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555 Timer Doctronics

This document provides information about the 555 timer integrated circuit including its pin connections and how to build astable and monostable circuits using it. It describes the basic astable circuit and provides equations to calculate the output pulse frequency and duty cycle. It also shows how to build variations of the astable circuit including one using a diode to extend the duty cycle and a minimum component version.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
888 views18 pages

555 Timer Doctronics

This document provides information about the 555 timer integrated circuit including its pin connections and how to build astable and monostable circuits using it. It describes the basic astable circuit and provides equations to calculate the output pulse frequency and duty cycle. It also shows how to build variations of the astable circuit including one using a diode to extend the duty cycle and a minimum component version.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

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1.Pinconnections
2.Astablecircuits
3.Astablecomponentselection
4.Moreastables
5.RESETinput
6.CONTROLVOLTAGEinput
7.Monostablecircuits
8.Moreabouttriggering
9.Retriggerablemonostable
10.555asatransducerdriver
11.Insidethe555
12.Links

Moreupdatedpages...

DiscoveringDigitalElectronics
1:Beginnings
2:LogicGates
3:Astables
4:Monostables

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DOCTRONICSSafetyLightsconstructionkit

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1.Pinconnections

555timerpinconnections
The555timerisanextremelyversatileintegratedcircuitwhichcanbeusedtobuildlots
ofdifferentcircuits.Youcanusethe555effectivelywithoutunderstandingthefunction
ofeachpinindetail.
Frequently,the555isusedinastablemodetogenerateacontinuousseriesofpulses,
butyoucanalsousethe555tomakeaoneshotormonostablecircuit.The555can
sourceorsink200mAofoutputcurrent,andiscapableofdrivingwiderangeofoutput
devices.

2.Astablecircuits
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Astablecircuitsproducepulses.Thecircuitmostpeopleusetomakea555astablelooks
likethis:

555astablecircuit
The buttonallowsyoutoopenasimulationofthiscircuitinYenka,theelectronics
simulationprogramfromCrocodileClipsLimited.Tousetheprogram,youneedto
downloadandinstalltheYenkaplugin.
Atthemoment,Yenkaisavailableforfreedownloadtohomeusersfrom
http://www.yenka.com/.ThisisafantasticofferfromthecreatorsofYenka:don't
missit!
Asyoucansee,thefrequency,orrepetitionrate,oftheoutputpulsesisdeterminedby
thevaluesoftworesistors,R1andR2andbythetimingcapacitor,C.
Thedesignformulaforthefrequencyofthepulsesis:

Theperiod,t,ofthepulsesisgivenby:

TheHIGHandLOWtimesofeachpulsecanbecalculatedfrom:

Thedutycycleofthewaveform,usuallyexpressedasapercentage,isgivenby:

AnalternativemeasurementofHIGHandLOWtimesisthemarkspaceratio:

Beforecalculatingafrequency,youshouldknowthatitisusualtomakeR1=1k
becausethishelpstogivetheoutputpulsesadutycyclecloseto50%,thatis,theHIGH
andLOWtimesofthepulsesareapproximatelyequal.
Rememberthatdesignformulaeworkinfundamentalunits.However,itisoftenmore
convenienttoworkwithothercombinationsofunits:
resistance

capacitance

period

frequency

Hz

Hz

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ms

kHz

WithRvaluesinMandCvaluesinF,thefrequencywillbeinHz.Alternatively,withR
valuesinkandCvaluesinF,frequencieswillbeinkHz.
Supposeyouwanttodesignacircuittoproduceafrequencyofapproximately1kHzfor
analarmapplication.WhatvaluesofR1,R2andCshouldyouuse?
R1shouldbe1k,asalreadyexplained.Thisleavesyouwiththetaskofselecting
valuesforR2andC.Thebestthingtodoistorearrangethedesignformulasothatthe
Rvaluesareontherighthandside:

NowsubstituteforR1andf:

