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Lecture 1

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Mtende Moses
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Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits

Lecture 1
Overview of Course, NGspice Demo,
Review of Thevenin/Norton Modeling

Michael H. Perrott
January 22, 2012
Copyright 2012 by Michael H. Perrott
All rights reserved.

M.H. Perrott

Analog Electronics are Pervasive in our Lives


Smart
Phones

Fiber Optic Data


Communication

Automotive
Instruments

Medical
Instruments

Monitoring
& Control

But what do analog circuits do?


M.H. Perrott

Analog Circuits Process Real World Signals

Wireless systems:

- Cell phones, wireless LAN, computer peripherals


Electrical Circuits

Optical networks:

- High speed internet


Electrical Circuits

Light

Micromechanical devices:

- Resonators, accelerometers, gyroscopes


Electrical Circuits

Electromagnetic Waves

MEMS

Bio-electrical applications

- Imaging, patient monitoring, drug delivery, neural stimulation


Electrical Circuits

M.H. Perrott

Biological Systems
3

Analog Circuits Allow Interfacing with Digital Processors

Sensor devices create analog signals which are responsive


to some real world signal such as light, temperature, etc.
Signal conditioning is used to amplify and filter signals so
that they may be more easily digitized
Analog-to-Digital conversion samples the analog signal and
then generates its corresponding digital representation
Digital processors run algorithms on the digital signal
Communication interface outputs the key signal information

M.H. Perrott

Modern Approach: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design

Traditional interface

Digital
Circuits

Analog
Circuits

Real
World

The mixed signal approach

Digital
Circuits

Analog
Circuits

Real
World

Lower power, smaller size, better performing interface


But we need to understand analog design first!
M.H. Perrott

Basics of Analog Design Methodology


System
Architecture

Schematic Level
Circuit Design

Ibias

M3 M4
M1

M1

M2
R1

Layout of
Circuits

R2

System level determine specifications that circuit


must achieve
Schematic level choose circuit topology and device
sizes and simulate with SPICE
Layout draw circuit topology which matches
schematic (this is sent to a fabrication plant to be made)

M.H. Perrott

Example 1: A 3 Gb/s Limit Amplifier for PON Networks


Settling time (< 1 microsecond)

Eye Diagram

E.A. Crain, M.H. Perrott,


JSSC, Feb 2006
M.H. Perrott

Example 2: A VCO-Based Analog-to-Digital Converter


M. Park, M.H. Perrott
JSSC, Dec. 2009

Explicit
DWA

Peak SNDR of 78 dB with


20 MHz bandwidth
Figure of merit: 330 fJ/step
8

Example 3: An Optical/Electrical Demodulator and ADC


Custom ADC
Integrated Circuit

ADC

foffset = 1.35 MHz


Harmonic due to non-linearity

-40
-60
-80
-100
-120

Digitized ADC Output

-140

Frequency (MHz)

Vector Signal
Generator

Pout(t)

Pout(t)

-20

Amplitude (dB)

Laser rep. rate:


969.75 Mhz
RF input:
1.938 GHz
Data rate (GMSK):
100 kb/s

FFT of Digitized Output


0

Recovered Eye Diagram


From Digitized Output

1.5

Pin(t)

-1

Optical
phase modulator

Ti:sapphire
ML-laser
Sagnac-loop
interferometer

M.H. Perrott

/2 phase
shift device

-1.5

10

20

30

Time (microseconds)

40

Example 4: Using Analog Circuits to Change Paradigms


Quartz Oscillators

MEMS-based Oscillator

source: www.ecliptek.com

A part for each frequency


and non-plastic packaging

- Non-typical frequencies
require long lead times

Same part for all frequencies


and plastic packaging

- Pick any frequency you want


without extra lead time

We can achieve high volumes at low cost using IC fabrication


M.H. Perrott

10

Die Photo for Example 4


M.H. Perrott, et. al.,
JSSC, Dec. 2010

M.H. Perrott

MEMS-based Oscillator

11

Key Skills To Be Learned In This Class

Analyzing transistor level circuits

Simulating analog circuits

Understanding basic building blocks

Understanding analog circuit techniques

Familiarity with analog circuit non-idealities

Putting together larger circuits

General principles of modeling and synthesis

- Biasing, small signal, frequency response, noise analysis


- SPICE simulation and analysis with Matlab
- Amplifiers, current mirrors, samplers
- Cascoding, gain boosting, filtering

