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My Base Paper PDF
www.arpapress.com/Volumes/Vol8Issue3/IJRRAS_8_3_11.pdf
ABSTRACT
Problems related to the decrease of fossil energy, especially in its liquid form (oil) or gas (natural gas) and the stocks
of uranium available for nuclear energy are now decrease. The burning of fossil resources causes the release of
carbon dioxide (CO2) that accumulates in the atmosphere a greenhouse gas (GHG) which would change the balance
of global climate. So that many research are interested for renewable energy in their different forms: wind, solar
thermal, photovoltaic, hydro, biomass and geothermal, which now represent only 7.5% total world energy. The solar
rays are an inexhaustible source of energy throughout the world. It is used in various applications as a source of
clean and renewable energy. Indeed it is used in Desalination, air conditioning, cooking. Among this solar thermal
applications include electricity generation. This paper reviews the electricity generation from solar thermal energy
based specially on solar heated Rrankine cycle. Examples of solar thermal power plants will be discussed in this
paper.
Keywords: Electricity production, solar thermal energy, Rankine Cycle, solar thermal plant
1. INTRODUCTION
Under Kyoto agreement, by 2012, industrialized countries committed themselves to reducing their emissions of
greenhouse gases by 5.2% on average between 2008 and 2012 compared to 1990. According to most forecasters, the
consumption of commercial primary energy will double by 2030 and triple the horizon of 2050 [1].
Renewable energy supplied by solar, wind, heat waterfalls, tides or plant growth do not generate waste or gases
emissions. They participate in the fight against the greenhouse effect and releases CO2 into the atmosphere. They
facilitate the sustainable management of local resources, generate jobs. Solar (solar photovoltaic, solar thermal),
hydro, wind, biomass, geothermal energy are inexhaustible flow compared to stock exhaustible energy derived from
fossil fuel resources being scarce petroleum, coal, lignite , natural gas).
With recent technological advances in Renewable energy (RE), solar energy may be gaining ground compared to
fossil fuels for its Environmental benefits through reduced use of fossil fuels, reducing problems associated with
pollution and global warming, resulting in cleaner air and cleaner water. In addition solar energy presents financial
benefits by reducing electricity bills, we can also earn by selling more electricity to the local authority energy
management. The other good thing about the use of solar energy is that its uses are so varied that most developed
countries will have access to either technology thermal power generation according to their economic and industrial
capacity.
Many developed countries have also taken this important and give a great interest in renewable energy in particular
solar energy is a highly profitable and growing. Isolated communities can be supplied with electricity power by
eliminating the steps for installing cables, long and costly implementation and maintenance. Desert may become
strategic solar deposits. Countries rich in sunlight may choose at their leisure between the simple sale of solar
electricity, or transfer technology.
Tunisia is a non-oil producing country. Its domestic recoverable energy resources are limited and dont satisfy the
demands of increasing population and economic growth [2]. The electricity is produced from power plants that use
fossil fuels (heavy fuel oil and diesel fuels). Tunisia set a policy framework to promote energy conservation,
environmental security and encourages the use of renewable energy technologies. The Electromechanical Systems
laboratory of the National Engineering School of Sfax Tunisia develop an autonomous environmental friendly
System of Electricity Production by a Mechanical Power Generation based on Solar-Heated HFC -134a Rankine
Cycles. This installation will be tested in Gafsa-Tunisia located in south-Western Tunisia, 350 kilometres from the
capital which have a very high natural potential of solar energy availability, with more than 3500 hours of sunshine
per year.
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the receiver. The receiver absorbs the concentrated sunlight, transferring its heat energy to a working fluid which
would be synthetic oil. The transport-storage system passes the fluid from the receiver to the generator. As solar
thermal power conversion systems, Rankine, Brayton, Combined or Stirling cycles have been successfully
demonstrated [15]. There are four types of power plants in operation or under development: (i) parabolic trough
solar power plants (ii) solar tower plants (iii) dish-stirling systems (iv) Fresnel central reflector. In this paper we are
interested in solar thermal power plants.