YouareusingRvaluesinkandfvaluesinkHz,soCvalueswillbeinF.
Tomakefurtherprogress,youmustchooseavalueforC.Atthesametime,itis
importanttorememberthatpracticalvaluesforR2arebetween1kand1M.Suppose
youchooseC=10nF=0.01F:

Thatis:

and:

ThisiswithintherangeofpracticalvaluesandyoucanchoosevaluesfromtheE12
rangeof68kor82k.(TheE12rangetellsyouwhichvaluesofresistorare
manufacturedandeasilyavailablefromsuppliers.)
Atestcircuitcanbesetuponprototypeboard,asfollows:

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Prototypeboardlayoutfor555astablecircuit

WiththevaluesofR1,R2andCshown,theLEDshouldflashataround10Hz.How
wouldyouslowtherateofflashingto1Hz?Experimenttofindasolution.
WhathappensifyoureplaceR2withanLDRorathermistor?Thisgivesanastable
whichchangesfrequencyinresponsetolightintensity,orwithtemperature.
Clickingthe buttonunderthediagrammovesyouontothenextprototypeboard
layoutonthispage.Clicking opensthedrawinginanewwindowwhichyoucan
maximisetofillthescreen:there'snoexcuseforputtingawirelinkinthewrongplace!
Clicking opensasmallwindowshowingthepinlayoutforthe555,sothatyoucan
remindyourselfwhichpiniswhich.Thepinswindowremainsopenandcanbebrought
tothefrontfromthetaskbaratthebottomofthescreen,unlessyouchoosetocloseit.
Astablesturnupinallsortsofplaces,asyoucanseefromtheHalloweentoyskullwith
flashingredLEDeyes.

3.Astablecomponentselection
Withalittlepractice,itisquiteeasytochooseappropriatevaluesfora555timer
astable.Tomakethingseveneasier,youmightliketodownloadtheDOCTRONICS555
timercomponentselectionprogram.
TheprogramworkswithallversionsofWindowsfromWindows95throughto
WindowsVistaandlookslikethis:

Todownloadtheprogram(~210K),clickonitsimage.Youcansavetheprogramtoyour
owncomputertousewheneveryouwant.

4.Moreastables
4.1.Extendeddutycycleastable
Anextremelyusefulvariationofthestandardastablecircuitinvolvesaddingadiodein
parallelwithR2:

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Extendeddutycycleastable
Thissimpleadditionhasadramaticeffectonthebehaviourofthecircuit.Thetiming
capacitor,C,isnowfilledonlythroughR1andemptiedonlythroughR2.
Thedesignequationfortheoutputpulsefrequencyis:

HIGHandLOWtimesarecalculatedfrom:

Withthiscircuit,thedutycyclecanbeanyvalueyouwant.IfR1>R2,thedutycycle
willbegreaterthan50%(equivalenttoamarkspaceratioofmorethan1.0).Onthe
otherhand,ifR1<R2,thedutycyclewillbelessthan50%(markspaceratiolessthan
1.0).
Thisistheversionofthe555astableisusedintheDOCTRONICSsafetylightsproject:
BuyusingPayPal
price:3.20+P&P

DOCTRONICSsafetylightsconstructionkit
Youcanseetheextendeddutycycleastableinactionbybuildingitonprototypeboard:

Extendeddutycycleastable

Thecomponentsusedherearenotthesameasthoseinthetestcircuitforthenormal
versionoftheastable.R1=10k,R2=47k,andthetimingcapacitorC=22F.
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Withthediodeinplace,theHIGHtime,whentheLEDisON,shouldbearound
0.69(0.01x22)=0.15s(0.01is10kconvertedtoM).TheLOWtimeshouldbevisibly
longer,0.69(0.047x22)=0.71s(0.047is47kconvertedtoM).Whathappensifyou
temporarilyremovethediodefromthecircuit?
ReplacethediodeandthenreplaceR2witha100kora1Mpotentiometeras
indicatedinthenextprototypeboardlayout:

Addingapotentiometer

The1kinserieswiththepotentiometer,usedhereasavariableresistor,preventsyou
fromadjustingR2tozero.Youneedtosoldersinglecorewiretothepotentiometer
terminals:twistingthewireroundtheterminaldoesn'tmakeaneffectiveconnection.
AsyouadjustR2,theONtimeoftheLEDremainsconstant,whiletheOFFtimevaries.
Unlikethenormalversionofthe555astable,theONtimecanbeshortcomparedwith
theOFFtime.

