3rd Topic

Differential Equations of First order

Homogeneous Equations
(Reduction to a Separable Form)
Prepared by:
Dr. Sunil
NIT Hamirpur (HP)
(Last updated on 01-02-2011)

Homogeneous Differential Equation:

A differential equation of the form
dy f x , y
,

dx x, y

is called a homogeneous differential equation if f x, y and x, y are

homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y.
Now, since f x, y and x, y are homogeneous functions of the same
degree in x and y, then a homogeneous differential equation can also be
written as
dy
y
g .
dx
x

Method to solve a homogeneous differential equation :

Given differential equation is

dy
y
g .
dx
x

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

(i)

vx
(ii)

dy
dv
in the given differential equation, we get
vx
dx
dx

Put y vx , and then

dv
g ( v) , which reduces to a separable equation.
dx

Separating the variables v and x, we get

dv
dx
.

g ( v) v
x

(iii) Integrating on both sides, we get the required solution.

(iv) At last, replace v by

dv
dx

c
g ( v) v
x

y
, in the solution obtained in (iii).
x

Now let us solve some homogeneous differential equations

Homogeneous differential equations: 19 (solved)

Home assignments: 20 problems

Q.No.1.: Solve x 2 y2 dx xydy 0 .

dy x 2 y 2

dx
xy

Sol.: Given equation is

y2

x2 ,
y
x

(i)

which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting y vx , then

dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

vx

Separating the variables, we get

dv 1 v 2
dv 1 v 2
1 2v 2
.

v
dx
v
dx
v
v

v
1 2v

dv

dx
.
x

Integrating both sides, we get

v
1 2v

dv

1
4v
dx
dx
1
c
c log 1 2v 2 log x c
dv
2
4 1 2v
x
x
4

4 log x log 1 2v2 4c log x 4 1 2v 2 4c

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

2 y 2
x 1 2 e 3c c (where c' 4c )

x 2 x 2 2 y 2 c .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

x
Q.No.2.: Solve 1 e x / y dx e x / y 1 dy 0 .
y
x
e x / y 1
dx
y,

dy
1 ex / y

Sol.: The given equation can be written as

(i)

which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting x vy , then

dx
dv
vy .
dy
dy

Equation (i) becomes

vy

dv
e v 1 v

dy
1 ev

dv
e v 1 v
e v 1 v v 1 e v
v ev

.
dy
1 ev
1 ev
1 ev

Separating the variables, we get

dy 1 e v
d v ev
.

dv
y
v ev
v ev

Integrating both sides, we get

dy

d v ev
ve

log y log v e v c y v e v ec x yex / y c [say].

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.3.: Solve the differential equation 2xy.

dy
3y 2 x 2 .
dx

dy 3y 2 x 2
dy
2
2
Sol.: Here the given equation is 2xy.
,

3y x
dx
dx
2 xy

which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting y vx , then

dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx

(i)

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Equation (i) becomes

v x.

dv 3v 2 x 2 x 2 3v 2 1

2v
dx
2vx 2

dv 3v 2 1 2 v 2 v 2 1
.
x

dx
2v
2v

Separating the variables, we get

2vdv
1 v

dx
x

Integrating both sides, we get

2vdv
1 v2

x 2 y2
x3

1 v2
dx
log c
log c log 1 v 2 log x log c log
x
x

x 2 y 2 cx3 .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.4.: Solve the differential equation x 2 2 y 2 dx xydy 0 .

Sol.: The given equation is

dy x 2 2 y
,

dx
xy

(i)

which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Put y vx , then

dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

vx

Separating the variables, we get

dv 1 2 v 2
1 2v 2 v 2
dv x 2 2v 2 x 2
x
v

.
dx
v
v
dx
vx 2
v
1 v

dv
2

dx
.
x

Integrating both sides, we get

1 2v
1
dx
log c log 1 v 2 log x log c
.dv
2
2 1 v
2
x
y 2
log 1 v 2 log x 2 log c 2 1 v 2 x 2 c1 1 x 2c1
x

x 2 y2 cx 4 .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Q.No.5.: Solve the differential equation xdy ydx x 2 y 2 dx .

