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Forging
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Forgingisamanufacturingprocessinvolvingthe
shapingofmetalusinglocalizedcompressive
forces.Theblowsaredeliveredwithahammer
(oftenapowerhammer)oradie.Forgingisoften
classifiedaccordingtothetemperatureatwhichit
isperformed:coldforging(atypeofcold
working),warmforging,orhotforging(atypeof
hotworking).Forthelattertwo,themetalis
heated,usuallyinaforge.Forgedpartscanrange
inweightfromlessthanakilogramtohundredsof
metrictons.[1][2]Forginghasbeendonebysmiths
formillenniathetraditionalproductswere
kitchenware,hardware,handtools,edgedweapons,
Hotmetalingotbeingloadedintoahammerforge
andjewellery.SincetheIndustrialRevolution,
forgedpartsarewidelyusedinmechanismsand
machineswhereveracomponentrequireshighstrengthsuchforgingsusuallyrequirefurtherprocessing
(suchasmachining)toachieveafinishedpart.Today,forgingisamajorworldwideindustry.[3]

Contents
1History
2Advantagesanddisadvantages
3Processes
3.1Temperature
3.2Dropforging
3.2.1Opendiedropforging
3.2.2Impressiondieforging
3.2.2.1Designofimpressiondieforgingsandtooling
3.3Pressforging
3.4Upsetforging
3.5Automatichotforging
3.6Rollforging
3.7Netshapeandnearnetshapeforging
3.7.1Costimplications
3.8Inductionforging
4Equipment
4.1Forgingpresses
5Seealso
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6References
6.1Bibliography
7Externallinks

History
Forgingisoneoftheoldestknownmetalworkingprocesses.[1]Traditionally,forgingwasperformedbya
smithusinghammerandanvil,thoughintroducingwaterpowertotheproductionandworkingofironin
the12thcenturydrovethehammerandanvilintoobsolescence.Thesmithyorforgehasevolvedover
centuriestobecomeafacilitywithengineeredprocesses,productionequipment,tooling,rawmaterials
andproductstomeetthedemandsofmodernindustry.
Inmoderntimes,industrialforgingisdoneeitherwithpressesorwithhammerspoweredbycompressed
air,electricity,hydraulicsorsteam.Thesehammersmayhavereciprocatingweightsinthethousandsof
pounds.Smallerpowerhammers,500lb(230kg)orlessreciprocatingweight,andhydraulicpressesare
commoninartsmithiesaswell.Somesteamhammersremaininuse,buttheybecameobsoletewiththe
availabilityoftheother,moreconvenient,powersources.

Advantagesanddisadvantages
Forgingcanproduceapiecethatisstrongerthananequivalentcastormachinedpart.Asthemetalis
shapedduringtheforgingprocess,itsinternalgraindeformstofollowthegeneralshapeofthepart.Asa
result,thegrainiscontinuousthroughoutthepart,givingrisetoapiecewithimprovedstrength
characteristics.[4]
Somemetalsmaybeforgedcold,butironandsteelarealmostalwayshotforged.Hotforgingprevents
theworkhardeningthatwouldresultfromcoldforging,whichwouldincreasethedifficultyof
performingsecondarymachiningoperationsonthepiece.Also,whileworkhardeningmaybedesirable
insomecircumstances,othermethodsofhardeningthepiece,suchasheattreating,aregenerallymore
economicalandmorecontrollable.Alloysthatareamenabletoprecipitationhardening,suchasmost
aluminiumalloysandtitanium,canbehotforged,followedbyhardening.
Productionforginginvolvessignificantcapitalexpenditureformachinery,tooling,facilitiesand
personnel.Inthecaseofhotforging,ahightemperaturefurnace(sometimesreferredtoastheforge)is
requiredtoheatingotsorbillets.Owingtothemassivenessoflargeforginghammersandpressesand
thepartstheycanproduce,aswellasthedangersinherentinworkingwithhotmetal,aspecialbuilding
isfrequentlyrequiredtohousetheoperation.Inthecaseofdropforgingoperations,provisionsmustbe
madetoabsorbtheshockandvibrationgeneratedbythehammer.Mostforgingoperationsusemetal
formingdies,whichmustbepreciselymachinedandcarefullyheattreatedtocorrectlyshapethe
workpiece,aswellastowithstandthetremendousforcesinvolved.[5]

