Lesson 1: Network Architecture Standard

Network architecture is the design of a communications network. It is a framework for

the specification of a network's physical components and their functional organization and
configuration, its operational principles and procedures, as well as data formats used in its
operation.
Network is a combination of computer hardware, cabling, network devices, and
computer software used together to allow computers to communicate with each other. A network
is basically all of the components (hardware and software) involved in connecting computers
across small and large distances. Networks are used to provide easy access to information,
thus increasing productivity for users.
Network Component play a major role in designing and maintaining network.

Network Components and Terminology

Data are values of qualitative or quantitative variables, belonging to a set of items. Data
in computing (or data processing) are represented in a structure, often tabular
(represented by rows and columns), a tree (a set of nodes with parent-children
relationship) or a graph structure (a set of interconnected nodes).

Node

is a connection point, either a redistribution point or a communication

endpoint (some terminal equipment). The definition of a node depends on the network
and protocol layer referred to.

Client is a piece of computer hardware or software that accesses a service made

available by a server.

Server is a system (software and suitable computer hardware) that responds to requests
across a computer network to provide, or help to provide, a network service. Servers can
be run on a dedicated computer, which is also often referred to as "the server", but many
networked computers are capable of hosting servers. In many cases, a computer can
provide several services and have several servers running.

Peer is a group of functional units in the same layer of a network, by analogy with peer
group.

Network Adapter / Network interface controller (NIC) (also known as a network

interface card, LAN adapter and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component
that connects a computer to a computer network.

Hub is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to a single network.
Hubs may be based on Ethernet, Firewire, or USB connections.

Switch is a control unit that turns the flow of electricity on or data of in a circuit. It may
also be used to route information patterns in streaming electronic data sent over
networks. In the context of a network, a switch is a computer networking device that
connects network segments.

Router is a device that forwards data packets between computer networks, creating an
overlay internetwork. A router is connected to two or more data lines from different
networks. When a data packet comes in one of the lines, the router reads the address
information in the packet to determine its ultimate destination. Then, using information in
its routing table or routing policy, it directs the packet to the next network on its journey.
Routers perform the "traffic directing" functions on the Internet.

Media / Medium This is how the devices are connected together

Transport protocols occupy layer 4 of the OSI protocol model. The protocols at this
level provide connection-oriented sessions and reliable data delivery services. The
transport layer sits on top of layer 3 networking services.

Bandwidth is a measurement of bit-rate of available or consumed data communication

resources expressed in bits per second or multiples of it (bit/s, kbit/s, Mbit/s, Gbit/s, etc.).

Network Architecture
Most common network architecture types:

Ethernet

is

family

of computer

networking technologies

for local

area

networks (LANs). The Ethernet standards comprise several wiring and signaling variants
of the OSI physical layer in use with Ethernet.

FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) provides a 100 Mbit/s optical standard for data
transmission in local area network that can extend in range up to 200 kilometers
(120 mi).

Token ring local area network (LAN) technology is a protocol which resides at the data
link layer (DLL) of the OSI model. It uses a special three-byte frame called a token that
travels around the ring. Token-possession grants the possessor permission to transmit
on the medium. Token ring frames travel completely around the loop.

Lesson 2: Local Area Network

Local Area Network is a computer network that interconnects computers in a limited area
such as a home, school, computer laboratory, or office building using network media and
the most common form of computer network.

Network Adapter / Network interface controller (NIC) (also known as a network

interface card, LAN adapter and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component
that connects a computer to a computer network.

Wiring / Cabling
Wiring is done for less sophisticated systems and general household gadgets
are connected to electrical line through wiring.
Cabling is done to carry the data in the form of electrical pulses from continents
to continents. The biggest advantage of cabling is that cables are capable of carrying
electrical pulses at lightning speed without incurring any losses during the process.

Hub is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to a single network.
Hubs may be based on Ethernet, Firewire, or USB connections.

Switch is a control unit that turns the flow of electricity on or data of in a circuit. It may
also be used to route information patterns in streaming electronic data sent over

networks. In the context of a network, a switch is a computer networking device that

connects network segments.