Sol.: The given equation is xdy ydx x 2 y 2 dx

dy x 2 y 2 y
.

dx
x

(i)

Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting y vx , then

dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

dy

dx

x 2 y2 y
dv
dv
v x.
1 v 2 v x.
1 v2 .
x
dx
dx

Separating the variables, we get

dv
1 v2

dx
.
x

Integrating both sides, we get

dv
1 v

Putting v

dx
log c log v 1 v 2 log x log c v 1 v 2 xc .
x

y
, we get
x

y
y2
1 2 xc y x 2 y 2 x 2 cx 2 .
x
x

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.6.: Solve the differential equation x 2 y 2 dx 2xydy .

Sol.: The given equation is x 2 y 2 dx 2xydy

dy x 2 y 2
.

dx 2 xy

(i)

which is a homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting y vx , so that

dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

Equation (i) becomes

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

dv x 2 x 2 v 2 1 v 2

2v
dx
2x 2 v

tx

1 3v 2
dv 1 v 2
.

v
2v
dx
2v

2vdv

Separating the variables, we get

Integrating both sides, we get

1 3v 2

2vdv
1 3v

dx
.
x

dx
log c
x

(ii)

1
Putting y 1 3v 2 dy 6 vdv vdv dy , we get
6

1 dy
1
log x log c log xc log y log xc y1 / 3 xc .

3
3
y

1 3t

2 1 / 3

Putting y 1 3t 2 in above equation, we get

xc .

y
Putting t in above equation, we get
x

3y 2
1

1 / 3

x 2 3y 2

xc
x2

x2

x c

x 3y

x 3c x x 2 3y 2

1
c

x x 2 3y 2 c .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.7.: Solve the differential equation y 2 2xy dx x 2 2xy dy

Sol.: Here the given equation is

dy y2 2xy

,
dx x 2 2xy

which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Put y vx , then

dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

vx

dv v 2 2 v v 2 v 2
.

dx
1 2v

dv v 2 x 2 2vx 2 v2 2v
dv v 2 2 v

dx
1 2v
dx
1 2v
x 2 2xy

(i)

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

1 2v

Separating the variables, we get

3v v

dv

dx
.
x

Integrating both sides, we get

1 2v 1
dx
1
dv
log c log v 2 v log x log c
2
3 v v
x
3

y2 y
log v 2 v log x 3 log c3 log v 2 v x 3 log c 3 2 x 3 c 3
x
x

yx x 3
x2

c 3

x 3 y 2 yx
x2

c xyy x c .
1

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.8.: Solve the differential equation x 2 ydx x 3 y3 dy 0 .

Sol.: The given equation is x 2 ydx x 3 y3 dy 0

dy
x 2y
,
3
dx x y3

(i)

which is a homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting y vx , so that
Equation (i) becomes

dy
dv
.
vx
dx
dx

dv
x 3v
v
3

3
dx x 1 v
1 v3

vx

dv
v
v4
.

dx 1 v3
1 v3

Separating the variables, we get

Integrating both sides, we get

v 4dv

1 v3
dy dx .

v4
x

dx
1 1
log c
4 dv
v
x
v

v 3
1
dx
log v log x log c
dv
log c
v
x
3

1 1
1 x3
v 3

log
cy
log vx log c log c log y
3 v3
3 y3
3

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

3

x
3 log cy .
y
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.
Q.No.9.: Solve the differential equation ydx xdy x 2 y 2 dx .
Sol.: The given equation is xdy y x 2 y 2 dx

2
2
dy y x y
.

dx
x

(i)

Since the given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting y vx

dy
dv
.
v
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

v x.

