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Samani, Veena S., 2008, A Study of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food

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A STUDY OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

ENGAGED IN FOOD
PROCESSING

THESIS SUBMITTED TO
SAURASHTRA UNIVERSITY FOR
THE DEGREE OF

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
IN
HOME SCIENCE

BY:
VEENA S. SAMANI

Smt. S. B. GARDI INSTITUTE OF HOME SCIENCE,

SAURASHRTRA UNIVERSITY, RAJKOT.
2008

13

STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY PH. D. RULES ORDI. PH.10

I hereby declare that,

The research work presented in thesis entitled A Study of Women

Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food Processing has not been submitted for my
other degree of this or any other university on any occasion.

To the best of my knowledge no work of this type has been reported on the
above subject.

All the work presented in thesis is original and wherever references have
been made, it has been clearly indicated.

15

Counter sign by Guide:

Sign of Research Scholar

Date:

Date:

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This thesis directed and supervised by the candidates guide has been
accepted by the Smt .S.B. Gardi Institute of Home Science, Saurashtra
University, Rajkot in the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
(HOME SCIENCE)
Title: A STUDY OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ENGAGED IN FOOD
PROCESSING.

Candidate: Veena s. Samani.

Guide
Smt, S.B.Gardi Institute of

Head
Smt, S.B.Gardi Institute of

Home Science

Home Science

Saurashtra university

Saurashtra University

Rajokt

Rajokt.

16

ACKNOLEDGEMENT
I am extremely grateful to my guide Dr. Nilambari Dave for providing me
the necessary guidance for my study. I am also very thankful to Dr. A.V.Doshi for
motivating me to undertake research study. Without these two pillars supports
my study would never be able to undertake its present shape.
I hereby thank Dr.Chakrawal, Dr.K. K Khakhkhar, Dr. Manjari Acharya ,
Dr. Hamiksha Rao, Smt Madhuben Thakker, Smt Varshaben Jobanputra, Smt
Bavanaben Sojitra, Shri Mayurbhai Rathod, Shri Mahendrabhai Bharawada, Shri
Nilkanthbhai Jani for proving expertise help. My thanks are also due to Pravin
Pustak

Bhandar, Library of M.V. M. Science and Home Science College ,

Rajkot, M.V.M Arts, Compute, Commerce College, Rajkot, Hansa Mehta Library
Vadodara, W.S.R.C. Vadodara and other Women based Organisation

and

NGOs for proving me all the possible help and co - operation.

I take this opportunity to thank the M.V.M. Science and Home Science
College staff, M. V. M. Arts, Computer and Commerce College staff and S.B.
Gardi Department staff for being helpful in all possible ways. I also thank Dr.
Kinjal Bhatt, Dr. Urvi Trivedi, Dr. Rekhaba Jadeja, Dr.Rajesh Raval, Anajana
Palkar and Raviraj Rajapura for providing their expertise help.
I am sincerely grateful to my family members for being by my side in all
difficult times and motivating me to go on and on. Lastly, I also thanks to my
husband Dr. Suresh Samani, who has acted as a supporting pillar through my
research study. His inspiratio,understanding and support helped boost my spirits
in difficult times.
Thanks to all those who directly or indirectly helped and co-operated in to
my research study.

Date

17

Candidate

LIST OF CONTENTS
NO.

CONTENTS

PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1

Women in India

1.1.1.

Status of Women in India

1.2

Changing Role of Women

1.2.1

Social Role

1.2.2

Economic Role

1.3

Early concept of work

1.4

Economic contribution of Women

1.5

Employment trends among Women

1.6

Understanding Entrepreneurship

10

1.7

Role of Entrepreneurship in Economic Development

13

1.8

Characteristics of Entrepreneurs

15

1.9

Functions of Entrepreneurs

18

1.10

Entrepreneurship among Women

19

1.11

Need for Women Entrepreneurship

20

1.12

Role and Importance of Women Entrepreneurship

21

1.13

Growth of Women Entrepreneurship

22

1.14

Factors Influencing Entrepreneurship

23

1.15

Problems of Women Entrepreneurs

24

1.15.1

Problems at Work

24

1.15.2

Problems at Home

25

1.15.3

Problems with Husbands

26

1,15.4

Problems with Children

26

1.15.5. Socio-Economic Problem

27

1.15.6

27

Personal Problems

1.15.7. Other Strategic Problems

28

1.16

Recent Trends

28

1.17

Statement of Problem

29

18

1.18

Significance of the Study

29

1.19

Operational Definitions

32

1.20

Objectives of the Study

32

1.21

Justification of the Study

33

1.22

Justification of Sample

34

1.23

Justification of Variables

35

1.23.1

Dependent Variables:

35

1.23.2

Independent Variables:

35

1.24

Null Hypothesis

37

CHAPTER 2 : REVIEW OF LITERATURE

2.1

Studies on Status of Women

41

2.2

Studies on Importance of Women Entrepreneurship

43

2.3

Studies on Characteristics of Women Entrepreneurs

48

2.4

Studies on Factors Related to Women

50

Entrepreneurship
2.5

Studies on Motivation of Women Entrepreneurs

52

2.6

Studies on Work and Health

53

2.7

Studies on Work and Stress

54

2.8

Studies on Work and Attitude

56

2.9

Studies on Work and Training

57

2.10

Case studies on Women Entrepreneurs

58

2.11

Studies on Women in Agriculture and Related Work

60

2.12

Studies on Problems of Women Entrepreneurs

63

2.13

Studies on Women Entrepreneurs From Different

68

Regions
2.14

Studies on Women in Food Processing

72

2.15

Comparative Studies on Married and Unmarried

74

Women
2.16

Comparative Studies on Working and Non Working

75

Women
2.17

Benefit Factors by Government

76

2.18

Studies of The International Labour Organization

79

2.19

Conclusion

80

19

CHAPTER3 : METHODOLOGY
3.1

Selection Samples

81

3.2

Development of Tools

84

3.2.1

Covering Letter

85

3.2.2

Background Information

85

3.2.3

Basic Details of Enterprise

85

3.2.4

Information about Raw Materials

85

3.2.5

Information about Facilities

86

3.2.6

Information about Building/ Infrastructure

86

3.2.7

Information about Workers/Employees

86

3.2.8

Information about Finance

86

3.2.9

Information about Production

87

3.2.10

Information about Marketing

87

3.2.11

Information about Account

87

3.2.12

Opinion Scale

87

3.2.13

Information about Experiences

88

3.3

Pilot Study

88

3.4

Validating the Tool

88

3.4.1

Subject Experts

89

3.4.2

Research Experts

89

3.4.3

Sample Experts

89

3.5

Data Collection

90

3.6

Categorization of Variables

92

3.6.1

Success of Entrepreneurs

92

3.6.2.

Problems of Entrepreneurs

93

3.6.3

Education

93

3.6.4

Training

93

3.6.5

Age

94

3.6.6

Religion

94

3.6.7

Marital Status

94

20

3.6.8

Type of Family

95

3.7

Analysis of the Data

95

CHAPTER 4 :RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

96 to178

4.1

178

Hypothesis Testing

4.1.1

Hypothesis 1

178

4.1.2

Hypothesis 2

179

4.1.3

Hypothesis 3

180

4.1.4

Hypothesis 4

181

4.1.5

Hypothesis 5

182

4.1.6

Hypothesis 6

183

4.1.7

Hypothesis 7

184

4.1.8

Hypothesis 8

184

CHAPTER 5 :SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

5.1

Summary

186

5.2

Conclusion

191

5.3

Suggestions For Further Study.

192

5.4

Recommendations

192

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
1

Photographs

Visiting Cards Of Selected Enterprise

Questionnaire A - English Version

B - Gujarati Version

21

LIST OF TABLES
NO.
1
2
3
4

NAME OF TABLES

PAGE NO.

Population by Sex Ratio

Workers by Sex
Percentage of Economically Active Population.
Contribution of Small Entrepreneurs in National
Production
Entrepreneurship in Madras
Employment according to sub Groups
Percentage Of Women Workers To Total In Certain
Industries, Using Or Not Using Power
Implementation of Programme of Crches for
Children

2
7
9
14

9
10

Schemes for Women Empowerment

Types of women entrepreneurs

78
96

11
12

Detailed Type of Food Production

Distribution of Sample According to Geographical
Area
Age of Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Education of Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Marital Status of Selected Women Entrepreneur
Religion of Women Entrepreneurs

97
99

5
6
7
8

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

Women Entrepreneurs from Different Social Strata

Number of Non Earning Members on Selected
Women Entrepreneurs
Type of Family of Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Help of Husband and Family Members in Joint Family &
Nuclear Family

68
72
73
77

100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107

21

(Yearly) Family Income of Women Entrepreneurs

109

22

110

25

(Individual)
Income
of
Selected
Women
Entrepreneurs
Inheritance of Enterprise
Training
Obtained
by
Selected
Women
Entrepreneurs from Various Institutions
Source of Motivation for Selected Women Entrepreneurs

26
27
28
29
30
31

Need to Start Enterprise

Selection of Enterprise
Status before Starting Enterprise
Usefulness of past work experience
Types of Enterprise
Duration of Production Unit

114
115
116
117
118
119

23
24

22

111
112
113

32

Out station Visits due to Work

120

33
34
35
36
37

Method of Purchasing Raw Materials

Storage of Raw Materials
Time and Type of Testing
Prevention to Avoid Spoilage
Issues Regarding Raw Materials

121
121
122
123
124

38

Equipments used for Food Production

125

39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

Types of fuel Used

Ownership of Enterprise Premises
Distance between Residence and Enterprise
Location of Enterprise
Numbers of Workers in the Enterprise
Male and Child Worker
Training given to Workers by entrepreneurs
Days & Hours of Training for Workers by
Entrepreneurs
Stipend during Training Given To Workers by
Entrepreneurs
Method of Training Imparted
Experts for imparting training

126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133

Terms of Appointment of Workers in Enterprise Unit

Number of Units and Site of Production / Work
Numbers of Units and Workers Related Problems
Faced By Entrepreneurs
Duration of the Work at the Enterprise
Means of Transport For Worker
Leave given by entrepreneurs to worker
Bonus given to Workers
Number of Units Engaging Workers in Night Duty
and Female Night Shift
Physical Problems Faced By Workers Due To Work
Investment at Starting Enterprise
Investment at Present

137
138
139

47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67

23

Source of Investment
Loan Details of Entrepreneurs
Sources of Loan
Problems faced to get Loan
Benefits from Government
License, Labeling and Insurance Details of Food
Production
Time of Production

134
135
136

140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154

68
69

Quantity of Production
Use of Additives during the Food Production

155
156

70

Use of Preservatives

157

71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88

Health and Hygiene preferences

Efforts to Upgrade Quality and to Reduce Price
Packaging Details
Area of Marketing
Marketing Network
Advertisement Details
Marketing Problems
Rejection of Food Products
Maintenance of Accounts
Duration of Account
Accounting Methods
(Yearly) Turn Over Detail
Profit Details
Saving Detail
Means of Increasing Income
Means of Sustaining Competition
Opinion about Problems
Difference between economical factors (ANOVA)
On Success
Group wise comparison of Economical factor
Difference between extents of success (ANOVA) On
Success
Group wise comparisons of extent of success
Difference in the influence of education (ANOVA) On
Success
Group wise comparison of influence of education

158
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
178

Difference in the influence of Training (ANOVA) On

Success
Group wise Comparison of influence of Training
Difference in Religion (ANOVA) On Success
Group wise Comparison of Influence of Religion
Difference in Age (ANOVA) On Success
Group wise Comparison of Influence of Age.
Difference in the Influence of Family
Difference in the Influence of Marital Status.

181

89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101

24

179
179
180
180
181

182
182
183
183
184
184
185

LIST OF FIGURES
NO

NAME OF FIGURES

1
2
3
4

Traits of Entrepreneurs.
Entrepreneurial Characteristics.
Distribution of Selected Sample
Types of women entrepreneurs.

Percentage Distribution of Age of Selected Women

Entrepreneurs.
Percentage Distribution of Education of Selected
Women Entrepreneurs.
Percentage Distribution of Marital Status of
Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Percentage Distribution of Religion of Women
Entrepreneurs
Percentage Distribution of Women Entrepreneurs from
different Social Strata.
Percentage Distribution of Number of non Earning on
Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Percentage Distribution of Type of Family of Selected
Women Entrepreneurs.
Help of Husband and Family Members in Joint Family &
Nuclear Family

6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24

25

Percentage Distribution of (Yearly) Family Income of

Women Entrepreneurs.
Percentage Distribution of (Individual) Income of
Selected Women Entrepreneurs.
Percentage Distribution of Inheritance of Enterprise.
Percentage Distribution of Trained and Untrained
Women Entrepreneurs
Percentage Distribution of Trained Women
Entrepreneurs from Various Institutions.
Percentage Distribution of Source of Motivation for
Women Entrepreneurs
Percentage Distribution of Need to Start Enterprise.
Percentage Distribution of Selection of Enterprise.
Percentage Distribution of Status before Starting
Enterprise
Percentage Distribution of Usefulness of past work
Experience.
Percentage Distribution of Duration of Production Unit
Percentage Distribution of out station Visits due to
Work.

PAGE
NO
13
16
82
98
100
101
102
103
104
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120

25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49

Percentage Distribution of Method of Purchasing Raw

Materials.
Percentage Distribution of Storage of Raw Materials
Percentage Distribution of Time Testing
Percentage Distribution of Type of Testing
Percentage Distribution of Prevention to Avoid
Spoilage.
Issues Regarding Raw Materials.
Equipments used for Food Production.
Percentage Distribution of Types of fuel Used.
Percentage Distribution of Ownership of Enterprise
Premises.
Percentage Distribution of Distance between
Residence and Enterprise.
Percentage Distribution of Location of Enterprise.
Percentage Distribution of Numbers of Workers in the
Enterprise.
Percentage Distribution of Male and Child Worker
Percentage Distribution of Training given to Workers by
entrepreneurs.
Percentage Distribution of Days & Hours of Training for
Workers by Entrepreneurs
Percentage Distribution of Stipend during Training
Given To Workers by Entrepreneurs.
Percentage Distribution of Method of Training Imparted.
Percentage Distribution of Experts for imparting
training.
Percentage Distribution of Terms of Appointment
of Workers in Enterprise Unit
Percentage Distribution of Numbers of Units and Site of
Production / Work
Percentage Distribution of Problems of Workers Faced
by Entrepreneurs.
Percentage Distribution of Duration of the Work at the
Enterprise.
Percentage Distribution of Means of Transport for
Worker.
Percentage Distribution of Leave given by
entrepreneurs to workers
Percentage Distribution of Bonus given to Workers.

121
122
123
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144

50

Percentage Distribution of Number of Units Engaging

Workers in Night Duty and Female Night Shift.

145

51

Percentage distribution of Physical problems faced by

workers due to work.

146

26

52

Percentage Distribution of Investment at Start.

147

53
54
55

Percentage Distribution of Investment at Present.

Percentage Distribution of Source of Investment.
Percentage Distribution of Loan Details of
Entrepreneurs
Percentage Distribution of Sources of Loan.
Percentage Distribution of Problems faced to get Loan.
Percentage Distribution of Benefits from Government.
Percentage Distribution of License, Labeling and
Insurance Details of Food Production
Percentage Distribution of Time of Production.
Percentage Distribution of Quantity of Production.
Percentage Distribution of Use of Additives during the
Production.
Percentage Distribution of Use of Preservatives
Percentage Distribution of Health preferences
Percentage Distribution of Hygiene preferences
Percentage Distribution of Efforts to Quality Upgrade
Percentage Distribution of Efforts to and to Reduce
Price
Percentage Distribution of Packaging Details.
Percentage Distribution of Area of Marketing.
Percentage Distribution of Marketing Network.
Percentage Distribution of Advertisement Details.
Percentage Distribution of Media of Advertisement
Percentage Distribution of Marketing Problems.
Percentage Distribution of Rejection (left over) of Food
Products.
Percentage Distribution of Maintenance of Accounts
Percentage Distribution of Duration of Account
Keeping.
Percentage Distribution of Accounting Methods.
Percentage Distribution of (Yearly) Turn over Detail.
Percentage Distribution of Profit Details.
Percentage Distribution of Saving Detail.
Percentage Distribution of Means of Increasing Income.
Percentage Distribution of Means of Sustaining
Competition.
Percentage Distribution of Opinion about Problems.

148
149
150

56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83

27

151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
159
160
160
161
162
163
164
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
176

28

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. WOMEN IN INDIA
Indian women are considered as a source of power (shakti) since mythological
times. The Hindus worship goddesses as mothers. But in reality, women occupy a
back seat to men. Moreover, they are revered as mothers, sisters and other social
bondages. Many poets have imagined womans minds as ocean. The upper layers
of their minds, like those of the ocean, have turbulent waves. But depths are serene
and meditative. Womens minds are essentially steadfast and strong. The truth is
acknowledged by the Bhagvad Geeta wherein Lord Krishna describes his
manifestation in the feminine quality of Medha or higher intelligence.

In spite of these facts, in traditional Indian society women are accorded

inferior status in family hierarchy. The Indian society considered women as
weaker sex. Such sociological and cultural traditions and taboos have kept
women dormant for quiet a long time.

The Sati pratha [woman setting herself fire on the pyre of husband] almost
disappeared, but shameful incidents like female foeticide continue to take place
in our so called developed society. Women continue to face gender bias right
from childhood. Incidences of malnutrition, school dropout, early marriage,
harassment for dowry etc, are significant examples. The male female ratio in our
country has also become a serious issue of concern these days.

69

Table 1
Population by Sex Ratio

No.

Status

Persons

Male

Female

Sex
Ratio

India

1,028,610,328

532,156,775

496,453,556

933

Punjab

24,358,999

12,985,045

11,373,954

876

Rajasthan

56,507,188

29,420,011

27,087,177

921

Nagaland

1,990,036

1,047,141

942,895

900

Assam

26,655,528

13,777,037

12,878,491

935

Gujarat

50,671,017

26,,385,577

24,285,440

920

Maharashtra

96,878,627

50,400,596

46,478,031

922

Kerala

31,841,374

15,468,614

16,372,760

1058

Tamilnadu

62,405,679

31,400,909

31,004,770

987

10

Delhi

13,850,507

7,607,234

6,243,273

821

www. census India. net as on 18-1-2006.

It is quite common in Indian families that the women take up more

responsibilities in bringing up children and maintaining home with love and
affection in a far better way. This aspect of women being the nucleus of the
family is being envied by westerners since they lack such family affirmations. The
task of coordination of various activities in a much useful manner, without
feeling any pinch of it, is being well managed by Indian women in their families.
Child rearing and providing support services at home is till today recognized as
principal function of an Indian woman. The traditional perception of woman as a
homemaker or at the most a helper in the husbands occupation is still prevalent.

70

1.1.1. STATUS OF WOMEN IN INDIA

The historical research and literary writing of the ancient period - Vedic,
Upanishad, Buddhist and Jainism establish the fact that women were educated,
respected and honored. Their status was equal to that of me.

After 300 B. C. women were degraded to a lower status. Her status was
further marred by the practices of polygamy, the pardah [veil], early marriage,
sati and forcible widowhood. They were also denied inheritance to the right of
property.

In 19th century many social reforms in India rose against the evil practices.
From Ram Mohan Roy to Gandhiji, efforts were focused to improve status of
women. In 1829 Sati pratha was abolished and considered to be crime. Widow
Remarriage Act was passed in 1856 and enforcement of monogamy was brought
in 1872.

With globalization and knowledge based society spreading like wild fire in
the world today, the realization of womens crucial role in human development
has been gaining acceptance. Women today face many challenges and will face
newer ones in future. They will now have to face more stringent forms of
competition. They will have to polish their existing skill of wealth creation and
time management to deal with the challenges of 21st century. They will have to
devote more and more time to acquire new skill and knowledge, which now run
the wheels of business and industry in the world.

71

1.2

CHANGING ROLE OF WOMEN

The decades after independence have seen tremendous changes in the

status and the position of the women in Indian society. The constitution has laid
down as a fundamental right the equality of the sexes. It would not be an
exaggeration to say that the recent changes in the status of women in India is not
a sign of progress, but it is really a recapturing of the position that was held by
women in Vedic period. Jayapalan in his book on women studies in 2000
describes the changing roles as follows:

1.2.1 Social Role: Literary and historical research has now established beyond
doubt that the women held a position of equality with men during the Vedic
period. There was a great change in the role of women after 300 B. C. During
this period, son was valued more than daughter. Many young women renounced
their homes and joined the Buddhistic and Jain monasteries. It was also
presumed that one of the reasons for practice of early marriage of girls was to
prevent them from entering monastic life. Girls were married off soon after
puberty. Marriage was an irrevocable union for a woman.

The wave of reformist movement in nineteenth century brought the

changing role of women in the social field. Finally it led to the great emancipation
of the Indian women in the twentieth century. There was a change in the outlook
in society. Many legislative measures were brought about for the protection of
women. The urgency of womens education was felt and thus facilities for the
same were made. Many women leaders created a kind of political awareness
among women which led to a great change in their role. Women even began to
fight against the social evils during this period.

1.2.2 Economic Role: Rural women have always been working in the fields
and farms from time immemorial. They have worked because that was way of

72

life. Similarly women have been working to help their husbands in cottage
industries. They have been working and they now continue to work.

Work in the lives of majority of women is not a matter of self equity.

Changing economic roles and responsibilities of women, particularly among the
poor, make employment/work a matter of economic survival. Male unemployment
or male low earnings resulting due to wage labour and high rates of urbanization
have also meant an increase in the number of married women workers. Low
male wages often impose double responsibilities on married women who need to
substitute the family income through additional home production and work out
side the home.

Womens contribution to household income provides the means to meet

basic survival needs such as food, clothing and shelter. Ultimately, womens
contribution makes possible improvements in the health and nutritional status of
household members.

In the census, married women are often classified as housewives,

weighing the importance of economic contribution they make to the household.
The actual number of economically active married women is much larger than
aggregate level data would indicate.

The great change, however took place when the machines were
introduced. Women were employed in factories. In 1901 as many as 6, 38,000
women worked in factories, mines and plantations, forming 14.5 percent of the
total working force. There was spectacular increase in the employment of middle
class women who were working in secretarial or administrative capacities. More
women were now working as stenographers, clerks, telephone operators and
receptionists; In the educational field also about 15 percents of the teachers at
primary and secondary levels were women. Womens participation in all spheres

73

highlights their changing role and the emerging pattern points towards equality of
sex.

1.3

EARLY CONCEPT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP

In 1951 census, the approach was income based whereas the 1961

census was based on work in terms of time or labour force as per

recommendation of ILO (International Labour Organization). Following the
adoption of work approach in 1961 census, the classification of population was
done into two categories workers and non workers. A person was treated as
worker if he or she devoted more than one hour a day for regular work for a
larger part of the working season or if he or she was employed during any of the
fifteen days preceding the visiting day of enumeration to the household;
(Chandra 2001.)

In 1971 census also, the population was divided into two broad streams of
main activity as workers and non workers. If a person had participated in any
economic activity on any single day during the reference period (one week to the
date of enumeration) was treated as main worker and the rest were treated as
nonworking even if they were engaged in same economic activity partly or wholly
during the year excluding the reference period. The non workers were those who
had not worked at all during the reference year. In other words, the strength of
non workers could be arrived at by subtracting the total strength of main and
marginal workers from the total population.

While formulating the economic aspect for 1981 census, a tracheotomy of

persons into mutually exclusive groups of main workers, marginal workers and
non workers was introduced. Finally, as 1991 census based on the discussions
in the data user conference, it was decided unanimously to follow the concepts
and definitions used in 1981 census including the reference period of one year
for both regular and seasonal activities

74

According to 2001 census, the number of total workers, main and marginal
workers by sex could be seen as under;

Table 2
Workers by Sex
N

India / State

Total Workers

Main Workers

Marginal Workers

o.

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

MALE

FEMALE

275,014,476

127,220,248

240,147813

72,857,170

34,866,663

54,363,078

14,477,286

6,778,235

13,480,566

3,544.508

996,720

3,233,727

India
2
Gujarat
3

Rajasthan

14,695,802

9,070,853

12,841,318

4,595,570

1,854,484

4,475,283

West Bengal

22,388,044

7,093,646

19,494,971

3,528,612

2,893,073

3,565,034

Madhya

16,194,368

9,599,151

14,056,279

5,046,293

2,138,089

4,552,858

Maharashtra

26,852,095

14,321,256

24,416,295

10,331,758

2,435,800

3,989,498

Pradesh

Source: Primary census Abstract; Census of India, 2001

1.4

ECONOMIC CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN

It has been well accepted that women play an important role in economic

welfare of the family. It is generally felt that the role of women in traditional
societies is just confined to the household management based on traditional
values, attitudes and customs. In fact, the family culture in the context of which
early socialization takes place is a very important factor which later on induces or
prohibits womens participation in economic activities of the family. The economic
role of women in the traditional society largely depends upon two important
factors:

Need for augmenting the family income

Opportunities available for participation in such economic activities

Women entering business is comparatively recent phenomenon. By and large
they had confined to petty business and tiny cottage industries. Although more

75

and more women breaking the barriers, most of them still do not find it either
possible or desirable for total involvement in entrepreneurial activities. In India,
marriage is the only career for most women. Even professionally, they have
largely confined their activities to areas such as teaching, office work, nursing
and medicine.

The data given by Ganeshan in 2003 reveals the following important facts
about women employment:

Women constituted 47.62 % (40 crores) of total population in1991

70% women were unemployed and only the remaining were employed

Employed females were almost half the employed males

97% of adult males were employed whereas among adult females

only

38% -a little more than one third were employed. A large number of women
were engaged in unorganized sectors like agriculture, agro based industries,
handicraft, handlooms and cottage industries.

There were more than 2, 95,680 women entrepreneurs according to 1991

census, and claiming 11.2% of total l2.64 million entrepreneurs in India.

The percentage of women self employed in 1981 almost doubled in 1991.

Most of the women were concentrated in low paid skilled, low technology and
low productivity jobs.

The emergence of women on the economic scene as entrepreneurs is a

significant development in the emancipation of women and securing for them a
place in the society, which they have all along deserved. The association of
women with economic enterprises would provide a healing touch in promoting
peace and amity in the strife ridden world of today.

Legally and constitutionally, woman in India enjoy a unique status of equality

with men. They are equal citizens expected to enjoy all the rights and privileges
conferred upon all the people. They are entitled to same fundamental rights as

76

are guaranteed to men. This provision has enabled the government to make
special provision for women, particularly in the field of labour legislations like
Factories Act, Maternity Benefit Act, etc.

Indian women have played an outstanding role in the freedom struggle

and contributed a great deal to the Indian cultural heritage. It is now extremely
significant to see that they are not lagging behind in the process of economic
growth.

1.5

EMPLOYMENT TRENDS AMONG WOMEN

Kar in 2005 compares the data of male and female employment from

1901 to 1981as under:

Table 3
Percentage of Economically Active Population.

No.

Census of India

% of

% of economically

economically

active females

active males
1

1901

61.11

31.70

1911

61.90

33.73

1921

60.52

32.67

1931

58.27

27.63

1941

1951

54.05

23.03

1961

57.10

27.96

1971

52.55

12.73

1981

52.66

19.76

The data shows that there has been a gradual decrease in percentage of
active male as well as female population from 1901 to 1981. Sinha P. makes

77

some observations on the basis of the National Committee Report on Womens

Status.

There was an increase of 7.7 percent in the total employment of female in the
public as well as in private sector by the year 1973.

Women were concentrating in the field of teaching and medicine.

There had been increasing recognition of clerical services as particularly

suited to women.

The women in administrative, educative and managerial group had increased

by 10,000 in 1960 to 12,000 in1966.

In 1970 17% of the professional technical and related workers were women of
which 30.3% were teachers.

In 1967 - 68 the medical workers out of 120,000 doctors including 12,000

were women but there was a great expansion in numbers of nurses and other
medical and health technicians during two decades.

Among clerical works as well as in transportation and communication, the

figures of women participation had gone high.

In public and government sectors the figure of womens employment had

risen from 9, 29,000 in 1971 to 21, and 34,900 in 1973, a percentage increased
from 1.8 to 5.5.

