CHAPTER 9

Solved Problems
P.9.13 Swastik Ltd, manufacturers of special purpose machine tools, have two divisions which are
periodically assisted by visiting teams of consultants. The management is worried about the steady
increase of expenses in this regard over the years. An analysis of the last years expenses reveals the
following:
The management estimates accommodation
expenses to increase by Rs 2,00,000 annually.
As part of cost reduction drive, Swastik Ltd is proposing to construct a consultancy centre to take care of
the accommodation requirements of the consultants. This centre will additionally save the company Rs
50,000 in boarding charges and Rs 2,00,000 in the cost of executive training programme hitherto conducted
outside the companys premises, every year.
The following details are available regarding the construction and maintenance of the new centre.
(a) Land: at a cost of Rs 8,00,000 already owned by the company, will be used.
(b) Construction: Rs 15,00,000 including special furnishing.
(c) Cost of annual maintenance: Rs 1,50,000.
(d) Construction cost will be written off (at a uniform rate) over 5 years, being the useful life.
Assuming that the write-off of construction cost as aforesaid will be accepted for tax purposes, that the
rate of tax will be 35 per cent and that the desired rate of return is 15 per cent, you are required to analyse
the feasibility of the proposal and make recommendations. Use present value up to two digits.

Solution
Financial feasibility of constructing consultancy centre
Particulars
Cost savings:
Accommodation expenses
Boarding charges
Hire charges of executive training programme
Total
Less: Cost of annual maintenance
Less: Amortization of construction cost
Net savings/EBT
Less: Taxes (0.35)
EAT
CFAT
(x) PV factor at (0.15)
Present value
Total present value (t = 1 6)
Less: Incremental CO
NPV

Recommendation

8
0.5
2.0
10.5
1.5
3.0
6.0
2.1
3.9
6.9
0.87
6.00

10
0.5
2.0
12.5
1.5
3.0
8.0
2.8
5.2
8.2
0.76
6.23

(Amount in lakh of rupees)

Years
3
4
5
12
0.5
2.0
14.5
1.5
3.0
10.0
3.5
6.5
9.5
0.66
6.27

14
0.5
2.0
16.5
1.5
3.0
12.0
4.2
7.8
10.8
0.57
6.16

16
0.5
2.0
18.5
1.5
3.0
14.0
4.9
9.1
12.1
0.50
6.05
30.71
15.00
15.71

It is desirable for the company to construct its own consultancy centre.

Notes:
(i) Land cost does not involve any additional cash flows.
(ii) The firm will continue to incur expenses namely, consultants remuneration, travel and conveyance
and special allowances, and, hence, ignored.
P.9.14 A plastic manufacturing company is considering replacing an older machine which was fully
depreciated for tax purposes with a new machine costing Rs 40,000. The new machine will be depreciated
over its eight-year life. It is estimated that the new machine will reduce labour costs by Rs 8,000 per year.
The management believes that there will be no change in other expenses and revenues of the firm due to
the machine. The company requires an after-tax return on investment of 10 per cent. Its rate of tax is 35 per
cent. The companys income statement for the current year is given for other informations.
Income statement for the current year

Sales
Costs:
Materials
Labour
Factory and administrative
Depreciation
Net income before taxes
Taxes (0.35)
Earnings after taxes

Rs 5,00,000
Rs 1,50,000
2,00,000
40,000
40,000

4,30,000
70,000
24,500
45,500

Should the company buy the new machine? You may assume the company follows straight line method of
depreciation and the same is allowed for tax purposes.

Solution
Cash inflows:
(i) Present: Earnings after taxes
Add: Depreciation
CFAT (present)
(ii) Estimated CFAT, if the new machine is purchased:
Sales

Rs 45,500
40,000
85,500
5,00,000

Costs:
Material
Labour
Factory and administrative
Depreciation (including Rs 5,000 on new machine)
Net income before taxes
Taxes
Earnings after taxes
Add: Depreciation
CFAT (expected)
(iii) Differential cash flow: Rs 92,450 Rs 85,500

Rs 1,50,000
1,92,000
40,000
45,000

4,27,000
73,000
25,550
47,450
45,000
92,450
6,950

(iv) Determination of NPV

Years
1-8
Less: Cost of new machine
NPV

CFAT
Rs 6,950

PV factor (0.10)