Separating the variables, we get

dv
dv
v 1 v 2 x.
1 v2 .
dx
dx

dv
1 v

dx
.
x

Integrating both sides, we get

dv
1 v

dx
c log v 1 v 2 log x log c

c
c
log v 1 v 2 log v 1 v 2 .

x
x

Putting v
y

x

y
, we get
x

x 2 y2
c
y x 2 y2 c .
x
x

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.10.: Solve the differential equation y 2 x 2
Sol.: The given equation is y 2 x 2

dy
dy
xy
dx
dx

dy
dy
xy .
dx
dx

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

y2
2
dy
y dy

x .
y 2 x 2 1.
dx y 1
x dx
x

(i)

Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Put y vx

dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

vx

dv
v2
dv v 2 v 2 v
.
x

dx v 1
dx
v 1

Separating the variables, we get

v 1
dx
.
dv
v
x

Integrating both sides, we get

1
1 dv
v

By putting v

v 1
dv
v

dx
log c
x

dx
log c v log v log x log c
x

y
, we get
x

y
y
log logxc .
x
x

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.11.: Solve the differential equation x 3dx y3dy 3xyydx xdy
Sol.: The given equation is x 3dx y3dy 3xy 2dx 3x 2 ydy

x 3 3xy 2 dx y3 3x 2 y .dy
2

y
1 3
3
2
dy x 3xy
x .

2
3
dx y 3x y y
y
3
x
x
Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put y vx

dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes v x

dv 1 3v 2
dv 1 3v 2 v 4 3v 2
3
x

dx v 3v
dx
v3 3v

(i)

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

10

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

v3 3v
1 v

dv

dx
.
x

Integrating both sides, we get

v3
1 v

dv 3

v
1 v4

v3 3v

1 v

dv

dx
log c
x

dv log x log c

1
4 v3
3
2v
dv
dv logxc

4
4 1 v
2 1 v4

Put v 2 u 2vdv du , we get

1
4 v3
3
1
dv
du logxc

4
4 1 v
2 1 u2

dx
1
ax
log

c
2
2
2a
ax
a x

1
3
1 u
log 1 v 4 log
logxc
4
4
1 u

1
1
1 v2
log 1 v 4 log
4
4
1 v2

1 v
log
1 v

2 1

2 1 / 2

logxc

1
1 v2
logxc log
4
1 v2

logxc

1 v xc 1 v2 x 2c2 1 v2 2
1 v
2

y 2
y 2
2
1 x 2c2 1 x 2 y 2 c 2 x 2 y 2
x
x

x 2 y2

c' y 2 x 2 .

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.12.: Solve the differential equation
Sol.: The given equation is

dy y
y
sin
dx x
x

dy y
y
sin .
dx x
x

Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Put y vx

dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx

(i)

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

11

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Equation (i) becomes

vx

Integrating both sides, we get

dv
dv
dx
.
v sin v

dx
sin x
x
cos ecvdv

log cos ec v - cotv log x log c log

log

tan

v
x

2 sin 2

v
v
2 sin cos
2
2

dx
log c
x

1 cos v
log xc
sin v

logxc

v
y
xc tan
xc y 2x tan 1cx .
2
2x

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

y
y
y

Q.No.13.: Solve the differential equation x tan y sec 2 dx x sec 2 dy 0 .

x
x
x

y
y
y

Sol.: The given equation is x tan y sec 2 dx x sec 2 dy 0

x
x
x

dy

dx

y
y
y
x tan
tan
y
x
x .
x
y
x sec2 y
x sec2
x
x

y sec2

(i)

Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Put y vx

dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

vx

Integrating both sides, we get

dv
tan v
sec 2 v
dx
v

dv .
2
dx
tan v
x
sec v
sec 2 v
dx
log c
dv
tan v
x

log tan v log x log c logx tan v log c

x tan v c x tan

y
c.
x

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.14.: Solve the differential equation yex / ydx xe x / y y 2 dy