1.6

UNDERSTANDING ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The entrepreneurship has gained a variety of meanings. With passage of time,

the concept and definition have changed. Shelan, Rao P. 2002 assert in this
context wrote that there is total confusion in the mind of theoreticians and
practitioners with regards to entrepreneurship. He further opines that clarity in
this respect would make, specially the Indian organization meet the new
challenges and changes in the wake of liberalization / globalization and
international competitiveness in all sectors and forms of organizations. According
to Hisrich R. (2002) an entrepreneur is an individual who takes risks and starts
78

something new. However, he cites an early example of entrepreneur, Marco Polo

who attempted to establish trade routes to the Far East. A common contract
during this time provided loan to the merchant adventure at 22.5 % rate including
insurance. While the capitalist was a passive risk bearer, the merchant
adventurer took the active role in trading, bearing all the physical and emotional
risks. When the merchant successfully sold the goods and completed the trip, the
profits were divided with the capitalist taking most of them, while the merchant
adventurer settled for the remaining share.

The development of entrepreneurship theory from 17th century can be understood

as under:

1725: Richard Cantillon suggested that as a person bearing risks was different from
the one supplying capital.

1803: Jean Baptisten separated profits of entrepreneur from profits of capital.

1876: Francis Walker distinguished between those who supplied funds and received
interests and those who received profits from managerial capabilities.

1934: Joseph Schumpeter defined entrepreneur as innovator and one who develops
untried technology.

1961: David McClelland said that entrepreneur is an energetic, moderate risk taker.

1964: Peter Drucker opined that entrepreneur is the one who maximizes
opportunities.

1976: Albert Shapero refers to entrepreneurs as one who takes initiative, organizes
some social and economic mechanism and accepts risks of failure.

79

1980: Karl Vesper explained entrepreneurship as different from economists,

psychologists, business persons and politicians.

1983: Gifford Pinchot opines that entrepreneur is an entity within already

established organization.

1985: Robert Hisrich defined entrepreneurship as a process of creating something

different with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the
accompanying financial, psychological, and social risks and receiving the resulting
rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction.

Entrepreneurship in a broader sense can be described as a creative and innovative

response to the environment. Entrepreneur is an innovator who introduces something new
into the economy, a new method of production not yet tested by the experience in branch
of manufacturer concerned, a product with which consumers are not familiar or of new
market ever exploited.

After defining entrepreneur, it is appropriate to focus on what is entrepreneurship.

One who can face up to decision making can learn to be an entrepreneur and to behave
entrepreneurially. Entrepreneurship is a behavior rather than personality trait.
Entrepreneurship may be practiced by big and old business units alike. Further it is not
confined to economic institutions. It extends to all institutions- economic and social and
to ownership patterns: private, public and co operative sector enterprises.

In almost all the definitions of entrepreneurship, there is an agreement that we are

talking about a kind of behavior that includes taking initiative, organizing and
reorganizing of social and economic mechanisms to turn resources and situations to
practical account and accepting risk of failure.
80

Figure 1
Traits of Entrepreneur

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Figure 1
Traits of Entrepreneur

INITIATIVE
TAKING

1.7

ROLE

ORGANISING AND
REORGANISING
MECHANISM

OF

ENTREPRENEURSHIP

ACCEPTING
RISKS OF
FAILURE

IN

ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT
In both developed and developing countries entrepreneurship is a key to rapid
economic development. The role of entrepreneurship in economic development involves
more than just increasing per capita output and income. It includes initiating and
constituting change in the business and society. Thus increasing supply of enterprises
becomes a vital aspect for growth of modern society. The world we live presents a picture
of appalling contrasts. While some countries are immensely prosperous, nearly two thirds
of the population of the world lives on the sub standard income, malnutrition, bad
housing, lack of medicine and illiteracy. Despite stupendous advancement in science and
technology in some pockets of the globe, man is primarily concerned with poverty still
even during last quarter of twentieth century. Thus, ones interest in entrepreneurship
essentially springs out of interest in the economic development of region or nation.

81

India has been a land of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurship has been considered as

one of the essential factors determining the growth of industry in any country. The
history of economic development of all countries whether developing or developed, has
evidenced the fact that entrepreneurs have made a significant contribution in this respect.
The nature and extent of such contribution varies from society to society, and country to
country; depending upon the industrial climate, material sources and the responsibility of
political system; (Yadav, 1999)
Balu V in 1992 quotes that entrepreneurship development is essential for
increasing the production and productivity in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors
and harnessing and utilizing the material and human resources, solving the problem of
unemployment and underemployment effecting equitable distribution of income and
wealth. This in turn increases Gross National Product (GNP) and per capita income and
improving the quality of life. The contribution of small entrepreneurs has been
continuously increasing since 1950. It was also been seen that the number of trained
entrepreneurs was rapidly increasing in every region of India. The data can be seen as
under:
Table - 4
Contribution of Small Entrepreneurs in Total National Production
No.

Year

5 yr Plan

%Of Total Contribution

1951-56

First Plan

16.7%

1956-61

Second Plan

16.6%

1961-66

Third Plan

17.2%

1969-74

Fourth Plan

22.0%

1974-78

Fifth Plan

23.0%

1978-85

Sixth Plan

25.0%

1985-90

Seventh Plan

30.0%

Therefore, it can be concluded that entrepreneurial development is a prime necessity

for diversified industrialization and rapid economic development of the country. Gujarat

82

is first state in the country which spontaneously responded to the development of

entrepreneurship in our country. It is the first state which realized the importance of
entrepreneurship development. Gujarat is the most progressive state in India which
manifested itself in setting up of Entrepreneurship Development Institute in Ahmedabad
in 1970 in collaboration with following state level institutions:

GIDC

Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation.

GSIC

Gujarat State Industrial Corporation.

GIIC

Gujarat Industrial Investment Corporation.

GSFC

IDBI

Gujarat State Finance Corporation.

Industrial Development Bank of India.

Entrepreneurship is thus a human activity which plays a major role in economic

development. At the centre of process, man stands as an organizer of the resources as
worker and as the user of goods produced. Of these roles, the organizers function is very
important. Without him, the resources of production remain idle and can never become
products or services. This signifies the importance of entrepreneurship in economic
development.

The association with the attributes of the entrepreneurship and economic

development is very close. The relationship between entrepreneurship and economic
development is similar relationship between cause and effect.

1.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF ENTREPRENEURS

83

If one looks into the characteristics of entrepreneur it represents a special type of

person and everybody cannot become an entrepreneur. But this impression does not give
a cent percent correct picture of entrepreneurship. Nonetheless an entrepreneur would
certainly be different from non entrepreneur in terms of his psychological and social
dispositions. However he/she does not need to have all these characteristics together. This
does not mean that an entrepreneur cannot be successful without some of these
characteristics. Without possessing many of these characteristics, an entrepreneur with
strength in creative abilities may succeed.
Verma 1960 while describing an entrepreneur mentions the following
characteristics of entrepreneurs:
Entrepreneur is energetic, resourceful, alert to new opportunities, able to adjust to
changing conditions and willing to assume risks involved in the change.

He/She is interested in advancing technologically and in improving the quality of

product.

He/She is interested in expanding the scale of operations and reinvests earning.

Histrich in 1992 describes entrepreneurs characteristics in three categories
Figure 2
Entrepreneurial Characteristics

Technical Skills

An
Entrepreneur

Business
Management
Skills
84

Personal
Entrepreneurial
Skills

Technical skills: Writing, oral communication, monitoring environment, technical

business management, and technology know how, interpersonal, listing, ability to
organize, network building, coaching, being a team player.

Business Management Skills: Planning and goal setting, decision making, human
relations, marketing, finance, accounting, management, control, negotiation, venture
launch, managing growth.

Personal Entrepreneurial Skills: Inner control, discipline, risk taking, innovative,

change oriented, persistent, visionary leader, ability to manage change.

Entrepreneurial Development Institute of India at Gandhinagar describes the

entrepreneurial competencies as under:

Initiative: Entrepreneurs displaying this competency undertake a task even before

being asked or forced to circumstances. Such an initiative taking capability impacts
efficiency and becomes basis of sustainable competitive advantage.

Seeking and Acting on Opportunities: By their very nature successful entrepreneurs

intensify their access to resources, opportunities, finance, land and equipments. They
have this unique entrepreneurial ability that helps them seize unusual opportunities.

Persistence: An important competency that makes all entrepreneurs repository of gift

and perseverance. Obstacles do not dishearten such an entrepreneur and he continues
making efforts to emerge victorious out of problems.

Information Seeking: The presence of competency lends him a deterministic

attitude. He identifies various sources of information and ensures a continuous
information flow in order to maximize the success of the organization.

85

Concern for High quality of Work: The primary endeavor of entrepreneur with
such a competency is to beat the existing standards of excellence. It is his concern for
high quality of work that gives him a sense of satisfaction and achievement.

1.9 FUNCTIONS OF ENTREPRENEURS

An entrepreneur is one who carries out the whole set of activities of the
business. The functions of an entrepreneur are co-ordination of the business
management of the enterprise, risk taking, controlling the enterprise, innovation
for change, motivation and other related activities. He/she has to react to new
ideas, demands and exploit the opportunities. He/she is expected to perform the
following functions; Desai 2003.

Assumption of Risk: - An entrepreneur assumes all possible risks of

business including possibilities of change in tastes of consumers, techniques
of production and new invention. An entrepreneur tries to reduce the
uncertainties by his initiative, skill and good judgment.

Business Decisions: - The entrepreneur has to decide the nature and type
of goods to be produced. He enters a business that according to his
knowledge is optimally profitable. He uses his skills and ideas to take best
decisions for development of his business.

Managerial Functions: - An entrepreneur formulates plans, arranges

finance, purchases raw materials, provides production facilities, organizes
sales and assumes task of personal management. In a large establishment,
paid personnel do these functions.

Function of Innovation: - An entrepreneur is the one who conceives ideas

for improvement in quality and quantity of business. He continuously remains
informed about innovations and tries to apply them whenever wherever
possible.

86

1.10

ENTERPRENURSHIP AMONG WOMEN

Entrepreneurship has been defined differently depending on and in tune

with the changing ethos of socio-economic reality. Nowadays, greater importance

is being ascribed to women entrepreneurs as a part of policy by government and
other agencies. Women represent 50 percent of worlds population and account
for two third of total working hours. They received about ten percent of the
worlds income and own less then one percent of the worlds assets. Against this
backdrop, women entrepreneurs need a special treatment as they have to fight
against heavy odds and belong to the largest disadvantaged group in the
country; ( Vinze, 1987.)

As a result of industrialization, urbanization and democratization, the

women in India are moving towards emancipation and are seeking gainful
employment in various fields. Moreover, in such a transitional phase, heavily
loaded with tradition, the Indian women find it increasingly difficult to adjust
themselves to the dual role that they have to play as traditional housewives or
mother at home front and compete with her men folks in the field of business and
industry. Women have equal opportunities and rights as men. In such a situation,
it is essential to identify suitable technology which will enable the woman to play
her role as an effective entrepreneur without disturbing her priorities.

The circumstances in which a woman entrepreneur has to operate in our

society must receive recognition. Some of the problems faced by women are not
the same as an ordinary entrepreneur would face. Thus, it is necessary to take
into account such factors which only women entrepreneurs have to face.

87

1.11 NEED FOR WOMEN ENTREPRENUESHIP

Woman entrepreneur is entitled to necessary backup support of
specialized and experienced persons. The need for providing proper environment
for entrepreneurship is of vital importance. Desirable qualities may be developed
by training. To change the social and economic structure of our country and to
uplift the disadvantaged section of the society like women, greater emphasis is
needed on entrepreneurial development.

Human resources, both men and women, of working age constitute the
main strength of economic development of a nation. Women form an important
segment of the labour force and the economic role played by them cannot be
isolated from the framework of development. The role and degree of integration
of women in economic development is always an indicator of womens economic
independence and social status.

Soundarapandian in 1999 quotes the words of Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru

When women move forward, family moves and the village moves and the nation
moves. Employment gives economic independence to women. Economic
independence paves the way for social status. Moreover, women have become
an integral part of the industrialized society. A woman must supplement the
income of the family through whatever skill she possesses or has acquired .The
present inflationary pressures warrant women to join the male members of the
family for securing substantial livelihood.

According to Rani in 1996 entrepreneurship seems to be ideal for women

seeking participation in the countrys economic development because of certain
factors. Emergence of entrepreneurship is considered to be closely linked to
social, cultural, religious and psychological variables.

88

1.12 ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN ENTREPERNEURSHIP

Women are trying their level best to attain quality of opportunity in various
ways which are different over the time and among societies. Women
entrepreneurship enables to pool the small capital resources and skill available
with women. It paves the way for fuller utilization of capital and also mobilizes the
female human potential.

Entrepreneurship is suitable to women and it is possible to do work when

she has free time. Self-employed women has no restrictions and time bound
work which makes it easy for her to manage the responsibilities of work, home
and child at a time. Secondly, it is convenient for women to be in control of a
small business. This pattern of working in small business suits her dual role. With
this, there is a growing realization that the strength of a country is in the small
business.

Women entrepreneurs today have their own opinion, are self assured,
able to withstand all risk and are efficient managers. In spite of dual
responsibilities, many women plan their lives very skillfully and succeed in filling
these dual roles in a smooth way. The experience gained outside her home
enables her to enrich family relationships through new outlook on tradition in a
changing world. By continuously seeking connection with the world of science
and culture, she can become a better organizer and help to promote growth.

Blessed with these qualities and creative urges women can contribute
significantly to economic productivity of the nation. They can take lead in bringing
ethics in business and human approach in social economic relation and make
this world a better place to live.
Though women represent almost half the humanity, their contribution to
leadership and management is much less. Time has come for women to come
out of the drudgery of house work and give vent to their creativity and
entrepreneurship.

89

1.13 GROWTH OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEUSHIP

In advanced countries like U. S. A., there has been a substantial increase
in the employment of women but the last decade has seen the number of self
employed women increase by 69 percent of women compared to 13 percent
increase in the number of self employed men.

The need of the present day in our country is to promote development in

such a way that the first and foremost priority is given to womens skill
development and education. Women have plunged into the field of small
enterprises as entrepreneurs. During last two decades, India has been
successful to a great degree in fostering the growth of small industries, through a
package of support measures at various levels. They include policy, finance,
infrastructure, training and facility services.

Self employment was encouraged by providing a package of services

such as training, credit, marketing and general guidance for those who desired to
launch self employment ventures. Requisite information and facilities were to be
provided with help of one window approach. Of late a number of organized
attempts have been made to help to groom women as potential entrepreneurs.

The promotional agencies are firmly determined to turn the smoldering fire
in to flames. Thus, with the active support of the promotional agencies and the
good family occupational background, women entrepreneurship among the fairly
well educated women is rapidly increasing and it is expected to develop in every
nook and corner of the country in years to come.

Women entrepreneurs are being helped in identifying and implementing

the newly conceived projects. Term loans are provided by financial agencies on
liberal grounds. A new package of concessions, incentives and subsidies for
promotion and development of women entrepreneurs have been introduced.

90

Special incentives are being offered to women entrepreneurs by some states

preference is given only to those women entrepreneurs in selection for
entrepreneurial training who have fair background of education, special aptitude
for entrepreneurial training, experience of business and craft ventures, trading
and business, family background, etc.; (Yadav 1999.)

1.14 FACTORS INFLUENCING WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Several women are becoming entrepreneurs especially the middleclass
women due to pull and push of traditional and changing values. Under the pull
factors, the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge as an
adventure with an urge to do something new and have an independent
occupation. Under the push factors women take up business enterprises to get
over financial difficulties when responsibility is thrust on them due to family
circumstances. Some women possess essential qualities such as, ability to
manage details, dedication to work they take up, tolerance and kindness towards
people. There is also a group who think that women are more capable of facing
risk and absorbing misfortunes than men.

But the fact remains that there are fewer women industrial entrepreneurs,
struggling to establish and run their industries. The task therefore is to develop
strategies for bringing more women into the entrepreneurial arena and provide
them organized support; (Sundaran 1998.)

1.15 PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

The problems that present day working women face can be traced back
through history to the Neolithic times when a division of labour already existed on
the basis of sex. In those days also, men hunted and women gathered roots and
fruits. The womens capacity to give birth, a capacity that men lacked, quite

91

naturally gave women a prominent place in the early agricultural society. So, at
this time women and men were already doing different kinds of work, but women
were not apparently subordinates to men.

Women are conditioned with the multiple responsibilities. They want to be

efficient workers and try hard to fulfill the job duties. At the same time they want
to be good wives, good mothers and better home managers. She wants to
maintain her status in the society and be respected by the other members of the
family. Her sincerity towards all the responsibilities is itself a cause of trouble.
However, the problems of women entrepreneurs can be briefly discussed in
following areas:

1.15.1 Problems at Work: The major problems faced by employed women were
reported to be heavy work load, irregular payment, and lack of guarantee of
work, lack of maternity benefits, health problems and absence from home. Quite
often deferred payment was the routine feature of the working conditions of
women. Employers dodged payments on several grounds. Employers are always
circumspect that if women were paid wages daily and easily, they may not get
their assured services on the subsequent day.

Besides working women have to face discrimination on the work front

also. While they may receive equal pay with their male colleagues for equal work
but at times of promotion to higher posts, few women in all walks reach top
promotions. This is so because of two reasons. One is the age old prejudice
against females. Secondly, only a few women get the required technical and
industrial training needed for the higher posts. Freedom of movement of the
working women is also restricted. She is allowed only to go to the place of work
.If she is late by half an hour she is answerable. She is not allowed to go
elsewhere alone. If she wants to go she is accompanied by younger sister- inlaw or some one else.

92

However, there are some special problems related to being female in a

male dominated work force. Firstly, the major problem area is gender. If women
choose to be direct, assertive and efficient in their approaches to work, they are
often labeled unfeminine or aggressive. Co-workers believe that feminine is
synonymous with sweet, passive, indirect, and manipulative. The traits of
rationality, calmness, sensitivity and assertiveness traditionally have been viewed
as positive and desirable for a female employee.

1.15.2 Problems at Home: Women feel that the amount of work they have to
undertake in their homes is quite taxing as they have to attend to multifarious
types of works. If they have to seek employment besides their domestic
commitment, it would mean a tremendous burden of work on them.

Indian female workers still operate under certain limitations and hardships.
One of the most common problems faced by a woman is the dual role she has to
play on the domestic front and work place. Particularly, the married woman
working with small children find this dual responsibility a cause of great mental
and physical strain. For them the working hours are long-eight hours at the place
of employment and at least four hours at home.

Usually husband and sometimes even the in-laws do not extend any help in
the household chores. If it is a joint family the mother in-law or the sisters- in-law
feel that they work for the whole day in the house when she is in the office. Now it
is her turn to work .If she is with her husband or children they feel that she is not
sharing their work. They often criticize and abuse her.

But in some households working it self is a cause of problems. The women feel
the guilt of neglecting the duties of a housewife. They try to put in more and more
efforts at home .She takes extra care to satisfy her and the family. This in turn
may result in health problems, depression and decreased work output.

93

1.15.3 Problems with Husbands: Some men may gradually withdraw from work
in case their wives are working. They tend to leave all the responsibilities of
running the house on them. In the beginning a woman does not mind, but
gradually she realizes the burden. He graciously gives a little money on specific
demands and argues that after all she is earning and that she could run the house
on her own. Moreover he takes pride that he is not dabbling in her dealings.

Some women often complain that they are misunderstood. Due to

exhaustion, they could not respond to the husbands sexual needs They may be
alleged to have illegitimate relations with some colleagues or boss. They are
inhumanely treated, tortured and even beaten. Women feel hurt by such
humiliating actions of the husbands, especially when their integrity is questioned.

1.15.4 Problems with Children: When the mother is working, children also feel
that they are neglected and not properly looked after. They do not enjoy facilities
the other children enjoy. They have to let go many things and in addition have to
do some work at home to help the mother. When the mother is tired and gets
angry, they feel they are missing the mothers love. They get disappointed. The
working mother, feeling guilty, tries to compensate them in other ways. She would
bring some sweets or toys for the children. The children after some time know the
weakness of the mothers mind. They start bargaining and demanding things
every now and then. As long as mother can afford, she goes on satisfying their
demands. It spoils the children and distorts their responsibilities.

1.15.5 .Socio-Economic Problem: For the major part of the day the woman is
working in the office or work place. After coming back she is busy with house work
and her family. She has no time left to maintain relations with neighbors, friends
and relatives. She is not able to visit them freely and spend time with them or join
them in common programs. Even she is not able to go to their help when they
need especially at time of illness, marriage, death or other occasions. They feel

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hurt and criticize her as becoming arrogant due to her earnings and say that she is
not the only woman to work.

The great majority of the working women have to handover their salary to their
husbands or in-laws. They are not supposed to manage their own income. The
amount is spent in home management. In some cases they are not given even
pocket money or the amount to buy things for her personal use. She has to
demand and is given some money as a grace granted to her.

1.15.6. Personal Problems: The working woman has no time left for her own.
She needs rest. She wants to think for her problems or future. She wants to read
and write, she wants to do some activities of her interests, or involve in creative
arts. At times she feels to be on her own not disturbed by any body. There is no
free time for her .She cannot afford to be moody.

In all these worries the woman has no time left to look after her health. Still,
however she has to take care of her health to keep her physically fit to work. She
has to take nourishing food and proper treatment when needed. Again due to hard
work and over burdened by responsibilities she gets into rapid aging effects. To
cope up with these and maintain her charm she has to take help of cosmetics and
beauty parlor.

1.15.7. Other Strategic Problems: The problems faced by women can divide
into three major parts- Project formulation, project implementation and project
operation; Vinze, 1987. In phase of project formulation, women often get lost while
selecting product. The failure to relate the product to own background is another
common error in product selection. Poor technical assistance, choice of location,
absence of market analysis, false fixed investment decision and low equity base
are some other problematic areas. In case of project implementation women may
make wrong machinery, may be misguided by promotional agencies or the women
herself may lack entrepreneurial competence. In this stage, she may face

95

problems with marketing, production planning, and working capital or with

entrepreneurship development institutes or agencies.

1.16 RECENT TRANDS

Promotion of women entrepreneurs requires a multi pronged approach.
Women should be motivated to come out of their traditional occupation for
accepting

more

challenging

and

rewarding

activities.

Concurrently

an

environment should be prepared to enable their participation. Banks and other

financial institutions must provide credit to women entrepreneurs on both priority
basis and concessional terms. The problems of women in economic field have
received great attention of international bodies in recent years. In India, several
institutional arrangements have been made to protect and develop women
entrepreneurship .Though there has been a positive growth in women
entrepreneurship, more and more encouragement and support needs to be
provided to them. This would certainly enhance their socio-economic status
which is a prerequisite for economic development. Gujarat has been recognized
as a land of traders and businessmen since ancient times. Yet no systematic
efforts appear to have made in developing these qualities, until setting up of
Centre for Entrepreneurship Development (CED) in 1970. The centre has
conducted more than 40 programs and trained over 800 women. Many Gujarati
women have engaged themselves in variety of enterprises out of which food
processing is a major one.

The department of food has been imparting training to women through its
community canning and processing centers as well as mobile extension units.
The growth of food processing industry generally also brings about increased
opportunities for employment of women as packaging; quality control and
marketing operation in this industry are specially suited for women.

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Majority of women in Gujarat have expertise and unique skill of preparing

and processing food. Moreover the need to get involved in the income generation
processes motivates many women to take up food processing as an enterprise.
The women in this industry face different issues and problems than other working
women. Thus, a study focused on women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing would be of great significance.

1.17 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The above discussion on various aspects of women and entrepreneurship
leads the researcher to conduct a study entitled

A STUDY OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ENGAGED IN FOOD

PROCESSING
1.18 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The present study entitled Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food
Processing deals with studying and understanding a sample of women
entrepreneurs from Rajkot city who are engaged in food processing. The findings
and conclusions of the study will be of great help in variety of ways.

The present study will throw light on a specific section of the working class
the women engaged in food processing. Women have been taking up variety of
careers and sources to earn income. Days have gone when they were confined
to four walls doing only household chores. Women, in addition to the stereotyped
ones, have readily accepted these days challenging careers. One such work is
food processing. Many women have been found to use their skills and knowledge
about food in productive ways by engaging in food processing. The food
processing may be of different types and quantity, but these enterprises have
been found to be great success whether attached with home or not. They have

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obtained a great acceptance among the general masses. Most of the women
have parallel household responsibilities. Thus, they adopt unique approach and
attitude towards their own work. The present study will help to understand this
approach and will throw light on their knowledge, attitude and practices and
problems. It will be of great importance as a contribution to database on working
women. It will point out as to how these women differ with respect to other
working women. The database will be useful in formulating policies and programs
for working women. It will show what they need and thus create a base for
program planning for government and non government agencies working in the
area of women welfare.

The study on women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing is of

great significance to the subject of Home Science. Home science aims at overall
development

of

women.

This

can

be

largely

achieved

by

economic

independence. Starting and developing an enterprise may be related to food or

not, is a great challenge in itself. Thus, a study on women who have undertaken
such tasks will be of great motivation to others. It will direct others how to use
ones skills and expertise in creative manner. In addition to these aspects, it also
becomes important to know how they manage their work and home
simultaneously. These management practices are like foundations of Home
Scientists and ray of light for others.

Since time immemorial women have been looked upon as homemakers

responsible for household work and child rearing. The idea of women
undertaking business and earning on her own is difficult to accept for the majority
of the portion of the society. Thus, studies on women entrepreneurs will become
an example of what women can do, what they are doing and how. It will be able
to overcome the stereotype misconceptions about women. This conceptual
clarity will help the women to obtain better acceptance, respect and support in
society. It will provide motivation to initiate for beginners and to expand for those
already in it. Such a study will prove the fact that women are successful

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managers not only for home but for business as well. The society will look upon
such women as ideals and will be forced to reconstruct their notions about
working women.

The demand for ready made food items has increased. Due to
globalization and higher exposure to the media, people have become aware of
the nutritious and healthy diet. More and more people are inclined toward
readymade food available in the market as they not only save time and efforts
but choice available also increases. People can opt for supplemented foods, nonseasonal foods or food unavailable in own regional area when they choose to
use readymade food items. Foods which are prepared traditionally by women in
groups are considered to be very close to homemade foods. People prefer to eat
papad, khakhara, pickles and many such items made by women professionally.
Therefore the women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing occupy a
special place in food unit. Their importance and contribution can be understood
by studying groups of such women. The study in the present research format is
an effort to better understand groups of such working women and their
contribution/ role in food processing unit. Women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing being an integral part of food processing unit assumes great
importance automatically and thus studying it becomes equally important.

1.19 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

Success of Entrepreneurship
The success of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing

industry was considered in terms of the following only:

1. Number of years of enterprise
2. Number of employees
3. Income from the enterprise

99

1.20 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

To find out the impact of economic factors on women entrepreneurship

development in food processing activity.

To find out the extent to which women entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing have been successful in entrepreneurship.

To find out the relationship between entrepreneurship of women engaged in

food processing activity and education, training, religion, age, type of family
and marital status.

To know about the problems faced by women entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing work.

To know the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing.

To know how far financial and other assistance provided by government are
helpful to women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector.

1.21 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Today, women have not only safely entered into job situations, but have
also immersed as professionals and executives in many fields. They have
found acceptance in the family as well as society. With this background, their
entry into fiercely competitive business world has a great challenge. Thus, a
study on women entrepreneurs will throw light on their status and problems in
specific. The research will be helpful in following ways

Women will be aware about benefits received by entrepreneurs from the

government.

They will be aware of labour laws and womens rights.

They will get information about nutrition which in turn will improve the
nutritional and health status of their families.

100

They will never compromise with quality of food and thus better foods will be
made available.

Problems faced by women workers will be solved with better communication.

The percentage of unemployment of women would decrease.

To know the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing.

To know how far financial and other assistance provided by government are
helpful to women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector.

This study may be helpful to the government officials, policy making and
other governmental and non governmental agencies which are functioning for
development of women entrepreneurship. This may be helpful for women
entrepreneurs themselves for developing their business into successful
enterprises.

