2013 Unit - Guide MAE3405
2013 Unit - Guide MAE3405
2013 Unit - Guide MAE3405
MAE3405
On shore
3 hours lectures, 2 hours prac classes per week
One laboratory class
Unit Relationships
Prerequisites
Chief Examiner
Unit Coordinator:
Campus:
Phone:
Email:
Office hours:
MAE2402
Prof Chris Davies
A/Prof Damon Honnery
Clayton
51004
[email protected]
By email
Campus Coordinator
Campus:
Phone:
Email:
Office Hours:
Tutor(s)
Campus:
Phone:
Email:
Consultation hours:
SEMESTER 2
2012
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
www.monash.edu
ACADEMIC OVERVIEW
Learning Objectives
This unit intended to introduce students to the design, operation and performance of
engines used for aircraft and rockets. After successfully completing this unit students will
have developed skills and the knowledge to be able to:
1. Understand the thermodynamics of fuel-air power cycles used for aircraft propulsion
systems and undertake calculations of their thermodynamic properties.
2. Recognise the differences in real versions of the power cycles relative to their fuelair analogues.
3. Demonstrate knowledge of the fuels used in aircraft and rocket engines and be able
to undertake simple combustion related calculations dealing with these fuels.
4. Understand and undertake calculations on the operation and performance of piston
engines, turboprops, and ramjets.
5. Understand and calculate the effects of high speed flight on jets, turbofans and
ramjet intakes.
6. Demonstrate knowledge of propeller design through the application of various blade
theories.
7. Understand and undertake calculations on propeller operation and performance.
8. Understand and undertake calculations on the operation and performance of
propulsion systems used in rockets operating in the atmosphere and in space.
Through lectures, laboratory work and tutorials a student is encouraged to develop an
appreciation of:
1. Fuelling requirements of propulsion systems.
2. Aircraft and space flight propulsion systems, their operation and performance.
3. Propeller design, operation and performance based on simple aerodynamic
Graduate Attributes
Monash prepares its graduates to be:
1. responsible and effective global citizens who:
a. engage in an internationalised world
b. exhibit cross-cultural competence
c. demonstrate ethical values
2. critical and creative scholars who:
a. produce innovative solutions to problems
b. apply research skills to a range of challenges
c. communicate perceptively and effectively
1 competencies. Listed below are the activities in this unit that will help you to achieve these
competencies.
Note: that not all stage 1 competencies are relevant to each unit.
Stage 1 competencies
Competence in the
thermodynamics of piston
engines, gas turbine engines
(and derivatives) and rocket
motors.
Examination of alternative
aircraft fuels (eg alcohols for
piston engines)
Examination of complex
thermodynamics engines
cycles (eg turbofan engine,
afterburning turbojet).
Assessment Summary
Assignments
There will be five submissions based on the assignment questions listed in this document.
There will also be one laboratory session on gas turbines.
Questions are attached to this document. The five assignment submissions are worth 25%
of your final marks and are of equal value.
Laboratory
You will be assigned a laboratory group for the laboratory session. Each student is to
submit an individual laboratory report. Detailed instruction regarding this submission will
accompany the laboratory sheets. Failure to attend and submit a laboratory may result in a
fail being returned for this unit. The laboratory is worth 5% of your final mark.
Examination
See the student information index for detail regarding operation of examinations and
assessment tasks. The major assessment task in this subject is a three hour long closed
book examination. The examination will consist of a number of questions similar but
different to those from the assignments. The examination is designed to test not only your
ability to solve problems, but your understanding of the related course material as well.
See Objectives above
Teaching and Learning Method
The learning objectives of this unit as stated in the unit synopsis will be achieved by a combination
of lectures, guided learning in tutorials, self learning through assignments and laboratory classes.
Objectives 1-9 are designed to provide both a linear and integrated approach to the unit material.
For example, foundation engineering science objectives such as 1-3 form the basis of, and are
integrated within, the more linear practical and performance oriented material represented by
objectives 2-7. Project-based laboratory work involving groups will be used to achieve objectives 2,
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
and 6. Self guided learning projects are intended to assist students to broaden their understanding
of the material.
Tutorial allocation
See tutorial groups on Moodle
Aircraft performance:
Anderson, Aircraft Performance and Design, 1st Edtn, McGraw-Hill, 1999
Thermodynamics:
For the thermodynamics component of the subject the following may be of use,
Sonntag and Van Wylen, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, Wiley, 2000
But any general thermodynamics text should be sufficient.
Piston Engines
Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 1988
McMahon, Aircraft Propulsion, Pitman, 1971
Gas Turbines:
Cohen, Rogers and Saravananuttoo, Gas Turbine Theory, Longman, 1987
Mattingly, Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, McGraw Hill, 1996.