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

12

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Sol.: The given equation is yex / ydx xe x / y y 2 dy

dx xe x / y y 2
dx x
y

x/y ,
x
/
y
dy
dy y x
ye

(i)

which is a homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

dx
dv
vy .
dy
dy

Putting x vy

Equation (i) becomes

vy

dv

dv
y
dv
v v y e v 0
e v .
dy
dy
dy
e

dv

Separating the variable, we get

Integrating both sides, we get

e v

dv
e v

dy .
dy c

e v y c ex / y y c .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

x
x
Q.No.15.: Solve the differential equation xy log dx y 2 x 2 log dy 0
y
y

x
x
Sol.: The given equation is xy log dx y 2 x 2 log dy 0
y
y

x 2
x
log 1
y
dx y
,

x
x
dy
log
y
y

(i)

which is a homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting x vy

dx
dv
vy .
dy
dy

Equation (i) becomes

1
dv
.

dy v log v

vy

dv
v 2 log v 1
dv
v 2 log v 1 v 2 log v

dy
v log v
dy
v log v

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

13

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

dy
v log vdv
y

Separating the variable, we get

Integrating both sides, we get

dy
v log vdv c
y

v2
v2 1
v2 1
log y log v.
. dv c log y log v. vdv c
2 2
2
2 v

x2
x x2
v2 v2
log y log v. c log y 2 log 2 c
y 4y
2
4
2y

log y

log y

x2

y
log
2
2y
x

x2
4y2

c log y

x2

2
y x
log

2y2
x 4y2

x2
y
2 log 1 c .
2
4y
x

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.16.: Solve the differential equation xdx sin 2
Sol.: The given equation is xdx sin 2
x sin 2

y
ydx xdy 0 .
x

y
ydx xdy 0
x

dy
1
y
dy
y
yx 0

dx sin 2 y x
x
dx
x

Since given equation is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Putting y vx

dy
dv
vx .
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

vx

dv
1
dx
.

v sin 2 vdv
2
dx sin v
x

Integrating both sides, we get

sin 2 vdv

dx
c'
x

1 cos 2 v
dv log x c'
2

sin 2
2
1 y
x log x c' 1 v sin v log x c'

2 x
2
2
2

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

14

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

log x

1 y 1 2 y
sin c ,
2 x 2 x

where c c' .

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.17.: Solve the differential equation x 2 y dx 2x y dy 0 .
Sol.: Given equation is x 2 y dx 2x y dy 0

x 2 y 0 ,
dy

dx
2x y

(i)

which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Put u

y
xdu
dy
, then
.
u
x
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

xdu 1 2u
.

dx
2 u

xdu 1 2u
u 2 4u 1
.

u
dx
2u
u2

Separating the variables, we get

u 2du 1 d u 2 4u 1 .
dx
2
x
u 4 u 1 2 u 2 4u 1

Integrating both sides, we get

y2
y
2 log x log u 2 4u 1 c 0 x 2 u 2 4u 1 c x 2 2 4 1 c
x
x

y 2 4xy x 2 c .
This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

x
Q.No.18.: Solve the differential equation 1 2e x / y 2e x / y .1 y 0 .
y

x
Sol.: Given equation is 1 2e x / y 2e x / y .1 y 0
y

x
1 2e x / y dx 2e x / y 1 dy 0 ,
y
which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.
Put

x
u , so that dx ydu udy .
y

(i)

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

1 2e udy ydu 2e
u 2e u dy y1 2e u du 0 .
u

Equation (i) becomes

15

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

u

1 u dy 0

dy 1 2e u
Separating the variables, we get

du 0 .
y u 2e u
Integrating both sides, we get

log y log u 2e u log c y u 2e u c .

Replacing u, we get
x

y 2e x / y c .
y

This is the required solution of this homogeneous differential equation.

