Introduction:-: Units

Document Title:
Training on GET-Instrumentation
November
2014
LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL
Code: PI
Introduction:Many industrial processes require the accurate measurement of fluid

or solid (powder, granule, etc.) height within a vessel. Some process
vessels hold a stratified combination of fluids, naturally separated into
different layers by virtue of differing densities, where the height of the
interface point between liquid layers is of interest.
UNITS:CENTIMETERS OF WATER COLUMN.
METERS
INCHES
FEETS
REASONS FOR LEVEL MEASUREMENT:Safety: - in boilers, a dangerous state can develop if the water level
varies outside certain limits.
Economy: - Good level control of solids is also desirable, excessive build
up in hoppers can be expensive to clear.
Monitoring: - monitoring of level in bulk storage tanks and process
vessels is necessary in older that:
Plant efficiency may be assessed and optimized.
Stock records may be kept
Cost may be correctly allocated
In the oil and natural gas industries. Liquid level measurement is
necessary to achieve the following objectives.
Compute tank inventions of hydrocarbon liquid products and utility
liquids.
Protect equipment such as columns compressors turbines and
pumps from damage.
Protect operating and maintainenace personnel against injury
resulting from hydrocarbon.
Protect the environment from the release of objectionable liquids
into the rivers & the sea.
Control phase separation processes and product loading operations.
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Unlike the pressure and temperature, liquid level has no absolute value
and is always relative to some reference point such as the bottom of the
tank. It is the height or depth of a liquid above a reference point and is
specific to a particular vessel.
Level Gauges: Level gauges are perhaps the simplest indicating instrument for liquid
level in a vessel. They are often found in industrial level-measurement
applications, even when another level-measuring instrument is present, to
serve as a direct indicator for an operator to monitor in case there is
doubt about the accuracy of the other instrument.
Sight Glasses:-
The level gauge, or sight glass is to liquid level measurement as

manometers are to pressure Measurement: a very simple and effective
technology for direct visual indication of process level. In its simplest form,
a level gauge is nothing more than a clear tube through which process
liquid may be seen.
A functional diagram of a sight glass shows how it visually represents the
level of liquid inside a Vessel such as a storage tank:
Float type:
The visual means of level measurement are rivaled in simplicity and
dependability by float type measurement devices. Many forms of float type
instruments are available, but each uses the principle of buoyant element that
floats on the surface of the liquid and changes position as the liquid level varies.
Many methods have been used to give an indication of level from a float position
with the most common being a float and cable arrangement. The operational
concept of a float and cable is shown in the following diagram.
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The float is connected to pulley, the weight also moves by means of pulley
arrangement. The weight which moves along with calibrated graduations will be
at the extreme bottom position when the tank is full at the top when the tank is
empty.This type is more common used for closed tanks at atmospheric pressure
Differential Pressure Method: Hydrostatic pressure:A vertical column of fluid generates a pressure at the bottom of the
column owing to the action of gravity on that fluid. The greater the
vertical height of the fluid, the greater the pressure, all other factors being
equal. This principle allows us to infer the level (height) of liquid in a
vessel by pressure measurement.
Pressure of a fluid column:A vertical column of fluid exerts a pressure due to the columns weight.
The relationship between column height and fluid pressure at the bottom
of the column is constant for any particular fluid (density) regardless of
vessel width or shape.
This principle makes it possible to infer the height of liquid in a vessel by
measuring the pressure generated at the bottom:
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The mathematical relationship between liquid column height and pressure

is as follows:
P = gh P = h
Where,
P = Hydrostatic pressure
= Mass density of fluid in kilograms per cubic meter (metric) or slugs
per cubic foot (British)
g = Acceleration of gravity
= Weight density of fluid in newtons per cubic meter (metric) or pounds
per cubic foot (British)
h = Height of vertical fluid column above point of pressure measurement
In most level-measurement applications, we are concerned with
knowing the volume of the liquid contained within a vessel, and we infer
this volume by using instruments to sense the height of the fluid column.
So long as the vessels cross-sectional area is constant throughout its
height, liquid height will be directly proportional to stored liquid volume.
Pressure measured at the bottom of a vessel can give us a proportional
indication of liquid height if and only if the density of that liquid is known
and constant. This means liquid density is a critically important factor for
volumetric measurement when using hydrostatic pressure-sensing
instruments. If liquid density is subject to random change, the accuracy of
any hydrostatic pressure-based level or volume instrument will be
correspondingly unreliable.
DP Transmitter: Differential pressure transmitters are the most common pressuresensing device used in this capacity to infer liquid level within a vessel. In
the hypothetical case of the oil vessel just considered, the transmitter
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would connect to the vessel in this manner (with the high side toward the
process and the low side vented to atmosphere):
Open tank
Closed tank
Hydrostatic head instruments for measuring liquid lr=evel operating