Shepherd, Aerospace Propulsion, Elsevier, 1972
Rockets
Hill and Peterson, Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion, 2nd edt, Addison
Wesley, 1992.
Field trips
None.
Additional subject costs
None.
The sticker will be available from the Faculty office ground floor building 72. You
must bring your calculator with you to the Faculty office at any time during the semester to
receive a sticker. We recommend you do this well in advance of the exam.
UNIT SCHEDULE
2
(1)
3
(2-3)
Material
Some Important Thermodynamics Concepts
Review of first law and Gas processes
Second law Isentropic efficiency
Introduction to Air Breathing Engine Performance
Piston engine performance
Turbo jet and turbo fan performance
Otto and the SI Cycle
Air standard cycle
Stoichiometry and enthalpy of combustion
Fuel-air cycle
SI cycle and the Performance of real engines
4
(4)
5
(5)
6
(5-6)
Propellers
Propeller types and design
Classical momentum theory and static performance
Simple blade element and vortex theory
Introduction to helicopters operation
7
(6-7)
8
(7-10)
9
(10-11)
Rocket propulsion
Rocket propulsion systems
Introduction to rocket mechanics
Thrust, performance and multistaging
Electric Motors
10
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
(11-12)
(13)
SWOT VAC
Examination period
ASSESSMENT REQUIREMENTS
See Attachment A for more details.
Criteria for Marking:
Marking Scheme: each question will be marked as:
0/5: Not submitted or completely incorrect
1~2/5: Some attempt showing development
2~3/5: Mostly correct, mostly developed
4~5/5: Correct with full development
Development means presentation of working, sketches, assumptions, figures,
explanations (etc) and where necessary development of equations.
Assignment submission
Hard Copy Submission: Assignments must include a cover sheet. The coversheet is
accessible via the Monash portal page located at http://my.monash.edu.au under the
heading Learning and teaching tools. Please keep a copy of tasks completed for your
records.
Extensions and penalties
Late assignment
Late submissions of any assessed work will attract a penalty. No late submission will be accepted
once the current submissions have been returned. Extensions will only be granted in rare cases and
they must be discussed with the subject coordinator at least 48 hours in advance of the submission
date if possible. In some cases medical certificates may be required to justify the granting of an
extension. Submission of an assignment with your name on it indicates that it is all your own work. If
this is not the case you must reference work not yours. See the student resource guide for more
information.
Remember, you are required to keep an up-to-date copy of all submitted assignments to
safeguard against the loss of work through accident or error.
Return dates
Assignments will be returned the Friday following the submission date.
Assessment for the unit as a whole is in accordance with the provisions of the Monash University
Education Policy at:
http://www.policy.monash.edu/policybank/academic/education/assessment/index.html
Returning assignments
Done in the Friday Practice Class.
Resubmission of assignments
Not possible.
OTHER INFORMATION
Policies
Monash has educational policies, procedures and guidelines, which are designed to
ensure that staff and students are aware of the Universitys academic standards, and to
provide advice on how they might uphold them. You can find Monashs Education Policies
at: www.policy.monash.edu.au/policy-bank/academic/education/index.html
Key educational policies include:
Plagiarism;
Assessment in Coursework Programs;
Special Consideration;
Grading Scale;
Discipline: Student Policy;
Academic Calendar and Semesters;
Orientation and Transition; and
Academic and Administrative Complaints and Grievances Policy.
Graduate Attributes Policy
http://www.policy.monash.edu/policy-bank/academic/education/management/monashgraduate-attributes-policy.html
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
Student Services
The University provides many different kinds of services to help you gain the most from
your studies.Contact your tutor if you need advice and see the range of services available
at www.monash.edu.au/students
Monash University Library
The Monash University Library provides a range of services, resources and programs that
enable you to save time and be more effective in your learning and research. Go to
www.lib.monash.edu.au or the library tab in my.monash portal for more information.
Website: www.monash.edu/equity-diversity/disability/index.html
Telephone: 03 9905 5704 to book an appointment with a DLO;
Email: [email protected]
Drop In: Equity and Diversity Centre, Level 1, Building 55, Clayton Campus.
Your Feedback to Us
Monash is committed to excellence in education and regularly seeks feedback from
students, employers and staff. One of the key formal ways students have to provide
feedback is through the Student Evaluation of Teaching and Units (SETU) survey. The
Universitys student evaluation policy requires that every unit is evaluated each year.
Students are strongly encouraged to complete the surveys. The feedback is anonymous
and provides the Faculty with evidence of aspects that students are satisfied and areas for
improvement.
