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RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Revision Assignment
Class 12 Chapter 1
QUESTION 1 (i).In the given

mapping , is f a not a bijection, give reason for your answer .

SOLUTION: In the given mapping f is not a bijection because it is a one-one

one but into
mapping in N
QUESTION 1 (ii).:TheNumber of binary operations on the sset
et {1, 2} are_________

SOLUTION : The number of binary operations on a sset

et of n elements n elementss is n n

The number of binary operations from a set of 2 elements 2 elementss is 22 = 24 = 16ways

16

QUESTION 2(i). If f(x) = x + 7 and g(x) = x 7, x R, find (fog)(7).

SOLUTION: Here, f(x) = x + 7 and g(x) = x 7, x R.
fog(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x 7) = x 7 + 7 = x.
Now, fog(7) = 7

QUESTION 2 (ii).Find the number of all onto functions ffrom

rom the set {1, 2, 3, ... , 10} to itself.
itsel
SOLUTION:.Here , A = { 1,2,3,....,10}
For f to be an onto function , Range of f = A
The number of ways in which n elements can be arranged taken , n at a time = n Pn = n !

The number of ways in which 10 elements can be arranged taken , 10 at a time = 10 P10 = 10!
1

QUESTION 3Show that the Relation R in the set A = { x Z : 0 x 12} is an equivalence

relation. Where the relation R is given by
{( a, b ) : a b is a multiple of 4 } .

SOLUTION: The set A = [ x 2 : 0 x 12] = [ 0,1, 2,......12]

Here, R = {( a, b ) : a b s a multiple of 4 }

a b = 4k or b = a + 4k
(1,5 ) , (1,9 )( 2, 6 )( 2,10 ) , ( 3, 7 )( 3,11)( 4,8 )( 4,12 )( 5,9 )( 6,10 )( 7,11)( 8,12 ) ,
R=

( 0, 0 ) , (1,1) , ( 2, 2 ) , ( 4, 4 ) ,................... (12,12 )

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A relation R is an equivalence relation if it is ,
1. reflexive,
2.symmetric and
3.transitive.

(a) a a = 0 = 4k R is reflexive
(b) If a b = 4k then b a = 4k

a c = a b + b c R is symmetric
(c) When ( a c ) and ( b c ) both are multiples of 4 the ( a c ) is also multiple of 4
R is Transitive
From a, b and c : R is an equivalence relation

QUESTION 4:Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f : R R, given by f (x) =

[x], is neither one-one nor onto, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
equal to x.
SOLUTION: From any integer x to the next integer (x +1), the function value
f (x) = [x] = x
i.e at infinitely many values of x , [x] = x
i.e f(x) is a many one and not a one-one function.
The function[x] = x where x is an integer only and not any real number
Rf = Z, Z being the set of integers.
f(x) is an into function rather than an onto function as R R.
QUESTION 5:
Show that the Signum Function f : R R, given by

is neither one-one nor onto.

SOLUTION
f(x) =1 , when, xR and x>0
just like f(x) =-1 , when, xR and x<0
i.e for infinitely many values of x , f(x) takes the same value
i.e f(x) is a many one and not a one-one function
The function only takes the values : -1, 0 , 1
Rf = {-1,0,1}
f(x) is an into function rather than an onto function as R R.

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QUESTION 6:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function
from A to B. Show that f is one-one.
SOLUTION
f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}f(1) = 4, f(2) = 5, f(3) = 6
i.e points of the domain give rise to a different point in the co-domain
In other words , the second entry of no ordered pair is repeated .
f is a one-one function.
QUESTION 7:
Let A = R {3} and B = R {1}. Consider the function f : AB defined by
x2
f ( x) =
x3
Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
SOLUTION

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x2
; x A = R {3}
x3
Let x = x1andx2 ; x1 , x2 A = R {3}

(i ) f ( x) =

andf ( x1 ) = f ( x)

x1 2 x2 2
=
x1 3 x2 3

( x1 2 )( x2 3) = ( x2 2 )( x1 3)
x1 x2 3 x1 2 x2 + 6 = x1 x2 2 x1 3 x2 + 6
3 x1 2 x2 = 2 x1 3 x2
x1 = x2
=> f is a one-one function.
(ii)Let y= f ( x) =

x2
; y B = R {1}
x 3

x2
x3
xy 3 y = x 2
y=

xy x = 3 y 2
x( y 1) = 3 y 2
x=

3y 2
( y 1)

3y 2
( y 1)
3 y 3 + 1 3( y 1) + 1
1
=
= 3+
as
( y 1)
( y 1)
( y 1)
3 + a Real number 3
Now note that , we may write