Termination Point is the connection of all physical and there technical access
specifications which form part of the public telecommunications network and are
necessary for access to and efficient communication through that public network.

Wiring cabinet is a small room commonly found in institutional buildings, such as

schools and offices, where data / electrical connections are made. While they are used
for many purposes, their most common use is for computer networking.

Network Adapter / Network interface controller (NIC) (also known as a network

interface card, LAN adapter and by similar terms) is a computer hardware component
that connects a computer to a computer network.

Wiring / Cabling
Wiring is done for less sophisticated systems and general household gadgets
are connected to electrical line through wiring.
Cabling is done to carry the data in the form of electrical pulses from continents
to continents. The biggest advantage of cabling is that cables are capable of carrying
electrical pulses at lightning speed without incurring any losses during the process.

Hub is a networking device that allows one to connect multiple PCs to a single network.
Hubs may be based on Ethernet, Firewire, or USB connections.

Switch is a control unit that turns the flow of electricity on or data of in a circuit. It may
also be used to route information patterns in streaming electronic data sent over
networks. In the context of a network, a switch is a computer networking device that
connects network segments.

Termination Point is the connection of all physical and there technical access
specifications which form part of the public telecommunications network and are
necessary for access to and efficient communication through that public network.

Wiring cabinet is a small room commonly found in institutional buildings, such as

schools and offices, where data / electrical connections are made. While they are used
for many purposes, their most common use is for computer networking.

Wireless Networking Components

Wireless Network Adapter

A wireless

network

interface

controller (WNIC)

is

a network

interface

controller which connects to a radio-based computer network rather than a wire-based

network such as Token Ring or Ethernet. A WNIC, just like other NICs, works on the
Layer 1 and Layer 2 of the OSI Model.

Access Point
A wireless access point (AP) is a device that allows wireless devices to connect
to a wired network using Wi-Fi, or related standards. The AP usually connects to
a router(via a wired network) if it's a standalone device, or is part of a router itself.

Ad Hoc Network
Ad Hoc a Latin phrase "for this", a wireless ad hoc network is a decentralized
type of wireless network.[1] The network is ad hoc because it does not rely on a
preexisting infrastructure, such as routers in wired networks or access points in
managed (infrastructure) wireless networks. Instead, each node participates in routing
by forwarding data for other nodes, so the determination of which nodes forward data is
made dynamically on the basis of network connectivity. In addition to the classic routing,
ad hoc networks can use flooding for forwarding the data.

Infrastructure Network
Infrastructure mode wireless networking bridges (joins) a wireless network to a
wired Ethernet network. Infrastructure mode wireless also supports central connection
points for WLAN clients.

Service Set ID
SSID is a case sensitive, 32 alphanumeric character unique identifier attached to
the header of packets sent over a wireless local-area network (WLAN) that acts as a
password when a mobile device tries to connect to the basic service set. (BSS is a
component of the IEEE 802.11 WLAN architecture.)

Lesson 7: OSI Model

The OSI model defines the generic tasks that are performed for network
communication.

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model (ISO/IEC 7498-1) is a conceptual

model that characterizes and standardizes the internal functions of a communications
system by partitioning it into abstraction layers. The model is a product of the Open
Systems

Interconnection project

Standardization (ISO).

at

the

International

Organization

for

Application (Layer 7)
This layer supports application and end-user processes. Communication partners
are identified, quality of service is identified, user authentication and privacy are
considered, and any constraints on data syntax are identified.

Presentation (Layer 6)
This layer provides independence from differences in data representation
(e.g., encryption) by translating from application to network format, and vice versa. The
presentation layer works to transform data into the form that the application layer can
accept. This layer formats and encrypts data to be sent across a network, providing
freedom from compatibility problems. It is sometimes called the syntax layer.

Session (Layer 5)

This

layer

establishes,

manages

and

terminates

connections

between applications. The session layer sets up, coordinates, and terminates
conversations, exchanges, and dialogues between the applications at each end. It deals
with session and connection coordination.