1.22 JUSTIFICATION OF SAMPLE

The researcher had selected a sample of 300 women of Rajkot city, who
were engaged in food processing activities for the study. All of them were
entrepreneurs producing processing or packing different types of food items. The
distribution was done in five categories with 60 women in each category. The
categories were papad making, khakhara and thepla making. Dry and wet
snacks making, tiffin service, catering and canteen and others.

The food

processing activities can fall in organized and unorganized sectors. Most of them
are small units run by an individual or a group of individuals. Food production and
processing largely remains a bastion of women only. Other areas of business
may have male and female working on parallel grounds but till today food is in
female domain .Women seem to possess a special expertise skill for cooking and
have their own unique ways of processing the food items .Thus when women
themselves commercialize the food stuff/eatables they make, it will always be a
successful venture. Therefore, it can be said that women in food processing

101

occupy an important position among all other women working in unorganized

sectors.

The researcher selected 300 women from all the major categories of food
processing in which women entrepreneurs of Rajkot city were engaged. The
sample was selected from all major geographical areas of Rajkot in order to
obtain a comprehensive picture of women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing industry. Therefore, the selection of 300 women entrepreneurs, from
among the five categories, as the sample for the present study is justified.

1.23 JUSTIFICATION OF VARIABLE

The present study on women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing
included the following dependent and independent variables.

1.23.1 Dependent Variable:

Success of Entrepreneurs
The above factor is influenced by various aspects of entrepreneurs. Its values

may vary and change depending on other factors. It being dependent on other
variables is selected as dependent variables for the study.

An entrepreneur would become successful or unsuccessful depending on

the co operation she gets from family members, the availability of skilled and
trained workers, the demand for product they produce, competition faced and lot
of others. Two entrepreneurs getting the same facilities and market may not be
equally successful due to other influencing factors. Therefore, success of women
entrepreneurs engaged in food processing activities depends on other factors.

102

1.23.2 Independent Variables:

1. Education
2. Training
3. Religion
4. Age
5. Type of Family
6. Marital status

Education: The educational level of women itself affects the work they are
engaged in. More educated women may tend to handle their work more
systematically and scientifically. In case of women entrepreneurs, education
may be helpful in terms of managing resources, planning, dealing with
employees, searching for appropriate market for their product, budgeting, etc.
The type and level of education possessed by the entrepreneur may make
her more competitive and confident. It also tends to influence the problems
and success of the women entrepreneurs. Thus education of women is
selected as an independent variable for the present study.

Training: Training obtained by the entrepreneur and her employees

influences the quality of the product they produce and the time taken to
produce the same. Trained workers are more skilled and possess the detailed
knowledge of the work they do. They are also faster and more systematic
than their untrained counterparts. Thus, training influences the entrepreneurs
work to a great extent and therefore its selection as an independent variable
for the present study is justified.

Religion: The religion of an entrepreneur may influence the work they do, the
knowledge they possess and the attitude they own. Women entrepreneurs
may differ according to their religion, it may also happen that due to
globalization and secularism women of different religions may have started to

103

follow similar lifestyle. In such cases their religion may not influence the work
they do. Thus, it becomes important in the present study to find out whether
religion influences the work of the women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing, their problems and their success.

Age: Age is also one of the important influencing factors. Entrepreneurs at

young age may be more energetic and active. They may be able to handle
more stressful conditions. On other hand older entrepreneur possess more
experience of work as well as life. Thus, they can make better decisions after
analysis. Older entrepreneurs may be more resourceful than younger ones.
Hence, to find out how age of the entrepreneur influences their success
becomes necessary for this study.

Type of Family: The type of family of the women entrepreneurs also has a
significant effect on their work. Those living in joint families are more
responsible and accountable to work. On other hand, women from nuclear
families may have more freedom to set their own schedules and priorities.
Therefore, type of family is selected as an independent variable for the study
on women entrepreneurs.

Marital status: Marital status also influences the work of women. Unmarried
women may have more freedom; married women may have more resources
whereas divorced women may be emotionally weaker. The marital status of
the women influences the attitude they have and the style of work they adopt
therefore, the present study incorporates marital status as an independent
variable for the study.

104

1.24 NULL HYPOTHESIS

1. There will be no significant difference in the economic factors influencing
development of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing.
2. There will be no significant difference in the extent of success of selected
women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing activities.
3. There will be no significant difference in influence of education on selected
women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector.
4. There will be no significant difference in influence of training on selected
women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.
5. There will be no significant difference in influence of religion on selected
women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing work.
6. There will be no significant difference in influence of age on selected
women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.
7. There will be no significant difference in influence of type of family on
selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.
8. There will be no significant difference in influence of marital status on
selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.

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29

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF
LITERATURE

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
The researcher undertook research on women entrepreneurs engaged in
food processing industry. For this purpose 300 women from five different
categories of food processing were selected as sample. Efforts were made to
refer to maximum possible literature related to the research study. This would not
only provide a picture of the studies done in this area but would also be helpful
for the researcher to formulate the research design.

The researcher visited the following institutes to get the related data:

District Industries Centre (D I C)

Bahumali Bhavan
First Floor, Block No. 1 & 2.
Near Race - course,
Rajkot.

Gujarat State Financial Corporation [ GSFC]

Near Race - course,
Ring Road,
Rajkot.

Gujarat Industrial Investment Corporation (GIIL)

Near Race - course,
Ring Road,
Rajkot.

Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC)

Navsarjan,
Gondal Road
Rajkot .

106

Gujarat Small Industries Development Corporation (GSIC)

15/A, Madhapar Industrial Estate,
Jamnagar Road,
Rajkot.

Gujarat Women Economic Development Corporation

(G.W.E.D.C.)
Samaj Suraksha Department
3rd Floor, Bahumali Bhavan,
Rajkot.

Center For Entrepreneurship Development (C.E.D.)

Parjiya Chambers,
Dhebar Road,
Rajkot.

Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India (E.D.I.)

8, Saurashtra Kala Kendra Society,
Opposite Nirmala Convent School
Rajkot.

Mahila Samakhaya
Shardanagar Society,
University Road
Rajkot.

Aanandee (N.G.O.)
173, Raviratna Society,
University Road
Rajkot,

107

The research reviews are further divided into subgroups according to the
subject of research.

2.1

STUDIES ON STATUS OF WOMEN

Status of Women has kept changing since ancient times. Status of

women depended on various parameters, such as caste, place of work and

society. Different studies on status of women show that at most times and in
most cases they had experienced inferior status and bias.

A study by Ramanamma and Bambawale in 1987 revealed that

Women did not have independent representation in factory, but were

members of male dominated trade unions.

Womens special problems were never handled by the union.

In factories where there was majority of women, there was not much sexual
harassment.

Most of the women were in the lower echelons of the official state.

If women committed any mistake it was attributed to their stupidity.

In medium size factories women were paid minimum wage, bonus and perks.

No crche facility was there, nor any subsidized transportation.

Bhagwat

in 1998 reports that

almost

all major feminist writers

irrespective of their ideological position, within the feminist movement have

devoted much space and time in exposing male bias in conventional social
theory. He found that women were mostly treated as sex object. It is argued that
the values for womens freedom should be judged by women.

Zaveri and Mehta in 2000 conducted a research on working women. They

pointed out that traditionally the status and the role of women in Indian family had

108

been inferior to men. This was closely related to the urban kinship and economic
systems which assigned a subordinate and secondary role to women in the
family. They further reported that women typically handled the bulk of family
responsibilities even when both husband and wife had full time jobs.

Chandra, S. while studying women and economic development in 2001,

reported that growth rate of female employment in urban areas was better than in
rural areas, in 1971-81 and 1981-91. The female participation rates had
increased in almost all states except Himachal Pradesh and Kerala. Male
participation rates were four times greater than that of female participation rates
not only at national level but also at sub national level. This reflected the
traditional pattern of labour division in the society, exhibiting sort of gender bias.
At regional level the proportion of total female workers had shown considerable
improvement and the involvement of women in various kinds of economic
activity.

Rao 2002 on the basis of a national sample survey showed that women
shared only 14.1 % of total employment. Only 5.6 % of them were employed in
government jobs. In rural areas, 56 % of males and 33 % females were in labour
force. 66% of females in rural sector were idle or unutilized. This was due to
existing social customs, putting men and women on different footings. It was also
reported that women were usually not able to take benefit of employment
schemes, especially those of self employment because of huge unemployment in
male youth. They also pointed out that young unmarried girls were normally not
allowed to work independently.

Ganeshan, S. while describing the status of women entrepreneurs in India

in 2003 pointed out that a majority (66.9%) of respondents started their business
with an initial investment of below Rs. 25000. This corresponded with the
compulsions of women to go small with respect to business they started. The
respondents who had initial investment between Rs 25,001 and 50,000 were only

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12.9%. 30.6% of the respondents solely depended on borrowed sources for

investment. 46.% of them invested less then Rs 25,000 from their own sources.
68.6% invested only their funds for their enterprises. The first year turnover of
77.4% was less than Rs 25,000. The entrepreneurs who claimed that their
ventures were profitable in first year were 32.3%.

In 2005, Chowdhury while studying the womens work and family

interference reported that more and more women were joining the labour force.
But it was found that they were lacking strong internal commitment to work and
deliver the services as expected. Women contributed to two thirds of work hours
to the world economy without being properly remunerated. There were evidences
of working womens experiences at work and in family, which had given enough
reasons to view family as problematic. Further, it posed far deeper serious issues
like erosion of family values, increase in individualism, domestic violence and
issues of protection and reproduction.

2.2

STUDIES

ON

IMPORTANCE

OF

WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Singh in 1992 noted quoting the ILO study that the value of unpaid
household work constituted 25.39% of the total gross national product in
developing countries. The estimated money value of household services by
women was 42% of the family income per annum. The formula for
entrepreneurial performance PAM meant as under:

is the performance.

is the ability of entrepreneurs.

is the motivation of entrepreneurs.

The result of the study showed that the entrepreneurs rarely availed
financial assistance, opted for non technical guidance, had difficulty in getting
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raw materials and marketing and had less awareness about funding and guiding
agencies. It has always been a dominating source because women even in
ordinary families had started to feel increasing financial burdens and greater
awareness towards their potentialities, standard of living, better education for
their children etc. The husbands were observed as second most important
source of motivation to women entrepreneurs in establishing new enterprises.

Soundarapandian, 1998 illustrates functions of women entrepreneurs as

under:

Explore the prospects of starting new enterprises

Undertaking of risks and the handling of economic uncertainty

Introduction of innovation

Co ordination, administration and control

Routine supervision

The type of work undertaken by women entrepreneurs were to

Operate purely as a sub contractor on raw materials provided by customer.

Manufacture an item to long or short orders.

Manufacture the item for the market directly.

Rathore, 2002 described entrepreneurship in India by saying that it was

not just a way to increase the level of innovation and productivity but was a way
of initiating vast business of ones contribution to the society. They further say
that Indian entrepreneur has to be molded in psycho - philosophy rooted in Indian
context and values. Describing women entrepreneurs, it was said that majority of
them were engaged in unorganized sectors like agriculture, agro based
industries, handicraft and cottage industries. Participation of women in industries
was referred recently. There were more than 2, 95, 680, women entrepreneurs

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claiming 11.2% of the total 2.64 million entrepreneurs in India, in 1995-96 which
is double than the total population of self employed during 1981.

Chavada and & Rachachh in 2004 pointed out that women constitute
almost fifty percent of the human resource of our country. They have been
assigned multiple roles, from house to society. They toil endlessly fulfilling
economic contribution but much of their work has been described as invisible.

Awasthi, in 2001 identified entrepreneurs on basis of records available

with

E.D.I.

(Entrepreneurs

Development

Institution).Then

profile

of

entrepreneurs was obtained through structured format. Open ended but semi
structured interviews of identified entrepreneurs were conducted to elicit the
process related in foundation. It was found that the overall support system
consisted of family, friends and peer groups promoters of the programmes like
NGO, EDI, CED , banks infrastructure agencies and the District Industries Centre

Jobanputra, V. in 2004 reported that women entrepreneurs can face new

challenges. She is considered as dynamic. She has inherent sense to develop
alternate projects. Her role in family and business economy was very significant
and could not be taken over by any one.

A research by Kanani and his team in 2004 attempted to show how

entrepreneurship growth can be accelerated. The experimentation had amply
demonstrated that entrepreneurship can be developed through planned
experimental learning. Such planned efforts may require integration of
stimulatory, supportive and sustaining activities. Functional learning had been
accepted and found very effective intervention in motivating and developing
entrepreneurial qualities, capabilities and abilities for enterprise launching.

Kanani, once again in 2004 studied empowerment of rural women by

entrepreneurship development. It was highlighted that it was worthwhile to

112

inculcate the empowerment of rural women through the agriculture based

entrepreneurs .They found that for the development of entrepreneurship, it was
important to identify technically feasible and economically viable agro based
industries. Technological support measures in policy, finance infrastructure may
be given by promotional agencies at national and state level.

Mehta, in 2004 reported that entrepreneurship was the propensity of mind

to take calculated risks with sense to achieve a pre determined business or
industrial objective. It was the risk taking ability of individual, broadly coupled with
decision making.

Mattu, A. in 2004 noted that women entrepreneurs are spreading their

wings to higher levels, namely engineering, electronics, business and energy.
Today, no field is unapproachable to trained and determined modern Indian
women. But still it cannot be said that the women entrepreneurship movement
has taken off full ground and it was felt that the movement was still in a transition
period. Commercialization and modernization of economy have gradually
eliminated their inhibitions in taking up odd jobs. Change in attitudes has thus
enabled them to find ways of supplementing their family income. As a result, a
section of urban women has emerged as potential entrepreneurs.

Patel, S. in 2004 found that women entrepreneurs operated in diverse

economic and socio- political environment and therefore, they had diverse needs.
It was further said that although some women successfully operated growth
oriented enterprise and had enjoyed some advantages in certain female
preferred sectors, they faced a range of interlinked and mutually reinforcing
gender constraints at the household and institutional levels. It was found that
majority of women began their enterprise to cope with rising cost of household
subsistence. These women were locked into low investment, low growth and low
profit activities, not only because of limited markets and enterprise opportunities
in poor economics, but also due to gender inequalities. It was suggested that to

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overcome these problems, there was a need for training women with proper
syllabus in entrepreneurship which will help them to become perfect
entrepreneurs.

Yenagi in 2004 pointed out that employment of women was an index of

their economic status in society. In rural areas nearly 8.5% of farm women were
engaged in the activities of crop production, animal management, dairy, poultry,
goat keeping, rabbit rearing, mushroom cultivation, social forestry, agro forestry,
certain processing units of small scale industries and so on. She highlighted that
entrepreneurship may give her a wide and viable change where she can utilize
her full potential and thus become economically self sufficient.

Choudhary, with his team in 2005 studied globalization, women and

employment. They reported that women had traditionally been exploited.
Modernization is the key to change this trend. They further report that information
intensive technologies result in division of jobs in terms of deskilling and up
gradation. Adoption of computer, irrespective of production and office, created a
dual or polarized structure of occupations. They also quote that global
employment almost doubled between 1965 and 1995, bulk of the expansion
being in the developing countries and more than half, the new recruits women.

Ghatol and Shralkar in 2005 undertook a study on empowerment achieved

by women workers in unorganized sector. The objective of the study was to
measure the empowerment as a result of paid work of women in unorganized
sector. Indicators selected were violence due to alcoholic husband, health, her
role in decision making, autonomy and authority achieved by women. Schedule
was developed to measure each indicator. Responses were noted in three point
rating scale. It was found that workers were not protected against work related
risk factors in spite of the rising awareness. Involvement of women in decision
making in routine and policy making had increased. Women had started
achieving authority but had little say in social, cultural matters. It was conduced

114

that though the situation is oppressing women in unorganized sector were

gradually achieving empowerment.

Mehta, M. and Kalra S. 2005 while studying type behavior in relation to

health of working women reported that most of the studies in area of behavior
had been focused on male professionals. It was further discussed that today,
when gap between men and women was shrinking, as women of these days
want to live life as they like and to come at par with male folk. Women greatly
outnumber men on depression rates also.

A study by Srivastava, in 2005 was an attempt to compare the mental

health status of working and non working women. The mental health status
inventory was administered upon 100 working women of Uttar Pradesh. They
were matched on the variables of age, education and socio-economic status. The
results revealed that working and nonworking women differed significantly. The
working women were found more self centric and expressive but significantly less
alienated than the non working women.

2.3

STUDIES

ON

CHARACTERISTICS

OF

WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS
Tinani, found that women who ventured into business primarily had to
keep themselves busy. 85.5% of them were married, 65.2% were in age group of
36 to 45. 1.7% had children above age of 10 years. They had given preference
to manufacturing industry (66.6%) as compared to service industry (18.8%) and
trading (14.6%)

Rani, L. in 1996 selected 100 enterprises with investment more than Rs

50,000 with minimum two employees. The results pointed out that 10% of the
women entrepreneurs were unmarried, 80% were married, 3% were separated
and 7% were widows. Further analysis indicated that the unmarried women
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opted for trading and service sectors. The age wise information highlighted that a
high percent of women had taken up managing enterprises in age group of 30 to
39 years, the age which was also very demanding in their domestic functions
with young children to be taken care of.

A study by Kumar, in 2002 found that more than half of the working
women were married (56.3%), widowed and separated constituted 23.5%,
whereas only 20.2% were unmarried. Slightly more than half 52.3% constituted
of nuclear families., 43.2% came from joint families, while 4.5% belonged to
single member families, 44.7% has medium size families, 35.3% had large size
families where as 15.5% had small size families. 10% of working women did not
have any dependent member. 42.3% of working women had one to three
dependents. The number of earners in working womens families ranged from
one to eight. 71.3% belonged to such families had 2 to 3 earning members.
48%of working women were non lettered, 0.5 % were educated up to junior
basic or even less, 27% were undergraduates, 14.5 % had received education up
to graduate level and above

Jadav and others, in 2004 researched the role demands of women

entrepreneurship .They pointed out that it was important to recognize that

the

available knowledge represents the tip of iceberg. Some characteristics of

entrepreneur, driver and energy, self confidence, long term involvement, money
as a measure, persistent problem solving goal setting, moderate risk taking,
internal locus of control and tolerance of ambiguity and ascertaining. Role
demands faced were accommodation to the venture total immersion and
commitment creativity and innovation of business people and team building
economic values, ethics, integrity and reliability.

Singh, in 2004 reported that women entrepreneurs had certain qualities

like risk taking, innovativeness and self-confidence. The qualities of an
entrepreneur in raising enterprise and their functioning leads to economic

116

development of a country in different ways depending on how much innovative

she was in carrying out the venture .It was found that they faced many problems
which were results of political, social and economic interactions among various
factors.

Roodker, in 2005 conducted a study to focus on potential and energetic

phase of human life cycle adolescence. 200 school dropout girls were randomly
selected from Amravati [Maharashtra] slums. On the basis of survey, 5
entrepreneurship programmes, each one on artificial flower making, salwar kurta
stitching, soft toy making and preparing clothing kit for new born babies were
developed. One of it was conducted in selected slums depending on the majority
choice of the respondent. Impact of these programmes was studied. The results
showed that these programmes were effective to introduce entrepreneurial skills.

Rao, 2002 studied the entrepreneurial traits and skills. He noted that
several attempts were made to promote entrepreneurship in India. The traits
possessed by entrepreneurs were acquired through their experience. It was
revealed that due consideration was given to attributes of leadership abilities,
profit orientation and abilities to attract and retain talent. Honesty and abilities to
establish an international presence for choosing best chief executives was also
important.

2.4

STUDIES

ON

FACTORS

RELATED

TO

WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Killby, in 1971 while describing Indian economy quotes that percentage of
GDP originating in manufacturing sector in India, 14% is the median figure
among 11 east and Southeast Asian countries. He also reports that family
system was an important factor influencing the emergence of entrepreneurs. He
said that over 40% of self employed persons were associated with business with
a net worth less than Rs. 200 which in most cases is only enough to survive and
117

that most of these persons were in business only because of forms of

employment.

The factors revealed by Chandra 1991, affecting women entrepreneurs

were as under

As far as the age of women entrepreneurs were concerned, majority was

young and had all time to pursue their venture.

Majority of the women did not belong to business families.

Marital status in majority of cases did not interfere with the enterprise.

Majority belonged to Hindu religion.

60% had taken formal training.

Effect of gender on work value was studied by Chavda and Kanjariya in

2004. They pointed out that there was startlingly little positive empirical degree to
which work value in fact converse. Attempt was made to understand the pattern
of work value on selected students. No attempt was made to explore the
relationship between work value and criterion variables.

Gajera and Ghelani, while studying use of instant mix food in 2004 report
that more and more women are coming out to work and in search of materials
that can be cooked & stored easily. They found that use of instant mix reduced
the burden of cooking and satisfied the taste of people who were fond of
diversity.

Patel, A.S. and Patel N. in 2005 studied the influence of behavior

effectiveness of working married women on that of their adolescent youngster. A
sample of 640 working mother was selected. Emotional and mental competency
scales were examined. Their responses were scored and statistically analyzed
by product moment co-relation method. There was a significant positive
correlation between behaviors efficiency of mothers and that of their youngsters.

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2.5

STUDIES ON MOTIVATION OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Dasgupta, B. in 2004 selected two industries of manufacturing and service

to study the entrepreneurial motivation of 108 respondents. Five core motivations

were identified with principal components method. Five core factors that emerged
out of the analysis were entrepreneurial core, social core, economic core, work
core and individual core. The strength of the motives was measured by using the
Likert type five point rating scale. Entrepreneurial core was the strongest
motivation force. The motivation to achieve, confidence in ones talent and
potential, the desire to bring about change and innovation were highly motivating
factors. The social core motive was found to be stronger among males in both
categories .The need for acquiring wealth was particularly low among females.
Economic core dimension was also stronger in case of males relative to females
in both industries.

Jaiswal, in 2004 made an attempt to identify the motives responsible for

their entrepreneurial initiation and choice of their line of trade. The data were
collected by personal interview of 113 women entrepreneurs of Vadodara
selected by snowball sampling. The major findings of the study highlighted that
the motive economic independence ranked first among the respondents for their
entry in to entrepreneurship, followed by utilization of skill and to exercise
creativity subsequently. The achievement in life, independence, and earning
profit were the strongest motives stated by them in the priority order.

2.6

STUDIES ON WORK AND HEALTH

Sailaja Nandini, in 2008 studied womens empowerment and health.

Empowerment is the most frequently used term in development dialogue today

especially in the context of women. There is special attention in the millennium to
promote gender equality and womens empowerment, to reduce child morality,
and improve maternal mortality. In this regard the government of India has also
taken some steps for womens empowerment: it has declared the year 2001, as
119

Womens Empowerment Year and it has also brought National Empowerment

Policy. However, health empowerment still remains a distinctive goal for women
in India. Traditional patriarchal norms in India often subsides the overall status of
women which includes their health status as well. In this backdrop the study
attempts to explore existing concept of womens empowerment and to see how it
has been translated into health policy and practice. As well it makes as
assessment of the existing indicators of womens empowerment in measuring
womens health status in India.

The investigation by Kodali V in 2005 attempted to determine the role of

stress related personality traits and high level of life stress (marital satisfaction) in
the onset of diabetes. It was revealed that women as a group expressed more
anxiety and marital dissatisfaction than men. In addition, in diabetic women,
these two factors were highly significant, whereas in men anxiety was the only
reason for occurrence of diabetes.

Sushma, in 2005 assessed health hazards of 100 farm women. A 30

points scale -15 favorable and 15 unfavorable was prepared. It was seen that
most of the women were in the category of high incidence of hazards. Such a
high score was because women kept on working and taking pains until and
unless they could not work for more time. They either kept on neglecting the
hazards or started taking some home remedies to cut down the medication cost.

Singh,I. with Sachdeva and Grover researched the nutritional status of

pre-school children of working mothers in 2003. A sample of 50 pre-school
children of working women from lower middle income group was selected They
were 25 boys and 25 girls. Twenty four hour recall method was used to assess
the food and nutrient intake. Further, the data indicated that the intake of
nutrients like energy, vitamin A, thiamin and riboflavin was slightly lower. The
intake of protein was higher than RDA. The data also showed that intake of
calcium was double and that of iron was two third of RDA. Intake of niacin was

120

inadequate in both groups. Maternal employment had no positive or negative

impact on nutritional status of pre- school children.

Agrawa, l S. Purohit, S. and Sharma, J. (2006) studied on Motivating Slum

Women for Entrepreneurship Through Training. Entrepreneurship can help
womens economic independent and improve their social status. Through
economic independence, women automatically get empowerment. Development
of women entrepreneurship enables men to understand and appreciate women
abilities. Now it is an accepted fact that entrepreneurship is not the exclusive
property of those who are gifted with certain qualities by birth, rather it can be
developed and acquired. The process of entrepreneurial development has three
basic features; (1.) Initiation (2) Development (3) Support. In Initiation phase we
include creating awareness among the people about opportunities and
stimulating through educational and social process. In the development phase,
the thrust area for training are: motivation, developing economic insight,
promoting management skills, creating confidence through direct experience and
supply of information. The final phase refers to the support for establishment.

2.7

STUDIES ON WORK AND STRESS

Stress of women executives was studied by Datar, Patel and Gandotra in

2003. The data were collected through pre tested, pre coded, close ended
questionnaire. The major findings of the study specified that majority of women
were employed since last 22 to 30 yeas and thus were performing dual role since
long. They reported that as an employed lady, women were punctual and regular.
Many a times they had to work without rest. Majority of the respondents got good
cooperation from colleagues. It was analyzed that the homemaker was a
successful housewife, mother and daughter- in- law also.

Occupational stress index was administered on 30 married and 20

unmarried working women by Chhaya in 2005. Analysis revealed significant

121

differences on two dimensions, viz. group political pressures and poor peer
relations. Unmarried working women reported high stress at workplace due to
group political pressure. For married women it was due to poor peer relations.
Physicians increasingly acknowledged that stress was a contributing factor in a
wide variety of health problems. Disorders, diseases brought or worsened by
psychological stress. These disorders commonly involve the autonomic nervous
system, which controls the bodys internal organs.

A study was conducted by Joshi, in 2005 aiming at finding out difference

in life stress among working women and housewives. 120 working women and
120 house wives were taken as subjects. A trivariate factorial design with three
independent variables was used. Interactive effects of type of women, type of
family and womens nature (introvert / extrovert) on life stress were studied. No
main variable was found significant nor were any interactions found significantly
affecting the life stress.

Nagadeepthi, et al studied stress among working women in public sector

banks in 2005. They reported that globalization of trading activities, economic
polices, competition, need based developments, have resulted in overall drastic
changes in the set up of public sector banks. The recent changes included
computation, automation, consumer oriented service, work beyond time
schedule, additional activities like doorstep service and canvassing. All these led
to stress among selected women.

The aim of the study by Parmar, in 2005 was to examine the effect of
gender and income on occupational stress. 30 males and 30 females were taken
as subjects. Two groups above Rs 4000 and below Rs 4000 were found
according to income. To measure stress, scale constructed by Shivastava and
Singh was used. The results showed that degree of stress was more in female
workers than in male workers. Similarly the workers belonging to below Rs. 4000
income group had more occupational stress than their counter parts.

122

Patel and Gohel in 2005 conducted a study aiming at investigating the

impact of a sense of closeness with husband on stress experienced by married
working women. The study consisted of 80 working married women. The data
was collected by using Daily Hassles Scale developed by Thaker and Mishra and
Intimate Relationship Scale developed by Valos and Kammermann. Result
revealed that working women with lowest perceived intimacy with husband
experienced highest amount of stress in which they significantly differed on
stress with women perceiving highest level of intimacy with husband. No other
significant differences were observed.

2.8

STUDIES ON WORK AND ATTITUDE

A study of the attitude of new generation girls regarding entrepreneurship

was conducted by Rachchha, B in 2004. The study was conducted on S.Y. and
T.Y. B.Sc. (Home Science and Science) students across Jamnagar. Discussion
with respondents method was applied. It was found that girls inclined towards
entrepreneurship were very few. Their work included services, sale, production,
etc. Many of them did not have an idea of other enterprises, training,
governmental schemes, marketing, enterprise related items and problems of the
enterprises.

