while soldering.
3. Do not over heat the device and PCB
4. Do not heat excess solder or flux
5. Clean the surface of the lead the joined using a blade.
PROCEDURE FOR SOLDERING
1. Make a lay out of the connection of the components in the
circuit.
2. Plug in the chord of the soldering iron into the main supply to
get it heated up.
3. Clean the component lead using a blade of a knife and bend
them according to the needs. Apply a little flux on the leads.
Take a little solder on the soldering iron and apply the molten
solder on the leads. Care must be taken to avoid the
components getting heated up.
4. Mount the components on the PCB, and apply flux on the joints
and solder the joints. Soldering must be done in minimum
timing to avoid dry soldering and heating up of the
components.
5. Wash the residue using water and brush.
6. Practice de-soldering a soldered circuit using soldering iron .

APPLICATIONS AND FUTURE SCOPE

The Tsunami is a catastrophic disaster that threatens the very existence of the
human race. In this project we present the implementation of a low cost model of a
tsunami detection and warning system, to detect the occurrence of Tsunami, at a
small laboratory scale and to issue sufficient warnings. Our project detects this
seabed movement caused by the underwater earthquake and sirens will be produced
as well as warning messages will be sent to people living in coastal areas using
mobile computing, so that the people will have enough time to relocate themselves
and thus save many lives and property.

The problem with the existing system is that there is a chance to produce false
alarms often which threatens our government and public. So, in future Tsunami
occurrence can be decided and alarm can be raised only after checking many
criteria. Four criteria to be checked out before giving the tsunami alarm are as
follows:
Pressure inside the sea bed.
Tide level.
Biological changes in the marine living organisms.
Sea shore level.
If all these four criteria get detected then it can be concluded that there is
occurrence of natural disaster (Tsunami).

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

ADVANTAGES

I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.

The ATMEGA16 used has in built ADC thus avoiding the use of
separate ADC units
Easy operation
The alert message can be send anywhere [indicating wide
range]
The SMS message can be replaced with voice alert.
These small units are placed at various earthquake epicenters
and coastal areas and can be monitored by using a central
monopolized system.
It can also guide the ships by detecting in which direction or
areas of the ocean larger waves are created.
It is somewhat affordable by states and nation and can be
implemented easily as it is less complex as compared to other
large instruments

DISADVANTAGES
I.
II.

The project is low cost and simple BUT for the advanced high
quality system one need to improve the sensor quality, while
the cost also proportionally increases.
Message sending fails if no network coverage.

LIST OF COMPONENTS AND COST OF MATERIALS

Sl.no

Components

Specification

Price(Rs)

MICROCONTROLLER

ATMEGA16

250

CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR

XTAL 12 MHz

15

CAPACITOR

22pF,1000F

24

RESISTOR

10K

POTENTIOMETER

10K

25

LCD

VOLTAGE REGULAR

16*2
LM7805

XYZ ACCELEROMETER

ADXL335

675

WIRES

15

TOTAL

RESULT

250
10

1265

The Mini project on "TSUNAMI DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEM"has

been successfully completed, the Tsunami was detected and the buzzer was heard, the
LCD displayed warnings and Warning messages were received in mobile phones.

CONCLUSION

The circuit has been successfully completed and the output was demonstrated which
was quite satisfactory Here we implement a mini project on TSUNAMI
DETECTION AND WARNING SYSTEM. We managed to complete our project in
time with the help of our guide. Our drawback is that we cannot ensure that coastal
people receive warning messages if there is no network coverage.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia
www.atmel.com
www.datasheetarchive.com

 www.electroctronics foru.com
Introduction to Embedded Systems Shibu K V