Transport (Layer 4)
This layer provides transparent transfer of data between end systems, or hosts,
and is responsible for end-to-end error recovery and flow control. It ensures complete
data transfer.

Network (Layer 3)
This layer provides switching and routing technologies, creating logical paths,
known as virtual circuits, for transmitting data from node to node. Routing and forwarding
are functions of this layer, as well as addressing, internetworking, error handling,
congestion control and packet sequencing.

Data Link (Layer 2)

At

this

layer,

data

packets

are encoded and

decoded

into

bits.

It

furnishes transmission protocol knowledge and management and handles errors in the

physical layer, flow control and frame synchronization. The data link layer is divided into
two sub layers: The Media Access Control (MAC) layer and the Logical Link
Control (LLC) layer. The MAC sub layer controls how a computer on the network gains
access to the data and permission to transmit it. The LLC layer controls frame
synchronization, flow control and error checking.

Physical (Layer 1)
This layer conveys the bit stream or electrical impulse, light or radio signal
through

the network at

the

electrical

and

mechanical

level.

It

provides

the hardware means of sending and receiving data on a carrier, including defining
cables, cards and physical aspects. Fast Ethernet, RS232, and ATM are protocols with
physical layer components.

Server Roles
Server roles servers can be configured to perform a number of roles. The
applications that the server is running specify the particular servers role. Servers
typically need services and additional features installed to perform its specific role. When
compared to workstations, servers have more disk space and memory and faster
processors. The servers role determines the hardware that servers require.

Active Directory Certificate Services

AD CS starting in Windows Server 2008 provides customizable services for
creating and managing public key certificates used in software security systems that
employ public key technologies.

Active Directory Domain Services

It provides secure hierarchical data storage for objects in a network such as
users, computer, printers and services

Active Directory Federation Services

It provides users with single sign-on access to system and application located
across organizational boundaries. It users a claims based access control authorization
model to maintain application security and implement federated identity.

Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services

It provides flexible support for directory enabled application without the
dependencies that are required for ADDS.

Active Directory Rights Management Services

A form of Information Right Management used on MS WIN the users encryption
and a form of selective functionality denial for limiting access to documents such as
corporate e-mail, word documents, web pages.

Application Server
It provides software application with services such as, data services, transaction
support, load balancing and management of large distributed system.

DHCP Server
A DHCP Server assigns IP addresses to client computers. This is very often used
in enterprise networks to reduce configuration efforts. All IP addresses of all computers
are stored in a database that resides on a server machine.

DNS Server
Domain Name System (DNS) is the name resolution protocol for TCP/IP
networks, such as the Internet. Client computers query a DNS server to resolve
memorable, alphanumeric DNS names to the IP addresses that computers use to
communicate with each other. See more in the DNS Server Overview for Windows
Server 2008.

Fax Server
A fax server is a system installed in a local area network (LAN) server that allows
computer users whose computers are attached to the LAN to send and receive fax
messages.

File Services
Primary purpose of providing a location for shared disk access.

Hyper-V
Codenamed Viridian and formerly known as Windows Server Virtualization
Native hypervisor that enable platform virtualization on x86 - 64.

Network Policy and Access Services

Provides technologies that allow you to deploy virtual private network dial-up net
and 802.11 protected wireless access. It can define and enforce policies for net access
authentication, authorization.

Print and Document Services

Enables you to share printers and scanners on a network, setup prints servers
and scan servers and centralize network printer and scanner management tasks.

Remote Desktop Services

Allows a user to access applications and data on a remote computer over a
network using the Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP).

Web Server (IIS)

Web Server (Internet Information Services) a wed server applications and se tof
feature extension modules created by Microsoft for use with Microsoft Windows.

Windows Deployment Services

A technology from Microsoft for network-based installation of Windows Operating
System successor to Remote Installation Services.

Windows Server Update Services

Previously known as Software Update Service (SUS)

computer program developed by Microsoft Corporation that enables administrators to

manage the distribution of update and hotfixes released for Microsoft products to
computers in a corporate environment.