For more information on Monashs educational strategy, see:
www.monash.edu.au/about/monash-directions/directions.html and on student evaluations,
see: www.policy.monash.edu/policy-bank/academic/education/quality/student-evaluationpolicy.html
Previous Student Evaluations of this Unit
We have identified that students who undertake the laboratory in the first weeks of the
semester require additional assistance with the laboratory. More details have been
provided on the Moodle web page for this purpose.
If you wish to view how previous students rated this unit, please go to
https://emuapps.monash.edu.au/unitevaluations/index.jsp
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
10
Attachment A
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
11
This unit builds on concepts in MAE2402 and relates aircraft and rocket
engines to the laws of thermodynamics, various fuel-air power cycles, their
real behaviour plus fuel and combustion chemistry. Efficiency and
performance of aircraft engines based on piston and gas turbine platforms
is examined along with piston and turboprop engines and propeller design
for subsonic speed. For jets and turbofan engines, nozzle design for
transonic to supersonic speed is covered, as are supersonic engines. The
unit concludes with an introduction to rocket motors and their design and
performance for both atmospheric and space flight.
Unit
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
12
13
laboratory sheets. Failure to attend and submit a laboratory may result in a fail being returned for
this unit. The laboratory is worth 5% of your final mark.
Examination
See the student information index for detail regarding operation of examinations and assessment
tasks. The major assessment task in this subject is a three hour long closed book examination.
The examination will consist of a number of questions similar but different to those from the
assignments. The examination is designed to test not only your ability to solve problems, but your
understanding of the related course material as well. See Objective section below.
Submission Penalties
Late submissions of any assessed work will attract a penalty. No late submission will be accepted
once the current submissions have been returned. Extensions will only be granted in rare cases
and they must be discussed with the unit coordinator at least 48 hours in advance of the
submission date if possible. In some cases medical certificates may be required to justify the
granting of an extension. Submission of an assignment with your name on it indicates that it is all
your own work. If this is not the case you must reference work not yours. See the student
information index for more detail.
Remember it is better to hand in an incomplete assignment, than not to hand in anything at all.
Suggested Reading
While the class notes are comprehensive, greater understanding of the unit material requires you
to read more widely than just these notes. The following books are suggested to assist you to do
this; there is of course an abundance of material on the internet.
Aircraft performance:
Anderson, Aircraft Performance and Design, 1st Edtn, McGraw-Hill, 1999
Thermodynamics:
For the thermodynamics component of the subject the following may be of use,
Sonntag and Van Wylen, Fundamentals of Classical Thermodynamics, Wiley, 2000
But any general thermodynamics text should be sufficient.
Piston Engines
Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill, 1988
McMahon, Aircraft Propulsion, Pitman, 1971
Gas Turbines:
Cohen, Rogers and Saravananuttoo, Gas Turbine Theory, Longman, 1987
Mattingly, Elements of Gas Turbine Propulsion, McGraw Hill, 1996.
Shepherd, Aerospace Propulsion, Elsevier, 1972
Rockets
Hill and Peterson, Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion, 2nd edt, Addison Wesley, 1992.
Student Consultation Times
The best time to discuss this unit is during the problem solving classes. Should you wish to see me
outside the normal hours of the unit, the best time to catch me for a short consultation is between
9:30 and 10:00am Tuesday to Friday, or after 4:00pm most days but Friday. For a longer
consultation I should be contacted via email for an appointment.
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
14
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
15
Lecture Topics and Approximate Week of Delivery- All notes are on Blackboard
Topic
(Week)
1
(1)
2
(1)
3
(2-3)
Material
Some Important Thermodynamics Concepts
Review of first law and Gas processes
Second law Isentropic efficiency
Introduction to Air Breathing Engine Performance
Piston engine performance
Turbo jet and turbo fan performance
Otto and the SI Cycle
Air standard cycle
Stoichiometry and enthalpy of combustion
Fuel-air cycle
SI cycle and the Performance of real engines
4
(4)
5
(5)
6
(5-6)
Propellers
Propeller types and design
Classical momentum theory and static performance
Simple blade element and vortex theory
Introduction to helicopters operation
7
(6-7)
8
(7-10)
9
(10-11)
Rocket propulsion
Rocket propulsion systems
Introduction to rocket mechanics
Thrust, performance and multistaging
Electric Motors
10
(11-12)
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
16
Assignment Submissions
Students: You must keep a copy of your assignment
*see below
You should attempt all questions listed. Assistance to questions not submitted as assignments will
be given in the tutorials but no assistance will be given to help with assignment questions. The
tutors have been advised not to answer any questions relating to the 10 assignment questions
listed above. Questioned marked * are typical examination questions.
*You will each be assigned a group for labs, assignment and tutorial submissions. You must make
sure you submit your assignment to the correct group on the day the assignment is due.
