Poker

For other uses, see Poker (disambiguation).

and game theory.
Poker is a family of card games involving betting and Poker has gained in popularity since the beginning of the
twentieth century and has gone from being primarily a
recreational activity conned to small groups of enthusiasts to a widely popular activity, both for participants
and spectators, including online, with many professional
players and multimillion-dollar tournament prizes.

1 History
Main article: History of poker
English actor Joseph Cowell reported in his memoirs[1]
that the game was played in New Orleans, Louisiana in
1829, with a deck of 20 cards, and four players betting on which players hand was the most valuable.[2]
Jonathan H. Green's book, An Exposure of the Arts and
Miseries of Gambling (G. B. Zieber, Philadelphia, 1843),
described the spread of the game from there to the rest of
the country by Mississippi riverboats, on which gambling
was a common pastime. As it spread north along the
Mississippi River and to the West during the gold rush,
it is thought to have become a part of the frontier pioneer
ethos.

A game of Texas hold 'em in progress. Hold 'em is a popular

form of poker.

individual play, whereby the winner is determined by the

ranks and combinations of players cards, some of which
remain hidden until the end of the game. Poker games
vary in the number of cards dealt, the number of shared
or community cards, and the number of cards that remain hidden. The betting procedures vary among dierent poker games in such ways as betting limits and splitting the pot between a high hand and a low hand.
In most modern poker games, the rst round of betting
begins with one of the players making some form of a
forced bet (the blind and/or ante). In standard poker, each
player bets according to the rank he believes his hand
is worth as compared to the other players. The action
then proceeds clockwise as each player in turn must either match, or call, the maximum previous bet or fold,
losing the amount bet so far and all further interest in the
hand. A player who matches a bet may also raise, or
increase the bet. The betting round ends when all players
have either matched the last bet or folded. If all but one
player folds on any round, the remaining player collects
the pot and may choose to show or conceal his hand. If
more than one player remains in contention after the nal
betting round, the hands are revealed, and the player with
the winning hand takes the pot. With the exception of initial forced bets, money is only placed into the pot voluntarily by a player who either believes the bet has positive
expected value or who is trying to blu other players for
various strategic reasons. Thus, while the outcome of any
particular hand signicantly involves chance, the longrun expectations of the players are determined by their
actions chosen on the basis of probability, psychology,

Ocers of the 114th Pennsylvania Infantry playing cards in front

of tents. Petersburg, Virginia, August 1864

Soon after this spread, the full 52-card English deck was
used[3] and the ush was introduced. The draw was added
prior to 1850 (when it was rst mentioned in print in a
handbook of games).[4] During the American Civil War,
many additions were made including stud poker (specifically ve-card stud) and the straight. Further American
developments followed, such as the wild card (around
1875), lowball and split-pot poker (around 1900), and
community card poker games (around 1925).
1

10

10

Four of a kind
6

Pokers popularity experienced an unprecedented spike

at the beginning of the 21st century, largely because of
the introduction of online poker and hole-card cameras,
which turned the game into a spectator sport. Not only
could viewers now follow the action and drama of the
game on television, but they could also play the game
in the comfort of their own homes. Also in the 2003
World Series of Poker, Chris Moneymaker, who was an
accountant and not a professional poker player, won the
main event. He won his seat into the $10,000 tournament via a $40 multi-table satellite (smaller buy-in tournaments where a player can play and win a seat in the
bigger buy-in tournaments) and turned his $40 into $2.5
million. This helped popularize the game further, which
became known as the Moneymaker eect.

Modern tournament play became popular in American

casinos after the World Series of Poker (WSOP) began
in 1970.[5] Notable champions from these early WSOP
tournaments include Johnny Moss, Amarillo Slim, Bobby
Baldwin, Doyle Brunson, and Puggy Pearson. Later in
the 1970s, the rst serious poker strategy books appeared,
notably Super/System by Doyle Brunson (ISBN 1-58042081-8) and Caros Book of Poker Tells by Mike Caro
(ISBN 0-89746-100-2), followed later by The Theory of
Poker by David Sklansky (ISBN 1-880685-00-0). By the
1980s, poker was being depicted in popular culture as a
commonplace recreational activity. For example, it was
featured in at least 10 episodes of Star Trek: The Next
Generation as a weekly event of the senior sta of the
ctional ships crew.[6] In the 1990s, poker and casino
gambling spread across the United States, most notably
to Atlantic City, New Jersey.[7]

GAMEPLAY

Examples of top poker hand categories

For more details on betting rules, see Betting in poker.
For more details on rules for the most common poker
variants, see List of poker hands and List of poker
variants.
In casual play, the right to deal a hand typically rotates
among the players and is marked by a token called a
dealer button (or buck). In a casino, a house dealer handles the cards for each hand, but the button (typically a
white plastic disk) is rotated clockwise among the players to indicate a nominal dealer to determine the order of
betting. The cards are dealt clockwise around the poker
table, one at a time.
One or more players are usually required to make forced
bets, usually either an ante or a blind bet (sometimes
both). The dealer shues the cards, the player on the
chair to his right cuts, and the dealer deals the appropriate
number of cards to the players one at a time, beginning
with the player to his left. Cards may be dealt either faceup or face-down, depending on the variant of poker being
played. After the initial deal, the rst of what may be several betting rounds begins. Between rounds, the players
hands develop in some way, often by being dealt additional cards or replacing cards previously dealt. At the
end of each round, all bets are gathered into the central
pot.