Vanar, R in 2005 conducted a research study with purpose of comparing

the attitutudes of P.G. students towards working women. The total sample
consisted of 60 boys and 60 girls. The research tool to measure attitude was
made by Sultan Akhtar and Sangeeta Sharma. The data was analyzed by t test.
The results showed that there was significant difference in the attitude of boys
and girls towards working women.

2.9

STUDIES ON WORK AND TRAININ

Rao, 2002 reported entrepreneurs development perspective of IMA,

Ahmedabad as follows
123

The record of creating entrepreneur is not too significant especially

considering the fact that the institutes primary thrust has been on creation of
professional managers.

The institute of late has recognized entrepreneurship as an area that needs

great attention in teaching and research.

Durkal and Pandyain, 2004 made an attempt to train women to start day
care centers. A feasibility study was conducted before starting the training
programme. The resource persons were finalized by referring different books,
consulting experts and various day care centers. Fifty six women attended the
training programme. Majority of the women were unmarried. They were literate
and were interested to become economically independent. A creative activity for
children was most liked and nutrition for children was least liked session as
reported by them.

The main objective of project by Patil and Kshtruja, in 2004 was to

develop women entrepreneurs from Vadodara. It focused on training, availing
financial loans and starting their own enterprises. The trainees were exposed to
inspirational lectures highlighting the benefits of entrepreneurship to consolidate
their motivational levels. This was followed by lectures from experts. Drawn from
various organizations financial institutions and by successful entrepreneurs. 23
women attended the training and 15 started their own business.

Acharya, M. 2007 studied on Advances in researches in Home Science,

especially in Entrepreneurship Development She too asserted that entrepreneurs
were not born but through education, and proper training, they can be groomed.
Entrepreneurship provided an opportunity to women to solve many economic
problems at macro and micro levels. It helped elevate position of women in
society, developed economic independence and boosted self-esteem.

124

2.10 CASE STUDIES ON WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Dak, in 1988 studied women and work. It was reported that one
respondent was a widow. Out of her salary of Rs. 1200 a month she was given
only Rs. 400 for her bus fare, medicines and other necessities for children and
herself. What was left for her pocket expenses was almost nothing. It was
concluded that many working women felt short of pocket money to use for her.

In 1988 Dak conducted case studies of many working women. A well

educated respondent, holding a position of responsibility in semi government
institution reported that her husband had never given his share in home
expenses. In the beginning, she thought that the business was in early stage and
his earnings were less. But after a few years she came to know that he had a soft
relationship with a girl. He had settled in a new house and paid all his income to
her. .On raising quarrel he bluntly asked her to leave the house or accept the
situation. Thus, education, exposure and experience of the women did not help
her to save her home and husband.

A case study of middle class women was reported by Dak in 1988. She
had to plan the expenses. Before the salary came in hand nothing was left for
pocket expenses. She could not afford wearing different saris. On the contrary
she was so much burdened with work at home and office that she had no time to
look at mirror. She used to come to office shabbily dressed and nobody cared for
her. She has no complaints about others behavior in the office. But at times she
felt bad about her condition; got depressed and cursed her fate .She had lost
enthusiasm for life even though she wanted to lead a happy life.

Dak, T. M. in 1988 conducted case studies on working women. One

respondent working in government office said that if she was late in preparing
lunch or if one or two items were less in dishes or if clothes were not ironed it
was construed by family members as if she was not attending the home duties

125

and children. She was blamed to be inefficient, careless and not interested in the
family. The males felt that she worked for her personal interest.

Sundaran, in 1998 reported case studies of eight women who owned

enterprise. The reasons for starting the enterprise

were reported as: limited

opportunities as an employee, daughter needed a service which was non

existent, no prospect for growth in jobs, profit using ideas, loved craft and used
contacts job in bank-wanted to get in to designing business, desire for large
architectural firm and desire to build a high profit business. The strategies used
were pointed out as

Focused on a niche, personalized approach to customers, close contact with

developers.

Stress on stable customer base, quality service, controls costs.

Created growth in declining business through innovative service, good cost

control.

Own skill in purchasing unique items, discounts on purchasing, gives credit

to supplier, does supervision.

Educated customers, developed stable/small clientele, personalized service.

Individualized quality service, stable, loyal, niche, aggressive.

Problem solving approach, perfectionism.

Customization of service marketing strategies.

Dudi, A. and Singh, A.R. in 2006 reported case studies of Bikaner in

Rajasthan. Women entrepreneurship in the developing world made a large and
often unorganized contribution to their countries economic development. To
improve the living standard of families, it is very important to know the existing
training needs of women. The study was conducted in three backward dwellings
in Bikaner city of Rajasthan. From each dwelling twenty women were selected
purposively who wanted to start income generating activities as an enterprise.
The data were collected with the help of structured interview schedule. Majority
of respondents belonged to nuclear, medium size family, were married, educated

126

up to middle level and had pucca house. Most of the respondents expressed
need for the training in preparation of pickle, squash, cooking and bakery
products. In the area of clothing and textile, need of majority of women were
related to tie and dye, stitching, embroidery .Training was also needed in making
soft toys and effective child rearing practice for starting crche . In the area of
family resource management training needs of majority were pot painting, flower
making and utilization of waste materials to decorate home. It can thus be
concluded that intensive training need for women was identified in the area of
stitching which could really help them in starting of an enterprise.

2.11 STUDIES ON WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE AND RELATED

WORK
According to Nair, in 1990 women in the unorganized sector outnumbered
the women in organized sector and they were more vulnerable to and suffered
from disabilities and exploitation. The study on women in cashew industry of
Kerala reported that mens income on their own was not enough, and families
found the need for an additional source of income. Females [276] outnumbered
males [176] in this unorganized sector. Thus, it was concluded that in cashew
working class family, the women bring money in to the household and had an
important economic role in the family. If the children were too young and wife
also worked, some other adults had to remain at home to look after the children.
The mother of the husband or wife or a sister came in handy for child care. Nonearning members, thus, had a useful role in the family.

Rathore, 2002 studied entrepreneurship in Vermiculture. The findings of

the study were

65 % reported that lack of proper awareness about preparation and use of

vermi compost was the major stumbling block.

127

60 % reported that there were only few takers of this manure as substitute of
chemical fertilizers.

55 % reported that there was no security and freedom to undertake this as

an enterprise on a large scale.

Rathore. 2002 studied the rural employment through agro based

industries. They reported that there was a tremendous scope for modernization
of agro based industries. Ready to eat food products may help employed couples
in reducing their physical labour put in cooking. They also pointed out that there
was a change in the eating habits of people, which would result into higher
demand for more secondary processed food products.

Badiger, and her team in 2004 studied women entrepreneurship and

concluded that women in agriculture combine their home making and nurturing
roles in agriculture and yet they remain as silent contributors. Many a times they
exhibit their powerful position by combining their multiple roles in agriculture with
farm oriented income generating activities to elevate their social status. They
further reported that entrepreneurship development among women had
enormous implication for combating poverty and deprivation as well as
exploitation. This study was undertaken under the National Agriculture
Technology Project for empowerment of Women in Agriculture wherein
entrepreneurship development through Self Help Groups was encouraged. 36
groups of 540 farm women were formed. Their entrepreneurial needs were
identified and then they were trained. These enterprises have proved to be
income generating, providing good economic returns.

Verma, in 2004 while studying womens entrepreneurship in post harvest

processing, pointed out that there were several successful agro processing
industrial models operating in the country on Amul pattern, tea industry, sugar
industry, gur and khandsari, cotton textile, power looms, atta chakki, Lijjat papad
and mobile door to door selling. All these imply low absorption capacity of women

128

in development programme. As a result the actual benefits were not availed by

the needy women. 78% of women clearly indicate the possible extent to which
womens entrepreneurship can take place. The researcher further suggested that
this model needs to be popularized not only to generate additional income but
also to provide food and nutritional security to rural areas having effective
involvement of women.

Mandleker, J. from Dharanpeth Science College, Nagpur in 2005 conducted

a research to study the role of rural women in managing small livestock units at
home. It was undertaken keeping in mind the role of rural women in family affairs
particularly rearing and maintaining livestock. The study was conducted in fifty
villages within the radius of 25 km. around Nagpur city. Families having five
milch animals and four hectares of land were considered. 300 families were
selected for the interview. The result indicated that cent percent home makers
took decision independently in respect of calf rearing, preparing milk products
and preserving them. Activities that could be done at home and required time to
be devoted at home were shared by rural women whereas activities that required
time, labour and marketing were shared by men.

2.12 STUDIES ON PROBLEMS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

A study by Sinha, in 1987 had employed a sample of 280 housewives in
Patna who were also mothers. The results revealed that the working housewives
in general were suffering from role conflict more than unemployed housewives.
Working women perceived more conflicting role expectations. This was found
due to absence of proper care of the family as well as job resulting into more
grievances. They were also suffering from more intra individual conflict and their
husbands attitude towards their job was often unfavorable. The results further
revealed that the working wives were more burdened with than non-working
housewives.

129

Purohit and Palker in 1996 studied problems of women in unconventional

careers. They reported

Urban work force constituted 15.2 % females.

Women constitute 2.3% share of technical and professional occupations and

0.1% share of administrative and managerial occupations

50 % of respondents worked with public institution and 39.39 % worked with

private institutions.

19.7% were professionals, 65.15% were servicing, 9.09 % were business

women and 6.06 % were engaged in social service.

36.36 % chose the career due to self determination, 3.03% out of social
economic reasons, 37.88% due to better career prospects and 31.82 % to
prove challenge.

For 56.06 % their self was motivational force whereas for 40.91 % and 18.18
%, parents and husband/in-laws were motivational forces respectively.

Sounderpandian, 1999 suggested that for entrepreneurship development

in India, there was a greater need to emphasize on research relating to process
and enhancement of entrepreneurship. The problems of women entrepreneur are
listed as follow:

Stiff competition from male entrepreneurs

High price of raw materials required

Financial constraints

Managerial constraints

Technical difficulties

Low ability to bear risks

Low level of favorable family background

Lack of entrepreneurial initiative

130

Rao, 2002 researched on problems of the women entrepreneurs. They

classified the problems into personal, social and economic categories. Lack of
experience, lack of business exposure, and conservative attitude towards risk
were reported to be personal problems. Among social problems was male
domination, unwritten rules of society and family responsibilities. Lack of
economic power, no right over property, dependence on male members on
banking and such others were the economic problems faced by women
entrepreneurs.

Rao, 2002 studied the problems of women entrepreneurs in Chennai.

Among the socio- personal problems, 70 % faced lack of family and community
support. 60 % had managerial experience. Production problem in the form of
availability of land, plots and premises was faced by 70 % respondents. Lack of
knowledge about marketing the product was the major problem faced by 76 % of
the respondents. 74 % faced financial problems regarding loan and subsidy
whereas inadequate government assistance was reported as problem by 70 %
respondents. The ranking given to problems by selected respondents was as
under

Financial Problems

Marketing Problems

Production Problems

Socio Personal Problems

Problems of Government assistance

Managerial Problems.

Chauhan and Sharma, in 2003 studied the problems faced by construction

(women) workers. They found that women were important participants in
construction work. They worked for long hours with no break and suffered from
high physiological cost in building construction. The tasks assigned to them were
carrying soil, etc on their heads or back from the place of storage to the site. It

131

was also reported that the problem of fatigue and rest pause is of great practical
importance demanding a high degree of physical effort. Heavy manual work, if
continued for long periods result in fatigue due to production of lactic acid. Due to
excessive work, physiological and gynecological consequences like menstrual
disorders, uterine prolepses and miscarriage resulted.

Managerial problems among working female headed households were

studied by Mehrotra, in 2003. The sample of this research study comprised of
120 working families selected through purposive random sampling procedure. It
was observed that majority of the respondents from both rural and urban areas
were highly affected by the general decline in financial position. A large majority,
i.e., 80 % were always under constant financial stress in spite of copying
strategies adopted by them. Rural families felt that these tasks were very tiring
and stressful due to the non availability of paid help. Further, 75 % of urban and
82 % rural families were either always or some times affected by psychological
problems.

Problems of women entrepreneurs were studied by Chhichhia, in 2004.

The information was collected by questionnaire from 40 women entrepreneurs
who had invested Rs 2 to 15 lakhs in their enterprises. It was found that all
entrepreneurs had some or the other problem. 91 % said that there was lack of
training, 79 % entrepreneurs reported that they had family responsibilities and
financial pressure, 54 % said that time spent did not give worthy outcome. 35 %
said that there was a need of modification from time to time. 72 % reported that
they had to struggle more to survive in the market. 93 % entrepreneur did not use
internet in their enterprise, 3 % had complete organized computer set up in their
enterprises.

Kapadia and Barodia 2004 while studying the problems of women

entrepreneurs quote that in order to improve living conditions, developing
capabilities of women for self employment had become essential. Women were

132

often the main economic agents to ensure the survival of a poor family. Hence
women get empowered if they are led towards entrepreneurship. They also
report that there were successful women entrepreneurs today heading
enterprises like electronics, multimedia, garment industry and so on. They also
suggested that women entrepreneurs had to face many problems.

Rao, K in 2004 conducted a survey in Rajkot and collected information by

questionnaire method from 25 entrepreneurs from lower middle class. Families
were grouped into three

Group -1 Education (Tuition and Play house)

Group -2 Health and physique (Beauty Parlor)

Group -3 Miscellaneous.

Survey showed that educational background was good for 28 % in group

1, 24 % in group 2 and 48 % in group 3. Age was no bar to start any enterprise.
Most of the undergraduate women entrepreneurs in lower middle class had
started business due to some problems like large family size or disability of male
earner. Most of the women entrepreneurs in all groups had arranged their own
funds, borrowing from friends or relatives but did not approach any financial
institution.

Jobanputra.

in

2004

highlighted

those

problems

that

followed

entrepreneurs like shadow. If a women entrepreneur solves one, a few more crop
up. It was suggested that a successful entrepreneur has to be vigilant and work
as a tactful manager.

Jindal, U. 2005 at Ludhiana studied the work related problems faced by

women. The findings showed that 60.67 % respondents had no work related
problems, 59.33 % had work related worries, 13.33 % had planned work
according to urgency for completion of tasks. Only 14.67 % organized their work

133

and made time plan as against 15.33 % who made no plans. 62.23 % were
familiar with the supplies and equipments and 88 % knew the procedure for
completing the work.

Trivedi, U. 2007 studied the problems of women workforce in India.

Women are making important economic contribution to the society through paid
and unpaid work. Paid work means working for financial returns whereas in
unpaid work no money is given. Paid work includes any kind of job done in
organized sector. Unpaid work includes survival needs of family. It can be
concluded that problem of working women needs special attention. Problem
faced by women in organization sector are dual responsibilities, restrictions on
movement and others. Problems faced by women in organized sector included
non payment of wages, longer hours of work and etc.

2.13

STUDIES

ON

WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS

FROM

DIFFERENT REGIONS
Rao, U. studied women working in Karnataka in 1985 and found that
women formed 75 % of the total number of primary and middle school teachers
in private sectors. The proportion of unskilled women was much higher in private
sector with 26.82 % as compared to14.69 % in the public sector. The proportion
of women in professional was 19.82 % in private sector as category as compared
to 13.32 % in public sector. The absolute number of women workers in organised
sector in Karnataka showed a steady increase in the public sector as noted
earlier since 1970. The number of private sector women workers had been
fluctuating. The proportion of women to total worker had declined from 13.4 % in
1967 to 12.7 % in 1980.

Berna, in 1960 reported the entrepreneurs of Madras as under

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Table - 5
Entrepreneurship in Madras.
Sr. No.

No. of firms

Daily

Main product / Activity

Employment
1

89

Power driven pumps

87

Truck/bus body building

12

90

Electronic motors

24

250

Nut and Plastic button

25

114

Textile Machinery

32

52

Tar Boilers

39

53

Structural, craft, trailers

41

58

Power driven pumps

49

75

Structural

10

50

60

Radio

Fatehally, found that women entrepreneurs played a significant role in

Pakistani economy It consisted of 0.25 of total population in 1951 and rose to
3.12 in1984. It was also reported that attempts were being made to train women
for self employment in rural sectors of Pakistan.

Gupta, in 1987 revealed the status of women entrepreneurship in Uttar

Pradesh. He found that the average age for starting the enterprise was 32. Only
32 % of the selected samples were graduates or post graduates. The study also
indicated that majority of entrepreneurs belonged to Vaisya community.

Annonymous, in 1988 in surveys of activities carried by women in

Nauthalta block revealed that besides chores within the house, most women
collected fuel and fetched drinking water for the family. A large majority of women
labour force were unskilled which included occupations like farming, raising of
animals and producing and /or rendering services which otherwise a family would
have to buy. Most of them were ashamed to be working.

135

Mehta, P. in 1989 while studying market for papad industry found that
cultural, social, personal, psychological, economical and environmental factors
influenced buying behavior of a member in the family holding a leading position
for purchasing the type and quantity of papad.

It was further reported that

packaging played a secondary role to attract consumers.

In 1989, Murthy, N. selected a stratified population and took care to see

that sample drawn covered enterprises of all sizes. The size of sample was fixed
at 20 % in different line of activity, except in agriculture in which the proportion of
sample was restricted to 10 % due to greater homogeneity of group compared to
others. The majority of entrepreneurs both at anakapalle (54.3 %) and guduvada
(51.2 %) had only school education and college education. It was suggested to
take every corner of country to meet the twin challenges of unemployment and
underutilization of resource to achieve economic prosperity to each and every
one in the society.
Sounderapanadian, 1999 conducted a study of women entrepreneurs in
Chennai. A few characters in their social status were inevitable and described as
under

Psychological dependency of business women on their family members in

decision making

Lack of interest and proper exposure to the things leading to run enterprises
with binomial names of women

Lake of proper training

Not involving in innovative ventures

Inability to distinguish entrepreneurial functions from management

Yadav, while studying women entrepreneurs of Saurashtra region in 1999

found that 50 % women entrepreneurs were managing their business
successfully. None of them utilized 100 % production capacity. It was found that
education; religion, age and marital status had significant impact on

136

entrepreneurship. 90 % of the women responded that it was very difficult to start

and manage the business venture as a women independently .Other problems
reported by them were related to financing and marketing. Lack of training was
also one of the major constraints and the respondent suggested setting up of
mobile training centers.

Rao, 2002 studied role of women entrepreneurship in economic

development in Visakhapatnam. It was found that women ventured with support
from government and voluntary organizations. It was shown that substantial
number of women entrepreneurs came forward and were successfully running a
variety of enterprises like toy making, basket making, handy crafts, etc. In spite of
efforts by the government, it was found that rate of growth of entrepreneurial
activity among women in country was still limited.

Rao, 2002 studied the women entrepreneurs of Pondicherry. He found

that women constituted 55 % of the population and number of employed women
was 49 % in Pondicherry. It was found that women had been taught to depend
on others, to limit their time perspective and to avoid exposure to risk. As a
result, of dependency and other female role prescriptions, women faced
psychological barrier or lacked confidence in self.

Mehta, M. in 2003 studied women working in voluntary organizations in

Vadodara. She pointed out that women attempted to attain rapid economic
development and thereby to improve standard of living and quality of life. A lot
needs to be done to control the quality of work environment. She further reports
that today the development of women is a matter of national and international
concern not only from the perspective of equity and justice but also from the point
of view of human resource of nearly fifty percent. Women employed in labour
force, no matter what social class they belonged to, perform a great variety of
tasks during the working day and also face certain job related problems due to
work environment.

137

A case study of women entrepreneurs in Kadam Mahila Handicraft and

Industrial Manufacturing and Sales Co-operative, Rajkot was conducted by this
researcher. A questionnaire was designed to collect information along with
personal interview of 60 women workers of the unit. Various parameters ranking
from economics of working condition, occupational hazards were evaluated.
General information regarding current fashion trend in patola making and sale
were also studied. On the basis of study, it was concluded that patola making
was a very laborious art with little financial returns. So entrepreneurs in Rajkot
were developing new pattern of patola with weaving design only in weft yarn
which was more economical and viable in current situation.

2.14 STUDIES ON WOMEN IN FOOD PROCESSING

Oberi, with Kataria and Sharma studied women in dairy activities in 2005.
They reported that participation of women in dairy sector was found as high as
75 million women against 15 million men. Two improved tools sickles for cutting
fodder, and low height revolving stool for sitting while milking animals were
designed as per the need of women. The impact of these tools was significant as
these activities were most time consuming and difficult and was performed by the
maximum number of women in Punjab.

Prasad, reported the employment in selected sub groups as under

Table 6
Employment according to sub Groups
Sr. No.

138

Group

Percent

Percent

1961

1981

Rank

Textile/Cotton

28.56

18.62

Wood Products

16.02

16.36

Food Stuff

11.14

13.15

Textile Products

09.32

11.40

Mineral Products

08.55

08.41

Leather Products

05.90

05.68

Tobacco Products

04.45

04.10

Jute Textiles

01.56

02.75

Wool Products

01.39

01.91

10

Silk Products

01.20

0.09

10

The above table shows that the employment in food stuff increased in
1981 to 453,699 from 1,106,163 ranking in 1961 6th among all industrial groups.

Devi, L while studying women in food processing in 1998 in Bombay

unveil the relatively invisible type of food processing. Food processing involves
the use of labour to transform raw or partially processed food material

into a

from to ready for eating. In most cultures, women have had the major
responsibility in food processing for family consumption. With the development of
a market economy, women have extended their household food processing
activities in various ways.

Singh,I.S. reported the percentage of women workers to total as under

Table -7
Percentage of women workers to total in certain industries, using or not
using power
No. Industry

using Power

Not using Power

Manufacture of food Products

10.16

17.93

Manufacture of beverages, tobacco

35.50

49.00

Manufacture of cotton textiles

07.17

25.71

139

Manufacture of Metal Products

02.90

15.00

Manufacture of electrical Machinery

11.14

51.17

Here, reported to factories having employment of 10 workers and are

those with 20 or more workers. Taking all industries tighter, one finds that the
percentage of women workers declined to 27.80 in factories using power and to
7.30 in factories not using power. Further, within any given factories, the variation
in employment of women turned out to be sizeable depending upon the
sophistication of the product or the process.

A study by Sharma, K. and Gayal, M. in 2006, studied the employment

elasticity of agriculture is reducing which demands a need to expand the role of
farmer /farm women from producer to entrepreneurs as processor. The present
study was conducted using aonla fruits to utilize the abundant availability of this
perishable fruit in the form of value added preserve products After various trials,
ten value added products were develop and standardized on the basis of sensory
attributes i.e. color, flavor, appearance, texture /consistency taste and overall
acceptability by expert panel on nine point hedonic ranking scale. The total cost
of the developed products was calculated on the basis of the food cost (60%). On
sensory evaluation, products data revealed moderate to extreme liking among
the panel members. The total cost of the products was found to economic,
ranging from Rs. 20 -50 / kg. It shows that only with moderate money and
technical knowledge a farm women can process the value added products and
contribute nation as well as family income.

2.15 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON MARRIED AND UNMARRIED

WOMEN
A study on effect of certain personal variables on depression among
working married and unmarried women was carried out by Bhatt in 2005. The
sample consisted of 80 married and 80 unmarried women. Personal data sheet
140

and Back Depression inventory were utilized for data collection. T- Test was
used to analyze the data. The result revealed that the depression among
unmarried working women was higher than married working women. Area of
residence and type of family had significant effect on depression of married and
unmarried working women, but age did not have significant effect on depression
of married and unmarried working women.

A study by Malek, M. in 2005 aimed at finding out mean difference in job

involvement and social support among married and unmarried working women.
The total sample consisted of 120 married and unmarried working women in the
age group of 20 to 40 years from different parts of Rajkot city. The research tool
used was the job involvement scale by Lodhar, Krenjar and Kulhara. Mean, F
test and significant difference between married and unmarried working women in
job involvement was used. There was a significant difference between married
and unmarried working women who had to experience more or less than five
years in social support.

Sidapara, in 2005 conducted a research with aim to find the emotional

maturity of abandoned, married and unmarried of 180. 2* 3 factorial design was
used. The emotional maturity scale developed by Dr. Yashvir Singh and Dr.
Mahesh Bhargava was used for data collect. f test was used for data analysis
.The results revealed that marital status , economic and social status and
interaction significantly affected the emotional maturity of women

2.16 COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON WORKING AND NON WORKING WOMEN

Harshpinder, in 2003 researched on stress among 75 working and 75 nonworking women. They were interviewed personally and result revealed that
working women were experiencing stress due to factors like pleasing others, over
burden of work, difficulty in adjusting to marriage and dependence to take

141

decisions. While nonworking women experienced more stress due to financial

and environmental factors. Effects of stress were more prominent in working
women as compared to non working women. Stress management techniques
were used by both categories but the frequency of use was more among working
women.

A study by Chauhan and Khanesara in 2005 dealt with insecurity among

doctors, engineers, administrators, lecturers with working and non working as
well as married and unmarried women. A sample of 160 women was studied.
Patis insecurity questionnaire was employed. The result showed that married
working professional women were more secure than their counterparts. The
result was discussed in the light of emerging trend of competition, family values
and socialization pattern.

Maru, R. in 2005 conducted a study to investigate the difference in

adjustment among working and non working women. The total sample consisted
of 160 working and non working women between 20 to 40 years of age, from
different parts of Rajkot city. The research tool used was adjustment scale by Dr
D. J. Bhatt. F- Test, ANOVA and LSD were applied to check the significance of
difference between adjustment of working and non working women. Job status
and type of family did not have significant impact on adjustment.

Mishra, in 2005 researched the stress and coping styles of working and
non working women. For this purpose 100 women- 50 working and 50 nonworking, were assessed with regard to the nature of stress they experienced in a
given period and coping strategies they used to overcome these stresses.
Results showed that there were significant differences in the fraudulency of use
of coping styles in response to different areas of stress.

142

2.17 BENEFIT EFFORTS BY GOVERNMENT

In order to support working mothers, the government provides facilities of
crche for their children. The state wise data regarding these crches as given
by National Institute of Public Co-operation and Child Development in1996 was
as under:
Government of India is actively associated with the entrepreneurial
development and also played a leading role as an engine promoting industrial
and economic environment. The government has spent a huge amount of
financial resources on public enterprises.

The governments draft of the National Perspectives Plan for Women, for
the 1998 to 2000 has mooted a wide range of proposals including job
reservations for women in anti poverty programmers, wholesome projection of
women in media and provision of thorough legal safeguards to women in various
endeavors. In order to encourage more women to come to the field of industry,
the government has introduced several schemes for providing training and
extension services to women entrepreneurs. The government has 27 beneficiary
oriented and 45 training programmers designated for women. At present there
are 1084 training institutes, of which about 126 are exclusively for women with
approximately 5600 seats

Table- 8
Implementation of Programme of Crches for Children
Sr. No.

State/Union

No. of

Territories

Units

Assam

79

79

1975

14.60

7.8

Bihar

13

50

1250

9.24

10.80

143

No. of

Amount

Amount

Beneficiaries Sanctioned released

Gujarat

89

733

18275

135.08

144.13

Karnataka

204

461

10025

74.35

73.98

Kerala

412

568

14125

100.59

98.90

Maharashtra

255

1025

25625

189.44

189.90

Punjab

42

168

4175

31.14

26.00

Rajasthan

125

406

9300

68.56

67.14

WestBengal

335

498

12375

92.02

103.88

Delhi

23

132

3175

23.47

20.57

Ganeshan, S. in 2003 reports schemes for women empowerment as under:

Table 9
Schemes for Women Empowerment
Name

of

the

Objectives

programme/

Allocated

No.of

Funds

Beneficia-

Institution
SBI
(Entrepreneur
Scheme1967)
TRYSEM
(1979)
NORAD (1982)

144

Activities Covered

ries
To provide finance

54 cr.