Thermal solar field
Heat exchanger
Auxiliary tank
Storage tank
Auxiliary heater
Heat exchanger
Rankine Cycle
Brayton Cycle
Electricity generation
Stirling Cycle
Dessalination
Many projects of electricity generation by solar thermal energy are realized. Among these projects are mentioned
according to their production capacity:
4.1 solar energy generating systems in California
The total capacity of these power plants is 354 MW. Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the largest
installation of solar energy in the world. It consists of nine solar plants in the Mojave Desert in California, where
sunshine is one of the best available in the United States. SEGS I-II (44 MW) are located in Daggett SEGS III-VII
(150 MW) are located at Kramer Junction, and SEGS VIII-IX (160 MW) are at Harper Lake. Next Energy
Resources operates and partially owns the plants located at Kramer Junction and Harper Lake. The plants have an
installed capacity of 354 MW, which in fact in 2005 the largest solar installation, all types, in the world. The average
gross average power for all nine SEGS plants is about 75 MW, a load factor of 21%. In addition, the turbines can be
used at night by burning natural gas [15].
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Figure 4: Scheme Parabolic Trough Solar Power Plant at Hassi Rmal [23]
4.6 Solar thermal electricity production systems in Tunisia
Tunisia has an average sunshine duration relatively large. Thus, two thirds of Southern Tunisians regions benefit
from sunshine duration of more than 3000 hours per year, with peaks of 3200-3400 on the southern coast (Gabes
Gulf), while the minimum duration of sunshine in the northern third is between 2500 and 3000 hours per year. These
data confirm that Tunisia has interesting solar field. Regarding the global solar radiation, the daily average is
between 4.2 kWh/m2/day in north-west and 5.4 kWh/m2/day in the far south. However, most of the territory (over
80%) is in the upper fringe of 4.75 kWh/m2/day [24]. In Tunisia, attempts to produce electricity from solar energy
are numerous. Among these projects, we find the projects, we find PROSOL ELECTRIQUE. This project consists
in the creation of concentrated solar power plant (CSP) for electricity generation with a capacity of 25 MW
integrated into combined cycle (ISCC) of 150MW. The main objective of this project is to experiment the
technology of solar concentrators for power generation especially that Tunisia has a large solar field. This project
will be implemented during the period between 2010 2014. Besides this project we found ASEP-MPG-SHRC
which is an Autonomous environmental friendly System of Electricity Production by a Mechanical Power
Generation based on Solar-Heated HFC -134a Rankine Cycles is in progress [25]. This study is developed at the
Laboratory of Electromechanical Systems of the National Engineering School of Sfax Tunisia in order to produce
autonomous electricity generation satisfying the priority needs of small villages in Gafsa city-Tunisia non
accessible to the electricity grid.
A prototype of ASEP-MPG-SHRC installation is under test in Gafsa-Tunisia located in south-Western Tunisia, 350
kilometers from the capital, geographical coordinates are 3425 North and 847 East, have a very high natural
potential of solar energy availability, with more than 3500 hours of sunshine per year. The proposed unit of the
thermal solar energy for (shaft) mechanical power generation used directly for electricity generation using an
expander for electricity generation based on a solar-heated thermodynamic organic Rankine cycle at low
temperature range [25].
The Solar irradiations over Gafsa city in south Tunisia where the system will be installed are in the figures below:
Figure 2: Monthly average ambient temperature for Gafsa city from 1983 to 1997.
Maximum absolute temperature,
Average monthly temperature of the day,
5. CONCLUSION
The use of solar thermal electricity production has enormous interests in the environment protection by reducing
greenhouse gas emissions. Although the efficiency of this technology is very low compared to nuclear energy; it
attracts the attention of all countries. Studies are outstanding for the improvement of these solar power plants.
Among the drawbacks of these plants is that they are not immune to weather hazards such as storms that can destroy
the solar collectors. Tunisian opportunities in the use of solar energy are enormous for the remarkable ability of
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sunshine especially in southern and central regions. Outstanding projects are testing locally with auto financing
because the cost of making solar power plants with foreign partners are very high compared to country revenues.
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