This document describes the four steps of the Carnot cycle:
1. Isothermal expansion at a high temperature TH, where heat QH is absorbed.
2. Adiabatic expansion where temperature decreases without heat flow.
3. Isothermal compression at a low temperature TC, where heat QC is rejected.
4. Adiabatic compression back to the original high temperature TH.
This document describes the four steps of the Carnot cycle:
1. Isothermal expansion at a high temperature TH, where heat QH is absorbed.
2. Adiabatic expansion where temperature decreases without heat flow.
3. Isothermal compression at a low temperature TC, where heat QC is rejected.
4. Adiabatic compression back to the original high temperature TH.
This document describes the four steps of the Carnot cycle:
1. Isothermal expansion at a high temperature TH, where heat QH is absorbed.
2. Adiabatic expansion where temperature decreases without heat flow.
3. Isothermal compression at a low temperature TC, where heat QC is rejected.
4. Adiabatic compression back to the original high temperature TH.
This document describes the four steps of the Carnot cycle:
1. Isothermal expansion at a high temperature TH, where heat QH is absorbed.
2. Adiabatic expansion where temperature decreases without heat flow.
3. Isothermal compression at a low temperature TC, where heat QC is rejected.
4. Adiabatic compression back to the original high temperature TH.
CHAPTER 15 Details of the Carnot Cycle The four steps in the Carnot cycle are (Fig. 15.19): 1 2: Isothermal expansion. Take in heat QH from the hot reservoir, keeping the gas at constant temperature TH. 2 3: Adiabatic expansion. The gas does work without any heat flow in, so the temperature decreases. Continue until the gas temperature is TC. 3 4: Isothermal compression. Heat QC is exhausted at constant temperature TC. 4 1: Adiabatic compression until the temperature is back to TH.
(1 2) Isothermal expansion QH P
1 QH 2
Q=0 (4 1) Adiabatic compression
TH 4 QC
Q=0
Isotherms 3
TC V
(2 3) Adiabatic expansion
(3 4) Isothermal compression QC
Figure 15.19 The Carnot cycle.
Example 15.10 Carnot Engine A Carnot engine using 0.020 mol of an ideal gas operates between reservoirs at 1000.0 K and 300.0 K. The engine takes in 25 J of heat from the hot reservoir per cycle. Find the work done by the engine during each of the two isothermal steps in the cycle. Strategy During the isothermal processes, the internal energy of the ideal gas stays the same, so U = Q + W = 0
W = Q
Solution 1 2: During the isothermal expansion, the
work done by the gas is equal to the heat inputotherwise the temperature of the gas would change. W 12 = +25 J (per cycle) 3 4: During the isothermal compression, the gas does negative work as it is compressed. W 34 = Q C continued on next page
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Rev. Confirming Pages
Example 15.10 continued
The heats are proportional to the temperatures:
T Q C ___ ___ = C QH TH
This should equal
TC 300.0 K = 0.7000 = 1 ________ e r = 1 ___ TH 1000.0 K
Therefore, TC 300.0 K 25 J = 7.5 J (per cycle) Q = ________ W 34 = Q C = ___ TH H 1000.0 K
Discussion We will not prove it here, but the total work
done during the two adiabatic processes is zero. Then the net work done by the engine per cycle is 25 J + (7.5 J) = 17.5 J
Conceptual Practice Problem 15.10 Adiabatic
Process in Carnot Cycle Since there is no heat flow during the adiabatic processes and the work done during them adds to zero, why do we need adiabatic processes in the Carnot cycle? Why not just eliminate them?
The efficiency is then
17.5 J = 0.70 e = _____ 25 J
Problems 79. Plot the temperature versus entropy for the four stages of the Carnot engine discussed in Example 15.10. [Hint: First plot the constant temperature stages and then fill in the adiabatic stages.] 80. Imagine that a car engine could be replaced by a Carnot engine with an ideal gas as the working substance. When the car is traveling at 65 mi/h, the Carnot engine goes through its cycle 900.0 times per minute. The
engines hot reservoir is at 1000.0C (the temperature
of the exploding gas in a real car engine) and the cold reservoir is at 20.0C (the outside temperature). During the isothermal expansion part of each cycle, the volume of the ideal gas increases by a factor of 10.0. The cylinders contain 0.223 mol of gas. What is the power output of the engine?
Answers to Practice Problems
15.10 The adiabatic processes are needed to change the temperature of the working substance in the engine back and forth between TC and TH.