Following the surge in popularity, new poker tours soon

emerged, notably the World Poker Tour and European
Poker Tour, both televised and the latter sponsored by
online poker company PokerStars. Subsequent tours have
since been created by PokerStars, such as Latin American
Poker Tour and Asia Pacic Poker Tour, as well as other
national tours.
At any time during a betting round, if one player bets, no
In 2009 the International Federation of Poker was opponents choose to call (match) the bet, and all oppofounded in Lausanne, Switzerland, becoming the o- nents instead fold, the hand ends immediately, the bettor
cial governing body for poker and promoting the game is awarded the pot, no cards are required to be shown,
as a mind sport. In 2011 it announced plans for two new and the next hand begins. This is what makes blung
events: The Nations Cup, a duplicate poker team event, possible. Blung is a primary feature of poker, one that
to be staged on the London Eye on the banks of the River distinguishes it from other vying games and from other
Thames and The Table, the invitation-only IFP World games that make use of poker hand rankings.
Championship, featuring roughly 130 of the worlds best At the end of the last betting round, if more than one
poker players, in an event to nd the 2011 ocial World player remains, there is a showdown, in which the playChampion.
ers reveal their previously hidden cards and evaluate their
hands. The player with the best hand according to the
poker variant being played wins the pot. A poker hand
comprises ve cards; in variants where a player has more
than ve cards, the best ve cards play.

Gameplay

Straight ush

Variants

today, seven-card stud, deals two extra cards to each

player (three face-down, four face-up) from which
they must make the best possible 5-card hand.

Main article: List of poker variants

Poker has many variations,[8] all following a similar pat- Draw poker A complete hand is dealt to each player,
face-down, and after betting, players are allowed to
attempt to change their hand (with the object of improving it) by discarding unwanted cards and being
dealt new ones. Five-card draw is the most famous
variation in this family.
Community card poker Also known as op poker,
community card poker is a variation of stud poker.
Players are dealt an incomplete hand of face-down
cards, and then a number of face-up community
cards are dealt to the center of the table, each of
which can be used by one or more of the players
to make a 5-card hand. Texas hold 'em and Omaha
are two well-known variants of the community card
family.
Other games that use poker hand rankings may likewise
be referred to as poker. Video poker is a single-player
video game that functions much like a slot machine; most
video poker machines play draw poker, where the player
bets, a hand is dealt, and the player can discard and replace cards. Payout is dependent on the hand resulting
after the draw and the players initial bet.

2006 WSOP Main Event Table

Strip poker is a traditional poker variation where players

remove clothing when they lose bets. Since it depends
only on the basic mechanic of betting in rounds, strip
poker can be played with any form of poker; however, it is
usually based on simple variants with few betting rounds,
like ve card draw.

Another game with the poker name, but with a vastly diftern of play[9] and generally using the same hand rankferent mode of play, is called Acey-Deucey or Red Dog
ing hierarchy. There are four main families of variants,
poker. This game is more similar to Blackjack in its laylargely grouped by the protocol of card-dealing and betout and betting; each player bets against the house, and
ting:
then is dealt two cards. For the player to win, the third
card dealt (after an opportunity to raise the bet) must have
Straight A complete hand is dealt to each player, and a value in-between the rst two. Payout is based on the
players bet in one round, with raising and re-raising odds that this is possible, based on the dierence in valallowed. This is the oldest poker family; the root ues of the rst two cards. Other poker-like games played
of the game as now played was a game known as at casinos against the house include three card poker and
Primero, which evolved into the game three-card pai gow poker.
brag, a very popular gentlemans game around the
time of the American Revolutionary War and still
enjoyed in the U.K. today. Straight hands of ve
4 Computer programs
cards are sometimes used as a nal showdown, but
poker is almost always played in a more complex
In a January 2015 article[10] published in Science, a group
form to allow for additional strategy.
of researchers mostly from the University of Alberta
Stud poker Cards are dealt in a prearranged combina- announced that they essentially weakly solved headstion of face-down and face-up rounds, or streets, up limit Texas hold 'em with their development of their
with a round of betting following each. This is the Cepheus poker bot. The authors claimed that Cepheus,
next-oldest family; as poker progressed from three in 1000 games, would lose at most 1 big blind on average
to ve-card hands, they were often dealt one card at against its worst-case opponent, a strategy that is so close
a time, either face-down or face-up, with a betting to optimal that it can't be beaten with statistical signifround between each. The most popular stud variant icance within a lifetime of human poker playing.[11]

See also
Glossary of poker terms
Online poker
Outline of poker
List of poker hands
Underground poker

References

[1] Cowell, Joe. Thirty years passed among the players in England and America: interspersed with anecdotes and reminiscences of a variety of persons, directly or indirectly connected with the drama during the theatrical life of Joe Cowell, comedian. Harper & brothers, 1844.
[2] Williamson, G. R. Frontier Gambling: The Games, the
Gamblers & the Great Gambling Halls of the Old West.
GR Williamson, 2011.
[3] Con, George Sturgis. Secrets of Winning Poker.
Wilshire Book Company, 1949.
[4] Henry G. Bond (ed.), Bohns New Handbook of Games,
Henry F. Anners (1850)
[5] World Series of Poker: A Retrospective. Gaming.unlv.edu. 2007-10-22. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
[6] Poker News article
[7] United States of Poker: New Jersey. Pokerplayernewspaper.com. Retrieved 2009-03-20.
[8] Richard D. Harroch, Lou Krieger. Poker for Dummies.
John Wiley & Sons, 2010
[9] Sklansky, David. The Theory of Poker. Two Plus Two
Pub, 1999.
[10] Heads-up limit holdem
doi:10.1126/science.1259433.

poker

is

solved.

[11] Computer program 'perfect at poker' (2015-01-08), BBC

External links
Poker at DMOZ

EXTERNAL LINKS

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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