Assignment will be returned the following week in your groups during which you will have the
chance to discuss the returned assignment.
Marking Scheme: each question will be marked as:
0/5: Not submitted or completely incorrect 1~2/5: Some attempt showing development
2~3/5: Mostly correct, mostly developed
4~5/5: Correct with full development
Development means presentation of working, sketches, assumptions, figures, explanations
(etc) and where necessary development of equations.
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
17
Question 1
Taking the data for the surface level atmospheric composition of Mars (table A.9 in the first chapter
of the notes), calculate the (i) average atmospheric molecular weight of the atmosphere noting that
table A.9 lists concentrations as volume fractions, (ii) the gas constant (R kJ/kg-K) and (iii) the ratio
of specific heats () (Cp=0.523 kJ/kg-K and mole weight 39.95 kg/kmole for Argon). [Answer: (i)
43.41 kg/kmole; (ii) 0.195 kJ/kg-K; (iii) 1.32]
Question 2
An aircraft engine with constant mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/s operates in an environment such that 15
kW of heat is lost from its surfaces through radiant and convective processes. Fuel flow is equal to
1/15 of the inlet mass flow and provides 45 MJ of energy per kg of fuel to the engine. The inlet gas
to the engine can be approximated by air at SSL conditions; while the exhaust mass flow into the
atmosphere is a mixture of 65% N2, 15% CO2 and 20% water (gas) by mass at 900o C. For an inlet
pipe diameter of 0.125m and exhaust pipe diameter of 0.15m, (i) determine the power output of the
engine and (ii) the engines efficiency. Use a reference temperature of To=25oC for your
calculations. [Assignment question]
Question 3
A small gas turbine engine has the following flight conditions. You may assume the exhaust
pressure to atmospheric.
Altitude
Flight speed Mach number
Intake diameter
Exhaust diameter
Exhaust speed
Exhaust gas temperature
Exhaust gas constant
Fuel density
6500m
0.398
0.300m
0.285m
950kph
2500C
250J/kg-K
850kg/m3
(a) Determine the ratio of fuel mass flow to air mass flow for the engine. [Ans: 0.0279]
(b) Calculate the net thrust developed by the engine and the thrust specific fuel consumption
(in kg/N.h) [Ans: 806.2 N; 0.688 kg/N-h]
(c) What percentage of the gross thrust is used to overcome ram drag? [Ans: 46.1%]
Question 4
In an air standard Otto cycle the maximum and minimum temperatures are 1400oC and 15oC. The
heat supplied to the cycle is 800 kJ/kg. (i) Calculate the compression ratio and cycle efficiency. (ii)
Calculate also the ratio of maximum to minimum pressures in the cycle assuming SSL as minimum
cycle pressure. (iii) What is the maximum possible efficiency that could be obtained from the
thermodynamic states that make up the cycle? [Assignment question]
Question 5
Methanol (CH3OH) is a possible alternative SI engine fuel. For a stoichiometric fuel/air mixture,
determine (i) the air to fuel ratio, (ii) the LHV (kJ/kg) for gaseous fuel and (iii) the percentage
reduction in LHV assuming the fuel to be liquid. [Ans: (i) 6.43; (ii) 21.12 MJ/kg; (iii) 5.54%]
Copyright Monash University 2012. All rights reserved. Except as provided in the Copyright Act 1968, this work may
not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
18
Question 6
A 4-cylinder SI aircraft engine operates at SSL on the fuel-air Otto cycle. Its total swept volume is
2.0 Litres, and the clearance volume is 60 cm3 per cylinder. Assume the fuel is gaseous isooctane
and the A/F ratio is stoichiometric. Calculate (i) the LHV (kJ/kg) of the fuel (ii) the fuel-air cycle
thermal efficiency, (iii) the cycle MEP. [Assignment question]
Question 7
Measurement of the exhaust from a piston engine operating on a hydrocarbon fuel reveals the
following gas concentrations: CO2 9.14%, CO 5.1%, H2O 13.7% and H2 2.31%. Nitrogen makes
up the balance. The mass flow rate of the exhaust is 0.1 kg/sec. Determine: (i) the mass flow rate
(kg/s) of each of the exhaust species, (ii) the fuel flow rate and air to fuel ratio and (iii) a possible
fuel molecule in the form CnH2n+2 (find n). [Ans: (ii) 12.57; (iii) n=12.58]
Question 8
For the 4-clyinder Lycoming 0-360 engine operates on aviation gasoline (table A.3 chapter 1)
determine the following for this at SSL:
(a) The air standard thermal efficiency of the engine. [Ans: 57.2%]
(b) The valve clearance space. [Ans: 0.197 litres/cylinder]
(c) The BMEP for take-off and the 65% cruise condition. [Ans: 944 kPa; 758 kPa]
(d) The brake thermal efficiency of the engine at take-off assuming an air to fuel ratio of 14.7 and
volumetric efficiency of 85%. [Ans: 28.8%]
Question 9
For the 4 cylinder, 4-stroke aircraft engine below, determine its power output and its brake thermal
efficiency. Assume the fuel is liquid isooctane. [Ans: 66.8 kW; 40%]
Quantity
IMEP
Bore
Stroke
RPM
Air to fuel ratio
Value
1.0MPa
0.1m
0.12m
2500
14.8
Value
Quantity
Volumetric efficiency
Mechanical Efficiency
78%
85%
Altitude
True airspeed
3000m
175kph
Question 10
The engine dynamometer test results for a 4-stroke air-cooled 4-cylinder horizontally opposed
spark ignition aircraft engine operating on isooctane are listed in the table below.