1.8 lakhs

To
give
training
to
unemployed women for self
employment
To help educated and
uneducated
women
financially

1.5
cr.
every year

2
lakhs
(every
year)
64.200

335.91
lakhs

Units in SSI

Electronics,
computer
programming,
manufacturing
of
watches,
printing,
etc

DWCRA(1982)

To group strategy aiming to

strengthen the role of
women
in
broader
perspective

20 women
each in 50
districts

STEP(1987)

To provide
training to
increase production capacity

1.44 cr.

52000

Rahstriya
Mahila
Kosh
(RMK) (1993)

To enhance the daily

income of rural poor women.

26 cr.

18.000

Indira
Mahila
YojanA
( IMY) (1995)

To give a forward thrust to

income
generation
and
employment of women.

15 cr.

26.000

Small Industries
Development
Bank
of
India(SIDBI)
Mahila Udayam
Nidhi (1995)
RWDEP(1998)

To provide training
extension services

10 lakhs
per project

85.000
project

Traditional
business. food and
beverages,
cosmetics, dairy and
animal husbandry,
sericulture
and
horticulture.
Agriculture,
fisheries,
milk,
handloom
khadi
development
Training,
apprenticeship and
orientation
programmers
Education,
awareness
and
income generation
capacity.
Industrial units in
SSI

To provide Finance

10 cr.

1 lakh

Units of SSI

To strengthen the process

and create an environment
for employment of women

191.21 cr.

6 states

Units of SSI

and

2.18 THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION

The International Labour Organization provides following facts about women
employment in 2003, (www.ilo.org / seed).

Women are significant employers, employing an average of 7 persons per

enterprise

A significantly large number of women operate as portfolio entrepreneurs,

preferring to grow more than one enterprise rather than expanding an existing
one.

Women entrepreneurs often have a clearly articulated business logic and

marketing strategy underpinning their multiple enterprise strategies.

145

Women entrepreneurs are not risk averters; rather they balance risks in terms
of likely impact on both the enterprise and the household.

Womens perceptions of and attitudes to growth are broad based and often
take into account impacts on customers, workers and family.

Women have to use personal saving to finance the establishment and growth
of their enterprises. They have relatively easy access to micro finance but
little access to formal finance.

Many women have limited awareness of and make little use of networks and
membership associations.

The application and implementation of government policies and programs are

often not evenly and equally applied to both women and men.
Further, ILO recommended following actions for governments:

Background gender analysis should be carried out so as to clearly identify the

differing social, cultural and economic contexts and resource basis of both
female and male entrepreneurs.

There is a need to provide more sophisticated marketing support

mechanisms, such as design centre, packaging assistance, etc.

Government should engage and consult with representative associations,

including associations of women entrepreneurs, while holding investment and
business for and when formulating enterprise development policies.

There is a need to promote positive images of women and women

entrepreneurs, in particular as partners and contributors to economic and
social development.

2.19 CONCLUSION
The studies reviewed in this chapter point out that lot of research have
been done among women clientele. Studies on status of women highlight the fact
that since ancient times women were unable to enjoy the deserved status. They
were regarded as stereotype home makers in most cases. But their contribution
towards the economic and social enlistment of family was never given
consideration.
146

Research on work and health revealed that lot of problems occur among
workers depending on nature of work. Stress was the major problem faced by all
the selected women. However there were many influencing factors like closeness
to husband, etc that influenced the problems faced.

Many researches have been undertaken with women entrepreneurs as the

samples. The studies highlight that they are successful in areas related to food
processing. Thus the researcher felt the need to research this area and create a
detailed database of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.

147

30

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
The study on women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing units was
conducted by following systematic and scientific methodology. The method of
procedure can be described in following aspects:

3.1

Selecting the Sample

3.2

Development of the Tool

3.3

Pilot Study

3.4

Validating the Tool

3.5

Data Collection

3.6

Categorization of the Variables

3.7 Analysis of the Data

3.1 SELECTING THE SAMPLE

The present study on women entrepreneurs was done on a sample of 300
women of Rajkot city who were engaged in various types of food processing
activities. Hence, for the data collection of research study, they were divided into
five categories as follows

1. Dry and Wet snacks making units

2. Tiffin service, catering and canteen units
3. Khakhara and Thepla making unit
4. Papad making units
5. Other food processing units

148

The diagrammatic representation can be seen as under:

Figure - 3
Distribution of selected Sample
Total - 300 Women Entrepreneurs Engaged In Food
Processing Units.

60

Women from Dry / Wet Snacks making units.

60

Women from Tiffin service, Dining hall, Catering ,

And Canteens.

60

Women from Khakhara and Thepla making units.

60

Women from Papad making units.

60

Women from other food processing units.

.
The food processing units like khakhara and thepla dry and wet snacks or
tiffin service, catering and canteen services had similar types of functioning and
thus were clubbed together. In addition to the four above categories, women
entrepreneurs of Rajkot city were also engaged in production of bakery products,
cold drinks, masalas, pickles, sweets, confectionaries and readymade batters
[khiru]. But, their number was not large enough to form a separate category of
sample. Therefore, they were clubbed together and referred to as others. All the
enterprises selected in the five mentioned categories were managed by women
entrepreneurs.

To select the sample for the research study, the researcher obtained
addresses of women entrepreneurs from various sources as follows:

149

The packaging of various food products brought at home or sold at shops

revealed the addresses of various such enterprises. They were contacted
and found whether they suited the criteria for selection. List of selected
women entrepreneurs was prepared.

The sales men/women moving from house to house or having their sales
outlet at fairs [or similar gatherings] were contacted and addresses /contacts
of women entrepreneurs were obtained or established. Selected ones were
further added to the list.

A directory of women entrepreneurs in Gujarat was obtained from the

Centre

of

Entrepreneurship

development

[CED],

Gandhinagar.

The

addresses of women from Rajkot were short listed. Selected names and
addresses were added to the prepared list.

Gatherings of students, women and those of cultural and caste clubs were
organized by the researcher. People were informed about the purpose and
methodology of the research study on women entrepreneurs. Contact
addresses of many women were obtained with the help of these gatherings.
They were added to the list after contacting them personally.

Many addresses of other related women entrepreneurs were also given by

women entrepreneurs themselves. Finally they were also added to the list.

The final list of women entrepreneurs engaged in food units of Rajkot was
prepared in five categories. Each category had 70 names from which 60 were to
be randomly selected. For the ease of data collection the list of entrepreneurs was
divided in to geographical areas of Rajkot city, following:

Gandhigram / Raiya road

Raiyadhar / Raiya road

Hudco / Kotharia road

Junction /Jamnagar road

Gondal road / Mavadi

Canal road

150

Bhakti nagar

Jain chawl / Dhebar road

Babaria colony

Kuwadava road

Kalawad road / University road

Ramnath para / Jilla garden slum quarters/ Bhavangar road

Yagnik road.

3.2

DEVELOPMENT OF THE TOOLS

The researcher was desirous to collect data on women entrepreneurs of

Rajkot who were engaged in food processing units. For this purpose, first of all the
researcher conducted an informal survey among the selected sample. She met
some of them personally and obtained information about them, their family and
their work. The details were roughly jotted down at all such meetings. This helped
the researcher to formulate the tool and gave an idea of what items to include in
the tool.

It was decided that the data will be collected with the help of personal
interview. Personal interviews would be helpful in following ways-

1.

Obtaining more detailed answers wherever required

2.

Rapport building with respondents

3.

Developing understanding with respondents so that they are not shy or

hesitant to reveal any details

4.

Clarifying the purpose of research to the respondents

5.

Cross checking in case any doubtful data was given by the respondents

6.

Probing of answers where required

The interview schedule for research was developed in following parts

151

3.2.1 Covering Letter

This consisted of a letter from the researcher to the respondent in order to
clarify the purpose of data collection and the procedure of research. It clearly
mentioned that the data was collected for research purpose only and that it will
not be used for any other purpose. This note helped the respondent to get an
overall idea of what was to be done and why. Addresses of the researcher as
well as the guide were given so that the respondents may feel free to answer.

3.2.2 Background Information

The first part of the interview schedule consisted of questions on name,
address, contact number, age, education, marital status and other personal and
family details. Most of them questions were kept close ended. Options were
given and space was given to tick mark on the applicable option.

3.2.3 Basic Details Of Enterprise / Unit

In the second part, questions like training obtained, types of food products
manufactured, reasons for starting the enterprise and other such related
questions were asked. All of them were close ended questions with yes / no or
multiple choice answers.

3.2.4 Information About Raw Materials

The third part included questions like what they buy and how they buy the
raw materials required for producing food products. Questions like whether they
could get the raw materials at appropriate price and whether they face shortage
of raw materials were asked. The answers were either in yes / no format or
multiple choice options were given.
152

3.2.5 Information About Facilities

Details like type and quantity of fuel used and water supply were included
in fourth section of the interview schedule. Here multiple options (answers) were
given for all questions wherein the applicable one or more were to be tick
marked.

3.2.6 Information About Building /

Infrastructure

Area of the building, distance from home etc. were included in the fifth
section of the interview schedule. All questions were close ended with multiple
choice answers.

3.2.7 Information About Workers / Employees

The sixth section of the interview was about the workers working at the food
processing enterprises/units. The details pertaining their number, age, sex, timing,
education, pay etc. were sought. They were included in the form of close ended
questions.

3.2.8 Information About Finance

Details on investment, budgeting, profit, calculation, etc. were asked in this
part of the interview schedule. Details about loan and accounting were also
included.

3.2.9

Information About Production

Quantity, type, frequency, pricing and other related details about production

were asked with the help of close ended questions in this part of interview
schedule. Details on techniques of preservation and packaging were also
included.

153

3.2.10 Information About Marketing

The researcher asked about techniques of marketing, advertising, stock
clearance and issues of rejection in the ninth section of the interview schedule. All
possible options in this case were also laid down for close ended questions.

13.2.11 Information About Account

This part of the interview schedules not only included the information on
profit but also those on future investments /savings and efforts to survive in the
competitive market.

3.2.12 Opinion Scale

It was a five point opinion scale with highly satisfied, satisfied, neutral,
dissatisfied and highly dissatisfied categories. Scores of +2, +1, 0,-1 and -2 were
given respectively for each of the above categories. Items like support of family
members, problems faced, etc. were included in this part of the interview
schedule.

3.2.13 Information about Experiences

This was the only open ended part of the interview schedule wherein the
details about outstanding experiences were asked.

While formulating the interview schedule, care was taken to use simple and
clear language. This was done because the schedule should be easily understood
and followed by anyone else other than the researcher, in case the researcher
needed help. All desired details were clubbed together and divided into sections.
Mostly close ended format was followed for the ease of statistical analysis. The

154

content was neatly typed in Gujarati with the help of computer software. Uniform
fonts and margins were given in the layout of interview schedule. Multiple copies
of the tool were taken.

3.3

PILOT STUDY
Thirty women entrepreneurs were selected randomly from the list (of

women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing industry in Rajkot ) prepared by

the researcher for pilot study. Interviews of these women were conducted with the
help of the tool prepared. The tool was analyzed in terms of clarity, detailing,
space provided, language used and time taken. Few modifications were made in
the interview schedule on the basis of this pilot study.

3.4

VALIDATING THE TOOL

In order to ensure the validity of the tool developed for the research, the

researcher got the tool validated from various experts as follows

3.4.1 Subject Experts

1.

Dr. K.K. Khakhar

Former Head of Department
Department of Economics
Saurashtra University
Rajkot.

2.

Dr. M. Bharawada.
Director, Center for Entrepreneurship Development
Rajkot.

155

3.4.2 Research Experts

1

Dr. Alok Chakrawal

Reader, Department of Commerce,
Saurashtra University,
Rajkot.

Dr. Hemixa Rao

Head of Department of Sociology
Saurashtra University
Rajkot.

3.4.3 Language Experts

1

Smt. Bhavana Sojitra

Lecturer in Gujarati
Matushree Virbaima Mahila Arts college , Rajkot.

Smt. Neela Upadhyay

Lecturer in English
Matushree Virbaima Mahila Science & Home Science college , Rajkot.

The schedule was finalized after incorporating the modifications suggested

by all these experts. Now the 350 copies of schedule were taken.

3.5

DATA COLLECTION
The selected sample of 300 women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing

units in Rajkot was divided in to 12 geographical categories.

In each of these areas, around 20 to 30 women entrepreneurs were found.

The schedule followed for data collection was as under:

Day 1: Rapport building and scheduling interviews at Gandhigram / Raiya

road

Day 2 to 5: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Gandhigram / Raiya road

156

Day 6: Rapport building and scheduling interviews at Raiyadhar / Raiya

road

Day 7 to 10: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Raiyadhar / Raiya road

Day 8: Rapport building and scheduling interviews at Hudco / Kotharia road

Day 9 to12: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Hudco / Kothria road

Day 13: Rapport building and scheduling interviews at Ramnathpara

/Jillagarden slum quarters / Bhavanager road.

Day 14 to 17: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Ramnathpara / Jilla garden slum quarters / Bhavanager road.

Day 18: Rapport building and scheduling interviews at Junction /Jamnagar

road

Day 19 to 22: Conducting of selected interviews of Junction /Jamnagar road

Day 23: Rapport building and scheduling interviews at Gondal road /

Mavadi

Day 24 to 27: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Gondal road / Mavadi.

Day 28: Rapport building and scheduling interviews at Canal road

Day 29 to 32: Conducting interviews of women entrepreneurs of Canal

road.

Day 33: Rapport building and scheduling interviews at Bhaktinagar

Day 34 to 37: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Bhaktinagar.

Day 38: Rapport building and schedule interviews at Jain chawl / Dhebar
road

Day 39: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of Jain

chawl / Dhebar road

157

Day 40: Rapport building and schedule interviews at Babaria colony/

D ay 41 to 42: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Babariya colony

Day 43:

Rapport building and schedule interviews at Kalawad road/

University road.

Day 44 to 46: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Kalawad road / University road.

.Day 47: Rapport building and schedule interviews at Kuwadava road

Day 48: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of

Kuwadava road.

Day 49: Rapport building and schedule interviews at Yagnik Road.

Day 50: Conducting interviews of selected women entrepreneurs of yagnik

road

Day 51 to 54: organizing and rechecking the obtained data.

The schedule of data collection was spread into 50 days but the data
collection continued till three months. This was because immediate dates could
not be obtained after completing one particular area. Changes in planned
schedule were also made due to some emergencies and unavailability of
respondents.

The researcher interviewed all the selected women entrepreneurs

personally. However, she was accompanied by friends, relatives and colleagues
whenever required. But collecting the data personally helped the researcher to
gain better understanding of the entrepreneurs and their work. Although tiring and
time-consuming, collecting the data personally was advantageous for the
researcher.

158

3.6

CATEGORISATION OF VARIABLES
The categories of all the selected independent and dependent variables

were made prior to data collection. They were as follows:

3.6.1

Success of Entrepreneurs
The researcher had considered three criteria for assessing the success of

selected entrepreneurs. The first criterion was the annual income of women
entrepreneur. It was obtained in five categories of below Rs 50,000, Rs 50,001 to
Rs 100,000, Rs100, 001 to Rs 200,000, Rs 200,001 to Rs 300,000 and more than
Rs 300.001. Scoring of 1,2,3,4 and 5 were given respectively for the income
categories. The second criterion was time since the enterprise got started
functioning. The answers were obtained in four categories of 0 to 5 years, more
than 5 to 10 years, more than 10 to 15 years and more than 15 years. Scores of 1,
2,3 and 4 were given respectively. The third criterion was number of workers in the
enterprise. Data regarding this number was obtained in four categories of 1 to 10,
11 to 20, 21 to 30 and more than 30. For this scores of 1, 2,3 and 4 were given
respectively.

Thus

the

maximum

attainable

score

was

5+4+4=13.

The

respondents were categorized into less successful and more successful.

3.6.2 Problems Of Entrepreneurs

The problems faced by the selected women entrepreneurs were probed in
five parts. A five point scale of highly satisfied, satisfied, neutral, dissatisfied and
highly dissatisfied was used for which scores of +2,+1,0,-1 and -2 were given. A
respondent could gain a maximum of +2 score for each part and thus the
maximum attainable score would be 10. Here, three categories were considered
on the basis of combined scores of 5 parts - faced problems- Negative scoring,
Neutral- 0 scoring, faced no problems positive scoring.

159

3.6.3 Education
This independent variable was categorized into four:

Illiterate to primary education

Secondary education

Higher education till graduation

Higher education till post graduation and more

3.6.4 Training
The entrepreneurs engaged in food processing industry may or may not
have obtained the training for doing their work. Thus the dichotomous variable was
categorized into two:

Obtained training

Did not obtain training

3.6.5 Age
The selected women entrepreneurs may be young or old. There was no
fixed age decided for a person to be an entrepreneur. But from the informal survey
and pilot study it was revealed that all respondents were above 20 years of age
Therefore the following four categories were made

20 to 30 years

31 to 40 years

41 to 50 years

More than 50 years.

160

3.6.6 Religion
This polychromous variable was categorized into four

Hindu

Muslim

Christian

Others.

3.6.7 Marital Status

It was found that both married and unmarried women were engaged in food
processing. But it was even found that those women who were divorcees or were
widows also started their own enterprise to make productive use of time and for
economic independence. Thus, this variable was categorized into four as follows

Married

Unmarried

Widow

Others

3.6.8 Type Of Family

The selected women entrepreneurs may belong to different types of
families Thus, this variable was categorized as

Joint family

Nuclear family.

3.7

ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

The complete data on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing units in Rajkot was obtained using interview schedule .The data were
161

rechecked in the schedule to assure that no important or applicable information

was missing. Then the data was coded in the form of numbers. Numbers 1, 2, and
so on were given for the (closed ended) options for all questions. These codes
were entered into coding sheets. Separate coding sheets were prepared for each
of the five categories of 60 women entrepreneurs.The coding was then transferred
to the computer using SPSS software. It was analyzed using mean distributions,
standard deviations, ANOVA test etc. The derived results were converted into
table and necessary explanation and interpretations were given

162

31

CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND
DISCUSSION

CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The researcher conducted a study on 300 women entrepreneur engaged in food

processing unit. The required data were collected using interview method. The data were
than coded and analyzed using various statistical methods. The results of the same are
presented in this chapter.

Table -10
Types of women entrepreneurs
Sr. No.

Types of Women Entrepreneurs

Number of
Sample

Snack Preparations

60

Food Service Providers

60

Khakhara, Thepla

60

Makers
4

Papad Makers

60

Others

60

Total

300

Table -11
Detailed Distribution as per Type of Food Production

163

Sr.No.

Type of
Production

Variety of
food
Products

Total No.
of
Sample

Wet Snacks
1

Snack

Dry Snacks

60

Caterers
Dining Hall
2

60
Food Service

Tiffin / Parcel
Canteen

Khakhara,
Thepla
3

Khakhara
(different
varieties)

60

Thepla
Uadad,
4

Papad

Moong Papad

60

Khichi Papad
Cold- drinks
Picklel/masala
60
5

Others

Bakery
Others(khiru,
sweets, ice
cream)

Total

****************
Figure 4

Types of women entrepreneurs

164

300

60

60

60

60

60

Papad
makers

Others

NO

OF SAM PLE

TYPES OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

Snack Food Service Khakhara,

Preparations Providers Thepla
Makers

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS

In the first category, larger number of entrepreneurs preferred making wet

snacks. In the second category, it could be seen that larger number of women
were engaged in dining hall, followed by tiffin, caterers and canteen respectively.
In the third category, khakhra and thepla making enterprises were equal in terms
of number. Likewise, equal number of entrepreneurs were engaged with udad
moong and khichi papad in fourth category. In the fifth one, largest number of

165

entrepreneurs was found making pickles, while there was little numerical difference
among units making cold drinks/ice cream, bakery and other items.

Table -12
Distribution of Sample According to Geographical Area

1 Jamanagar Road.

2 Kuwadawa Road

3 Gondal,Mavadi,Dhebar Road.

4 Kalawad, Uni Road.

5 Bhavnagar Road.

6 Yagnik Road.

7 Canal Road.

8 Raiya Road .

9 Kotharia Road

No

Food
Products

Total

Snack

08

01

16

17

00

01

07

04

06

60

Food Service

10

00

15

25

00

00

07

03

00

60

Khakhara,
Thepla

03

06

17

13

00

02

07

09

03

60

Papad

12

02

11

08

00

07

12

05

60

Others

06

00

16

14

01

08

05

06

04

60

Total

39

09

75

77

04

11

33

34

18

300

Distribution of the selected sample according to Geographical area shows

that the highest number of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing
was found at Kalawad Road, University Road, Gondal Road, Mavadi Road and

166

Dhebar Road. The least number of samples were found at Bhavnagar Road and
Kuwadava Road and Yagnik road. All most equal size of sample was found from
Jamnagar Road, Canal Road and Raiya Road.
Table 13
Age of Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Total

13
31
24

51 and
above
years
11
09
07

26
23
117

04
05
36

60
60
300

Sr.No.

Food
Products

20 to 30
years

31 to 40
years

41 to 50
years

1
2
3

Snack
Food Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad
Others
Total

06
06
04

30
14
25

11
03
30

19
29
117

4
5
6

Figure -5
Percentage Distribution of
Age of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

167

60
60
60

AGE OF SELECTED WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS
12%

10%

39%

39%

20 to 30 years

31 to 40 years

41 to 50 years

51 and above years

The sample distribution according to 4 age groups showed that a large

majority of women entrepreneurs engaged in food unit belonged to the age group
of 31 -50 years. A smaller size also belonged to the age group of 21 -30 years
and above 50- years. This could be seen among all the types of samples or, in
other words, all the selected women engaged in different types of food
processing showed a similar age group distribution according to age. The larger
number of women entrepreneurs belonging to the age group of 31 -50 years may
be because by this time they are mature enough to start their own professional
life. In addition to this, it may also be possible that by this age they are free from
major family responsibilities.
Table -14
Education of Selected Women Entrepreneurs
SrN
o

1
2
3
4
5
6

Food
Products
Snack
Food Service

Primary

Graduate

Post
graduate
07
02
00
00
04
13

Total

20
05
60
27
12
60
Khakhara,Thepla
20
19
60
Papad
19
11
60
Others
11
28
60
Total
97
75
300
Figure 6
Percentage Distribution of Education of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

168

28
19
21
30
17
115

Secondary

EDUCATION OF SELECTED WOMEN

ENTERPRENEURS
4%
25%

39%

Primary
Secondary
Graduate
Postgraduate

32%

The collected data also pointed that a large majority of selected women
had low level of education. 39% of women entrepreneurs had primary education
followed by 32% having secondary education, 25% graduation and 4% post
graduation.

This also points out that most women having higher education

preferred service than business. Those having low education may not get
suitable job and the need for income generation or creative utilize action of time
leads them to undertake entrepreneurship.
Table -15
Marital Status of Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

Food
Married Unmarried Widow Others
Products
Snack
56
00
03
01
Food Service
56
00
04
00
Khakhara,Thepla
57
00
01
02
Papad
49
05
06
00
Others
53
06
01
00
Total
271
11
15
03

Figure-7

169

Total
60
60
60
60
60
300

Percentage Distribution of
Marital Status of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

MARITAL STATUS OF WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS
Others

1.00%

Widow

5.00%

Unmarried

3.66%
90.33%

Married

The data in above table show that 90.33% of women were married,3.66%
were unmarried 5%were widow, 1% of the selected women were

single.

Others category included divorcee as well as married but separated women.

Table -16
Religion of Women Entrepreneurs
Sr.
No.
1

Food
Products
Snack

Hindu

Muslim

Christian

Total

60

00

00

60

Food Service

60

00

00

60

59

01

00

60

Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

59

01

00

60

Others

56

04

00

60

Total

294

06

00

300

Figure 8

170

Religion of Women Entrepreneurs

RELIGION OF SELECTED
ENTERPRENEURS
6
Hindu
Muslim
294

The data when distributed according to religion suggested that very

large majority of selected women entrepreneurs were Hindus. Only a small
number of women were Muslim and no Christian women entrepreneurs engaged
in food processing were found.
Table 17
Women Entrepreneurs from Different Social Strata
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

Lower Social
Strata

Upper Social Strata

52

To
tal
300

248

S C.

O.B.C.

S.T.

Vaniya

Brahimin

Patel

Lohana

Others

Snack

00

13

00

10

07

20

07

03

60

07

05

00

07

07

13

18

03

60

00

03

00

34

11

05

04

03

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

01

12

00

10

06

11

18

02

60

Others

00

11

00

16

06

15

10

02

60

Total

08

44

00

77

37

64

57

13

300

S.C. =
O.B.C .=
S.T. =

Scheduled Caste
Other Backward Class
Schedule Tribe
Figure - 9

171

Percentage Distribution of
Women Entrepreneurs from different Social Strata
WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS FROM DIFFERENT
SOCIAL STRATA

NO. OF SAMPLE

82.66%

17.33%
LOWER SOCIAL STRATA UPPER SOCIAL STRATA

Analysis of women entrepreneurs according to their social strata is very important

for formulating suitable government policies. The sample was divided into two
categories, viz women entrepreneurs belonging to lower social strata and upper social
strata. Lower social strata constitute Scheduled Castes and Tribes besides Other
Backward Classes. It was found that OBCs entrepreneurs form the large chunk in the
lower social strata, while very few belonged to Scheduled Caste category. There was
none from Scheduled Tribe category, understandably because their population in the city
is much little
A glance at the number of women entrepreneurs belonging to upper
social strata indicate large number of

women from this social category

belonged to Vaniya community, followed by Patels, Lohana and Brahimins.

Some women engaged in food processing were found from other than these
three castes

Women entrepreneurs in low social strata formed a smaller group

compared to a much larger number belonging to the upper social strata.

172

Table- 18
Number of Non Earning Members in Family of Selected Women
Entrepreneurs
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

None

2 or 3

4 or
more

Total

Snack

09

14

30

07

60

Food Service

15

11

28

06

60

Khakhara,Thepla

09

09

30

12

60

Papad

11

09

27

13

60

Others

15

12

25

08

60

Total

59

55

140

46

300

Figure -10
Percentage Distribution of
Number of non Earning on Selected Women Entrepreneurs
NUMBER OF NON EARNING MEMBERS ON
WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

4 or more

15.33

2 or 3
1
None

46.66
18.33
19.66

About half of the selected sample had 2 or 3 non earning members in

their/her family. The data also showed that the number of women entrepreneurs
having 0 or 1 non earning member was more than those having 4 or more non
earning family members. The earning member/s in the family besides the women
entrepreneur was/were not considered here.

173

Table 19
Type of Family of Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Sr.No.
1

Food
Products
Snack

Joint Nuclear
Family Family
22
38

Total

Food Service

19

41

60

26

34

60

Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

23

37

60

Others

18

42

60

Total

108

192

300

60

Table - 20
Help of Husband and Family Members in Joint Family & Nuclear Family
Sr.No.

FoodProd
ucts

Type of Family
Joint Family

Nuclear Family

108

192

Help

of Help

husband

of Help

Family

of Help

husband

members

Family
members

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Snack

08

14

21

01

20

18

06

32

05

14

08

11

07

34

02

39

06

20

08

18

11

23

04

30

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

03

20

17

06

08

29

03

34

Others

04

14

12

06

11

31

02

40

Total

26

82

66

42

57

135

17

175

174

of

Figure -11
Percentage Distribution of Type of Family of Selected Family

TYPE OF FAMILY OF SELECTED WOMEN

ENTERPRENEURS

36%
64%

Joint Family
Nuclear Family

The above data point out that 64% of women entrepreneurs belonged to nuclear
family. This could be because in nuclear families, women have fewer responsibilities and
can take their decisions independently as compared to the women from joint family. A
smaller number of entrepreneurs coming from joint families could possibly be due to
more responsibilities and rigid mentality of not allowing women to work or earn.

175

Figure -12
Help of Husband and Family Members in Joint Family & Nuclear Family

HELP OF HUSBAND & FAMILY MEMBERS IN JIONT

AND NEUCLEAR FAMILY

175
135
82

66

26
Yes No

42

Yes No

Help of Husband

Help of Family

Joint Family

57
17
Yes No
Help of Husband

Yes No
Help of

Neuclear Family

As seen from the above figure, the sample had 108 joint families and 192 nuclear
families. Help received from husbands in joint family was very little compared to that in
nuclear families. Whereas help received from other family members was much more in
joint families than in nuclear families, simply because of the composition of joint and
nuclear families.