3y 2
3
( y 1)
3y 2

A
( y 1)
Thus, to each y B , there corresponds an x A

Thus , f is an onto function

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QUESTION 8:
Let f, g and h be functions from R to R. Show that
(f + g)oh = foh + goh
(f . g)oh = (foh) . (goh)
SOLUTION
Here x R
(i)
(f + g)oh =(f + g)[h (x)]= f[h (x)] + g[h (x)]= foh(x) + goh(x)= foh + goh
(f + g)oh = foh + goh
(ii)(f . g)oh =(f . g) [h (x)] =(f[h (x)] . g[h (x)]) =(foh(x)) . (goh(x))= (foh) . (goh)
QUESTION 9:
State with reason whether following functions have inverse
(i) f : {1, 2, 3, 4} {10} with
f = {(1, 10), (2, 10), (3, 10), (4, 10)}
(ii) g : {5, 6, 7, 8} {1, 2, 3, 4} with
g = {(5, 4), (6, 3), (7, 4), (8, 2)}
(iii) h : {2, 3, 4, 5} {7, 9, 11, 13} with
h = {(2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)}
SOLUTION
(i) f = {(1, 10), (2, 10), (3, 10), (4, 10)}
f(1) =10 , f(2) = 10 ,f(3) =10 , f(4) = 10
For more than one value x there is the same image in the range.
f is a not a one-one function.
Even though the function is onto , it is not invertible
(ii) g = {(5, 4), (6, 3), (7, 4), (8, 2)}
g(5) = 4 and g(7) = 4
For more than one value x there is the same image in the range.
f is a not a one-one function.
R={2,3,4}{1, 2, 3, 4}
f is not an onto function
f is neither one-one nor onto
function does not have an inverse
(iii) h = {(2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)}
h(2) = 7 , h(3) =9 , h(4) =11, h(5) = 13
Different points in the domain have different images in the range
Also, range ={7, 9, 11, 13}= codomain
f is an onto function
f is both one-one and onto
function has an inverse

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QUESTION 10:
Show that f : [1, 1] R, given by f (x) =

x
is one-one. Find the inverse
x+2

of the function f : [1, 1] Range f.

SOLUTION
x
x+2
Let x1 and x 2 [-1, 1] , such that f (x1 ) = f (x 2 )

(i)f : [-1, 1] R, given by f (x) =

x1
x2
=
x1 +2
x 2 +2

x1 ( x 2 +2 ) = x 2 ( x1 +2 )
x1x 2 + 2x1 = x1x 2 + 2x 2
2x1 = 2x 2
x1 = x 2
f (x) is a one-one function.
(ii)Range of f (x)
x
x+2
y ( x + 2) = x
let y =

xy + 2 y = x
xy x = 2 y

f (x) = x( y 1) = 2 y
2y
x=
y 1
Obviously, y 1
Range f = R {1}

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QUESTION 11:
Consider f : R+ [4, ) given by f (x) = x2 + 4. Show that f is invertible with the
inverse f 1 of f given by f 1(y) =( y 4) , where R+ is the set of all non-negative
real numbers.
SOLUTION
f (x) = x2 + 4
Let x1 , x2 R+, such that f (x1) =f(x2)
x12 + 4= x22 + 4
x12 = x22
But, x1 , x2 R+
x1 = x2
f is a one-one function.
Now let y [4, )and
y = x2 + 4
x=( y 4)
y [4, ) and x>0, ie x R+
f is an onto function
f is both one-one and onto
function has an inverse
Its inverse can be obtained as follows
y = x2 + 4
x2 = y -4
x=( y 4)
. QUESTION 12: Let A = Q x Q , Q being the set of rationals . Let * be a binary operation on
A , defined by (a, b) * (c , d) = ( ac , ad + b) . Show that
(i) * is not commutative
(ii) * is associative
(iii The Identity element w.r.t * is ( 1 , 0)

SOLUTION:
(i)

(a, b) * (c , d) = ( ac , ad + b)
(c , d) *(a, b) = ( ca , c b + d) , ( ac , ad + b) ( ca , c b + d)

So, * is not commutative

(ii)

[1 Mark]

Let (a,b ) ( c, d ) , ( e, f ) A, Then

(( a, b )* (c, d)) ( e*f) = (ac , ad + b) * (e,f) = ( (ac) e , (ac) f + (ad+b))
= ( ace , acf +ad +b)
(a,b) ((c,d)* (e,f)) = (a,b) * ( ce , cf +d) = ( a (ce) , a ( cf+d) +b) = ( ace , acf +ad +b)
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(( a, b )* (c, d)) ( e*f) = (a,b) ((c,d)* (e,f))
(iii)