Speed
RPM
2100
2300
2500
2700
2900
Brake Load
N
462.135
480.838
502.890
497.984
470.747
Air
kg/min
2.311
2.457
2.654
2.839
2.966
Fuel
L/min
0.222
0.238
0.260
0.279
0.292
The dynamometer used had a torque arm radius of 0.4m. The test cell conditions on the day of the
test were a temperature of 25C, and pressure of 101.3kPa. The fuel used was aviation gasoline.
The cylinder bore is 82.6mm, and stroke 102mm.
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not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
19
Calculate and plot against speed (i) torque, (ii) brake power, (iii) SFC, (iv) BMEP, (v) volumetric
efficiency, (vi) brake thermal efficiency, (vii) air to fuel ratio and (viii) equivalence ratio.
Question 11
(i) Assuming the linear relationship between power and density in the notes, construct a plot of
maximum brake power against altitude up to 8,000m for the engine in question 10. (ii) Determine
the maximum ceiling of an aircraft using this engine for an equivalent airspeed of 150knots and
ceiling altitude drag force 350N. You may also assume a constant propulsive efficiency of
85%.[Ans: (i) eg z=2000m, 43.5kW; (ii) ~3250m]
Question 12
An engine with mass flow rate of 0.1 kg/s has an inlet manifold pressure boost of 1.3 provided by a
supercharger. If flying at an altitude of 2000 m, (i) determine the power required to drive the
supercharger assuming a mechanical efficiency of 90% and isentropic efficiency of 80%. (ii) If an
intercooler was used to reduce the supercharger temperature increase by 50%, determine the
increase in charge air density relative to atmospheric. [Ans: (i) 3.0 kW; (ii) 24%]
Question 13
An in-line 6-cylinder water cooled 4-stroke aircraft engine of 75mm bore and 100mm stroke has a
brake power output of 110kW at 2800RPM. The volumetric efficiency at this operating condition
referred to SSL is 80%. The engine is now fitted with a mechanically driven supercharger with an
isentropic efficiency of 70% and pressure ratio of 1.6. The supercharged version has a volumetric
efficiency of 100% referred to supercharger delivery pressure and temperature. Assume the
indicated power developed per unit volume flow rate of induced air at ambient conditions is the
same for normal aspiration and supercharging. Calculate the net increase in brake power resulting
from the supercharger. Take the mechanical efficiency of the engine at 80% in both cases and the
mechanical efficiency of the supercharger drive as 95%. [Assignment question]
Question 14*
A 2m diameter propeller is being tested on the 4 cylinder SI engine whose data is listed below runs
on avegas. If the test is done at an altitude of 2000m, determine the static thrust developed.
Assume the engine operates on the fuel/air Otto cycle. [Ans: 3.25 kN]
Piston Engine
Quantity
Compression ratio
Bore
Stroke
RPM
Cp reactants
Cv reactants
Value
7.5
0.1m
0.125m
2700
1.055kJ/kg-K
0.768kJ/kg-K
Value
Quantity
Combustion efficiency
Mechanical Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Air to fuel ratio
Cp products
Cv products
99%
85%
80%
14.5
1.486kJ/kg-K
1.199kJ/kg-K
Question 15*
A helicopter hovers at 1000m. It has a mass of 750kg. Its main rotor is made up of two blades
each having a length of 4m. The tail rotor also has two blades each having a length of 0.75m. If the
power required to drive the tail is 10% of that required to drive the main rotor and the hovering
condition can be considered a static thrust case, determine: (i) the volumetric fuel consumption per
hour, (ii) the brake specific fuel consumption in kg/kWh and (iii) the thermal efficiency of the
engine. Specifications of the SI 4-stoke engine are listed below.
Quantity
Bore
Value
0.1m
Value
Quantity
Combustion efficiency
98%
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not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the host Faculty and School/Department.
