Chapter 9 - Batch Distillation
Versatile
Runs may vary in length
Same equipment distills several different products
at different times
Distillation required occasionally
Simple Batch Distillation
D, xD
W, xW
QR
Still pot
Vapor withdrawn continuously
No continuous feed
Liquid drained at end
Multistage Batch Distillation
Staged or packed column
placed above reboiler
D, xD
Reflux returned to
column
column
L
Distillate withdrawn
continuously
W, xW
Still pot
QR
Batch Distillation
Mass balances - entire system
F = W final + Dtotal
FxF = xw, finalW final + xD , avg Dtotal
F, xF, and xW,final or xD,avg specified
Rayleigh Equation
Derived from differential mass balance
Assume holdup is negligible
in - out = accumulation in reboiler
xD dW = d (WxW )
xD dW = WdxW xW dW
Rayleigh Equation
Rearranging and Integrating
W final
dW
=
W
W =F
ln
W final
F
xW , final
xF
dxW
xD xW
xF
xW , final
dxW
xD xW
Simple Batch Distillation
Vapor product in equilibrium with liquid in
still pot
Total condenser
y = xD
ln
W final
F
xF
xW , final
dx
=
yx
x
xF
W , final
dx
f ( x) x
Simple Batch Distillation
General graphical integration procedure
plot y-x equilibrium curve
find y-x for a series of x values
plot 1/(y-x) vs x
graphically integrate from xF to xw,final
find final charge material in still pot
W final
xF dx
= Fe area
= F exp
yx
x
W , final
Simple Batch Distillation
General graphical integration procedure
continued
calculate average distillate concentration
xD , avg =
FxF W final xW , final
F W final
calculate total distillate amount
Dtotal = F W final
Simple Batch Distillation
Trial and error procedure
xD,avg specified instead of xW,final
guess xW,final
calculate area
find Wfinal
calculate xD,avg and compare with given value
Simple Batch Distillation
Constant for equilibrium
Integrate analytically Rayleigh equation
x
y=
1 + ( 1) x
W final
ln
F
xw, final (1 xF )
1 xF
1
+ ln
ln
=
1
1 xW , final
1
x
x
(
)
F
w
final
,
Multistage Batch Distillation
Distillation column placed above reboiler
xD and xW not in equilibrium
Obtain relationship between xD and xW from
stage by stage calculations
assume negligible holdup on each tray, in
the condenser, and in the accumulator
write mass and energy balances around
stage j and the top of the column
Multistage Batch Distillation
Mass and Energy Balances at given t
V, L, and D are molal flow rates
V j +1 = L j + D
V j +1 y j +1 = L j x j + DxD
Qc + V j +1 H j +1 = L j h j + DhD
Multistage Batch Distillation
Assume constant molal overflow
energy balance not needed
y j +1
L
L
= x j + 1 xD
V
V
represents a straight line on a y-x diagram
at any specific time
slope = L/V and x=y intercept = xD
these vary during batch distillation operating line will be continuously changing
Multistage Batch Distillation
Common operating method
Constant reflux ratio
Allow xD to vary
Relationship between xD and xW found
stage-by-stage calculation using McCabeThiele analysis
operating equation plotted on McCabeThiele diagram for series of xD values
step off specified number of equilibrium
contacts starting at xD to find xW
Multistage Batch Distillation
Procedure
McCabe-Thiele analysis
xW values for series of xD values
Calculate 1/(xD - xW )
Evaluate integral
xF
xW , final
dxW
xD xW
Multistage Batch Distillation
Procedure continued
Calculate Wfinal
W final = Fe
area
Calculate average distillate concentration
xD , avg =
FxF W final xW , final
F W final
Calculate total distillate amount
Dtotal = F W final
Example 9-2. Multistage
batch distillation
Given
A still pot plus two equilibrium stage
L/D =2/3, saturated liquid
F = 50 kg moles
XF = 0.32 (ethanol)
Xw,final = 0.045
Find Wfinal, Dtotal, XD,avg
Batch Operating Time
Operating time and batch size
controlled by economics
Total batch time
tbatch = tdown + top
tdown includes dumping the bottoms, cleanup, loading
next batch, heating next batch until reflux occurs
top actual period that distillation occurs
Dtotal
top =
D
