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PYL100 Lec4

1) This document summarizes a lecture on electromagnetic waves and quantum mechanics focusing on electric fields in matter. It discusses how a dielectric material becomes polarized when placed in an electric field, inducing dipole moments. 2) When a dielectric is uniformly polarized, it produces bound surface charges. Non-uniform polarization produces both bound surface and volume charges. The electric field within the dielectric consists of contributions from these bound charges and any free charges. 3) The concept of electric displacement D is introduced, which accounts for both the electric field E and the effects of polarization P. Gauss's law can then be applied using D to determine E in the presence of dielectrics.

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Shabeel HamNaf
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61 views19 pages

PYL100 Lec4

1) This document summarizes a lecture on electromagnetic waves and quantum mechanics focusing on electric fields in matter. It discusses how a dielectric material becomes polarized when placed in an electric field, inducing dipole moments. 2) When a dielectric is uniformly polarized, it produces bound surface charges. Non-uniform polarization produces both bound surface and volume charges. The electric field within the dielectric consists of contributions from these bound charges and any free charges. 3) The concept of electric displacement D is introduced, which accounts for both the electric field E and the effects of polarization P. Gauss's law can then be applied using D to determine E in the presence of dielectrics.

Uploaded by

Shabeel HamNaf
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 19

Welcome to PYL100 course

Lecture-4 on 09/01/2015
By: Rajendra S. Dhaka
([email protected])

PYL100:
Electromagnetic Waves and
Quantum Mechanics
Ch.4: Electric Fields in Matter
1

Effect of uniform polarization: Bound charges


Dielectric material becomes polarized in the E-field
Cartoon representation of
dipoles aligning in an E-field

We measure this effect as the polarization P..


P
Dipole moment per unit volume

Effect of uniform polarization: Bound charges

Now we have two E-fields:


1) External applied electric field.

Dielectric Material
Induce many
dipole moments
2) ``Internal field``
due to the induced Polarization

The Field of a Polarized Object:

Concept of bound charges:


What is the field produced by the induced dipoles?

So we do??.. As we know the field/potential (far


field limit) for a single dipole..

Field Lines &


Potential surfaces for a single dipole

Subdivide the dielectric into infinitesimal


dipoles & integrate
It is easier to work with potential.

What is the field produced by the polarized material?


Subdivide the dielectric into infinitesimal
dipoles & integrate

Integrate by parts using the product rule

Using the Divergence theorem:


5

What is the field produced by the polarized material?


Resembles potentials of surface & volume charges.

with
&
The potential of a polarized dielectric material is the
same as is produced by:
bound
1. Surface charge density
charges
2. Volume charge density
6

This is true for the E-field too since the gradient is a linear operator

Physical interpretation of bound charges:


What is the physical meaning of bound charges?

Consider a long string of dipoles:

Along the line head of one effectively cancels


the tail of its neighbor.
Only two charges at the ends are left.
The net charges at the ends are called
bound charge.
Results from polarization and has E..

How do we calculate the amount of bound charge?


bound charge density
Consider a cylinder of dielectric parallel to P

Bound charge accumulated on right face




A = cross-sectional area of the tube
d = the length of the chunk

Surface charge density

If the slab is cut at angle to the cylinder, the


charge is still the same, but A becomes larger
8

Surface bound charge density


Consider a cylinder of dielectric parallel to P

Since these charges reside on


the surface and are bound to
the dipoles they are called the
bound surface charge.
Physically, the effect of polarization is, to paint
9
bound charge over the surface of the material.

Effect of non-uniform polarization?


strength of the individual dipoles will vary
bound charge will also accumulate inside the
dielectric material, as well as at the surface

10

Effect of non-uniform polarization?


Diverging P results in a pileup of negative
charges within volume.
If the material is uniformly polarized then the
volume charge density is equal to zero
Since the net charge on the polarized material
must be zero, the sum of the volume charges
& surface charges must be equal to zero.
11

Effect of non-uniform polarization?


The net bound charge in a given volume is
equal and opposite to the amount that has
been pushed out through the surface.

This is true for any volume


bound charge.

(Gausss law)

12

Summary: Bound Charges


Effect of polarization = Bound charges
Uniform polarization == Surface bound charges

Non-uniform polarization == Volume bound


charges (also surface charges)
Bound surface charge density:
Bound volume charge density:
Field of a polarized object = produced by a surface
charge of density plus a volume charge of density
First find the bound charges, and then calculate the
fields they produce.
13

Another way of analyzing the uniformly polarized sphere

v Two spheres of charge:


a +ve sphere and a ve sphere
v Without polarization, the two spheres are
superimposed and cancel completely.
v But when the material is uniformly polarized,

the +ve charges move slightly upward and


the ve charges move slightly downward.

v The two spheres no longer overlap Perfectly.


v At the top, there is a cap of leftover +ve charge
and at the bottom a cap of -ve charge.
14

v This leftover charge is precisely the bound surface charge

Field inside a dielectric:


Microscopic field & Macroscopic filed
Microscopic field.. very complicated, will not discuss.
Macroscopic field is defined as the average field over
regions large enough to contain millions of atoms.

The macroscopic field then consists of two parts:


Average field over the sphere due to all charges outside

Average field due to all charges inside


total dipole moment

the integral runs over the


en>re volume of the dielectric.
15

Important points:
Effect of polarization is to produce bound
charges.
Field due to polarization of the medium is the
field produced by these bound charges
Considering all together, we can have field
due to bound charges and field due to (say)
free charges (charges not as a result of
polarization, ex: ions in the dielectric
material).
Within the dielectric,
the total charge density :
16

The Electric Displacement:


Gausss law in the presence of Dielectrics:
For closed surface:

! ! 1
"S E da = 0 Qenc

Qenc= total charge enclosed

within the surface.


0 = permittivity of free space

Lets apply the divergence theorem:


! !
! !
! E da = ( E) d
S

We can also write:


This gives

Qenc = d

! !
( E )d =

( ) d
V
0

= Volume charge
density

! ! 1
E =
0

Finally, we get
This is the Gauss law in differential form17

The Electric Displacement:


Gausss law in the presence of Dielectrics:
Total charge density

(bound +free)

Gauss law

E is the total field inside the dielectric,


not just that portion generated by polarization.

,where
This is the Gauss law for Dielectrics in differential form
(integral form)

The new field D is called the


Electric Displacement.
18

The Electric Displacement & Free Charges:


In situations in which Gauss Law helps, one
can use this new relation to calculate D, and
then to determine E from D, from the free
charges alone.
The use of D turns out to be most helpful
where the polarization is not built in, but
instead is induced by an external applied
electric field.
**Home Work**
Examples: 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3 of Griffiths

19

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