Processes
Therearemanydifferentkindsofforgingprocessesavailable,howevertheycanbegroupedintothree
mainclasses:[1]
Drawnout:lengthincreases,crosssectiondecreases
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Upset:lengthdecreases,crosssectionincreases
Squeezedinclosedcompressiondies:producesmultidirectionalflow
Commonforgingprocessesinclude:rollforging,swaging,cogging,opendieforging,impressiondie
forging,pressforging,automatichotforgingandupsetting.[1]

Temperature
Allofthefollowingforgingprocessescanbeperformedat
varioustemperatures,howevertheyaregenerallyclassifiedby
whetherthemetaltemperatureisaboveorbelowthe
recrystallizationtemperature.Ifthetemperatureisabovethe
material'srecrystallizationtemperatureitisdeemedhotforging
ifthetemperatureisbelowthematerial'srecrystallization
temperaturebutabove30%oftherecrystallizationtemperature
(onanabsolutescale)itisdeemedwarmforgingifbelow30%
oftherecrystallizationtemperature(usuallyroomtemperature)
thenitisdeemedcoldforging.Themainadvantageofhot
forgingisthatasthemetalisdeformedworkhardeningeffects
arenegatedbytherecrystallizationprocess.Coldforging
typicallyresultsinworkhardeningofthepiece.[6][7]

Dropforging
Dropforgingisaforgingprocesswhereahammerisraisedand
then"dropped"ontotheworkpiecetodeformitaccordingtothe
shapeofthedie.Therearetwotypesofdropforging:opendie
dropforgingandcloseddiedropforging.Asthenamesimply,
thedifferenceisintheshapeofthedie,withtheformernotfully
enclosingtheworkpiece,whilethelatterdoes.

Acrosssectionofaforged
connectingrodthathasbeenetchedto
showthegrainflow

Opendiedropforging
Opendieforgingisalsoknownassmithforging.[8]Inopendieforging,ahammerstrikesanddeforms
theworkpiece,whichisplacedonastationaryanvil.Opendieforginggetsitsnamefromthefactthat
thedies(thesurfacesthatareincontactwiththeworkpiece)donotenclosetheworkpiece,allowingitto
flowexceptwherecontactedbythedies.Thereforetheoperator,orarobot,needstoorientandposition
theworkpiecetogetthedesiredshape.Thediesareusuallyflatinshape,butsomehaveaspecially
shapedsurfaceforspecializedoperations.Forexample,adiemayhavearound,concave,orconvex
surfaceorbeatooltoformholesorbeacutofftool.[9]
Opendieforgingscanbeworkedintoshapeswhichincludediscs,hubs,blocks,shafts(includingstep
shaftsorwithflanges),sleeves,cylinders,flats,hexes,rounds,plate,andsomecustomshapes.[10]
Opendieforginglendsitselftoshortrunsandisappropriateforartsmithingandcustomwork.Insome
cases,opendieforgingmaybeemployedtoroughshapeingotstopreparethemforsubsequent
operations.Opendieforgingmayalsoorientthegraintoincreasestrengthintherequireddirection.[9]
AdvantagesofOpenDieForging
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Reducedchanceofvoids
Betterfatigueresistance
Improvedmicrostructure
Continuousgrainflow
Finergrainsize
Greaterstrength[11]
Coggingissuccessivedeformationofabaralongitslengthusing
anopendiedropforge.Itiscommonlyusedtoworkapieceof
rawmaterialtotheproperthickness.Oncetheproperthicknessis
achievedtheproperwidthisachievedviaedging.[12]Edgingis
theprocessofconcentratingmaterialusingaconcaveshaped
opendie.Theprocessiscallededgingbecauseitisusually
carriedoutontheendsoftheworkpiece.Fulleringisasimilar
processthatthinsoutsectionsoftheforgingusingaconvex
shapeddie.Theseprocessespreparetheworkpiecesforfurther
forgingprocesses.[13]