176

Table-21
(Yearly) Family Income of Women Entrepreneurs
Sr
.N
o.

Food
Products

Below
Rs
50,000

Rs.50,001
to
Rs.1,50,000

Rs.1,50,001
to
Rs.3,00,000

Rs.3,00,001
to
Rs.5,00,000

Above
Rs.
5.00.000

Total

1
2
3

Snack
FoodServie
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad
Others
Total

07
02
01

36
34
36

14
17
20

03
06
02

00
01
01

60
60
60

02
01
13

26
24
156

25
30
106

05
03
19

02
02
06

60
60
300

4
5
6

Figure -13
Percentage Distribution of
(Yearly) Family Income of Women Entrepreneurs
(YEARLY) FAMILY INCOME WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURS
6%

2%

4%

35%

53%

Below Rs 50,000

Rs.50,001

to Rs.1,50,000

Rs.1,50,001 to Rs.3,00,000

Rs.3,00,001 to Rs.5,00,000

Above Rs. 5.00.000

The figures in the table related to family income showed that a high majority
of selected women had their annual income between Rs 50, 000 to Rs 3, 00,000.
Very few women having their family income below and above these figures were
found.

177

Table -22
(Individual) Income of Selected Women Entrepreneurs

Sr
.N
o

Food
Products

Below
to
Rs.50,000

Rs.50,001
to
Rs.1,00,000

Rs.1,00,001
to
Rs.2,00,000

1
2

Snack
Food
Service

22
04

34
45

02
08

01
01

01
02

60
60

Khakhara,

00

43

12

01

04

60

4
5
6

Thepla
Papad
Others
Total

05
08
39

35
45
202

14
05
41

02
01
06

04
01
12

60
60
300

Rs.2,00,001
to
Rs.3,00,000

Above
Total
3,00,000

Figure - 14
Percentage Distribution of
Individual Income of Selected Women Entrepreneurs
INDIVIDUAL INCOME OF SELECTED WOMEN
ENTREPRENEURS

2% 4%

13%

14%

67%
Below to Rs.50,000

Rs.50,00 1 to R s.1,00 ,000

Rs.1,00,001 to Rs .2,00,00 0

Rs.2,00,001 to Rs.3,00,000

Above 3,00,000

On the other hand, the data on individual income point out that a 67% of
selected women entrepreneurs had their income between Rs.50, 000 to Rs 1,
00,000

annually.

Only

2%

women

had

their income between Rs. 2,

00,000 to Rs. 3, 00,000. Whereas only 4% had their income higher than 3 lakh

178

Table- 23
Inheritance of Enterprise
Sr.No Food Products

Has
inherited
12

Has not
inherited
48

Total

Snack

60

Food Service

05

55

60

Khakhara,Thepla

10

50

60

Papad

14

46

60

Other

06

54

60

Total

47

253

300

Figure -15
Percentage Distribution of Inheritance of Enterprise
INHERITANCE OF ENTERPRISE
16%

Has inherited
Has not inherited

84%

It was found that 84% of selected women started the food processing enterprise
on their own. Only 16% of them had received the enterprise inheritably.

179

Table -24
Training Obtained by Selected Women Entrepreneurs
From Various Institutions

Sr.
No

1
2
3
4
5
6

Food
Products

Snack
Food Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad
Other
Total

Obtained Training
Yes
No
43
257
Kutir Others
EDI
Mahila
Udyog
/CED
Udyog
Kendra
01
00
00
08
00
00
00
00
00
00
00
10
05
06
12

00
02
02

00
00
00

Total

09
02
29

300

09
00
10
14
10
43

Figure -16
Percentage Distribution of Trained and Untrained Women Entrepreneurs

TRAINED AND UNTRAINED WOMEN

ENTREPRENEURS
43

Obtained Training Yes

Obtained Training No

257

The data on training showed that 43 women entrepreneurs had obtained formal
training. 257 women entrepreneurs had not obtained formal training

180

Figure -17
Percentage Distribution of Trained Women
Entrepreneurs from Various Institutions
TRAINING OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS
INSTITUTIONS
29

12
2
EDI

Mahila Udyog
Kendra

Kutir Udyog

Others

The data on training showed that a small number of women had obtained
formal training from respective institutes. The women who had obtained training
had undergone a course organized by Entrepreneurship Development Institute of
India, The Centre for Entrepreneurship Development or Mahila Udyog Kendra.

Table -25
Source of Motivation for Selected Women Entrepreneurs
Sr.No

Family
Members
24

Friends/
Relatives
07

Self

Others

Total

Food
Products
Snack

29

00

60

Food Service

14

30

16

00

60

Khakhara,Thepla

19

11

23

07

60

Papad

21

16

22

01

60

Other

20

12

27

01

60

Total

98

76

117

09

300

181

Figure -18
Percentage Distribution of
Source of Motivation for Selected Women Entrepreneurs

SOURCE OF MOTIVATION FOR SELECTED WOMEN

ENTREPREURS

39
32.66
25.33
Family Members
Friends/Relatives
Self
Others

The collected data described that for most of the selected women sample,
the source of motivation was none other than self, followed by motivation by
family, friends and relatives.

Table- 26
Need to Start Enterprise
Sr.No

Income
Generation
43

Adventure

Food
Products
Snack

08

05

04

60

Food Service

43

07

07

03

60

Khakhara,
Thepla

50

04

06

00

60

Papad

50

07

03

00

60

Other

37

11

10

02

60

Total

223

37

31

09

300

182

Interest Others Total

Figure -19
Percentage Distribution of Need to Start Enterprise

NEED TO START ENTERPRISE

Others

3%

Interest 10.33%
Adventure 12.33%
74.33%

Income Generation

The above table shows that a 74.33% of women started food processing
enterprise to generate income. Quite a few started because of interest or a sense
of adventure.
Table -27
Selection of Enterprise
Residence Others Total
Based

Sr.No

Food
Products

Everyday
Need

Less
Investment

Snack

08

38

14

00

60

12

24

20

04

60

16

26

18

00

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

16

25

19

00

60

Other

26

14

20

00

60

78

127

91

04

300

183

Total

Figure -20
Percentage Distribution of Selection of Enterprise
SELECTION OF ENTREPRISE
42.33
30.33

26

1.33
Everyday Need

Less
Investment

Residence
Based

Others

Large majority of selected sample considered less investment as the major

criterion for selection of enterprise. It was followed by the option of residence
based and every day need.

Table -28
Status before Starting Enterprise
Sr.No

Food
Products

House
Wife

Service

Daily
Wager

Total

Snack

45

07

08

60

42

10

08

60

39

12

09

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

39

02

19

60

Other

40

06

14

60

205

37

58

300

184

Total

Figure -21
Percentage Distribution of Status before Starting Enterprise

STATUS BEFORE STARTING ENTERPRISE

68.33%

House Wife
Service
Daily Wager

19.33%
12.33%

Before starting enterprise, it was found that 68.33% of them were

housewives and very few - 19.33% were daily wagers and 12.33% service
women.

Table - 29
Usefulness of past work experience
Sr.No.

Completely
Useful
05

Partially
Useful
04

Not Useful
at all
51

Total

Food
Products
Snack

Food Service

08

06

46

60

05

13

42

60

Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

13

07

40

60

Other

09

05

46

60

40

35

225

300

185

Total

60

Figure -22
Percentage Distribution of Usefulness of Past Work Experience
USEFULNESS OF PAST EXPERIENCE
13%

12%

Completely Useful

Partially Useful

Not Use ful at all

75%

In majority of the cases, the past experience could not be of much help. Of the
225 women entrepreneurs, 205 were house wives (Fresher) as mention in table
28. Beside these women entrepreneurs 20 other also gained no benefit from the
past work experience because it was found that most of the selected women
were engaged in work which was completely different from the present work of
food processing. However, 13 % and 12% also opined that past work experience
was completely and partially useful.

Table -30
Types of Enterprise
Total
Co
Operative
Society
00
60
00
60

Sr.
No.

Food
Products

Individual

Partnership

1
2

Snack
Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad
Other
Total

60
60

00
00

57

03

00

60

59
60
296

01
00
04

00
00
00

60
60
300

3
4
5
6

The data clearly show that a very large majority of selected women
entrepreneurs engaged in food processing had individual enterprise. The sample
selected for the study comprised of unorganized sector and hence no unit was
registered.

186

Table - 31
Duration of Production Unit
Sr,
No.
1

Food
Products
Snack

0 -5
years
33

6-10
year
09

11-15
year
11

Above
16 years
07

Total

Food Service

30

16

09

05

60

24

24

06

06

60

Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

12

25

17

06

60

Other

20

25

13

02

60

119

99

56

26

300

Total

60

Figure -23
Percentage Distribution of Duration of Production Unit
DURATION OF PRODUCTION UNIT
39.66
33
18.66
8.66

16 years
0 -5 years

6-10 year

11-15 year

Above

39.66% of the food processing units of selected women were 0 to 5 years

old while there were 8.66 % numbers of units in existence beyond 16 years. This
clearly points out that women are engaged in food processing enterprise and
their number is increasing day by day since 15 years.

187

Table -32
Out station Visits due to Work
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

1
2
3
4
5
6

Snack
Food Service
Khakhara,Thepla
Papad
Other
Total

Does go out
Station for
work
04
04
00
00
01
09

Does not go
Out station
for work

Total

56
56
60
60
59
291

60
60
60
60
60
300

Figure -24
Percentage Distribution of out station Visits due to Work
OUT STATION VISIT DUE TO WORK
291

9
Station for

Out station for work

Does go out

Does not go

The data regarding outstation visits show that majority of selected women
entrepreneurs engaged in food processing did not go out of station for their work.
A few of them engaged in snacks and catering related enterprises visited out
station for work related purposes. This may be because most of them had
parallel responsibilities of home and children also. It may be also possible that
majority of them may not have to go out station for raw materials, training, any
such related work.

188

Table -33
Method of Purchasing Raw Materials
Sr.No.

Food
Products

1
2
3
4
5
6

Snack
Food Service
Khakhara,Thepla
Papad
Other
Total

Seasonal According
Purchase to Order

In
Enough
Amount
12
05
05
04
12
38

14
10
18
30
17
89

34
45
37
26
31
173

Total

60
60
60
60
60
300

Figure -25
Percentage Distribution of Method of Purchasing Raw Materials
MET HOD OF PURCHASING RAW
MAT ERIALS

12.66

In Enough
Amount
Seasonal
Purchase

29.66

57.66

According to
Order

Purchasing details reveal that women entrepreneurs in all food processing

fall under three categories. The number of women entrepreneurs opting for
purchase according to order were more than those opting for seasonal purchase
or bulk buying of raw materials.
Table-34
Storage of Raw Materials
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6

189

Food
Products
Snack
Food Service
Khakhara,Thepla
Papad
Other
Total

In Unit

Rental

Total

47
47
40
52
47
233

13
13
20
08
13
67

60
60
60
60
60
300

Figure -26
Percentage Distribution of Storage of Raw Materials

STORAGE OF RAW MATERIALS

22.33
Rental
In Unit
77.66

It was found that a large majority of selected women entrepreneurs stored

their raw materials in their own unit. A fewer number opted for rental storage.

Table -35
Time and Type of Testing
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

Testing of Time
Test
Test
at
at
Purchase

Production

Type Testing
Testing Testing Test
of
of
of
Quantity Quality Adulter

Tot
al

ation.

Snack

49

11

19

24

17

60

47

13

16

33

11

60

39

21

16

30

14

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

31

29

25

34

01

60

Other

36

24

20

35

05

60

202

98

96

156

48

300

190

Total

Figure 27

Figures -28

Percentage Distribution of
Time testing

Percentage Distribution of
Type of testing
TYPE OF TESTING

TIME OF TESTING

16%

32%

33%
52%

67%

Type Testing Testing of Quantity

TIME OF TESTING

Test

TIME OF TESTING

Test

Type Testing Testing of Quality

at Purchase

Type Testing Test of Adulteration.

at Production

Large number of women entrepreneurs in all five food processing categories

preferred to test raw materials at time of purchase. However some of them also
did testing at various stages of production. Most of them believed that test at the
time of purchase decreases the possibility of wastage and quality degradation
during stages of production. The data in above table clearly point out that
majority of women did testing of quality followed by test of quantity and test of
adulteration.
The tests conducted for detecting adulteration mainly involved those for
testing the presence of inferior quality adulterants added, or use of non permitted
colours. No quality control checks were done to assess the quality of materials
used for preparation of various food items.
Table -36
Prevention to Avoid Spoilage

191

Sr.No.

Food
Products

Immediate
Use

Periodical
Checking

1
2
3
4
5
6

Snack
FoodService
Khakhara,Thepla
Papad
Other
Total

25
25
13
26
26
115

30
35
47
34
21
167

Use of
Cold
Storage
05
00
00
00
13
18

Total

60
60
60
60
60
300

Figure -29
Percentage Distribution of Prevention to Avoid Spoilage
PREVANTION TO AVOID SPOILAGE
55.66
38.33

6
Storage
Immediate Use

Periodical
Checking

Use of Cold

In order to avoid spoilage 55.66 % of selected women entrepreneurs engaged

in food processing preferred to check their food items periodically compared to
those who preferred to use them immediately, only 6% preferred to use cold
storage for prevention of spoilage.
Table -37
Issues Regarding Raw Materials
Sr.
No.

1
2
3
4
5
6

192

Food
Products

Snack
Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad
Other
Total

Availability
of Raw
Material

Reasonable
Cost
of Raw
Material.

Shortage
Of
Raw
Material.

Availability
of Water

Tot
al

Yes
60
60

No
00
00

Yes
36
40

No
24
20

Yes
05
00

No
55
60

Yes
60
60

No
00
00

60
60

60

00

60

00

00

60

60

00

60

60
60
300

00
00
00

50
42
228

10
18
72

00
12
17

60
48

60
60
300

00
00
00

60
60
300

283

Figure - 30
Issues Regarding Raw Materials

NO. OF SAMPLE

ISSUES REGARING RAW MATERIALS

300

300

283
228

72
17

0
Yes

No

Availability of
Raw Material

Yes

No

Yes

0
No

Yes

Reasonable Cost Shortage of Raw

of Raw Material.
Material.
RAW MATERIALS

No

Availability of
Water

The data regarding raw materials showed that all the selected women
entrepreneurs engaged in food processing had easy availability of raw materials. More
than half of them obtained their raw materials at reasonable rates. Majority of the selected
women entrepreneurs did not face shortage of raw materials or water for food processing.

Table - 38
Equipments used for Food Production
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

1
2

Snack
Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad
Other
Total

3
4
5
6

193

Mixture Domestic
Floor Mill

Dough
Making
Machine

Freeze

Blend
er

Machine
for
Papad

37
60

20
28

01
00

10
60

23
60

00
00

00

22

16

00

00

00

00
19
116

20
01
91

12
00
29

00
31
101

00
04
87

28
00
28

Figure -31
Equipments used for Food Production
EQUIPMENTS USED FOR FOOD
PRODUCTION

116

101

91

87

29
Mixture

Dom estic

28

Dough

Freeze/

Blender

Machine for
Papad

The figures related to use of equipments showed that a large majority of

selected women entrepreneurs used mixture, followed by freeze, domestic flour
mill, blender, dough making machine and papad making machine.

Table - 39
Types of fuel Used
Sr.No.

Gas

Coal/wood Kerosene Electricity Total

Snack

44

06

07

03

60

60

00

00

00

60

60

00

00

00

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

45

15

00

00

60

Other

31

15

02

12

60

Total

240

36

09

15

300

194

Food
Products

Figure -32
Percentage Distribution of Types of fuel used
TYPE OF FUEL USED AT ENTERPRISE

80%

Gas

12%

5%

3%

Coal/wood

Kerosene

Electricity

FUEL

80% of selected entrepreneurs used gas as fuel. Some of them also used
coal, wood, kerosene and electricity. All the selected women entrepreneurs
engaged in services and khakhara / thepla categories used gas as fuel for food
processing.
Table 40
Ownership of Enterprise Premises
Food
Products
Snack

Personal
Ownership
44

Rental

Total

16

60

40

20

60

36

24

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

47

13

60

Other

49

11

60

Total

216

84

300

Sr.No.
1
2
3

195

Figure -33
Percentage Distribution of Ownership of Enterprise Premises
OWNERSHIP OF ENTERPRISE PREMISES
28%

72%
Personal Ownership

Rental

The above table reveals that a 72% of selected women entrepreneurs

engaged in food processing owned the premises of their enterprises personally.
There were 28% women entrepreneurs who managed their enterprises on rental
premises. But in all categories of food processing, it was found that personal
ownership was more than rental ones.
Table 41
Distance between Residence and Enterprise
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

0-1 Km.

25 Km.

5-6 Km.` More

Total

Snack

30

21

09

00

60

Food Service

30

09

05

16

60

Khakhara,Thepla

31

20

09

00

60

Papad

40

15

05

00

60

Other

42

13

05

00

60

Total

173

78

33

16

300

196

Figure -34
Percentage Distribution of
Distance between Residence and Enterprise
DISTANCE BETWEEN RESIDENCE AND ENTERPRISE

5%
11%

58%

26%

0-1 Km.

25 Km.

5-6 Km.`

More

The collected data showed that more than half of selected women
entrepreneurs had their food processing enterprise very near to their residence.
As the distance between enterprise and residence increased, the number of
enterprise decreased. However some entrepreneurs had to go to a distance
more than 10 Km. for their work. High cost of land near residence and
unavailability of suitable land infrastructure may be the major factors for far off
manufacturing locations.
Table - 42

Sr.
No
.
1

Food
Products

Location of Enterprise
Middle of
Periphery Out of Others
City
of City
City

Total

Snack

28

29

03

00

60

FoodService

38

05

03

14

60

Khakhara,Thepla

29

23

08

00

60

Papad

25

24

11

00

60

Other

39

18

03

00

60

Total

159

99

28

14

300

197

Figure -35
Percentage Distribution of Location of Enterprise
LOCATION OF ENTERPRISE

4.66%
Others

9.33%

Out of City

Periphery of City

33%

Middle of City

53%

When the data were analyzed according to their location, it was found
that more than 53% of the foods processing enterprises were in the middle of the
city followed by those in the periphery of the city and those out of city. Some
entrepreneurs provided spot services wherever needed.

Table 43
Numbers of Workers in the Enterprise

Sr.No. Food
Products

11 to 20
workers

21 to 30
workers

Total

Snack

53

07

00

60

50

05

05

60

47

10

03

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

42

10

08

60

Other

54

04

02

60

Total

246

36

18

300

198

1 to 10
workers

Figure -36
Percentage Distribution of
Numbers of Workers in the Enterprise

NUMBERS OF WORKERS IN ENTERPRISE

6%
12%
1 to 10

workers
11 to 20
workers
21 to 30
workers

82%

The data on number of workers showed that a very large majority of

selected women entrepreneurs had 1 to 10 workers in their food processing
enterprises. Those having 11 to 20 workers were exactly double than those
having 21 to 30. However, no enterprise had more than 30 workers.

Table 44
Male and Child Worker
Sr.No.

Male Worker

Child Worker

Yes

No

Yes

Total

No

Snack

40

20

09

51

60

23

37

17

43

60

49

11

00

60

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

45

15

00

60

60

Other

17

43

04

56

60

Total

174

126

30

270

300

199

Food
Products

Figure -37
Percentage Distribution of Male and Child Worker

MALE AND CHILD WORKERS AT THE

ENTERPRISE

90%
58%
Male Worker Yes

42%

Male Worker No

Child Worker Yes

Child Worker No

10%

Above table shows that as many as 58% units had male workers while only
10% units had child workers.
Table -45
Training given to Workers by entrepreneurs
Food
Products

Training
given to
Workers

Training not
given to
Workers

Snack

34

26

60

10

50

60

50

10

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

60

00

60

Other

40

20

60

Total

194

106

300

200

Total

Sr.No.

Figure-38
Training given to Workers by entrepreneurs
TRAINING GIVEN TO WORKERS BY
ENTREPRENEURS

35%
Training given to
Workers
Training not given to
Workers

65%

Training, being an important aspect of entrepreneurship, was studied in various

perspectives. It was seen that 65% of entrepreneurs gave training to their
workers, while 35% did not.
Table -46
Days & Hours of Training for Workers by Entrepreneurs
S.
r.
N
o.

Food
Products

Training Given To Workers by Entrepreneurs

Yes

No

194

106

Total

300

15
Days

30
Days

45
Days

4
hrs

6
hrs

8
hrs

Total

Total

Days

Hrs

Snack

17

09

08

15

14

05

34

34

08

02

00

07

03

00

10

10

30

20

00

23

27

00

50

50

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

20

24

16

12

32

16

60

60

Other

15

10

15

20

08

12

40

40

Total

90

65

39

77

84

33

194

194

201

Figure-39
Percentage Distribution of
Days & Hours of Training for Workers by Entrepreneurs
DAYS & HOURS TRAINING GIVEN TO
WORKERS BY ENTREPEURS

90

84

77

65
39

15 Days

33

Days

Days

hrs

30

45

hrs
6 hrs

It was found that for most of enterprise the training period was of 15 days
followed by those with 30 and 45 days respectively. It was found that majority of
entrepreneurs trained their workers for six hours per day followed by those giving
training for four and eight hours respectively.

Table -47
Stipend during Training Given To Workers by Entrepreneurs
Sr.
No.

Rs.0-30
Per day

Rs.31-45
Per day

Rs.46 -60
Per day

Rs.61-75
Per day

Total

Snack

09

16

08

01

34

02

06

02

00

10

25

00

12

13

50

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

10

15

30

05

60

Other

18

10

07

05

40

Total

64

47

59

24

194

202

Food
Products

Figure 40
Percentage Distribution of
Stipend during Training Given To Workers by Entrepreneurs
STIPEND DURING TRAINING GIVEN TO
WORKERS BY ENTREPRENEURS
12%
34%
Rs.0-30
Rs.31-45
Rs.46 -60
Rs.61-75

30%

24%

Almost equal number of women entrepreneurs paid Rs. 0-30, 31 -45, 46 60 as stipend/per day to trainers. A few paid an amount higher than this as
stipend/per day.

Table 48
Method of Training Imparted

13

14

On
site
07

02

06

02

10

09

29

12

50

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

00

38

22

60

Other

08

12

20

40

Total

32

99

63

194

Sr.No.
1
2
3

203

Food
Products
Snack

Demonstration Practical

Total
34

Figure 41
Percentage Distribution of Method of Training Imparted

METHOD OF TRAINING IMPARTED

16%
32%

Demonstration
Practical
On site
52%

The data revealed that a large majority of women entrepreneurs preferred to

give practical training followed by those using on site and demonstration
techniques.
Table -49
Experts for imparting training
Sr.
No.

Training Training by
by Self

Experts

Training by

Total

Family Members

Snack

26

08

00

34

10

00

00

10

38

06

06

50

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

42

05

13

60

Other

24

06

10

40

Total

140

25

29

194

204

Food
Products

Figure 42
Percentage Distribution of Experts for Imparting Training
EXPERTS FOR IMPARTING TRAINING

15%
Training by Self

13%

Training by Experts
Training by Family
Members

72%

The above table clearly depicts that 72% of the women entrepreneurs
imparted training personally, whereas 15% cases family members also
contributed to train workers for food processing. 13% took help of experts
whenever needed.
Table -50
Terms of Appointment of Workers in Enterprise Unit

Snack

15

07

10

06

44

60

16

07

37

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

12

33

15

60

Other

30

11

19

60

Total

83

64

153

300

205

Total

Unit of
Daily
Wages
Workers
38

Sr.No. Food
Products

Unit of
Permanent
Workers

Unit of
Temporary
Workers

Permanent = Those who had worked more than 5 years

Temporary = Those who had worked less than 2 years

60

Figure 43
Percentage Distribution of Terms of Appointment of Workers in Enterprise
Unit
TERMS OF APPOINTMENT WORKERS IN
ENTREPRISE UNIT
28%
Unit of Permanent
Workers

51%

Unit of Temporary
Workers

21%

Unit of Daily Wages

Workers

In case of appointment of workers, the collected data showed that

51% selected women entrepreneurs had employed daily wagers. 28%
selected women entrepreneurs had employed permanent, who had
worked more than 5 years. 21% selected women entrepreneurs had
employed temporary workers, who had worked less than 2 years.

Table 51
Number of Units and Site of Production / Work
Sr.No. Food
Products

At Workers
Resident

At
Unit

As per
Circumstances

Total

Snack

00

60

00

60

Food Service

00

47

13

60

Khakhara,Thepla

30

30

00

60

Papad

30

30

00

60

Other

00

60

00

60

Total

60

227

13

300

206

Figure 44
Percentage Distribution of Numbers of Units and Site of Production / Work

MNUFACTURING

MANUFACTURING AT THE ENTERPRISE

As per
Circumstances

4.33%
75.66%

At Unit
At Workers
Resident

20%

In case of snacks and the other category, the data showed that all the
entrepreneurs produced their food items at their unit only. The entrepreneurs
producing Thepala and Papad at home and at unit were exactly same. Whereas
more number of entrepreneurs providing food related services at the place of the
unit than at workers residence
Table-52
Numbers of Units and Workers Related Problems Faced By Entrepreneurs
Pay
Related

Leave
Related

Productivity

Total

Snack

26

20

14

60

Food Service

28

24

08

60

KhakharThepala

37

13

10

60

Papad

30

17

13

60

Other

22

26

12

60

Total

143

100

57

300

Sr.
No
.
1

207

Food
Products

Figure 45
Percentage Distribution of Problems of Workers Faced by Entrepreneurs
NUMBER OF UNITS WORKERS RELATED
PROBLEMS FACED BY ENTREPRENEURS

19
Productivity

33.33
Leave Related

47.66
Pay Related

The data in above table clearly indicates that majority of problems were
in terms of wages followed by those with respect to leave and productivity.

Table -53
Duration of the Work at the Enterprise
Sr.No.

Food
Products
Snack

4 -6 hrs

7-10 hrs

11-13 hrs

Total

22

33

05

60

11

47

02

60

00

60

00

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

10

50

00

60

Other

25

35

00

60

Total

68

225

07

300

1
2
3

208

Figure 46
Percentage Distribution of Duration of the Work at the Enterprise
DURATION OF THE WORK AT THE ENTERPRISE
75%

22.66%
2.33%
4 -6 hrs

7-10 hrs

11-13 hrs

It was seen that 75% of enterprises worked for 7 to 10 hours followed by

4 to 6 hours and 11 to 13 hours respectively. This may be because many of
workers were females and they had to attend to other household responsibilities
also.
Table -54

Means of Transport for Worker

Sr. No.

Food
Products
Snack

On
Foot
32

On own
Expense
28

Unit
Vehicle
00

Total

29

18

13

60

40

20

00

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

42

06

12

60

Other

46

14

00

60

Total

189

86

25

300

1
2
3

209

60

Figure 47

Percentage Distribution of Means of Transport for Workers

MEANS OF TRANSPORT FOR WORK

8.33%
28.66%

Unit Vehicle

63%

On own Expense
On Foot

The data with respect to transportation showed that majority of workers used
to come to their work place on foot followed by those who traveled at their own
expense and by unit vehicle respectively..

Table 55
Leave given by entrepreneurs to workers
Food
Products
Snack

Weekly

Other

Total

51

09

60

47

13

60

22

38

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

14

46

60

others

28

32

60

total

162

138

300

Sr.No.
1
2
3

210

Figure 48
Percentage Distribution of Leave given by entrepreneurs to workers
LEAVE GIVEN BY ENTREPRENEURS TO
WORKERS

Other

46%
54%

Weekly

For a 54% of entrepreneurs leave / layoff were when there was no work, in
other words there was no target to be met. 46% entrepreneurs followed weekly
leave pattern.
Table -56
Bonus given to Workers
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

Bonus given to workers

Yes
No
187

211

113

Total
300

Rs.100

Rs.200
37

Rs.201
Rs.300
08

Rs.300
Rs.400
00

45

Snack

Food Service

23

11

00

34

Khakhara,Thepla

18

10

02

30

Papad

36

12

04

52

others

21

05

00

26

Total

135

46

06

187

Figure 49
Percentage Distribution of Bonus given to Workers

BONUS GIVEN TO WORKERS

3%
25%
Rs.100 Rs.200
Rs.201 - Rs.300
Rs.300 - Rs.400

72%

The details of bonus showed that only about half the workers were given
bonus. Mostly they were paid about Rs. 100 to 200 as bonus. Only few selected
women entrepreneurs gave more than the above mentioned amount as bonus.