above atmospheric pressure uses the full capability of the differential
pressure instruments with both sides of the measuring element connected
to the vessel.
The differential pressure transmitter enables an automatic subraction of
the pressure on the LP side from the toatal pressure appearing at the HP
side . This is accomplished as shown in diagram above. Where the LP is
connected above the maximum predicted level. With this arrangement
each increment of pressure above the liquid surface is applied to both
capsules assemblies of the transmitter and since they are in opposition
the increment is cancelled . Only the hydrostatic pressure , which is
applied to the Hp , is effective in causinfg any response to the
transmitter , which is proportional to the level.
Connected as such, the differential pressure transmitter functions as a
gauge pressure transmitter, responding to hydrostatic pressure exceeding
ambient (atmospheric) pressure. As liquid level increases, the hydrostatic
pressure applied to the high side of the differential pressure transmitter
also increases, driving the transmitters output signal higher.
Ultrasonic level Measurement: Ultrasonic level instruments measure the distance from the transmitter
(located at some high point) to the surface of a process material located
farther below using reflected sound waves. The frequency of these waves
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extends beyond the range of human hearing, which is why they are called
ultra sonic.
The time-of-flight for a sound pulse indicates this distance, and is

interpreted by the transmitter electronics as process level. These
transmitters may output a signal corresponding either to the fullness of
the vessel (fillage ) or the amount of empty space remaining at the top of
a vessel (ullage ).
Ullage is the natural mode of measurement for this sort of level

instrument, because the sound waves time-of-flight is a direct function of
how much empty space exists between the liquid surface and the top of
the vessel. Total tank height will always be the sum of fillage and ullage,
though. If the ultrasonic level transmitter is programmed with the vessels
total height, it may calculate fillage via simple subtraction:
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Code: PI
Fillage = Total height Ullage

If a sound wave encounters a sudden change in material density, some of
that waves energy will be reflected in the form of another wave in the
opposite direction. In other words, the sound wave will echo when it
reaches a discontinuity in density. This is the basis of all ultrasonic ranging
devices. Thus, in order for an ultrasonic level transmitter to function
reliably, the difference in densities at the interface between liquid and gas
must be large. Distinct interfaces of liquid and gas almost always exhibit
huge differences in density, and so are relatively easy to detect using
ultrasonic waves. Liquids with a heavy layer of foam floating on top are
more difficult, since the foam is less dense than the liquid, but
considerably denser than the gas above. A weak echo will be generated at
the interface of foam and gas, and another generated at the interface of
liquid and foam, with the foam acting to scatter and dissipate much of the
second echos energy.
Level Switches: A float switch is a device used to detect the level of liquid within a tank. The
switch may be used in a pump, an indicator, an alarm, or other devices.
Float switches range from small to large and may be as simple as a mercury
switch inside a hinged float or as complex as a series of optical
or conductance sensors producing discrete outputs as the liquid reaches many
different levels within the tank
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A very common application is in sump pumps and condensate

pumps where the switch detects the rising level of liquid in the sump or
tank and energizes an electrical pump which then pumps liquid out until
the level of the liquid has been substantially reduced, at which point the
pump is switched off again. Float switches are often adjustable and can
include substantial hysteresis. That is, the switch's "turn on" point may be
much higher than the "shut off" point. This minimizes the on-off cycling of
the associated pump.
Some float switches contain a two-stage switch. As liquid rises to the
trigger point of the first stage, the associated pump is activated. If the
liquid continues to rise (perhaps because the pump has failed or its
discharge is blocked), the second stage will be triggered. This stage may
switch off the source of the liquid being pumped; trigger an alarm, or
both.

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Document Title:

LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL

Introduction:Many industrial processes require the accurate measurement of fluid

LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL

The level gauge, or sight glass is to liquid level measurement as

LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL

LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL

The mathematical relationship between liquid column height and pressure

LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL

Hydrostatic head instruments for measuring liquid lr=evel operating

LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL

The time-of-flight for a sound pulse indicates this distance, and is

Ullage is the natural mode of measurement for this sort of level

LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL

Fillage = Total height Ullage

LEVEL MEASURMENT AND CONTROL

A very common application is in sump pumps and condensate

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