Total PV

5.335

Rs 37,078
40,000
(2,922)

Recommendation Since the NPV is negative, the new machine should not be purchased.
P.9.15 The United Petroleum Ltd (UPL) has a retail outlet of petrol, diesel and petroleum products.
Presently, it has two pumps exclusively for petrol, one for non-lead petrol and one for diesel. Free air filling is
carried out for vehicles buying fuel from the outlet. The pumps have a useful life of 10 years with no salvage
value as the underground tank will be completely corroded and unfit for reuse.
The UPL sells petrol and diesel @ Rs 23 and Rs 10 per litre respectively. The existing annual sale is
petrol, 5 lakh litres, and diesel, 2 lakh litres. Its earnings are 4 per cent as commission on sales.
Due to a manifold increase in traffic, the existing pumps are not able to meet the demand during peak
hours. The UPL is contemplating installation of additional pumps for diesel and petrol at a cost of Rs
10,00,000 together with additional working capital of Rs 5,00,000. The additional sales of petrol and diesel
are expected to be 2 lakh litres and 1 lakh litres per annum respectively. As a result of the installation of the
new pump, the operating cost would increase by Rs 24,000 annually by way of salary of the pump operator.
Other yearly associated additional costs are estimated to be: insurance @ 1 per cent of the cost of the
pump, maintenance cost, Rs 12,000 and power costs, Rs 13,000.
United Petroleum Ltd pays 35 per cent on tax on its income. Depreciation will be on straight line basis
and the same is allowed for tax purposes.
The management of UPL seeks your advice on the financial viability of the expansion proposal. Prepare
a report for its consideration, assuming 12 per cent required rate of return.
Solution
Financial analysis for setting up additional pumps (using NPV method)

Cash outflows:
Cost of new pump

Rs 10,00,000

Increase in working capital

5,00,000
15,00,000

Incremental CFAT and NPV (years (1 - 10):

Commission on incremental sales
Petrol: 2 lakhs Rs 23 0.04
Diesel: 1 lakh Rs 10 0.04
Less: Incremental costs:
Salary
Insurance
Maintenance costs
Power costs
Depreciation (Rs 10 lakh/10)
Earnings before taxes
Less: Taxes
Earnings after taxes
CFAT (EAT + D)
(x) PV factor for annuity for 10 years (0.12)
Present value
Add: PV of recovery of working capital (Rs 5,00,000 0.322)
Total present value
Less: Cash outflows
NPV

1,84,000
40,000
2,24,000
Rs 24,000
10,000
12,000
13,000
1,00,000

1,59,000
65,000
22,750
42,250
1,42,250
5.650
8,03,713
1,61,000
9,64,713
15,00,000
(5,35,287)

Recommendation Since NPV is negative, the installation of additional pumps is not financially viable.
P.9.16 Senior executives of Laxmi Rice Mill Ltd have been considering the proposal to replace the existing
coal-fired furnace in the paddy boiling section by a new furnace is cyclone type husk-fired furnace. The
capital cost of the new furnace is expected to be Rs 1 lakh. It will have useful life of 10 years at the end of
which period its residual value will be negligible. The present furnace has a book value of Rs 15,000 and
can be used for another 10 years with only minor repairs. If scrapped now, it can fetch Rs 10,000 but it
cannot fetch any amount if scrapped after ten more years of use.
The basic advantage of the new furnace is that it does not depend on the coal whose supplies are
becoming increasingly erratic in recent years. On a conservative estimate, the new furnace will result in a
saving of Rs 25,000 per annum on account of eliminated coal cost. However, the cost of electricity and other
operating expenses are likely to go up by Rs 8,000 and Rs 4,000 per annum respectively.
The husk which results as a by-product during the normal milling operations at 3,000 metric ton of paddy
milled per year is considered adequated for operating the new furnace. On a average, for every metric ton of
paddy milled, the husk content is 20 per cent. At present, the husk resulting during the milling operations is
sold at a price of Rs 50 per metric ton. Once the new furnace is installed, the husk will be diverted for own
use. White Ash which constitutes about 5 percent of the husk burnt in the new furnace, will be collected in a
separate ash-pit as it has considerable demand in the refractory industry. It can be sold very easily at a price
of Rs 1,500 per metric ton.
The new furnace will require a motor of 15 HP, whose cost is not included in Rs 1 lakh, the capital cost of
the furnace. A 15 HP motor is lying idle with the polishing section of the Mill which can fetch an amount of
Rs 3,000 on sale. It has a net book value of Rs 5,000. The motor can be used for the new furnace. At the
end of the ten years, it can be scrapped at zero residual value.
All the assets of the company are in the same block. Depreciation will be on straight line basis and the
same is assumed to be acceptable for tax purpose as well. Applicable tax rate is 35 per cent and cost of
capital is 12 per cent.
Required:
(i)
Formulate the incremental net after-tax cash flows associated with the replacement project. (ii) Also
calculate the projects NPV. (iii) Give your recommendation.