4.2Minimumcomponentastable
Thisisacheapandcheerfulastableusingjustoneresistorandonecapacitorasthe
timingcomponents:

Minimumcomponentastable
Notethatthereisnoconnectiontopin7andthatR1islinkedtotheoutput,pin3.
Thedesignequationforthecircuitis:

TheHIGHandLOWtimesaresupposedtobeequal,givingadutycycleof50%
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(equivalenttoamarkspaceratioof1.0):

However,ifyoubuildthiscircuit,itisprobablethattheHIGHtimewillbelongerthan
theLOWtime.(Thishappensbecausethemaximumvoltagereachedbytheoutput
pulsesislessthanthepowersupplyvoltage.)Thingswillgetworseiftheoutputcurrent
increases.
Onprotoytpeboard,thecircuitlookslikethis:

Minimumcomponentastable

Withthevaluesshown,thefrequencyshouldbearound2.2Hz.
Ifyouneedanastablecircuitwhichcanbeadjustedtogiveanaccuratefrequency,this
circuitisnottheonetochoose.

4.3Diminishingfrequencyastable
Theexcitementandrealismofelectronicgames,includingroulette,canbeincreased
usinganastablecircuitwhichistriggeredtoproducerapidpulsesinitially,butwhich
thenslowsdownandeventuallystopsaltogether.
Itiseasytomodifythebasic555astablecircuittoproducethisresult:

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Diminishingfrequencyastable
Whenthe'go'buttonispressed,the47Fcapacitorinparallelwiththetimingnetwork,
R1,R2andC,chargesupveryquicklythroughthe100resistor.Whenthebuttonis
released,theastablecontinuestooscillatebutthechargestoredslowlyleaksaway,with
theresultthatittakeslongerandlongertochargeupthetimingcapacitor.Totrigger
thenextpulse,thevoltageacrossCmustincreasetotwothirdsofthepowersupply
voltage.Afterawhile,thevoltageacrossthe47Fdropsbelowthisvalueandthe
pulsesstop.
Withthevaluesshown,theinitialfrequencyisabout100Hzandtheoutputpulsescoast
toastopafteraround40seconds:

Diminishingfrequencyastable

Theinitialfrequencycanbecalculatedfromthedesignequationforthebasic555
astable.Togivearealisticcoastingtime,youshoulduselargevaluesfortheresistors
R1andR2.Thecoastingtimeisdeterminedbythe47Fcapacitor.Experimentwith
differentvaluesuntilyougettheeffectyouwant.

5.RESETinput
IftheRESETinput,pin4,isheldHIGH,a555astablecircuitfunctionsasnormal.
However,iftheRESETinputisheldLOW,outputpulsesarestopped.Youcaninvestigate
thiseffectbyconnectingaswitch/pulldownresistorvoltagedividertopin4:

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InvestigatingtheRESETinput
Hereisthecircuitonprototypeboard:

InvestigatingtheRESETinput

Usethedesignformula,ortheDOCTRONICScomponentselectorprogramtocalculate
thefrequencyofpulsesyouwouldexpecttoobtainwiththiscircuit.Monitortheoutput
pulseswithanoscilloscopetocheckthatyourcalculationiscorrect.
Inanelectronicdie,providedtheoutputpulsesarefastenough,itisimpossibleto
'cheat'byholdingdownthebuttonforadefinitelengthoftime.Thisisthecircuitusedin
theDOCTRONICSelectronicdieconstructionkit:

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Thinkabouthowyoucouldusethiscircuittogetherwithabistableaspartofaburglar
alarm.Undernormalconditions,theoutputofthebistableisLOWandtheastableis
stopped.Ifthealarmistriggered,theoutputofthebistablegoesHIGHandthepulses
start,soundingthealarm.