20
Stroke
RPM
Cylinders
Fuel approximated by
Cp (fuel & air)
Cv (fuel & air)
0.12m
2500
6
CH2.2
1.055kJ/kg-K
0.768kJ/kg-K
Mechanical Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Air to fuel ratio
Fuel
Cp (exhaust products)
Cv (exhaust products)
90%
85%
Stoichiometric
Avgas
1.486kJ/kg-K
1.199kJ/kg-K
Question 16*
A three bladed aircraft propeller with symmetric section is to be tested at SSL conditions under
zero advance speed. The section lift coefficient, angle of attack and chord are given as functions
of the blade radius. From the data below, estimate the thrust if the blade speed is set to 2700RPM
on the test bed.
[Ans: 7.2kN]
Section Lift coefficient gradient
a = 0.1[1+0.1(r/R] (deg-1)
= [15-10(r/R)] (deg)
c = (R/5)[1-(r/R-0.5)2] (m)
Hub radius
Blade radius
RH = 0.1R (m)
1.0m
Question 17*
An intercooled turbocharged 4 cylinder 4-stroke spark ignition aircraft piston engine fuelled by
avgas drives a 1.8m diameter twin blade propeller. Data on the engine is listed in the table below.
The turbocharger provides a pressure ratio of 1.3 at an isentropic efficiency of 85%. It is located
between the intake and fuel injection system. The turbochargers intercooler reduces the
turbocharger temperature rise by 75%. Assuming the engine to operate on the fuel/air Otto cycle,
calculate the static thrust available at SSL using Froude theory. [Ans: 4.3kN]
Piston Engine
Quantity
Compression ratio
Bore
Stroke
RPM
Cp (fuel & air)
Cv (fuel & air)
Value
7.0
0.1m
0.12m
2500
1.055kJ/kg-K
0.768kJ/kg-K
Value
Quantity
Combustion efficiency
Mechanical Efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Air to fuel ratio
Cp (exhaust products)
Cv (exhaust products)
95%
90%
100%
14.5
1.486kJ/kg-K
1.199kJ/kg-K
Question 18
Using the McCormick approximation to blade propeller theory, determine the thrust power, torque
power and efficiency of a 3 bladed 5868-9 Clarke-Y section propeller with a diameter of 2.0m,
rotational speed of 2700RPM, advance speed of 150kph and pitch of 150 at 75% of the blade
radius operating at SSL. Assume that the blade lift slope can be approximated by
a=0.1(1.0+t/c)/deg where t is the section thickness and the hub occupies about 5% of the blade
radius. You may also assume that section drag polar for the blade is given by, Cd=Cdmin+0.01(Cl0.15)2 where Cdmin=0.004+0.017(t/c). Additional blade data from page 89 of notes. [Assignment
question]
Question 19
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A helicopter with total mass 600 kg, drag coefficient 0.35 and rotor diameter 10 m, moves with a
forward speed of 25 knots at an altitude of 1000m. By determining the relative speed of the air to
the blade, find the power required. [Ans: 12.9 kW]
Question 20
A single spool turbojet with a fixed overall pressure ratio of 20 and maximum cycle temperature of
1400 K operates with an ideal compressor, turbine and nozzles. Assume here also that the
specific heats are the same for cold and hot sides and fuel mass flow is negligible. (i) For a mixed
air speed of Mach=0.8, plot the specific thrust and TSFC against altitude up to 10,000m. (ii) For a
fixed altitude of 5,000m, plot the specific thrust for air speeds ranging from Mach=0 to 0.8.
Question 21
A turbojet is operating with the conditions below.