Table -57
Number of Units Engaging Workers in Night Duty and Female Night Shift

Sr.No.

Snack

Food Service

212

Food
Products

Nightshift
Yes No
11
49

Female
Night Shift
Yes
10

No
50

13

47

13

47

Khakhara,Thepla 17

43

03

57

Papad

09

51

02

58

others

06

54

00

60

Total

56

244

28

272

Figure 50
Percentage Distribution of Number of Units Engaging Workers in Night
Duty and Female Night Shift
NIGHT DUTY OF WORKERS

18.66%
9.33%

Night Shift
Night-shift

Female

It was found that 18.66% of units took night shifts and out of them only
9.33% % units had females working in night shifts. This may be due to family
responsibilities and security reasons. Females could not stay back at night.
Table -58
Physical Problems Faced By Workers Due To Work
Hand/Shoulder
Pain

Back
Pain

Burning
Eyes

Snack

Heel/
Leg
Pain
32

50

40

26

Food Service

39

38

38

30

Khakhara,Thepla

12

54

45

41

Papad

06

55

52

08

Others

08

19

18

11

Total

97

216

193

116

Sr.
No
.
1

Food
Products

213

Figure 51
Percentage distribution of Physical problems faced by workers due to
work

PROBLEMS

PHYSICAL

PHYSICAL PROBLEMS FACED BY WORKERS DUE

TO WORK

38.66%

Burning Eyes

64%

Back Pain

72%

Hand/Shoulder Pain

32.33%

Heel/Leg

The work of food processing involved hand and shoulder to a maximum

extent. Thus, it was found that workers suffering from hand and shoulder pain
were maxim um in number. It was followed by back pain may be because of long
hours of sitting or because of lifting heavy loads. Eye burning was also found
among many workers, may be due to long hours of cooking and smoke. As
compared to others, problems regarding leg pain and heel pain were found to
lesser extent among the workers of food processing entrepreneurs.

Table -59
Investment at Starting Enterprise
S
r
.
N
o

Food
Products

1 Snack
2 FoodServi
ce
3 Khakhara,
Thepla
4 Papad
5 others
6
total

214

RS.1000
RS.3000

RS.3001

RS.5000

RS.5001

RS.10,000

11
09

18
18

21
23

07
08

02
01

01
01

14

16

22

03

03

02

16
24
74

23
11
86

16
19
101

02
03
23

01
01
08

02
02
08

RS.10,001 RS.25,001
RS.25,000 RS.50,000

RS.50,001
RS.1,00,000

Figure 52
Percentage Distribution of Investment at Start
INVESTMENT AT STARTING ENTERPRISE

3%
2%

RS.1000 - RS.3000

24%

7%

RS.3001 RS.5000
RS.5001 RS.10,000
RS.10,001 - RS.25,000

36%

RS.25,001- RS.50,000

28%

RS.50,001 - RS.1,00,000

Investment data shows that at the start most of women entrepreneurs invested a
sum of Rs. 5000 to 10,000 whereas minimum number invested an amount higher than Rs.
25,000.
Table -60
Investment at Present
S
r.

Rs.10,000
Rs.20,000

Rs20,001
Rs.30,000

Rs30,001
Rs.50,000

Rs. 50,001
Rs.1,00,000

Rs.1,00,001
Rs.1,50,000

Rs.1,50,000
Rs. 2,00,000

1 Snack

09

24

13

05

04

05

2 Food
Service
3 Khakhara,
Thepla
4 Papad

06

15

24

10

04

01

04

15

25

10

05

01

15

15

16

07

05

02

5 others

20

09

14

10

05

02

54

78

92

42

23

11

Food
Products

N
o
.

215

total

Figure 53
Percentage Distribution of Investment at Present
INVESTMENT AT PRESENT

8%

4%

Rs.10,000
Rs.20,000

18%

Rs20,001 - Rs.30,000

14%

Rs30,001 - Rs.50,000
Rs. 50,001 - Rs.1,00,000

26%
30%

Rs.1,00,001 - Rs.1,50,000
Rs.1,50,000 - Rs. 2,00,000

After consolidation and development of enterprises, the average investment

rose substantially in most of the units. However, the average investment
remained between Rs. 30,000 to Rs. 50,000 in nearly one third of sample units.
Only handful of units had seen investment rising beyond one lakh.

Table -61
Source of Investment
Sr.
No.

216

Food
Products

Own
Saving

From Family
members

Loan

Friends/
Relatives

Total

Snack

17

14

26

03

60

Food Service

19

15

24

02

60

25

08

17

10

60

Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

22

12

16

10

60

Others

22

14

23

01

60

Total

105

63

106

26

300

Figure 54
Percentage Distribution of Source of Investment

SOURCE OF INCOME
Own
Saving

9%
35%
35%

From
Family
members
Loan
Friends
/Relatives

21%

The data in above table showed that almost equal number of selected women
entrepreneurs investment came from own saving or they preferred to take loan.
It was found that lesser number of entrepreneurs had borrowed money from
family or friends to start their enterprise.
Table -62
Loan Details of Entrepreneurs
Sr.No.`

217

Food
Products

Demanded
for loan

Succeeded
to get loan

Snack

32

26

Food Service

26

24

Khakhara,Thepla

24

17

Papad

36

16

others

30

23

Total

148

106

Figure 55
Percentage Distribution of Loan Details of Entrepreneurs

LOAN DETAILS OF ENTREPRENEURS

35.33

49.33

Demanded for loan

Succeeded to get loan

The data regarding loan showed that 49.33% entrepreneurs wanted to take loan
but 35.33% entrepreneurs were successful in obtaining loan.

Table -63
Sources of Loan
Sr,No.

Private

Bank
Co 0perative
Society

Total

Snack

11

04

11

26

04

07

13

24

04

07

06

17

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

08

04

04

16

others

06

02

15

23

Total

33

24

49

106

218

Food
Products

Figure 56
Percentage Distribution of Sources of Loan

SOURCE OF LOAN

31%
Private

46%

Co -0perative Society
Bank

23%

The table shows that 46% of the entrepreneurs obtained loans from banks
followed by private sector and co operatives respectively.
Table -64
Problems faced to get Loan
Sr.No.

Slow
Process

High
Demand
Interest
of
Documents

Total

Snack

15

03

14

32

07

10

09

26

11

06

07

24

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

11

15

10

36

others

18

04

08

30

Total

62

38

48

148

219

Food
Products

Figure 57
Percentage Distribution of Problems faced to get Loan
PROBLEMS FACED TO GET LOAN

32%
Slow Process

42%

Demand of
Documents
High Interest

26%

Majority of entrepreneurs felt that obtaining loan was slow process.

Entrepreneurs also complained of high interest rates and procedural delays such
as documents and securities.
Table -65
Benefits from Government

Sr.No.

Obtains Obtains
Benefits no
Benefits

Total

Snack

01

59

60

00

60

60

00

60

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

04

56

60

Others

06

54

60

Total

11

289

300

220

Food
Products

Figure 58
Percentage Distribution of Benefits from Government

BENEFITS FROM GOVERNMENT

Obtains
Benefits
4%

Obtains
no
Benefits
96%

4% entrepreneurs took benefit of loan\ schemes of C.E.D. (Centre of

entrepreneurs development) E.D.P. (Entrepreneurs development programme).
96% entrepreneurs of the sample asserted that they obtained no benefits from
government. This may be because either they are unaware of various
government schemes under which financial assistance is given or they may have
not made the necessary efforts in the right direction.
Table -66
License, Labeling and Insurance Details of Food Production
Sr.
No

Food
Products

Snack

Food
Service

18

42

60

60

00

60

04

56

60

Khakhara
,Thepla

30

30

60

27

33

60

11

49

60

Papad

20

40

60

17

43

60

18

42

60

others

36

24

60

30

30

60

12

48

60

Total

132

168

300

188

112

300

58

242

300

221

Does Possess
License
Yes No Total
28
32
60

Does Label
Product
Yes No Total
54
06
60

Insurance
Details
Yes No Total
13
47
60

Figure 59
Percentage Distribution of
License, Labeling and Insurance Details of Food Production
LICENSE,LABELING AND INSURANCE DETAILS OF
FOOD PROCESSING

80.66%
44%

56%

62.66%
37.33%
19.33%

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

License

Product

Details

Does Possess

Does Label

Insurance

More than half of the selected women

entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing did not possess any license for food processing. A large majority of
them labeled their products because they found labeling to be very important for
the sale of food products. The data regarding insurance showed that a very few
entrepreneurs had obtained insurances.

Table -67
Time of Production
Sr. Food
No. Products
1 Snack

222

Every
day
36

Alternate
day
24

At the Time
of Order
00

Total
60

Food Service

47

00

13

60

Khakhara,Thepla

30

00

30

60

Papad

50

00

10

60

Others

32

04

24

60

Total

195

28

77

300

Figure 60
Percentage Distribution of Time of Production

TIME OF PRODUCTION

26%
Everyday
Alternate day
At the Time of Order

9%

65%

Most of the selected entrepreneurs produced their food products on daily basis,
whereas there were some who did production on alternate day or as per a requirement.
Table -68
Quantity of Production

Sr.No.

Per Piece

Per
Weight

Total

Snack

36

24

60

60

00

60

30

30

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

00

60

60

others

11

49

60

Total

137

163

300

223

Food
Products

Figure 61
Percentage Distribution of Quantity of Production
QUANTITY OF PRODUCTION
54.33%

45.66%

Per Piece

Per Weight

More than half sample entrepreneurs accounted and sold their production
in terms of weight. Less than half sample entrepreneurs accounted and sold
their production in terms of per piece.

Table -69
Use of Additives during the Food Production
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

Tamarind

Yes

No

Citric
Acid

Food
Colors

Papdio
Kharo

Total

Soda

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Snack

26

34

12

48

07

53

00

60

12

48

60

08

42

18

07

53

00

60

60

00

60

60

00

60

00

60

00

60

00

60

60

Food
52
Service
Khakhara, 00
Thepla
Papad
00

60

00

60

00

60

60

00

30

30

60

Others

30

30

13

47

24

36

00

60

15

45

60

Total

108

192

67

233

38

262

60

240

117

183

300

224

Figure 62
Percentage Distribution of
Use of Additives during the Production
USE OF ADDITIVES DURING THE PRODUCTION

28%

30%

17%

15%
10%
Tamarind
Papdio

Citric Acid
Soda

Food Colors

The above data pointed out that soda was used to a large extent
followed by tamarind, citric acid papadiokharo, and food colors respectively. It
could be seen that the use of items was according to the items produced in the
food processing enterprise.
Table -70
Use of Preservatives
Sr.No.

Food
Products

Yes
50

No
250

Vinegar

225

Total

Use of Preservatives

No
60

300

Sodium
Benzoate
Yes
No
15
45

Snack

Yes
00

Food Service

10

50

10

50

60

Khakhara,Thepla

00

60

00

60

60

Papad

00

60

00

60

60

Others

11

49

04

56

60

Total

21

279

29

271

300

60

Figure 63
Percentage Distribution of Use of Preservatives

USE OF PRESERVATIVES

93%
91.33%

9.66%

7%
Yes

No

Yes

Vinegar

No

Sodium Benzoate

The data on preservatives show that very less number of selected women
entrepreneurs used preservatives. Out of those who used, use of vinegar and
sodium benzoate was done for food preservation
Table -71
Health and Hygiene preferences
Health
Sr.No
.

Food
Products

Hygiene

High
Quality
Pro.

No Use
Of nonedible
Pro.

Cleanli
ness

Total Vacuum
Packing

Cover No
ing
Adultrati
food
on
items

Total

Snack

24

18

18

60

13

29

18

60

Food
Service

18

22

20

60

00

40

20

60

Khakhara
,

24

23

13

60

12

37

11

60

Thepla
Papad

26

15

19

60

00

31

29

60

Others

35

18

07

60

30

23

07

60

Total

127

96

77

300

55

160

85

300

Pro= Production
226

Figure 64

Figure 65

Percentage Distribution of Health

Percentage Distribution of

Preferences

Hygiene Preference

HEALTH PREFERENCE

High Quality
Pro.

26%
42%

32%

HYGIENE PREFERENCE

28%

18%

No Use Of
non-edible Pro.
Cleanli- ness

Vacuum Packing
Covering food
items

54%

No Adultera- tion

Above data show that in order to maintain hygiene, 42% entrepreneurs used
high quality products, 32% entrepreneurs did not used inedible ingredients,
26% entrepreneurs cared for cleanliness

Above data show that in order to maintain hygiene, 54% practice covering
food item was followed by most of the entrepreneurs and 18% vacuum
packaging was done for least number of times. However, selected entrepreneurs
revealed that they made sincere efforts to ensure production of hygienic food

items.

227

Table -72
Efforts to Upgrade Quality and to Reduce Price
Reduce Price

Upgrade Quality
Sr. Food
No. Products

More Seasonal Quantity Total

Use Pro.by Use of
Pro.
High Except Proper Total Pro. Buying
Equip.
in
Qua.
less
Raw
time
M.

Snack

28

19

13

60

21

19

20

60

32

15

13

60

29

23

08

60

24

21

15

60

23

25

12

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

30

24

06

60

26

21

13

60

others

29

29

02

60

21

13

26

60

143

108

49

300

120

101

79

300

Total

Pro. =Production

M. = Materials

Figure 66

Figure 67

Percentage Distribution of

Percentage Distribution of

Quality upgrade

Reduce Price
EFFORTS TO REDUCE PRICE

EFFORTS TO UPGRADE QUALITY

16%

26%
Use High Qua.
Raw

48%

36%

40%

Pro.by Except

More Pro. in less

Seasonal Buying
Quantity Pro.

Use of Proper
Equip.

34%

For up-gradation of products most of the entrepreneurs used raw

materials of high quality followed by taking expert help. The use of appropriate
machinery for up-gradation was minimal due to high cost of machinery.
To reduce cost of their production, most of the selected entrepreneurs made
efforts to produce more quantity in less time. Many also opted for seasonal
buying, when, due to high availability, cost of raw materials would be less. Many
of the entrepreneurs also tried bulk production as and when possible.
228

Table -73
Packaging Details
Sr.No. FoodProducts

Polythene

Snack

36

Plastic
Pac.
24

Food Service

14

Khakhara,Thepla

Others Total
00

60

12

34

60

60

00

00

60

Papad

60

00

00

60

Others

25

15

20

60

Total

195

51

54

300

Figure 68
Percentage Distribution of Packaging Details

PACKAGING DETAILS

18%
Polythene
Plastic Pac.

17%

Others

65%

In above table, the data show that packaging was done in polythene by
65% entrepreneurs, 17% used plastic containers and 18% sold in different way
of packaging

229

Table -74
Area of Marketing
Sr.No.

Food
Products
Snack

Local

State

Nation

55

05

58

Food
Service
Khakhara/
Thepla
Papad

5
6

1
2
3

00

InterNational
00

Total
60

02

00

00

60

57

02

00

01

60

35

22

03

00

60

Others

54

06

00

00

60

Total

259

37

03

01

300

Figure 69
Percentage Distribution of Area of Marketing

AREA OF MARKETING
86.33

12.33

0.33
National

Local

State

Nation

Inter-

86.33% of the entrepreneurs were found selling their products at local

market only. However, 12.33% entrepreneurs found State market, 1%
national market and very rare international market for their products.

230

Table -75
Marketing Network
Sr.No.

Food
Products

By Self

By Sales
By
men
Family
members
34
07

Total

Snack

19

38

22

00

60

22

18

20

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

15

18

27

60

Others

31

13

16

60

125

105

70

300

Total

60

Figure 70
Percentage Distribution of Marketing Network

MARKETING NETWORK
41.66
35

By Self

23.33

By Family
members
By Sales men

The table shows that marketing is done by self or family members in

most number of cases. However, few enterprises also employed sales person for
the sale.

231

Table -76
Advertisement Details
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

Advertisement Details
Total
Yes
No
300
114
186
News
T.V.
Pamphlets
Paper Channel
03
01
22
26

Snack

Food Service

02

03

15

20

Khakhara,Thepla

05

02

22

29

Papad

05

05

10

20

Others

06

02

11

19

Total

21

13

80

114

Figure 71
Percentage Distribution of
Advertisement Details
ADVERTISEMENT DETAILS

Figure 72
Percentage Distribution of
Media of Advertisement
MEDIA OF ADVERTISEMENT

80

186
114

21

Yes

No

Advertisement Details

New s
Paper

13

T.V.

Pamphlets

The figures related to advertisement point out that a little more than half of the
selected women entrepreneurs advertised their products. Among those who
advertised, maximum number of entrepreneurs used pamphlets for publicity. This
was referred to as easy and cheaper source of advertising. However, some
entrepreneurs also took help of newspaper and television media for advertising
their food products.

232

Table-77
Marketing Problems
Sr.No. Food
Products

Faces
Total Gives
Competition
Credit
Yes

No

Yes

No

Total

Snack

60

00

60

08

52

60

FoodService

60

00

60

12

48

60

Khakhara,Thepla 60

00

60

16

44

60

Papad

60

00

60

24

36

60

Others

60

00

60

18

42

60

Total

300

00

300

78

222 300

Figure 73

Percentage Distribution of Marketing Problems

MARKETING PROBLEMS
100%
74%
26%
0%
Yes

No

Yes

No

Competition
Faces

Gives Credit

The data on competition suggest that as many as 100 % entrepreneurs

faced tough competition by rivals. This should not be surprising because market
competition is intense in retail sale. Therefore, even small entrepreneurs had to
sell their products on credit.
233

Table -78
Rejection (left over) of Food Products
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

Rejection of Food Products

Tota
l

Yes
116
Thrown
away

No
184
Taken Sold at
Less
by
Workers Price
14
00

Snack

10

FoodService

00

12

00

Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

5
6

300

Others

12

36

00

10

22

00

20

10

30

00

00

12

00

12

Others

00

00

10

06

16

Total

10

26

42

38

116

Figure 74
Percentage Distribution of Rejection (left over)of Food Products
REJECTION (LEFT OVER )FOOD
PRODUCTION

33%

9%
22%

Thrown away
Takenby Workers
Sold at Les s Price

36%

Othes

Given the nature of food products, the researcher was also interested to
find out entrepreneurs strategy to deal with unsold food items. Nearly half of the
selected entrepreneurs faced this problem. In this case, most of them sold the
products at reduced price or distributed them among workers. Some other
strategies such as self consumption and free distribution were also adopted as
per convenience

234

Table -79
Maintenance of Accounts

Sr. Food
No. Products
1 Snack

By
Self
32

By
Husband
22

By
By Family
Accountant Members
00
06

Total
60

Food Service

42

12

00

06

60

37

13

02

08

60

Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

32

22

02

04

60

Others

41

08

04

07

60

Total

184

77

08

31

300

Figure 75

Percentage Distribution of Maintenance of Accounts

MAINTENANCE OF ACCOUNTS
61.33%
25.66%
2.66%

10.33%
Members

By Self

By Husband

By Accountant

By Family

Accounting is one of the important aspects of the enterprise. 61.33% of

them maintained their accounts themselves. 25.66% also took husbands help for
the accounts, 10.33% took help of family members. Only 2.66% entrepreneurs
appointed accountant to maintain their accounts.

235

Table -80
Duration of Account
Sr.No.

Food
Products

Daily

Weekly

Monthly Total

Snack

60

00

00

60

44

02

14

60

60

00

00

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

60

00

00

60

Others

50

05

05

60

Total

274

07

19

300

Figure 76
Percentage Distribution of Duration of Account Keeping

DURATION OF ACCOUNT KEEPING

2%

6%

Daily
Weekly
Monthly

92%

A very high majority of selected women entrepreneurs maintained daily

accounts whereas some also preferred to have weekly and monthly accounts.

236

Table -81
Accounting Methods
Sr.No.

Food
Products

Non
Computerized

Computerized

Total

Snack

52

08

60

54

06

60

47

13

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

55

05

60

others

54

06

60

Total

262

38

300

Figure 77
Percentage Distribution of Accounting Methods
TYPE OF ACCOUNT
87.33%

12.66%

Non Computerized

Computerized

The table shows that most of entrepreneurs still preferred to maintain

accounts in traditional way. This is quite understandable because their level of
education is low. Computerized accounting is being adopted by women
entrepreneurs, albeit slowly. The modernization of accounting methods was seen
in those enterprises which had large turn over.

237

Table -82
(Yearly) Turn Over Detail
Sr.
No.

Food
Products

Turn Over Turn Over

Increased Decreased

Not
Steady

Total

Snack

38

08

14

60

Food Service

26

03

31

60

Khakhara,Thepla

30

05

25

60

Papad

27

06

27

60

Others

27

08

25

60

Total

148

30

122

300

Figure 78
Percentage Distribution of (Yearly) Turn over Detail
TURN OVER DETAIL

41%
49%
10%
Turn Over Increased

Turn Over Decreased

Not Steady

Yearly turn over is expected to increase when business is expanding. Turn

over details of the sample enterprise showed that it got increased for nearly 49%
of the enterprises. However, as many as 10% units registered decrease in turn
over 41% opined that they faced fluctuation in their turn over.

238

Table -83
Profit Details
Sr.No.

Food
Products
Snack

Up to 10%

11 to 20%

21 to30%

05

35

20

60

00

44

16

60

01

48

11

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

10

21

29

60

Others

04

45

11

60

Total

20

193

87

300

1
2
3

Total

Figure 79
Percentage Distribution of Profit Details

PROFIT DETAILS

64.33%
Up to 10%
11 to 20%

29%

21 to30%

6.66%

The profit details show that the majority of women entrepreneurs had 11 to 20%
profit margin followed by those with 21 to 30%, entrepreneurs earned up to 10%.
Profit margin

239

Table -84
Saving Detail
Sr.
No.
1

Snack

07

13

30

10

Multiple
Investm
ent
00

22

04

28

01

21

11

07

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

23

18

Others

16

Total

89

Food
Products

Bank

L.I.C.

Post
Office

Property

Nil

Total

00

60

05

00

60

00

20

01

60

13

03

00

03

60

12

20

02

06

04

60

58

98

16

31

08

300

Figure 80
Percentage Distribution of Saving Detail
SAVING DETAIL
10%
5%

3%
30%

33%
19%

Bank
Post Office
Multiple Investment

L.I.C.
Property
Nil

Above table shows that post office was preferred choice among the
entrepreneurs for saving their money. This is quite natural because post office
offers small saving instruments. Banks was the second choice, followed by Life
Insurance policies.

Some entrepreneurs however used multiple investment

options, 5% invested in property while there were a few who couldnt save at all.

240

Table -85
Means of Increasing Income
Sr.No. Food
Products

Minimum
Wastage

More
Sale at
Less
Profit

More Pro.
in Less Time

Total

Snack

22

26

12

60

29

15

16

60

18

33

09

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

10

25

25

60

Others

26

30

04

60

Total

105

129

66

300

Figure 81
Percentage Distribution of Means of Increasing Income

MEANS OF INCREASING INCOME

22%
35%
43%

Minimum Wastage

More Sale at Less Profit

More Pro. in Less Time

To increase the income of their food processing enterprise about half of the
selected entrepreneurs sold more food items at less profit. Some also tried to
reduce the stages and time of production for increasing income.

241

Table -86
Means of Sustaining Competition
Sr.No. Food
Products

Need
Based
Pro.
15

High Quality
at Less
Rates
10

Total
Delivery
according
to Order
35
60

Snack

17

17

26

60

12

13

35

60

Food
Service
Khakhara,
Thepla
Papad

14

15

31

60

Others

13

20

27

60

Total

71

75

154

300

Figure 82
Percentage Distribution of Means of Sustaining Competition

MEANS OF SUSTAINING COMPETITION

24%
51%
25%

Need Based Pro.

High Quality at Less Rates

Delivery according to Order

In this competitive world, the women entrepreneurs had to make concrete

efforts to sustain competition. Most of them tried to serve as per need.

242

Table - 87
Opinion about Problems
Sr.

Food
Products

1.

2.

3.

Scores---------------

6 to10

0 to5

00

Snack

01

54

03

02

00

60

FoodService

00

50

03

07

00

60

Khakhara,Thepla

00

49

03

08

00

60

Papad

00

49

05

06

00

60

others

00

53

05

02

00

60

Total

01

255

19

25

00

300

Responsibilitie

Snack

00

45

02

10

03

60

Food
Service

00

46

02

10

02

60

Khakhara,Thepla

00

44

06

10

00

60

Papad

00

41

05

14

00

60

others

00

50

03

07

00

60

Total

00

226

18

51

05

300

Work Related

Snack

00

12

02

46

00

60

Problems

Food
Service

00

15

00

44

01

60

Problems

No.

243

Co-operation

4.

5.

-0 to-5 -6 to-10 Total

Khakhara,Thepla

00

09

01

49

01

60

Papad

00

12

01

47

00

60

others

00

14

02

44

00

60

Total

00

62

06

230

02

300

Personal

Snack

00

25

00

35

00

60

Problems

Food
Service

00

24

00

34

02

60

Khakhara,Thepla

00

28

00

30

02

60

Papad

00

23

00

37

00

60

others

00

25

00

35

00

60

Total

00

125

00

171

04

300

Figure 83
Percentage Distribution of Opinion about Problems

OPINION ABOUT PROBLEMS

76.66%

75.33%

85%

57%
41.66%
17%

8.33%
6.33%

0%33
1

6%

0% 0%
4

Co-operation

20.66%
2%

1.66% 0%
4

Responsibilities

0.66% 0%
4

Working Problems
Related

1.33%

0%
2

Personal Problems

1. = Highly Satisfactory (6 to10).

2. = Satisfactory (0 to 5).
3. = Cant Judge (Neutral) (00).
4. = Unsatisfactory (-0 to-5).
5. = Highly Unsatisfactory (-6 to -10)

The problems of women entrepreneurs were analyzed in four aspects. They

were Co-operation, Responsibilities, Work related problems and Personal
problems. Each sample was asked to rate their problem in a five points scale. The
analysis of results related to problems guided the researcher to following
conclusions

It was found that problems related to co-operation were faced for least
times whereas personal problems were faced by maximum women.

It was seen that no selected sample was faced the problem due to great
extent as there were few women who marked in column of highly
dissatisfied.

244

On other hand, there was little number of women highly satisfied in

personal, work related, co-operation and responsibility aspects.

It was observed that high majority of women faced these problems to a

smaller extent. Thus, there was highest number of women entrepreneurs in
the center of distribution.

The researcher found out that highest number of problems were faced with
respect to co-operation, followed by personal problems, responsibility
related problems and work problems respectively.

The finding also highlighted that number of women facing different

problems did not change very much with type of entrepreneurship. This
means that all selected women engaged in food processing unit faced
problems of similar kind and extent.

In the area of co-operation highest problems were faced by women

engaged in snacks (1-60).The women engaged in papad (181- 240), faced
minimum responsibility related problems, work related problems were faced
least by women in khakhara /thepla(121-180), whereas personal problems
were faced least by women engaged in papad (181-240).Thus no fixed
distribution with respect to above aspects can be seen.

The last section of the study consisted of open ended question wherein the
respondents mentioned some of their experiences. Some of the major responses
were as follows:

The order obtained is not steady.

Money is blocked due to credit given.

Some services are time bound.

There is heavy workload at time of festivals.

Returns are not obtained as per the inputs.

Starting of enterprise is extremely difficult.

No benefits from government.

245

Public relation and self confidence is developed.

One obtains respect in society.

The demand of packed products and bakery products has increased.

Children have more opportunity of business.