6.CONTROLVOLTAGEinput
ByapplyingavoltagetotheCONTROLVOLTAGEinput,pin5,youcanalterthetiming
characteristicsofthedevice.Intheastablemode,thecontrolvoltagecanbevariedfrom
1.7Vtothepowersupplyvoltage,producinganoutputfrequencywhichcanbehigher
orlowerthanthefrequencysetbytheR1,R2,Ctimingnetwork.
TheCONTROLVOLTAGEinputcanbeusedtobuildanastablewithafrequency
modulatedoutput.Inthecircuitbelow,oneastableisusedtocontrolthefrequencyofa
second,givinga'policesiren'soundeffect:

UKpolicesirensoundeffect
Hereistheprototypeboardlayout:

UKpolicesirensoundeffect

Inmostapplications,theCONTROLVOLTAGEinputisnotused.Itisusualtoconnecta
10nFcapacitorbetweenpin5and0Vtopreventinterference.Youdon'tneedtodothis
inbuildingatestcircuit,althoughitisshownintheprototypeboardlayouts,butthis
'bypass'capacitorshouldbeincludedinyourfinalcircuit.

7.Monostablecircuits
Amonostable,oroneshot,circuitproducesasinglepulsewhentriggered.Thetwo
questionsaboutmonostablesyouimmediatelyneedtoaskare:
Howcanthecircuitbetriggeredtoproduceanoutputpulse?
Howistheduration,orperiod,oftheoutputpulsedetermined?

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Thecircuitusedtomakea555timermonostableis:

555monostablecircuit
Asyoucansee,thetriggerinputisheldHIGHbythe10kpullupresistorandispulsed
LOWwhenthetriggerswitchispressed.Thecircuitistriggeredbyafallingedge,thatis,
byasuddentransitionfromHIGHtoLOW.
Thetriggerpulse,producedbypressingthebutton,mustbeofshorterdurationthanthe
intendedoutputpulse.
Theperiod,t,oftheoutputpulsecanbecalculatedfromthedesignequation:

Rememberagainaboutcompatiblemeasurementunits:
resistance

capacitance

period

ms

WithR1=1MandC=1F,theoutputpulsewilllastfor1.1s.
Youcanbuildatestversionofthe555monostableasfollows:

555monostablecircuit

Byclickingonthemonostabletab,the555componentselectionprogramcanbeusedto
investigatetheeffectofdifferentR1andCvalues:

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Todownloadtheprogram(~210K),clickonitsimage.

8.Moreabouttriggering
Forasimple555monostable,thetriggerpulsemustbeshorterthantheoutputpulse.
Sometimesyouwanttotriggerthemonostablefromalongerpulse:

Addingatriggernetwork
AsyoucanseeintheV/tgraphsbelow,thevoltageatXisnormallyheldHIGH.A
positivegoing'spike'wouldbegeneratedontherisingedgeoftheVinsignal,butthisis
suppressedbythediode.Ontheotherhand,thetriggernetworkdetectsthefallingedge
attheendofeachVinpulse,producingashortnegativegoingspikewhichtriggersthe
monostable:

V/tgraphsformonostablewithtriggernetwork
TheperiodofthemonostablepulseisshorterthantheperiodoftheVinpulses.
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Ifyouwanttotriggerthemonostablefromarisingedge,youneedtoaddatransistor
NOTgatetothetriggercircuit:

Triggeringfromarisingedge
Ifyoubuildthesecircuits,itisinterestingtoinvestigatetheactionofthetriggernetwork
usinganoscilloscope.