Quantity
Value
Compressor Ratio
Turbine Inlet Temp
Isentropic Efficiencies
Compressor
Turbine
Intake
Propelling Nozzle
Mechanical Efficiency
Combustion Efficiency
Combustor Pressure drop
9.0
1250K
87%
87%
95%
95%
99%
98%
6%
Value
Quantity
Compressor Cp
Compressor
Turbine Cp
Turbine
Exhaust Gas Constant R
Engine Mass Flow
Airspeed
Altitude
1.005kJ/kgK
1.4
1.148kJ/kgK
1.333
0.287kJ/kgK
15kg/s
260m/s
7000m
Calculate the propelling nozzle area required, the net thrust developed and the TSFC using the
combustor temperature diagram from the notes page 162. [Ans: 0.0644 m2; 8.86 kN; 0.120 kg/N-h]
Question 22
The exhaust gases in the jet pipe of the engine above are reheated to 2000K by supply of Jet A1
fuel to an afterburner; the combustion pressure loss incurred is 3% of the pressure at the outlet
from the turbine. Calculate the percentage increase in nozzle area required if the mass flow is to
be unchanged, the percentage increase in net thrust and fuel flow rate. [Ans: 49%; 63%; 144%]
Question 23*
For the single spool turbo-prop engine below, determine the thrust power assuming the propeller to
be 85% efficient and the propelling nozzle pressure ratio to be 1.3. [Ans: 1.8MW]
Quantity
Compressor Ratio
Turbine Inlet Temp
Isentropic Efficiencies
-Compressor
-Turbine
-Intake
-Propelling Nozzle
Spool Efficiency
Combustion Efficiency
Gear Box efficiency
Value
8.0
1200K
87%
90%
93%
95%
99%
98%
90%
Value
Quantity
Combustion Pressure drop
Compressor Cp
Compressor
Turbine Cp
Turbine
Exhaust Gas Constant R
Intake Nozzle Area
Altitude
Airspeed
4%
1.005kJ/kgK
1.4
1.148kJ/kgK
1.333
0.287kJ/kgK
0.1m2
5000m
125m/s
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Question 24*
A new turbo-prop engine is being designed. As well as having a gas generator spool, the engine
also has a second power spool which drives the propeller through an epicyclic gear box. As well as
having a combustor located between the compressor and turbine of the gas generator spool, the
engine also has a re-heat combustor between the exit of the gas generator turbine and the power
turbine. This is designed to increase thrust power. For the engine specifications below, determine
the thrust power for a take-off speed of 75knots and propulsive efficiency 85% at SSL.
[Assignment question]
Quantity
Compressor Ratio
Combustor F/A ratio
Isentropic Efficiencies
- Compressor
- Turbine and power turb.
- Intake (subsonic)
- Propelling nozzle
Gas generator spool eff.
Combustor efficiency
Combustor pressure drop
Propelling noz. press ratio
Value
10
0.015
85%
90%
95%
95%
99%
98%
3%
1.2
Value
Quantity
Compressor Cp
Compressor
Turbine Cp
Turbine
Exhaust gas constant R
Intake nozzle area
Reheat F/A ratio
Reheat comb. eff
Reheat pressure drop
Gear box efficiency
Fuel
1.005kJ/kg-K
1.4
1.148kJ/kg-K
1.333
0.287kJ/kg-K
0.2m2
0.005
98%
2%
85%
Jet A1
Question 25*
The following data is for a twin-spool turbofan gas turbine engine, with the fan driven by the LP
turbine and the compressor by the HP turbine. Separate cold and hot nozzles are used. Determine
the net thrust and TSFC. [Assignment question]
Quantity
Overall Pressure Ratio
Turbine Inlet Temp
Fan Pressure Ratio
Compressors, Fan and
Turbine isentropic Eff.
Intake Isentropic Eff.
Propelling Nozzles Eff.
Spool Mechanical Eff.
Combustion Efficiency
Combustion Pressure
drop
Value
20.0
1300K
1.7
90%
95%
95%
99%
98%
4%
Quantity
Compressor Cp
Compressor
Turbine Cp
Turbine
Exhaust Gas Constant R
Airspeed
Altitude
Area Cold Nozzle
By-pass ratio
1.005kJ/kgK
1.4
1.148kJ/kgK
1.333
0.287kJ/kgK
Mach 0.8
10,000m
0.8m2
4
Question 26
For a ramjet, plot the specific thrust and TSFC against Mach number for speeds, from Mach
number 0.75 up to 5, for an altitude of 20,000m. Assume that the maximum flame temperature is
2200K and combustion pressure drop is 1% of the ram pressure. The intake may be considered as
being divided into two sections: supersonic and subsonic. In the supersonic section, should the
Mach number be greater than 1, use is made of a normal shock in the inlet plane to reduce the
airspeed to subsonic conditions. The subsonic component of the inlet leading to the combustor
section has an isentropic efficiency of 95% while the converging propelling nozzle has an
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23
isentropic efficiency of 95%. Assume the usual air and product property data. Comment on the
results. [Ans: Ma=1.75 Fs= 730 Ns/kg TSFC= 0.25 kg/N-h]
Question 27
Repeat question 26 but assume after an airspeed of Mach=1 an isentropic converging-diverging
propelling nozzle is used to fully expand the exhaust gas to atmospheric pressure. Given the
nozzle area ratio, is acceleration from Mach 1 to Mach 5 using the same nozzle system practical?
[Ans: Ma=1.75 Fs= 792 Ns/kg TSFC= 0.23 kg/N-h]
Question 28*
The single spool turbojet with afterburner, see table below, operates at an airspeed of Mach=1.5.