Q.No.19.: Solve the differential equation y x 2 y 2 dx xdy 0 ,

Sol.: Given equation is y x 2 y 2 dx xdy 0

2
2
2
dy y x y
y
y

1 ,
dx
x
x
x

which is homogeneous differential equation in x and y.

Put y = ux, then

dy
du
.
ux
dx
dx

Equation (i) becomes

ux

du
du
u 1 u2 x
1 u2
dx
dx

Separating the variables, we get

dx

du
2

u 1

Integrating both sides, we get

log x log c log u u 2 1 u u 2 1 cx

Replacing u, we have
y
y2

1 cx y x 2 y 2 cx 2 .
2
x
x

Put y = 0, when x = 1, then c = 1.

y(1) = 0.

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

16

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

So, the required solution is

y x 2 y2 x 2 .

Home Assignments

Q.No.1.: Solve the differential equation x 2 y 2xy 2 dx x 3 3x 2 y dy 0 .

Ans.: cy 3 x 2 e x / y .
Q.No.2.: Solve the differential equation x y dx y x dy 0 .

Ans.: log x 2 y 2 2 tan 1

y
c.
x

Q.No.3.: Solve the differential equation x

dy y 2

y.
dx x

Ans.: cx e x / y .
Q.No.4.: Solve the differential equation x x y
Ans.:

dy
y x y .
dx

x
x
log c .
y
y

Q.No.5.: Solve the differential equation

Ans.: 2

xy x dy ydx 0 .

x
log y c .
y

Q.No.6.: Solve the differential equation y 2 2xy dx 2x 2 3xy dy 0 .

Ans.: xy 2 x y c .
Q.No.7.: Solve the differential equation x

dy
ylog y log x .
dx

Ans.: y xe1cx .
Q.No.8.: Solve the differential equation x
Ans.: tan

y
logcx .
x

dy
y
y x cos 2 .
dx
x

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

17

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Q.No.9.: Solve the differential equation

y
y
y
y dy

0.
x cos y sin y y sin x cos x
x
x
x
x dx

Ans.: xy cos

y
c.
x

Q.No.10.: Solve the differential equation 2xy 3y 2 dx 2xy x 2 dy 0 .

Ans.: y 2 xy cx 3 .
Q.No.11.: Solve the differential equation x 3 y 2 x 2 y 2 dx xy x 2 y 2 dy 0 .

Ans.: x 2 y 2

3/ 2

x 3 log cx 3 .

Q.No.12.: Solve the differential equation 2x 5y dx 4x y dy 0 , y(1) = 4.

Ans.: 2x y 2 12y x .
Q.No.13.: Solve the differential equation x. sin
Ans.: cos

y dy
y
y sin x .
x dx
x

y
log cx 0 .
x

Q.No.14.: Solve the differential equation x 2 y 3 x 2 y 2 tan 1

y
xy .
x

Ans.: y x tan cx 3 .

Q.No.15.: Solve the differential equation x 2 xy dy x 2 y 2 dx .

Ans.: x y 2 cx.e y / x .

Q.No.16.: Solve the differential equation x 2 ydy x 3 x 2 y 2xy 2 y 3 dx 0

cy x
2x
Ans.: log 4
.

x y x x y

y
Q.No.17.: Solve the differential equation xy y x. cos 2 , y1 .
4
x

Ans.: 1 log x tan

y
.
x

Differential Equations of First Order: Homogeneous Equations

18

Prepared by: Dr. Sunil, NIT Hamirpur

Q.No.19.: Solve the differential equation y

6 x 2 5xy 2 y 2
6 x 2 8xy y 2

Ans.: y x y 3x 9 cy 2x 12 .
Q.No.20.: Solve the differential equation
y
y
y
y

2 y
2 y
2x sin x 2x tan x y cos x y sec x dx x. cos x x sec x dy 0
y
y

Ans.: x 2 sin tan c .

x
x

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