[1 Mark]

Let ( x , y) A. Then ( x , y) is an identity element, if and only if

(x, y ) * (a, b) = (a , b) = (a,b) * (x, y ), for every (a,b) A
(x, y ) * (a, b) = ( xa , xb + y)
(a,b) * (x, y )= ( ax, ay +b )
( xa , xb + y) = (a, b) = ( ax, ay +b )
[1 Mark]
ax = x a = a x = 1
bx + y = b = ay +b b + y = b = ay +b y = 0 = ay y = 0
Therefore , ( 1, 0) is the identity element
[1 Mark]

QUESTION 13:Let '*'be a binary operation on the set { 0,1,2,3,4,5} and

a+b if
a*b =
a+b-6 if

a+b<6
a+b 6

SOLUTION:
*
0
1
2
3
4
5

0
0
1
2
3
4
5

1
1
2
3
4
5
0

2
2
3
4
5
0
1

3
3
4
5
0
1
2

4
4
5
0
1
2
3

5
5
0
1
2
3
4

From the table , the second row and second column are the same as the original set .
0*0 = 0 , 1*) = 0*1 = 1 , 2*0= 0*2 = 2 , 3*0= 0*3 = 3 , 4*0 = 0*4 =4, 0*5 = 5*0 = 5
0is the identity element of the operation *
Now, the element 0 appears in the cell 1*5 = 5*1 =0, 2*4 = 4 *2= 0, 3*3 =0, 0* 0 = 0
Inverse element of 0 is 0, Inverse element of 1 is 5, Inverse element of 2 is 4, Inverse
element of 3 is 3, Inverse element of 4 is 2, Inverse element of 5 is 1.

QUESTION 14

A relation R on the set of complex numbers is defined by

z1 Rz2 =
Show that R is an equivalence relation.

SOLUTION:

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z1 z2
z1 + z2

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z1 Rz2 =

z1 z2
isreal
z1 + z2

(i ) R is reflexive : z1 Rz2 =

z1 z2
z z
R z1 Rz1 = 1 1 = 0, 0 R
z1 + z2
z1 + z1

(ii ) R is symmetric: z1 Rz2 =

z1 z2
z z
R, 2 1 R z2 R z1 R
z1 + z2
z2 + z1

(iii ) R is transitive: Let z1 = a1 + ib1 , z2 = a2 + ib2 , z 3 = a3 + ib3 C ,

such that
z1 Rz2 =

z z
z1 z2
Rand z2 Rz3 = 2 3 R
z1 + z2
z 2 + z3

z1 Rz2 =

z1 z2
R
z1 + z2

( a1 + ib1 ) ( a2 + ib2 ) R ( a1 a2 ) + i ( b1 b2 ) R
( a1 + ib1 ) + ( a2 + ib2 )
( a1 + a2 ) + i ( b1 + b2 )
( a a ) + i ( b1 b2 ) ( a1 + a2 ) + i ( b1 + b2 )
1 2

R
+
+
+
+
+
+
a
a
i
b
b
a
a
i
b
b
(
)
(
)
(
)
(
)
1
2
1
2
1
2
1 2
The imaginary part = ( a1 a2 ) ( b1 + b2 ) + ( b1 b2 ) ( a1 + a2 ) = 0
2 [ a1b2 a2b1 ] = 0 [ a1b2 a2b1 ] a1b2 = a2b1...(i )

Similary, z2 Rz3 =

z 2 z3
R a2b3 = a3b2 ....(ii )
z 2 + z3

Multiplying , (i )and (ii ),

a1b2 a2b3 = a2b1a3b2
CaseI : When b2 a2 0
a1b2 a2b3 = a2b1a3b2 a1b3 = b1a3 z2 R
CaseII : When b2 a2 = 0 z2 = 0 R
R is transitive
The given relation R is (i) Reflexive (ii) Symmetric (iii)Transitive
The given relation R is an Equivalence relation

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QUESTION 15:f: R R Is the function f(x) = 9x 3 injective?
SOLUTION:To check whether the function is injective.i.e1-1,
we need to check whether f(x1 ) = f(x 2 ) x1 =x 2
Here , f(x1 ) = f(x 2 ) 9x13 =9x 23 9 ( x13 - x 23 ) = 0 x13 - x 2 3 = 0
( x1 -x 2 ) ( x12 +x 2 2 + x1x 2 ) = 0
x1 =x 2
the function is injective

10

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