At this speed the intake is designed to operate with a single normal shock entry after which the
flow is subsonic. Both combustor and afterburner operate on aviation turbine fuel. For an altitude of
15,000m, determine the net thrust and TSFC in kg/N-h. [Assignment question]
Quantity
Compressor Ratio
Turbine Inlet Temp
Isentropic Efficiencies
- Compressor
- Turbine
- Intake (subsonic)
- Propelling nozzle
Mechanical efficiency
Combustor efficiency
Combustor pressure drop
Value
10
1350K
87%
87%
95%
95%
99%
98%
6%
Value
Quantity
Compressor Cp
Compressor
Turbine Cp
Turbine
Exhaust gas constant R
Engine air mass flow
After burner efficiency
Afterburner temperature
Afterburner pressure
drop
1.005kJ/kg-K
1.4
1.148kJ/kg-K
1.333
0.287kJ/kg-K
20kg/s
95%
2000K
5%
Question 29
A single stage rocket is being designed to launch a satellite. The launch angle of 800 is used for a
programmed burn time of 50 sec. The mass of the probe is 50kg, and over all structure mass
1500kg. The rocket motor has a combustion chamber pressure of 3.0MPa. If a
convergent/divergent nozzle is used with throat area 0.1m2, and it is designed to have an exit
pressure equal to that found at a pressure altitude of 15km. Calculate using the rocket fuel data
table in the notes for following fuels (i) Kerosene/O2 and (ii) H2/O2 :
(a) The exhaust exit velocity. [Ans: (i) 3061 m/s; (ii) 4423 m/s]
(b) The propellant mass flow. [Ans: (i) 176 kg/s; (ii) 122 kg/s]
(c) The thrust. [Ans: (i) 0.54 MN; (ii) 0.54 MN]
(d) The specific impulse. [Ans: (i) 312 s; (ii) 451 s]
(e) Total propellant mass and its volume. [Ans: (i) 8815 kg; 8240 m3; (ii) 6095 kg; 23175 m3]
(f) The velocity increment [Ans: (i) 5333 m/s; (ii) 6573 m/s]
(g) Burnout height and coast height. [Ans: (i) 89.9 km; 1966 km; (ii) 119 km; 3483km ]
Question 30*
A single stage rocket is used to launch a satellite. A launch angle of 850 is used for a programmed
burn time of 75 sec. The mass of the probe is 100kg, and mass of the rocket structure 3000kg. The
rocket motor has a combustion chamber pressure of 3.0MPa and temperature of 2750oC. A
convergent/divergent nozzle is used with throat area 0.1m2. The nozzle is designed to have an exit
pressure equal to that found at SSL. Exhaust gas specific heat ratio is 1.15, and molecular weight
22 kg/kmole. Determine (i) the launch thrust at SSL; and (ii) the motor burnout height assuming
the nozzle exit velocity remains constant at its launch value. [Assignment question]
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Question 31
A rocket is being designed to launch a deep space probe. The total mass of the rocket is limited to
1000kg resulting in a structure stage fraction of 0.075 (constant for any number of stages). For the
fuel used the rocket is expected to have an effective exhaust velocity of 4500m/s. Determine the
variation in possible payload and total propellant mass if the rocket is made up of either (i) 1 or (ii)
2 stages. [Ans: (i) 8 kg; 917kg; (ii) 45 kg; 864 kg]
Question 32
Undertake a force balance on a rocket undergoing atmospheric flight that includes the effects of
gravity, drag and thrust. Assume that gravity, thrust and drag are all functions of altitude. Based on
the data below, calculate the gravity turn trajectory f(z,x) from take off to the end of the fuel burn.
The rocket is a single stage rocket with a probe mass of 10kg, structure mass 50kg and 1000kg of
H2/O2 propellant. The rocket motor has a combustion chamber pressure of 3.0MPa and a
convergent/divergent nozzle is used with throat area 0.1m2. Assume the nozzle exit pressure is
fully expanded to the altitude condition. The launch angle is 80deg and you may assume an
effective area of CdA=0.1m2. Solution of this problem will require numerical integration of the force
balance over a small time interval until the total propellant mass is consumed.
Question 33*
A rocket motor is fuelled by a stoichiometric mix of hydrogen and oxygen. The fuel and oxidiser
enter the combustion chamber at a temperature of 23oC, then burn at a constant chamber
pressure of 7.0Mpa. The efficiency of the combustor is 90%. The formation enthalpy of the water
vapour produced from the combustion process is 241.827MJ/kmole. For an altitude of 20,000m,
determine:
[Assignment question]
(i) The thrust produced assuming a converging nozzle with exit diameter 0.5m and isentropic
efficiency 95%.
(ii) Whether the thrust produced would be increased over (i) above by adding a diverging section
with the same isentropic efficiency to the nozzle that expands the exhaust gases to atmospheric
pressure for the given altitude.
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25