Opendiedropforging(withtwo
dies)ofaningottobefurther
processedintoawheel

Edging

Fullering

Impressiondieforging
Impressiondieforgingisalsocalledcloseddieforging.Inimpressiondieforging,themetalisplacedin
adieresemblingamold,whichisattachedtotheanvil.Usually,thehammerdieisshapedaswell.The
hammeristhendroppedontheworkpiece,causingthemetaltoflowandfillthediecavities.The
hammerisgenerallyincontactwiththeworkpieceonthescaleofmilliseconds.Dependingonthesize
andcomplexityofthepart,thehammermaybedroppedmultipletimesinquicksuccession.Excess
metalissqueezedoutofthediecavities,formingwhatisreferredtoasflash.Theflashcoolsmore
rapidlythantherestofthematerialthiscoolmetalisstrongerthanthemetalinthedie,soithelps
preventmoreflashfromforming.Thisalsoforcesthemetaltocompletelyfillthediecavity.After
forging,theflashisremoved.[8][14]
Incommercialimpressiondieforging,theworkpieceisusuallymovedthroughaseriesofcavitiesina
dietogetfromaningottothefinalform.Thefirstimpressionisusedtodistributethemetalintothe
roughshapeinaccordancetotheneedsoflatercavitiesthisimpressioniscalledanedging,fullering,or
bendingimpression.Thefollowingcavitiesarecalledblockingcavities,inwhichthepieceisworking
intoashapethatmorecloselyresemblesthefinalproduct.Thesestagesusuallyimparttheworkpiece

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withgenerousbendsandlargefillets.Thefinalshapeisforgedinafinalorfinisherimpressioncavity.If
thereisonlyashortrunofpartstobedone,thenitmaybemoreeconomicalforthedietolackafinal
impressioncavityandinsteadmachinethefinalfeatures.[4]
Impressiondieforginghasbeenimprovedinrecentyearsthroughincreasedautomationwhichincludes
inductionheating,mechanicalfeeding,positioningandmanipulation,andthedirectheattreatmentof
partsafterforging.[15]
Onevariationofimpressiondieforgingiscalledflashlessforging,ortruecloseddieforging.Inthis
typeofforging,thediecavitiesarecompletelyclosed,whichkeepstheworkpiecefromformingflash.
Themajoradvantagetothisprocessisthatlessmetalislosttoflash.Flashcanaccountfor20to45%of
thestartingmaterial.Thedisadvantagesofthisprocessincludeadditionalcostduetoamorecomplex
diedesignandtheneedforbetterlubricationandworkpieceplacement.[4]
Thereareothervariationsofpartformationthatintegrateimpressiondieforging.Onemethod
incorporatescastingaforgingpreformfromliquidmetal.Thecastingisremovedafterithassolidified,
butwhilestillhot.Itisthenfinishedinasinglecavitydie.Theflashistrimmed,thenthepartisquench
hardened.Anothervariationfollowsthesameprocessasoutlinedabove,exceptthepreformisproduced
bythesprayingdepositionofmetaldropletsintoshapedcollectors(similartotheOspreyprocess).[15]
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Closeddieforginghasahighinitialcostduetothecreationofdiesandrequireddesignworktomake

workingdiecavities.However,ithaslowrecurringcostsforeachpart,thusforgingsbecomemore
economicalwithmorevolume.Thisisoneofthemajorreasonscloseddieforgingsareoftenusedinthe
automotiveandtoolindustry.Anotherreasonforgingsarecommonintheseindustrialsectorsisthat
forgingsgenerallyhaveabouta20percenthigherstrengthtoweightratiocomparedtocastormachined
partsofthesamematerial.[4]