- Mismatch, offset, noise, nonlinearity


- Multi-stage amplifiers, Opamps

M.H. Perrott

12

Prerequisite Skills

Familiarity with basic circuit elements

Circuit network analysis

Frequency domain analysis

- Resistors, capacitors, transistors, diodes


- KVL, KCL, Superposition, Thevenin and Norton models
- Bode plot analysis, Laplace and Fourier transform, basic
understanding of filters (lowpass, highpass, bandpass)

Classical feedback design

Basics of nonlinear circuit analysis

Device physics (MIC503)

- Blacks formula, stability analysis using phase margin


- Biasing, small signal analysis

M.H. Perrott

13

Class Flow

Lectures:

Office hours: Sun 11:30-12:30, Wed 11:30-12:30, By Appt.


Homework:

Short quizzes (15 minutes at end of lecture):

Full quiz: Wednesday, March 7


Project: Passed out on April 11, Due May 2
Final exam: During finals week

- Sundays, Wednesdays from 10:00-11:15 am


- One problem set per week

- Once per week covering homework material


- You are granted one ignore credit for these short quizzes

M.H. Perrott

14

Lecture Style and Recommendations

Lecture notes will have gaps in them that need to be


filled in while you are in class

- Goal is to facilitate learning


- Consider using blank back-side of slides for notes and
then show results in given slide

If you miss a class, you will need to ask others in


class for their notes

- You can ask me follow up questions once you have


gone through those notes

As you do each homework, try to fill in to a one page


sheet with the key information that you need to know
to solve the problems

- You will be able to bring this sheet (front and back side)
to the quizzes

M.H. Perrott

15

Class Policies

Homework and projects are to be completed individually,


though you are allowed to work with others

- You must specify the names of anyone you work with on


each assignment/project
- You must not show identical work to others for any
assignment/project (i.e., no copying)

Homework and projects must be turned in at the beginning


of class (i.e., 10:15 am) on their due date

- Reduction of grade by 10% for every day late


Anything after beginning of class counts as at least one day
- You will have 7 days total of late day credits for homeworks
and projects (not 7 days for homeworks, 7 days for projects)
No reduction of grade when applying this credit use it wisely

Absolutely no copying or collaborating during a quiz/final

- One summary sheet allowed during quizzes, two during final

M.H. Perrott

16

Homework and Project Clarity

You must present your work clearly

Example of correct presentation

- Box answers
- Show supporting work before the boxed answer with
clearly shown steps of how you arrived at the answer
- Grade reduction will occur for sloppy work
Problem 1:
Drawing
Equation(s)
Answer =

M.H. Perrott

17

Simulation Tools Will Be Run On Your Laptop

NGspice will be the main simulation tool

- Windows only, download CppSim onto your laptop from


http://www.cppsim.com/download
- Go through the Ngspice Primer Within CppSim manual
at http://www.cppsim.com/manuals

Octave will be used to run postprocessing on Ngspice


results

- Download from http://octave.sourceforge.net/


- Be sure to add most toolboxes except for oct2map
Causes an error that can fixed by running:
pkg rebuild -noauto oct2mat

Short, in-class demo now


M.H. Perrott

18

Basics of One-Port Modeling

Linear Network

Thevenin Equivalent

Norton Equivalent

Zth
Vth

Ith

Zth

Vth computed as open circuit voltage at port nodes


Ith computed as short circuit current across port
nodes
Zth computed as Vth/Ith

- All independent voltage and current sources are set to


zero value

M.H. Perrott

19

Thevenin/Norton Modeling: Example 1


From Electric Circuits
By James Nilsson

5V

5k

5k

2.5k

1mA

a
Vab
b

Compute Thevenin and Norton models

M.H. Perrott

20

Thevenin/Norton Modeling: Example 2


From Electric Circuits
By James Nilsson

2k

i1
5V

20i1

3v1

v1

25
b

ix

Compute ix and Thevenin and Norton models

M.H. Perrott

21

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