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Wellbore Completion Concepts

This document discusses bottom hole completion techniques and completion string components. It describes three approaches for bottom hole completion: open hole completion, screen or pre-slotted liner completions, and cemented and perforated casing/liner completions. Open hole completion involves leaving the reservoir section open after drilling. Screen or liner completions involve installing a wire-wrapped screen or pre-slotted steel pipe. Cemented casing/liner completions involve installing and cementing a casing or liner string and perforating it to allow fluid flow. The document also discusses components of a completion string like packers, christmas trees, and sliding side doors.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
576 views63 pages

Wellbore Completion Concepts

This document discusses bottom hole completion techniques and completion string components. It describes three approaches for bottom hole completion: open hole completion, screen or pre-slotted liner completions, and cemented and perforated casing/liner completions. Open hole completion involves leaving the reservoir section open after drilling. Screen or liner completions involve installing a wire-wrapped screen or pre-slotted steel pipe. Cemented casing/liner completions involve installing and cementing a casing or liner string and perforating it to allow fluid flow. The document also discusses components of a completion string like packers, christmas trees, and sliding side doors.

Uploaded by

Angel Ngo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 63

PCB 3043

DRILLING AND PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

WELLBORE COMPLETION CONCEPTS

COURSE CONTENT

Bottom hole completion techniques


Completion string Components

Bottom hole completion techniques

Bottom hole completion must satisfy the following


objectives:

Provision of optimum production/injection performance.

Ensure safety.

Maximize the integrity and reliability of the completion


over the envisaged life of the completed well.

Minimize the total costs per unit volume of fluid


produced or injected, i.e. minimize the costs of initial
completion, maintaining production and remedial
measures.

Can also fulfill specific objective, i.e. sand control, etc.

Bottom hole completion techniques

After drilling engineers have drilled the borehole to the


zone of interest, the communication between reservoir

and borehole has to be initiated. Therefore, bottom


hole completion need to be accomplished before the
completion of the drilling operations.

Bottom hole completion techniques

There are 3 approaches for the completion of the


reservoir zone:

OPEN HOLE COMPLETION

SCREEN OR PRE-SLOTTED LINER COMPLETIONS

CEMENTED AND PERFORATED CASING/ LINER


COMPLETIONS

Bottom hole completion techniques

OPEN HOLE COMPLETION

Bottom hole completion techniques

OPEN HOLE COMPLETION


The simplest approach is to leave the entire drilled reservoir section
open after drilling.
Sometimes referred to as barefoot completions and the
technique is widely applied.
No equipment requires to be installed, savings in both costs and
time.
The entire interval is open to production and provides no real
selective control over fluid production or injection.
Not recommended for wells where distinctive variations in layeral
permeability.

This lack of zonal control for production or injection is a major


limitation on the application of this technique.

Bottom hole completion techniques

OPEN HOLE COMPLETION

Open hole completions should only be applied in


consolidated formations

Currently open hole completions are applied in a


range of environments:

a)

Low cost / multi well developments

b)

Deep wells, consolidated with depletion drive

c)

Naturally fractured reservoirs

d)

Some horizontal and multi lateral wells

Bottom hole completion techniques

SCREEN OR PRE-SLOTTED LINER COMPLETIONS

Bottom hole completion techniques

SCREEN OR PRE-SLOTTED LINER COMPLETIONS


Once the drilling through completed reservoir section has
been completed, a wire-wrapped screen or steel pipe which
has slots or alternative sand control screen.
The principal purpose of the screen or liner is to prevent
any produced sand from migrating with the produced fluids
The success of the completion in controlling sand
production is dependent upon the screen or slot sizes and
the sand particle sizes.
Slots may quickly become plugged and impede flow
resulting in a loss in productivity.

10

Bottom hole completion techniques

SCREEN OR PRE-SLOTTED LINER COMPLETIONS


This system is sometimes used in inclined/high angle angles to
prevent major borehole collapse or facilitate the passage of
logging tools.
This technique also suffers from the same inability for zonal
control and may only effectively control sand.
Low cost technique since the cost of a screen to cover the
reservoir interval is much less than the cost of a casing,
cementing and perforating.
An alternative to the open hole completion in situations where
the reservoir rock consists of relatively large and homogenous
11
sand grains.

Bottom hole completion techniques

CEMENTED AND PERFORATED CASING/ LINER COMPLETIONS

12

Bottom hole completion techniques

CEMENTED AND PERFORATED CASING/ LINER COMPLETIONS


The final choice is to install either a casing string which

extends back to surface or a liner which extends back into


the shoe of the previous casing string, which would then be
cemented in place by the displacement of a cement slurry

into the annular space between the outside wall of the


casing and the borehole wall.
To provide flow paths for fluid to enter the wellbore from
the formation, or vice versa, the casing and cement sheath
will be perforated at selected locations using explosive
charges contained in a perforating gun.