Designofimpressiondieforgingsandtooling

Forgingdiesareusuallymadeofhighalloyortoolsteel.Diesmustbeimpactresistant,wearresistant,
maintainstrengthathightemperatures,andhavetheabilitytowithstandcyclesofrapidheatingand
cooling.Inordertoproduceabetter,moreeconomicaldiethefollowingrulesshouldbefollowed:[15]
Thediesshouldpartalongasingle,flatplaneifatallpossible.Ifnot,thepartingplaneshould
followthecontourofthepart.
Thepartingsurfaceshouldbeaplanethroughthecenteroftheforgingandnotnearanupperor
loweredge.
Adequatedraftshouldbeprovidedagoodguidelineisatleast3foraluminumand5to7for
steel.
Generousfilletsandradiishouldbeused.
Ribsshouldbelowandwide.
Thevarioussectionsshouldbebalancedtoavoidextremedifferenceinmetalflow.
Fulladvantageshouldbetakenoffiberflowlines.
Dimensionaltolerancesshouldnotbecloserthannecessary.

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Thedimensionaltolerancesofasteelpartproducedusingtheimpressiondieforgingmethodare
outlinedinthetablebelow.Thedimensionsacrossthepartingplaneareaffectedbytheclosureofthe
dies,andarethereforedependentondiewearandthethicknessofthefinalflash.Dimensionsthatare
completelycontainedwithinasinglediesegmentorhalfcanbemaintainedatasignificantlygreater
levelofaccuracy.[14]
Dimensionaltolerancesforimpressiondieforgings[14]
Mass[kg(lb)] Minustolerance[mm(in)] Plustolerance[mm(in)]
0.45(1)

0.15(0.006)

0.46(0.018)

0.91(2)

0.20(0.008)

0.61(0.024)

2.27(5)

0.25(0.010)

0.76(0.030)

4.54(10)

0.28(0.011)

0.84(0.033)

9.07(20)

0.33(0.013)

0.99(0.039)

22.68(50)

0.48(0.019)

1.45(0.057)

45.36(100)

0.74(0.029)

2.21(0.087)

Alubricantisusedwhenforgingtoreducefrictionandwear.Itisalsousedasathermalbarrierto
restrictheattransferfromtheworkpiecetothedie.Finally,thelubricantactsasapartingcompoundto
preventthepartfromstickinginthedies.[14]

Pressforging
Pressforgingworksbyslowlyapplyingacontinuouspressureorforce,whichdiffersfromthenear
instantaneousimpactofdrophammerforging.Theamountoftimethediesareincontactwiththe
workpieceismeasuredinseconds(ascomparedtothemillisecondsofdrophammerforges).Thepress
forgingoperationcanbedoneeithercoldorhot.[14]
Themainadvantageofpressforging,ascomparedtodrophammerforging,isitsabilitytodeformthe
completeworkpiece.Drophammerforgingusuallyonlydeformsthesurfacesoftheworkpiecein
contactwiththehammerandanviltheinterioroftheworkpiecewillstayrelativelyundeformed.
Anotheradvantagetotheprocessincludestheknowledgeofthenewpart'sstrainrate.Wespecifically
knowwhatkindofstraincanbeputonthepart,becausethecompressionrateofthepressforging
operationiscontrolled.
Thereareafewdisadvantagestothisprocess,moststemmingfromtheworkpiecebeingincontactwith
thediesforsuchanextendedperiodoftime.Theoperationisatimeconsumingprocessduetothe
amountandlengthofsteps.Theworkpiecewillcoolfasterbecausethediesareincontactwith
workpiecethediesfacilitatedrasticallymoreheattransferthanthesurroundingatmosphere.Asthe
workpiececoolsitbecomesstrongerandlessductile,whichmayinducecrackingifdeformation
continues.Thereforeheateddiesareusuallyusedtoreduceheatloss,promotesurfaceflow,andenable
theproductionoffinerdetailsandclosertolerances.Theworkpiecemayalsoneedtobereheated.
Whendoneinhighproductivity,pressforgingismoreeconomicalthanhammerforging.Theoperation
alsocreatesclosertolerances.Inhammerforgingalotoftheworkisabsorbedbythemachinery,when
inpressforging,thegreaterpercentageofworkisusedintheworkpiece.Anotheradvantageisthatthe
operationcanbeusedtocreateanysizepartbecausethereisnolimittothesizeofthepressforging