4.1 HYPOTHESIS TESTING

4.1.1 Hypothesis 1
Hypothesis 1 stated that there will be no significant difference in the
economic factor influencing development of selected women entrepreneurs
engaged in food processing unit. The economic status was categorized on the
basis of their family income. This variable was categorized in five groups as below
Rs. 50,000, Rs. 50,001 to Rs. 1,50,000, Rs. 1,50,001 to 3,00,000, Rs. 3,00,001 to
5,00,000, Rs. 5,00,001 and more. ANOVA test was done to find out if there was
any significant difference between the economic factors of selected women

Table- 88
Difference between Economical Factors (ANOVA) On Success

Variance

Between Groups
With in Groups

Sum of

Degree

Mean

F ratio

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

5.68

1.42

132.46

295

0.44

3.16

The values in table show that the difference is significant at 0.05 levels.
Therefore hypothesis 1 is rejected. On further group wise comparison it was seen
that the difference was significant between group 1 (snacks) and group 2
(services) and also between group 1 (snacks) and group 5 (others).

246

Table - 89
Group wise Comparison of Economical Factor

Groups

1 (Snacks) 2 (Service) 3 (Khakhara)

1-Snacks

2-Services

4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

0.25

0.16

0.36

0.36

0.08

0.11

0.11

0.2

0.2

3-Khakhara
4- Papad
5-Others

4.1.2 Hypothesis 2
Hypothesis 2 stated that there will be no significant difference in the extent
of success of selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing unit. The
variable of success was analyzed on the basis of three criteria:
1. No. of years (age of enterprise)
2 No. of workers
3. Income of the enterprise.
On this basis three group of high, middle and low success levels were
made. The results of ANOVA test are as under

Table- 90
Difference between extents of Success (ANOVA) on Success
Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

48.35

12.08

With in Groups

617.81

295

2.09

F ratio

5.77

It is clearly seen that the difference is significant at 0.05 levels. Therefore

hypothesis 2 is rejected. The group wise comparison pointed out that the
difference was significant between groups 2 (service) and 3 (khakhara), 3
(khakhara) and 4 (papad) and 5 (others).
247

Table 91
Group wise Comparisons of Extents of Success.

Groups

1 (Snacks) 2 (Service)

1-Snacks

2-Services

3 (Khakhara) 4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

0.3

0.71

1.15

0.28

0.41

0.85

0.01

0.43

0.43

0,86

3-Khakhara
4- Papad
5-Others

4.1.3 Hypothesis 3
The third hypothesis stated that there will be no significant difference in
the influence of education on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing unit. The independent variable education was divided into four
primary, secondary, graduated and post graduate. The ANOVA results could be
seen as under-

Table - 92
Difference in the Influence of Education (ANOVA) On Success

Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

12.94

3.23

With in Groups

228.4

295

0,77

F ratio

4.18

The data highlights that the difference was significant at 95% confidence
interval. Thus hypothesis 3 was rejected. The GroupWise comparison show that
the values were significantly different for group 1 (Snacks) and 5 (Others), 2
(Service) and 5 (Others), and 3 (Khakhara) and 5 (Others).

248

Table- 93
Group wise Comparison of Influence of Education.

Groups

1 (Snacks) 2 (Service)

1-Snacks

2-Services

3 (Khakhara) 4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

0.1

0.11

0.16

0.46

0.01

0.26

0.36

0.28

0.35

3-Khakhara
4- Papad

0.63

5-Others

4.1.4 Hypothesis 4
Hypothesis 4 stated that there will be no significant difference in the
influence of training on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing unit. The variable training was analyzed in two categories. The ANOVA
test results are shown in the figure below.

Table- 94
Difference in the Influence of Training (ANOVA) On Success

Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

6.08

1.52

With in Groups

67.95

295

0.23

Total

74.03

299

F ratio

6.60

The data pointed out that the difference was significant at 0.05 levels. Thus
hypothesis 4 was rejected. The group wise when compared concluded that the
mean difference was significant for 3 (Khakhara) and 4 (Papad), 3 (Khakhara) and
(Others), and 1 (Snacks) and 3 (Khakhara).

249

Table -95
Group wise Comparison of influence of Training
Groups

1 (Snacks) 2 (Service)

1-Snacks

2-Services

3 (Khakhara) 4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

0.35

0.16

0.03

0.06

0.38

0.36

0.28

0.16

0.1

0.08

3-Khakhara
4- Papad
5-Others

4.1.5 Hypothesis 5
In hypothesis 5 it was assumed that there will be no significant difference in
the influence of religion on selected women enterprise. The aspect of religion was
obtained in terns of Hindu, Muslim Christian and others. In order to find out if there
was any significant difference among selected women with respect to their religion
ANOVA test was done whose results where as under

Table- 96
Difference in Religion (ANOVA) On Success
Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

0.2

0.05

With in Groups

4.71

295

0.01

Total

4.91

299

F ratio

3.12

The data in above table shows that religion does influence the selected women
entrepreneurs and therefore hypothesis 5 is rejected. When the figures were
compared group wise, it was observed that difference was significant between
group 1 (snacks) and 5 (others), 2 (service) and 5 (others), 3 (Khakhara) and 5
(others).

250

Table - 97
Group wise Comparison of Influence of Religion

Groups

1 (Snacks) 2 (Service)

1-Snacks

2-Services

3 (Khakhara) 4 (Papad)

5 (Others)

0.1

0.11

0.16

0.46

0.01

0.26

0.36

0.28

0.35

3-Khakhara
4- Papad

0.63

5-Others

4.1.6 Hypothesis 6
Hypothesis 6 stated that there will be no significant influence of age on
selected women entrepreneurs. The age of selected women entrepreneurs was
taken in four groups of 21 to 30 years, 31 to 40 years, 41 to 50 years and above
50 years. The results of ANOVA test reflected the following

Table- 98
Difference in Age (ANOVA) On Success
Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

3.58

0.89

With in Groups

201.2

295

0.68

Total

204.78

299

F ratio

1.31

The results point out that age did not influence the selected women
entrepreneurs. This may be because there were some women who started early
and had more experience than other aged women who may have started late. In
addition to this facilities and training provided by government was given
irrespective of age, so that any entrepreneurs succeed in her work. Thus,
hypothesis 6 was rejected. The result of group wise comparison of influence of
age was as under:

251

Table -99
Group wise Comparison of Influence of Age.
Groups

1 (Snacks) 2 (Service)

1-Snacks

2-Services

3 (Khakhara) 4 (Papad) 5 (Others)

0.23

0.06

0.1

0.01

0.16

0.33

0.21

0.16

0.05

0.11

3-Khakhara
4- Papad
5-Others

4.1.7 Hypothesis 7
Hypothesis 7 mentioned that there will be no significant difference in
the influence of type of family on selected women entrepreneurs type of family.
There were joint and nuclear types of families for selected women. To check the
difference between women belonging to different families ANOVA was done.

Table -100
Difference in the Influence of Family.
Variance

Sum of
Squares

Degree
of Freedom

Mean
of Squares

F ratio

Between Groups

0.74

0.18

0.80

With in Groups

68.65

295

0.23

Total

69.39

299

The data shows that there is negligible difference in the influence of

selected variable. Thus hypothesis 7 is accepted

4.1.8 Hypothesis 8
Hypothesis 8 said that there will be no significant difference in the influence
marital status on selected women entrepreneurs. The selected women were
divided into four categories namely married, unmarried, widow and others. The
ANOVA test showed that the difference between them was not significant and thus
hypothesis is accepted.

252

Table -101
Difference in the Influence of Marital Status

Variance

Sum of

Degree

Mean

Squares

of Freedom

of Squares

Between Groups

0.95

0.23

With in Groups

92.68

295

0.31

Total

93.63

299

F ratio

0.75

The above figures show that marital status did not influence significantly. Thus
hypothesis 8 is accepted.

253

CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
5.1

SUMMARY
In traditional Indian society women are accorded inferior status in family

hierarchy. The Indian society considered women as weaker sex. Such

sociological and cultural traditions and taboos have kept women dormant for
quiet a long time. In 19th century many social reforms in India rose against the
evil practices. From Ram Mohan Roy to Gandhiji, efforts were focused to
improve status of women. With globalization and knowledge based society
spreading like wildfire in the world today, the realization of womens crucial role in
human development has been gaining acceptance. The emergence of women on
the economic scene as entrepreneurs is a significant development in the
emancipation of women and securing for them a place in the society, which they
have all along deserved. The association of women with economic enterprises
would provide a healing touch in promoting peace and amity in the strife ridden
world of today.

Entrepreneurship is suitable to women and it is possible to do work when

she has free time. Self-employed women has no restrictions and time bound
work which makes it easy for her to manage the responsibilities of work, home
and child at a time. Secondly, it is convenient for women to control a small
business. This pattern of working in small business suits her dual role. With this,
there is a growing realization that the strength of a country is in the small
business.

The problems that present day working women face can be traced back
through history to the Neolithic times when a division of labour already existed on
the basis of sex. In those days also, men hunted and women gathered roots and

254

fruits. The womens capacity to give birth, a capacity that men lacked, quite
naturally gave women a prominent place in the early agricultural society. So, at
this time women and men were already doing different kinds of work, but women
were not apparently subordinates to men.

The department of food has been imparting training to women through its
community canning and processing centers as well as mobile extension units.
The growth of food processing industry generally also brings about increased
opportunities for employment of women as packaging; quality control and
marketing operation in this industry are specially suited for women

Majority of women in Gujarat have expertise and unique skill of preparing

and processing food. Moreover the need to get involved in the income generation
processes motivates many women to take up food processing as an enterprise.
The women in this industry face different issues and problems than other working
women. Thus, a study focused on women entrepreneurs engaged in food
processing would be of great significance.

The above discussion on various aspects of women and entrepreneurship

lead the researcher to conduct a study entitled

255

A STUDY OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS ENGAGED IN FOOD

PROCESSING
The present study will throw light on a specific section of working class
the women engaged in food processing. Women have been taking up variety of
careers and sources to earn income. Days have gone when they were confined
to four walls doing only household chores. Women, in addition to the stereotyped
ones, have readily accepted these days challenging careers. One such work is
food processing. Many women have been found to use their skills and knowledge
about food in productive ways by engaging in food processing. The food
processing may be of different types and quantity, but these enterprises have
been found to be great success whether attached with home or not. They have
obtained a great acceptance among the general masses. Most of the women
have parallel household responsibilities. Thus, they adopt unique approach and
attitude towards their own work. The present study will help to understand this
approach and will throw light on their knowledge, attitude and practices and
problems. It will be of great importance as a contribution to create database on
working women. It will point out as to how these women differ with respect to
other working women. The database will be useful in formulating policies and
programs for working women. It will show what they need and thus create a base
for program planning for government and non government agencies working in
the area of women welfare.

The objectives behind this research study were listed as under:

To find out the impact of economic factors on women entrepreneurship

development in food processing activity.

To find out the extent to which women entrepreneurs have been successful in
entrepreneurship engaged in food processing.

256

To find out the relationship between entrepreneurship of women engaged in

food processing activity and education, training, religion, age, type of family
background and marital status.

To know about the problems faced by women entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing work.

To know the factors that motivate women entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing.

To know how far financial and other assistance provided by government are
helpful to women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing sector.

The studies reviewed in this chapter point out that lot of research have
been done among women clientele. Studies on status of women highlight the fact
that since ancient times women were unable to enjoy the deserved status. They
were regarded as stereotype home makers in most cases. But their contribution
towards the economic and social upliftment of family was never given
consideration.

Research on work and health revealed that lot of problems occur among
workers depending on nature of work. Stress was the major problem faced by all
the selected women. However there were many influencing factors like closeness
to husband, etc that influenced the problems faced.

Many researches have been undertaken with women entrepreneurs as the

samples. The studies highlight that they are successful in areas related to food
processing. Thus the researcher felt the need to research this area and create a
detailed database of women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing.

The study was done on a sample of 300 women of Rajkot city who were
divided into five categories namely snacks unit, food services unit, thepla and
khakhara making unit, papad making unit and other food processing units.

257

To select the sample for the research study, the researcher obtained
addresses of women entrepreneurs from various sources.

The final list of women entrepreneurs engaged in food units of Rajkot was
prepared in five categories. Each category had 70 names from which 60 were to
be randomly selected. For the ease of data collection the list of entrepreneurs was
divided in to geographical areas of Rajkot city.

The schedule was divided into subparts like background information.

Information about raw materials, infrastructure training, government assistance,
problems etc. Mostly all questions were kept close ended for case of analysis.

The researcher was desirous to collect data on women entrepreneurs of

Rajkot who were engaged in food processing units. For this purpose first of all the
researcher conducted an informal survey among the selected sample. She met
some of them personally and obtained information about them, their family and
their work. The details were roughly jotted down at all such meetings. This helped
the researcher to formulate the tool and gave an idea of what items to include in
the tool.

The tool was then validated by subject experts, sample experts and
language experts.

Thirty women entrepreneurs were selected randomly from the list (of
women entrepreneurs engaged in food processing industry in Rajkot ) prepared by
the researcher for pilot study. Interviews of these women were conducted with the
help of the tool prepared. The tool was analyzed in terms of clarity, detailing,
space provided, language used and time taken. Few modifications were made in
the interview schedule on the basis of this pilot study.

258

The schedule was finalized after incorporating the modifications suggested

by the experts. Then 350 copies of schedule were taken. The schedule of data
collection was spread into 50 days but the data collection continued till three
months. This was because immediate dates could not be obtained after
completing one particular area. Changes in planned schedule were also made due
to some emergencies and unavailability of respondents. The researcher
interviewed all the selected women entrepreneurs personally. However, she was
accompanied by friends, relatives and colleagues whenever required. But
collecting the data personally helped the researcher to gain better understanding
of the entrepreneurs and their work. Although tiring and time-consuming, collecting
the data personally was advantageous for the researcher.

The complete data on selected women entrepreneurs engaged in food

processing units in Rajkot was obtained using interview schedule .The data were
rechecked in the schedule to assure that no important or applicable information
was missing. Then the data was coded in the form of numbers. Numbers 1, 2, and
so on were given for the (closed ended) options for all questions. These codes
were entered into coding sheets. Separate coding sheets were prepared for each
of the five categories of 60 women entrepreneurs .The coding was then
transferred to the computer using SPSS software. It was analyzed using mean,
distributions, standard deviations, ANOVA test etc. The derived results were
converted into table and necessary explanation and interpretations were given.

5.2

CONCLUSION
It was seen that there was lot of important information to be obtained from

selected women entrepreneurs. The researcher found the following important facts
about the selected women entrepreneurs

In entrepreneurs from nuclear family, more help was obtained from

husband than the family members, whereas in joint family, more help was
obtained from family members than the husband.

259

Most of them were Hindus.

Around 65% of women belonged to nuclear families.

Small number of women had obtained formal training.

Very few of selected women went out of station for business purpose.

Most of the selected women entrepreneurs stored their raw materials in

their own unit.

A very large majority used gas as fuel.

Most of women entrepreneurs invested a sum of Rs. 5000 to Rs. 10,000 as

initial investment.

More than half of the women wanted to take loan but could not succeed for
the same.

Most of them did not have license.

Almost all of them made sincere efforts to maintain health and hygiene.

Women faced highest problems in the area of co- operation.

Further, the data analysis leads to the conclusion as follows

Hypothesis 1, 2,3,4,5, and 6 were rejected.

Hypothesis 7 and 8 were accepted.

The following variables had significant influence on the selected women
entrepreneurs

Education

Training

Religion

Age

Type of family

5.3

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY

The researcher found that the collected data would be of great importance

as data base. The researcher would recommend more case studies in this
direction, so that a women entrepreneur gets more recognition and acceptance.
Such studies will help the women to solve the problems faced. It will motivate

260

agencies and government to provide help, support and benefit to women

entrepreneurs.

5.4

RECOMMENDATIONS
The following studies can be undertaken

Similar study with area specific samples.

Comparative studies of women entrepreneurs between districts and state.

Similar study with women engaged in other type of enterprises.

Studies including the perception of others regarding women entrepreneurs

can be undertaken.

261

32

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33

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206. Trivedi, U. & Palker, A., (2005), Work Simplification Method Used by
Homemaker. Research paper Presented at 92nd Indian Science Congress,
Ahmedabad.
207. Trivedi, U., (2007), Problems of Women Workforce in Indian Economy:
research paper presented at National Seminar On Social Issues of Women in
Contemporary India, Department of Sociology & C. R. Gardi Academic Staff
College, Saurashtra University, Rajkot .
208. Upreti, H. C., (2000), Women and Problems of Gender Discrimination. Pointer
Publishers, Jaipur.
209. Vanar, R., (Feb2005), A Comparative Study of Students Attitude Towards
Working Women , Research Paper Presented at the National Congress on
Stress and Health hosted by Department of Psychology, Saurashtra
University, Rajkot.
210. Verma, J., (1960), Industrial Entrepreneurship in Madras City, Publishing
House, Bombay, pg 5.
211. Verma, P.D. et at (February 2004), Strengthening Womens Entrepreneurship
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Curriculum Development held by Development of Home Science Extension
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212. Vidya Rani, G., (1978), Status of Women Employees in the Government.
Mittal Publication, New Delhi.
213. Vinze, M. D, (1987), Women Entrepreneurs in India, Mittal Publication, Delhi.
pg 66 to 70.
214. Women in India A hand Book S.N.D.T Womens University Bombay (1981).

51

215. www. ilo.org/seed.

216. www.censusindia. net as on 18-1-2006
217. Yadav, J., (1999), Profile of Women Entrepreneurs in Saurashtra Region,
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218. Yadav, R. J. ,(1999), Women Entrepreneurship, Poorvi press, Rajkot .pg 40
to 50. , pg 23.
219. Yenagi, G., (February 2004), Creates of Woman Entrepreneurship, Research
Paper Presented at National seminar on Women Entrepreneurship A Need
for Training and Curriculum Development held by Development of Home
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220. Zaveri, P. Mehta, K., (2000), Uchh Ane Madhyam vargni vyavsay karti stree
ane

gruhinioni

bhumika

ane

darajjani

drashtie

tulanatmak

abhyas,

Department of Sociology, Saurashtra University, Rajkot.

221. Zober M., (1966), Some Projective Techniques in Marketing Research,
Journal of Marketing.

52

APPENDIX 1 :PHOTOGRAPHS

Production of Wet Snacks

Collection data from Entrepreneurs producing

Data collection from Caterers

53

Mass production of Khakhara

Production of Papad by women

Production of Khichi papad by Women

54

Women managing Fast food parlour

Data collection at site of masala production

Mass production of masala

55

Flour making for papad

Selling of papad

56

2: VISITING CARDS OF
SELECTED ENTREPRISE

QUESTIONNAIRE
57

APPENDIX 3:QUESTIONNAIRE
ENGLISH VERSION
A Study of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in Food Processing

Guide

Organizer

Dr. Nilambari Dave

Veena S. Samani,

Professor & Head,

Head,

Home Science Department,

General Home Science

Saurastra University Campus,

M.V.M.Scienc & Home

Rajkot. 360005

Science College,
360005

Dear Madam,

I am doing my Ph.D. at Home Science Department, Saurashtra University. As

part of the study, I have to write a thesis on a chosen subject. As part of this, I
have undertaken research on A Study of Women Entrepreneurs Engaged in
Food Processing. You are such entrepreneurs. I expect you to be helpful by
providing relevant details.
I assure that information provided by you will be utilized for research study
only, and not revealed to any one else. Proper and current answers given by
you will make my study more purposeful and fruitful.
I am thankful for your co-operation.
Thanking You,

V.S.Samani.

58

SECTION 1
1. Name:
2. Address: A Home Address
B Unit

Address:

3 Your husband helps you for production unit? YES / NO.

4. Your family members help you for production unit? YES / NO.
5. Education:
1. Primary. 2. Secondary.
6. Age:
1. 20 to 30 Years. 2. 31 to 40 Years.
4. 51 to 60 Years.

3.Graduate. 4. Post Graduate.

3. 41 to 50 Years.

5. Above 61 Years.

7. Marital Status:
1. Married 2. Unmarried.
8. Religion:
1. Hindu.

2. Muslim.

3. Widow.

3. Christian

4. Others.

4.Others.

9. Cast:
A: 1. S.C.
2.S.T.
3. O.B.C.
4.Others
B. 1. Baniya. 2. Brahmin. 3. Patel. 4. Lohana. 5.Others.
10. No. of Non Earning members:
1. 00 to1.

2. 2 to 3.

3. More than 4.

11. Type of Family:

1. Joint Family

2. Nuclear Family

12. Total Income:

A. Total Yearly Income of the Family---------------------B. Total Yearly Income of Entrepreneur------------------13. Have you inherited the production unit? YES / NO.

59

SECTION 2
14. Have you been trained for running the production unit? YES/NO
15. If the Answer is YES -----------------------------1.EDI, CED 2. Women Entrepreneurs center. 3. Small-scale
unit. 4. Others.
16. Type of production ---------------17. Motivation for Women entrepreneurs.
1.Family members

2. Friends / Relatives

3. Self Wish

4.Others
18. Need for making entrepreneurs:
1. Financial Need

2 Adventure

3.Ambitions 4. Others

19. How did will you select production unit.

1. Daily requirement

2. Business of small capital

3. Business operated from residence

4. Others

20. Status before establishment of unit.

1.House Wife. 2. Service. 3.Daily Wager.

21.

4. Others.

Is your experience helpful?

1. Fully.

2. Partially.

3. Not at all.

4.Others.

22. Types of production unit:

1.individual 2.Partnership 3. Co- operative Society. 4. Others.
23. How old is your production unit? ---------------24. Does your business require you to go out of station? YES/NO

60

SECTION 3
25 How do you purchase raw materials?
1.In enough quantity. 2. Seasonal purchasing
3. According to Order. 4. Others.

26 Where do you store your raw materials?

1. In your unit. 2. Rental

27 How do you test your raw materials?

1.By weight. 2. By quality 3. Testing of adulteration. 4. Others.

28. When do you test your raw materials?

1. at the time of purchase 2. At each stage of production.
3. after production.

4. Others.

29. What measures are taken for prevention of spoilage of raw

materials.
1. Immediate Use.

2. Periodical Checking.

3. Use of Cold Storage.

4. Others.

30

Is raw material available as per need? YES/NO

31

Is the price of raw material reasonable? YES/NO

32. Do you face the shortage of raw materials? YES/NO

33 Do you purchase water for your production unit? YES

SECTION 4
34 List of equipments:
1. Mixer
2. Domestic flour mill
3. Dough making machine 4.Freeze/ Freezer 5.Blender
6. Machine for papad making
35. Use of fuel:
1. Gas 2. Coal 3. Kerosene 4. Electricity 5. Others.

61

SECTION 5
36 Ownership of the unit.
1. Your own 2. Rental.
37. Distance of food production unit from your house
1. 0 to1 km. 2. 2 to 5 km. 3. 6 to 10 km. 4. About 10 km.
38. Location of food production unit.
1. Middle of the city. 2. On the periphery of the city.
2. Out of the city. 4. Others.
SECTION 6
39. No. of workers
1. 1 to 10 2. 11 to 20

3. 21 to 30

4. Above 31.

40. Are there Male workers? YES/NO.

41. Are there Child workers? YES/NO.
42. Do you train your workers? YES /NO.
43. Information of workers training.

Period

Training Training

Who

Stipend

of

hrs.

gives

Rs.

methods

Training
15 days

training?
4 hrs.

Demonstration Self

0-30
Rs.

30 days

6 hrs.

Practical

Expert

31-45
Rs.

45 days

Others

8 hrs.

Others

On site

Family

41-60

training

members

Rs.

Others

Others

61-75
Rs.

44. How do you appoint the workers?

1. Permanent 2. Temporary 3. Daily wager 4. Others.

62

45. Where do you make your food product?

1. Prepared by workers at their home.
2.

Prepared at the production unit.

3.

As per the circumstances.

4. Others.

46 Problems of workers.
1. About remuneration.
2. About leave policy.
3. About processing of food products. 4. Others.
47. Working hours
1. 4 6 hrs
48.

2. 7 10 hrs

3.11-13 hrs

4. Other.

Means of transport:
1.On foot 2. At there own expense 3. Unit vehicle.

49. Do the workers get leave? YES /NO.

50. Do the workers get bonus? YES /NO.
A How much? -------------51. Do the workers work in night shift? YES /NO.
52. Do the female workers work in night shift? YES /NO.
53 Physical hazards faced by workers due to continuous work
1. Heel/ Leg pain.
2. Palm / Shoulder pain
3. Back pain.
4. Burning of eyes.

63

SECTION 7
54. Investment in your Production Unit:
1. at Beginning. --------------------2. at Present. ----------------------------55. Source of Finance?
1. Saving of E.P. 2. Family members 3. Loan 4. Others
56. Do you wish to take loan for your production unit? YES /NO.
57. Have you succeeded in obtaining loan for your production unit?
YES /NO.
58. Where did you obtain loan from?
1. Private sector. 2. Bank 3. C-operative society 4. Others
59 Problems of obtaining loan:
1.Slow processing 2.Too many documents are required
3.Higher rate of Interest. 4.Others
SECTION 8
60 Are following items used in your production Unit?
1. Tamarind

2.Citric Acid. 3. Food colors 4. Soda

5. Papadio kharo 6. Others.

61 Do you use preservatives? YES /NO.
1. Vinegar 2. Sodium Benzoate
62 Maintenance of health:
1. High quality of the products.
2. 2. Do not use inedible ingredients
3. No adulteration. 4. Others
63. Maintenance of hygiene.
1. Cleanliness 2. Vacuum packing
3. Covering the food items

4. Others.

64. To upgrade the quality of production.

1. Raw materials of high quality.
2. Production by experts
Use of proper Instruments/ ingredients. 4. Others.
65. To reduce the price of production
1. More production in less time.
2. Seasonal buying 3. Quantity production 4. Others.

64

66. How do you pack production items?

1.
.

Polythene bag. 2. Plastic packing 4. Others

67 Have you insured your production unit? YES/NO.

68. Do you label the product? YES/NO.

SECTION 9
69. Who is selling the product?
1. Your self-2. Family members /Husband 3. Sales Girls/Boy.
70. Where do you sale?
1. At local level
2. At the national level

2. At the state level

4. At the international level

71. Advertisement of product:

1.In newspapers 2. Pamphlets. 3.T.V. Channel 4.Others.

72. Do you face competition in business? YES/NO.

73. Do you give credit facility? YES/NO.

74. Is the prepared product rejected / leftover? YES/NO

75. IF yes________
1. Thrown away

2. Taken by workers.

3. Sold at reduced price.

65

4.Others.

SECTION 10
76. Who keeps Account?
1. By your self 2. Husband/ Family members 3. Accountant
4Others.
77. Duration of Accounting
1.Daily

2. Weekly

3. Monthly

4. Others.

78. Type of accounting.

1. Computerized
79. Turn Over.

2. Non-computerized.

1. Increased
80. Profit margin.

2. Decreased

1. Up to 10% 2. 11 to 20 %
81. Where do you save?
1. Nationalized Bank

2 LIC

5. Multiple investments 6.

3. Not steady.

3 . 21 to 30 % 4. Others.

3 Post office 5.Property

Nil

82. Means of increasing the income?

1. Minimum wastage 2. More sale at less profit
3. More Production in less time 4. Others.
83. Means of sustaining in the business competition.
1. Production as per the need of time
2. High quality at low cost
3. Delivery according to order 4. Other

66

SECTION 11
Sr.No.

Proble

highly

Sati

Cant

Un

Highly

ms

Satis

sfac

Judg

Satis

UnSatis

factory

tory

factory

factory

Co-

Elders

operati

Husband

on of

Other lady

family

members

membe

Others

rs

male
members
Children

2.

Justice

Cleanlines

to

Domest

Cooking

ic

Raising the

duties

Children
Care of
Elders
Other
Work

3.

Proble

Social

ms

Problems

faced

Economica

by

l Problems

Entrepr

Workers

eneurs

Problems
Legal
Problems

67

Out Station
Night halt
4.

Person

Life style

al

Mental

Proble

Stress

ms

Physical
Fatigue
Activities of
choice
Social
Interaction

SECTION 12
Any Remarkable Experience

68