9.Retriggerablemonostable
Anotherversionofthemonostablecircuitallowsyoutoinitiateanewmonstablepulse
beforeanyongoingpulsehasbeencompleted:

Retriggerablemonostable
Asyoucansee,aPNPtransistor,BC557B,hasbeenaddedtothetriggercircuit.To
understandhowthecircuitworksclick'play'intheanimation:

Waveformsforretriggerablemonostable
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Thefirsttriggerpulseresultsinanormalouputpulsewithaperioddeterminedby
t=1.1RC.Notethatthetimingcapacitorisfullydischargedduringthetriggerpulse:the
timingperiodstartswhenthetriggerinputgoesHIGH.
Thesecondtriggerpulseisfollowedbyathirdandthenafourthbeforethenormal
outputperiodhasbeencompleted.Theadditionaltriggerpulsesdischargethetiming
capacitor,givinganextendedoutputpulse.
Toseethiscircuitinaction,theprototypeboardlayoutforthestandard555monostable
canbemodified,asfollows:

Retriggerablemonostablecircuit

Operatethepushswitch.Thenormaloutputofthemonostableshouldbearound5s.
WhentheLEDswitchesOFF,pressthepushswitchagainandthenpressisoncemore
after23s.
Providedyoukeeppressingtheswitchatintervalsoflessthan5s,theoutputLED
remainsON.
Iftheinputvoltagedividerisreplacedbyasourceofpulses,thiscircuitcanbeusedasa
'missingpulse'or'lowrate'detector.Anydecreaseinthefrequencyoftheinputpulses
belowthedesignlevel,willallowthemonostabletocompleteitscycle,drivingthe
outputLOW.

10.555asatransducerdriver
Atransducerisasubsytemwhichconvertsenergyfromoneformintoanother,where
oneoftheformsiselectrical.Inanoutputtransducer,forexample,electricalenergycan
beconvertedintolight,sound,ormovement.
Theoutputofa555timercansourceorsinkupto200mAofcurrent.Thismeansthat
outputtransducersincludingbuzzers,filamentlamps,loudspeakersandsmallmotors
canbeconnecteddirectlytotheoutputofthe555,pin3.
Youcanusethe555asatransducerdriver,thatis,asanelectronicswitchwhichturns
thetransducerONorOFF:
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555asatransducerdriver
ThiscircuithasaninvertingSchmitttriggeraction.The'inverting'partofthisdescription
meansthatwhenVinisLOW,theoutputisHIGH,andwhenVinisHIGH,theoutputis
LOW.
InaSchmitttriggercircuittherearetwodifferentswitchingthresholds.IfVinisslowly
increasedstartingfrom0V,theoutputvoltagesnapsfromHIGHtoLOWwhenVin
reachesalevelequalto2/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage.Oncethislevelhasbeen
exceeded,decreasingVindoesnotaffecttheoutputuntilVindropsbelow1/3ofthe
powersupplyvoltage.(Ifaninputchangeinonedirectionproducesadifferentresult
fromachangeintheoppositedirection,thecircuitissaidtoshowhysteresis.)
Ifafilamentlampisconnectedbetweenthepositivepowersupplyrailandtheoutput,
asshownabove,currentflowsthroughthelampwhentheoutputvoltageisLOW.In
otherwords,thelamplightswhentheinputvoltageisHIGH.
Ifyouconnectthelampbetweentheoutputand0V,thecircuitwillstillwork,butthe
lampwilllightwhentheinputvoltageisLOW:

555asatransducerdriver
Notethat,inbothversionsofthecircuitpins2and6arejoinedtogether.Thecircuitcan
besimplifiedbyomittingthe10nFbypasscapacitor,andwillcontinuetoworkwhenthe
RESETinput,pin4isleftunconnected.
Somepeopleareveryfondofthiscircuitanduseitwheneveratransducerdriveris
required.However,withaHIGH/LOWdigitalinputsignalthesameresultcanbe
achievedmoreobviouslyandatlowercostusingatransistorswitchcircuit.