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machine.Newpressforgingtechniqueshavebeenabletocreateahigherdegreeofmechanicaland
orientationintegrity.Bytheconstraintofoxidationtotheouterlayersofthepart,reducedlevelsof
microcrackingoccurinthefinishedpart.[14]
Pressforgingcanbeusedtoperformalltypesofforging,includingopendieandimpressiondieforging.
Impressiondiepressforgingusuallyrequireslessdraftthandropforgingandhasbetterdimensional
accuracy.Also,pressforgingscanoftenbedoneinoneclosingofthedies,allowingforeasy
automation.[16]

Upsetforging
Upsetforgingincreasesthediameteroftheworkpiecebycompressingitslength.[16]Basedonnumberof
piecesproduced,thisisthemostwidelyusedforgingprocess.[16]Afewexamplesofcommonparts
producedusingtheupsetforgingprocessareenginevalves,couplings,bolts,screws,andotherfasteners.
Upsetforgingisusuallydoneinspecialhighspeedmachinescalledcrankpresses,butupsettingcanalso
bedoneinaverticalcrankpressorahydraulicpress.Themachinesareusuallysetuptoworkinthe
horizontalplane,tofacilitatethequickexchangeofworkpiecesfromonestationtothenext.Theinitial
workpieceisusuallywireorrod,butsomemachinescanacceptbarsupto25cm(9.8in)indiameter
andacapacityofover1000tons.Thestandardupsettingmachineemployssplitdiesthatcontain
multiplecavities.Thediesopenenoughtoallowtheworkpiecetomovefromonecavitytothenextthe
diesthencloseandtheheadingtool,orram,thenmoveslongitudinallyagainstthebar,upsettingitinto
thecavity.Ifallofthecavitiesareutilizedoneverycycle,thenafinishedpartwillbeproducedwith
everycycle,whichmakesthisprocessadvantageousformassproduction.[16]
Theserulesmustbefollowedwhendesigningpartstobeupsetforged:[17]
Thelengthofunsupportedmetalthatcanbeupsetinoneblowwithoutinjuriousbucklingshould
belimitedtothreetimesthediameterofthebar.
Lengthsofstockgreaterthanthreetimesthediametermaybeupsetsuccessfully,providedthatthe
diameteroftheupsetisnotmorethan1.5timesthediameterofthestock.
Inanupsetrequiringstocklengthgreaterthanthreetimesthediameterofthestock,andwherethe
diameterofthecavityisnotmorethan1.5timesthediameterofthestock,thelengthof
unsupportedmetalbeyondthefaceofthediemustnotexceedthediameterofthebar.

Automatichotforging
Theautomatichotforgingprocessinvolvesfeedingmilllengthsteelbars(typically7m(23ft)long)
intooneendofthemachineatroomtemperatureandhotforgedproductsemergefromtheotherend.
Thisalloccursrapidlysmallpartscanbemadeatarateof180partsperminute(ppm)andlargercanbe
madeatarateof90ppm.Thepartscanbesolidorhollow,roundorsymmetrical,upto6kg(13lb),and
upto18cm(7.1in)indiameter.Themainadvantagestothisprocessareitshighoutputrateandability
toacceptlowcostmaterials.Littlelaborisrequiredtooperatethemachinery.
Thereisnoflashproducedsomaterialsavingsarebetween20and30%overconventionalforging.The
finalproductisaconsistent1,050C(1,920F)soaircoolingwillresultinapartthatisstilleasily
machinable(theadvantagebeingthelackofannealingrequiredafterforging).Tolerancesareusually
0.3mm(0.012in),surfacesareclean,anddraftanglesare0.5to1.Toollifeisnearlydoublethatof
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conventionalforgingbecausecontacttimesareontheorderof0.06second.Thedownsideisthatthis
processisonlyfeasibleonsmallersymmetricpartsandcosttheinitialinvestmentcanbeover$10
million,solargequantitiesarerequiredtojustifythisprocess.[18]
Theprocessstartsbyheatingthebarto1,200to1,300C(2,190to2,370F)inlessthan60seconds
usinghighpowerinductioncoils.Itisthendescaledwithrollers,shearedintoblanks,andtransferred
throughseveralsuccessiveformingstages,duringwhichitisupset,preformed,finalforged,andpierced
(ifnecessary).Thisprocesscanalsobecoupledwithhighspeedcoldformingoperations.Generally,the
coldformingoperationwilldothefinishingstagesothattheadvantagesofcoldworkingcanbe
obtained,whilemaintainingthehighspeedofautomatichotforging.[19]
Examplesofpartsmadebythisprocessare:wheelhubunitbearings,transmissiongears,taperedroller
bearingraces,stainlesssteelcouplingflanges,andneckringsforLPgascylinders.[20]Manual
transmissiongearsareanexampleofautomatichotforgingusedinconjunctionwithcoldworking.[21]