13

Bottom hole completion techniques

CEMENTED AND PERFORATED CASING/ LINER COMPLETIONS


The integrity and selectivity of the completion depends to a
great extent on an effective hydraulic seal being located in
the casing-formation annulus by the cement.

Greater costs and time than the previous options. (cost of


casings, cost of perforating, cementing and the additional
time necessary to complete the borehole)
Ability to control zones efficiently!!, thus will enhance
reservoir management capabilities.
14

Bottom hole completion techniques

CASING STRINGS

15

Bottom hole completion techniques

CASING STRINGS

16

Completion string Components


GENERAL WELL COMPLETION STRING

17

Completion string Components


Basic Completion String Components:
X-mas tree
Wellhead
SSSV
Side Pocket Mandrel
Sliding Side Door
Packer
Seal Assembly
Packer
Nipple
Perforated join

Wireline entry guide

18

Completion string Components


X-MAS TREE and WELLHEAD

19

Completion string Components


WELLHEAD

The wellhead provides the basis for the mechanical construction


of the well at surface or the sea-bed, such as:

Suspension of all individual casing and tubular, concentrically


in the well

Ability to install a surface closure/flow control device on top of


the well namely:
A blow out preventer stack whilst drilling
A Xmas tree for production or injection

Hydraulic access to the annuli between casing to allow cement


placement and between the production casing and tubing for
well circulation

20

Completion string Components


X-MAS TREE
The purpose of the Xmas tree is to provide valve
control of the fluids produced from or injected into
the well.

The Xmas tree is normally flanged up to the


wellhead system after running the production
tubing.
All outlets have valves which are manually operated.
In the isolated case, the valve may be controlled
hydraulically.
21

Completion string Components


PACKERS

Mechanically set

Hydraulically set
22

Completion string Components

Packers can provide annular seal or pack-off in production


wells was necessary for one of the following reasons:
To improve flow stability and production control
Protection of the outer containment system/equipment
such as the production casing and the wellhead.
To provide the facility to select or isolate various zones
during stimulation or production, e.g. to isolate two
producing zones having different fluid properties, GOR,

pressure or permeability (especially relevant for injection)


or to stimulate or pressure maintenance.
23

Completion string Components

Packer has three requirements:


1. It should be connected to the tubing.
2. Its OD (outer diameter) should be sufficiently
less than the ID (inner diameter) of the casing to

provide clearance for running in the hole.


3. It must be designed so that when it is in the

proper position, some surface control can be


used to cause it to seal off the annulus between
the tubing and casing.
24

Completion string Components


PACKERS

The pack-off is accomplished by


expanding or extending the elastomer
element outwards from the packer
body until it contacts the casing wall.

Two Types:
Retrievable Packer which, can be

easily retrieved after installation.


Permanent Packer which, as its
name indicates, cannot be easily
retrieved. To retrieve the packer it
is necessary to mill away the
packer internal sleeves to allow the
rubber element to collapse.

25

Completion string Components

SSSV

Their function is to provide


remote sub-surface

isolation in the event of a


catastrophic failure of the
Xmas tree or as a failsafe
shutdown system

26

Completion string Components


SIDE POCKET MANDREL

27

Completion string Components


SLIDING SIDE DOORS

28

Completion string Components


NIPPLE

Special joint of tubing used near the bottom of the tubing

29

SELECTION OF THE FLOW CONDUIT


In

the selection of the method, a range of


considerations may influence the choice
including:
Cost
Flow stability
Ability to control flow and
Ensure well safety or isolation; ensuring that
the integrity of the well will not be
compromised by corrosion or erosion.

30

SELECTION OF THE FLOW CONDUIT

For a single zone completion, the following


alternatives exist:
1.
2.
3.

Tubingless casing flow


Casing and tubing flow
Tubing flow with/without annular
isolation

31

SELECTION OF THE FLOW CONDUIT

Figures showing different Completions


32

Tubingless casing flow.


Advantages:
Fast, simple and minimizes costs
Disadvantages:
Flow area is so large that the fluid superficial velocities
are low enough for phase separation and slippage to
occur,
Only applicable for high rate wells.
The fluid is in direct contact with the casing and this could
result in any of the following:
Casing corrosion, if H2S or CO2 are present in produced
fluids.
Casing erosion, if sand is being produced.
Potential burst on the casing at the wellhead if the well
changed from oil to gas production.
33

Casing and tubing flow


Advantages:

Good for highly productive wells


providing a circulation capability deep
in the well where reservoir fluids can
be displaced to surface
removes the necessity for re-injection
into the reservoir

34

Tubing flow with annular isolation


Advantages:

Good for all types of wells


The most widely used
Offers maximum well security and control

Disadvantages:
Does not provide a circulation capability
because of packer

35

Completion string facilities

BASIC WELL SCHEMATIC

36

Completion string facilities

These are the essential attribute of completion string


installations:

The ability to contain anticipated flowing pressure and


any hydraulic pressures which may be employed in
well operations and conduct fluid to surface
(production) or the reservoir (injection wells) with
minimal flowing pressure loss and optimal flow
stability.