11.Insidethe555
Youcanusethe555timerwithoutknowinganythingatallaboutitsinternalcircuit.On
theotherhand,youmightliketoknowsomethingaboutwhatisgoingoninside.
Thediagrambelowshowsthe555timerinastablemodewiththeinternalcircuitshown
inblockdiagramform:

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555Internalblockdiagram
Insidethe555youcanseethreeresistors,labelledR.Theseresistorsareequalinvalue
andformavoltagedivider,providingreferencevoltagesat1/3and2/3ofthepower
supplyvoltage,VCC.
Thereferencevoltagesareconnectedtooneinputofeachoftwocomparators,whichin
turncontrolthelogicstateofabistable,orflipflopstage.
Pin2ofthe555isthetriggerinput.Whenthevoltageconnectedtopin2islessthan
1/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage,theoutputofthelowercomparatorforcesthelogic
stateoftheflipfloptoLOW.Theoutputstagehasaninvertingaction.Inotherwords,
whentheoutputoftheflipflopisLOW,theoutputofthe555goesHIGH.
Nowthinkaboutwhathappenswhenthepowersupplyisfirstconnectedtotheastable
circuit.Initially,timingcapacitorCisdischarged.Thevoltageatpin2is0Vandthe
outputofthe555isdrivenHIGH.CstartstochargethroughresistorsR1andR2.Note
thatCisalsoconnectedtopin6,thethresholdinputofthe555.
WhenthevoltageacrossCgoespast1/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage,theoutputofthe
lowercomparatorsnapsanewlevel.Thisdoesn'tchangethelogicstateoftheflipflop:
itsoutputremainsLOW.
Theinputstothesecondcomparatorarethevoltageatpin6,thethresholdinput,and
2/3VCCfromtheinternalvoltagedivider.
WhenthevoltageacrossCgoespast2/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage,theoutputofthe
secondcomparatorsnapstoanewlevel,theflipflopchangesstate,itsoutputbecomes
HIGHandtheoutputofthe555goesfromHIGHtoLOW.
Insidethe555,theflipflopisconnectedtoanNPNtransistor,thecollectorofwhichis
connectedtopin7,thedischargepinofthe555.Whentheoutputoftheflipflopgoes
HIGH,thetransistorisswitchedON,providingalowresistancepathfromthedischarge
pinto0V.Thetimingcapacitor,C,startstoemptythroughR2andthevoltageacrossit
decreases.
NotethatthecapacitorchargesthroughR1andR2,butdischargesonlythroughR2.
WhenthevoltageacrossCdecreasesbelow1/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage,thelower
comparatorsnapstoanewlevel,theflipflopchangesstateandtheoutputofthe555
goesHIGHonceagain.
Thegraphbelowshowshowthevoltageacrossthetimingcapacitor,VC,changeswith
theoutputvoltageofthe555,Vout:

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555astablevoltages
TheinitialouptutpulseislongerthansubsequentpulsesbecauseCiscompletely
dischargedwhenthepowersupplyisfirstconnected.SubsequentHIGHandlowtimes
correspondtohalfcharge/dischargetimes,eitherfrom1/3to2/3ofthepowersupply
voltage,orfrom2/3to1/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage.
TheHIGHtimeisgivenby:

Remember,CchargesthroughbothR1andR2.
TheLOWtimeisgivenby:

CdischargesonlythroughR2.
Theperiod,t,ofthe555astableisgivenby:

Thefrequency,f,isgivenby:

Try10.69onyourcalculatortoconfirmthatitdoesequal1.44.
Thedesignformulaforthe555astablefollowsfromthebehaviourofRCnetworksand
fromthetwoswitchingthresholdsofthevoltagedividerinsidethedevice.
Ina555monostable,onlytheupperthresholdisusedtodeterminetheperiod,sothe
formulacorrespondstoa2/3chargetime:

Youcanfindfurtherdetailsabouttheinternalcircuitofthe555inthedatasheets
providedinthenextsection.

12.Links
10.1Datasheets
Agreatlittlebook
forjust4.99...

Thelinksbelowallowyoutodownloaddocumentsin AdobeAcrobat,PDF,format.
Intheunlikelyeventthatyoudon'talreadyhaveAcrobatReader,youcandownloadthe
latestversiondirectfromAdobe:

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555datasheet(PhillipsSemiconductors,1994)
555applicationnote(PhilipsSemiconductorsAN170,1988)

10.2Internetresources
555TimerTutorial(TonyvanRoon,UniversityofGuelph,Canada)
555timerIC(fromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopaedia)

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