Rollforging
Rollforgingisaprocesswhereroundorflatbarstockisreducedinthicknessandincreasedinlength.
Rollforgingisperformedusingtwocylindricalorsemicylindricalrolls,eachcontainingoneormore
shapedgrooves.Aheatedbarisinsertedintotherollsandwhenithitsastoptherollsrotateandthebar
isprogressivelyshapedasitisrolledthroughthemachine.Thepieceisthentransferredtothenextsetof
groovesorturnedaroundandreinsertedintothesamegrooves.Thiscontinuesuntilthedesiredshape
andsizeisachieved.Theadvantageofthisprocessisthereisnoflashanditimpartsafavorablegrain
structureintotheworkpiece.[22]
Examplesofproductsproducedusingthismethodincludeaxles,taperedleversandleafsprings.

Netshapeandnearnetshapeforging
Thisprocessisalsoknownasprecisionforging.Itwasdevelopedtominimizecostandwasteassociated
withpostforgingoperations.Therefore,thefinalproductfromaprecisionforgingneedslittleornofinal
machining.Costsavingsaregainedfromtheuseoflessmaterial,andthuslessscrap,theoverall
decreaseinenergyused,andthereductionoreliminationofmachining.Precisionforgingalsorequires
lessofadraft,1to0.Thedownsideofthisprocessisitscost,thereforeitisonlyimplementedif
significantcostreductioncanbeachieved.[23]
Costimplications
Toachievealowcostnetshapeforgingfordemandingapplicationsthataresubjecttoahighdegreeof
scrutiny,i.e.nondestructivetestingbywayofadyepenetrantinspectiontechnique,itiscrucialthat
basicforgingprocessdisciplinesbeimplemented.Ifthebasicdisciplinesarenotmet,subsequent
materialremovaloperationswilllikelybenecessarytoremovematerialdefectsfoundatnondestructive
testinginspection.Hencelowcostpartswillnotbeachievable.
Exampledisciplinesare:dielubricantmanagement(Useofuncontaminatedandhomogeneousmixtures,
amountandplacementoflubricant).Tightcontrolofdietemperaturesandsurfacefinish/friction.

Inductionforging

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Unliketheaboveprocesses,inductionforgingisbasedonthetypeofheatingstyleused.Manyofthe
aboveprocessescanbeusedinconjunctionwiththisheatingmethod.

Equipment
Themostcommontypeofforgingequipmentisthehammerand
anvil.Principlesbehindthehammerandanvilarestillusedtoday
indrophammerequipment.Theprinciplebehindthemachineis
simple:raisethehammeranddropitorpropelitintothe
workpiece,whichrestsontheanvil.Themainvariationsbetween
drophammersareinthewaythehammerispoweredthemost
commonbeingairandsteamhammers.Drophammersusually
operateinaverticalposition.Themainreasonforthisisexcess
energy(energythatisn'tusedtodeformtheworkpiece)thatisn't
releasedasheatorsoundneedstobetransmittedtothe
foundation.Moreover,alargemachinebaseisneededtoabsorb
theimpacts.[9]