The ability to isolate the annulus between the casing


and the production tubing if flow instability is likely or
it is desirable to minimize reservoir fluid contact with
the production casing.
37

Completion string facilities


In the event that isolation at surface is not
possible, the ability is needed to shut-in
down-hole either by remote control or directly
activated by changing well flowing conditions.

A means to communicate or circulate


(selectively when required) between the
annulus and the tubing.
A provision for physical isolation of the tubing
by the installation of a plug to allow routine
isolation e.g. for pressure testing of the
tubing.
38

Multiple Zone completions


Concepts

Multiple zone completions are employed on


reservoirs where more than one distinct
reservoir layer is to be produced by a single
well and for which the requirement is to
produce these layers separately.

39

Multiple Zone completions

Multiple zone completions is categorized as


follows:
1. Co-mingled Flow (Flow from various zone)
More than one zone flows into the tubing
string
2. Segregated-Multiple Zone Flow
Use multiple production conduit within the
same well-bore; requires one tubing for one
production zone
40

Multiple Zone completions


1.

Co-mingled Flow (Flow from various zone)

Advantages
Low capital investment needed as more than one zone produced from
one tubing string
Drilling cost is minimized
Disadvantages
Mixing of produced fluids in the wellbore can be disadvantageous if one or
more fluid have any of the following characteristics
-Corrosive material, e.g. acids, H2S, CO2
-When one of the zone is producing sand.
-When fluids have been different hydrocarbon compositions
-Different WOR and GOR as this would influence vertical lift performance
Injection of stimulation fluid cannot be diverted easily into individual layer
41

Multiple Zone completions


2.

Segregated-Multiple Zone Flow

Advantages
Production rate from each zone can be independently control
Changes in production characteristics of one zone will not affect other
zone
Stimulation can be applied to each zone
Disadvantages
Since each zone needs a tubing string and other completion
equipment, additional expenditure and installation time is needed
The possibility of component failure is increased with the amount of
completion equipment.
Using of two small tubing sizes to fit in production casing string may
reduce total flow capacity of the well
42

Multiple Zone completions


Configurations
Dual Zone Completion
Casing/Tubing Flow
Dual Tubing Flow
Single String Selected Producer

43

Multiple Zone completions


Casing/Tubing Flow
Single tubing string is run with a
single packer installed to

provide isolation between


zones.
One zone will produce up the

tubing, while other will produce


up the casing tubing annulus.
44

Multiple Zone completions


Casing/Tubing Flow
This configuration needs
one tubing string, two
packers and a crossover tool

45

Multiple Zone completions


Dual Tubing Flow
In this type of completion, a separate tubing string for
each zone is to be installed with two packers; one to
isolate between zones and the other to upper zone

from the upper casing annulus

46

Multiple Zone completions


Single String Selected Producer
In this type of completion, the well is

completed over two zones, utilizing


one tubing string designed to
selectively allow the production of

either zone.
The completion requires two
packers; one to isolate between
zones and the other to isolate the
annulus.
47

Multiple Zone completions


Triple Zone Completion

Utilizing separate zonal flow into one of three tubing


strings (having three packers for isolation)
Two string completion whereby flow from two zones
is co-mingled into one of the tubing strings
Single zone annular flow and two tubing strings
producing separately from two zones

Single string, triple zone selected completion

48

Multiple Zone completions


Four or More Producing Zones
Single string selective producer
Dual string selective producer

Triple string with annular production

49

Multiple Zone completions


Equipment
Equipment requirements for multiple completions are largely
based on the equipment available for single string completions
with the following exceptions:
1. Tubing hanger systems
2. Tubing packer systems
3. Special installation equipment
The number of tubing strings will affect the completion
procedure
Sizes of tubing and other ancillary equipment are limited by
casing inside diameter, tensile load and torque capabilities

50

Multiple Zone completions

Dual Completion Split Hanger

Dual tubing hanger integral

51

Multiple Zone completions

Packers; dual and triple configuration

52

COMPLETION NO.1

53

COMPLETION NO.2

54

COMPLETION NO.3

55

COMPLETION NO.4

56

COMPLETION NO.5

57

COMPLETION NO.6

58

COMPLETION NO.7

59

COMPLETION NO.8

60

COMPLETION NO.9

61

COMPLETION NO.10

62

63

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