Hydraulicdrophammer

Toovercomesomeshortcomingsofthedrophammer,the
counterblowmachineorimpactorisused.Inacounterblow
machineboththehammerandanvilmoveandtheworkpieceis
heldbetweenthem.Hereexcessenergybecomesrecoil.This
allowsthemachinetoworkhorizontallyandhaveasmallerbase.
Otheradvantagesincludelessnoise,heatandvibration.Italso
producesadistinctlydifferentflowpattern.Bothofthese
machinescanbeusedforopendieorcloseddieforging.[24]

Forgingpresses
Aforgingpress,oftenjustcalledapress,isusedforpress
forging.Therearetwomaintypes:mechanicalandhydraulic
presses.Mechanicalpressesfunctionbyusingcams,cranks
and/ortogglestoproduceapreset(apredeterminedforceata
(a)Materialflowofaconventionally
certainlocationinthestroke)andreproduciblestroke.Duetothe
forgeddisc(b)Materialflowofan
natureofthistypeofsystem,differentforcesareavailableat
impactorforgeddisc
differentstrokepositions.Mechanicalpressesarefasterthan
theirhydrauliccounterparts(upto50strokesperminute).Their
capacitiesrangefrom3to160MN(300to18,000shorttonsforce).Hydraulicpressesusefluidpressure
andapistontogenerateforce.Theadvantagesofahydraulicpressoveramechanicalpressareits
flexibilityandgreatercapacity.Thedisadvantagesincludeaslower,larger,andcostliermachineto
operate.[14]
Therollforging,upsetting,andautomatichotforgingprocessesallusespecializedmachinery.

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Listoflargeforgingpresses,byingotsize[2][25]
Force Ingotsize
Company
Location
(tonnes) (tonnes)
16,000

600

ChinaNationalErzhongGroup[26]

Deyang,China

14,000

600

JapanSteelWorks

Japan

15,000

580

ChinaFirstHeavyIndustriesGroup[27] Heilongjiang,China

13,000

Doosan

SouthKorea

Listoflargeforgingpresses,byforce
Force Force Ingotsize
Company
(tonnes) (tons) (tonnes)

Location

80,000

(88,200) >150

ChinaErzhong[26]

Deyang,China

75,000

(82,690)

VSMPOAVISMA

Russia

65,000

(71,660)

Aubert&Duval[28][29]

Issoire,France

(45,350) 50,000

20

Alcoa,[30][31]WymanGordon[32][33] USA

40,000

(44,100)

Aubert&Duval[28]

Pamiers,France

30,000

(33,080) 8

WymanGordon[34]

Livingston,Scotland

30,000

(33,070)

WeberMetals,Inc.[35]

California,USA

30,000

(30,108)

FirthRixson[36]

Georgia,USA

Seealso
Casting
Coldsizing
Doublehammer
Milling(machining)
Semisolidmetalcasting
Forgingtemperature

References
1. ^abcdDegarmo,p.389
2. ^abHeavyManufacturingofPowerPlants(http://www.world
nuclear.org/info/inf122_heavy_manufacturing_of_power_plants.html)WorldNuclearAssociation,September
2010.Retrieved:25September2010.
3. ^"Forging:TheEarlyYears"(http://www.steelforge.com/literature/historyofforgings/).AllMetals&Forge
Group.Retrieved1October2013.
4. ^abcdDegarmo,p.392
5. ^GavinMoore1989
6. ^Degarmo,p.373
7. ^Degarmo,p.375
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8. ^abDegarmo,p.391
9. ^abcDegarmo,p.390
10. ^"ForgingShapes"(http://www.steelforge.com/customforgedshapes/forgingcapabilitieschart/).AllMetals
&ForgeGroup.Retrieved1October2013.
11. ^"ForgedCrankshaftAdvantages"(http://www.glforge.com/crankshafts.html).GreatLakesForge.Retrieved
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Bibliography
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Manufacturing(9thed.).Wiley.ISBN0471656534{{inconsistentcitations}}

Externallinks
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