Solution
Financial analysis of replacement decision
Incremental cash outflows:
Cost of new furnace

Rs 1,00,000

Add: Salvage value of 15 HP motor

Less: Sale proceeds of existing furnace
Investment in new furnace
Incremental CFAT and NPV:
Savings and revenue on installation of new furnace:
Reduction in coal cost (not required)
Sale of white ash (3,000 20/100 5/100 Rs 1,500)
Less: Cash incremental costs:
Electricity costs
Operating expenses
Contribution lost due to use of husk (3,000 20/100 Rs 50)
Incremental depreciation:
Book value of existing machines/furnace (Rs 15,000 + Rs 5,000)
Add: Cost of new furnace
Less: Sale proceeds of existing furnace
Depreciation base of new machine
Less: Existing depreciation base
Basic of incremental depreciation
Depreciation per year Rs 90,000/10 years
(Contd.)

3,000
10,000
93,000

25,000
45,000
70,000
Rs 8,000
4,000
30,000
20,000
1,00,000
(10,000)
1,10,000
(20,000)
90,000
9,000

Earnings before taxes

Less: Taxes, 35 per cent
EAT
CFAT
(x) PV factor for 10 years annuity at 12 per cent
Total PV
Less: Cash outflows
NPV

Recommendation

42,000

19,000
6,650
12,350
21,350
5.650
1,20,627
93,000
27,627

As NPV is positive, the company is advised to replace the existing coal-fired furnace

by new furnace.
P.9.17 Nine Gems Ltd has just installed Machine-R at a cost of Rs 2,00,000. The machine has a five year
life with no residual value. The annual volume of production is estimated at 1,50,000 units, which can be
sold at Rs 6 per unit. Annual operating costs are estimated at Rs 2,00,000 (excluding depreciation) at this
output level. Fixed costs are estimated at Rs 3 per unit for the same level of production.
Nine Gems Ltd has just come across another model called Machine-S capable of giving the same output
at an annual operating cost of Rs 1,80,000 (exclusive of depreciation). There will be no change in fixed
costs. Capital cost of this machine is Rs 2,50,000 and the estimated life is for 5 years with no residual value.
The company has an offer for sale of Machine-R at Rs 1,00,000. The cost of dismantling and removal will
be Rs 30,000. As the company has not yet commenced operations, it wants to sell Machine-R and purchase
Machine-S.
Nine Gems Ltd will be a zero-tax company, for seven years in view of several incentives and allowances
available. The cost of capital may be assumed at 14 per cent.
(i) Advise whether the company should opt for replacement.
(ii) Will there be any change in your view if Machine-R has not been installed but the company is in
the process of selecting one or the other machine?

Solution

Financial evaluation of whether to replace Machine-R

(i) Incremental cash outflows

Cost of Machine-S
Less: Effective sale proceeds of Machine-R (Rs 1,00,000 Rs 30,000,
dismantling/removal costs)
Incremental cash inflows and NPV (for years t = 1 5)
Savings in annual operating costs:
Annual cash operating costs (R)
Annual cash operating costs (S)
(x) PV factor of annuity for 5 years (0.14)

Rs 2,50,000
70,000
1,80,000

Rs 2,00,000
1,80,000

20,000
3.433

Total present value

Less: Incremental cash outflows
NPV

Recommendation

68,660
1,80,000
(1,11,340)

Since NPV is negative, the company is advised not to replace Machine-R.

(ii) Financial evaluation of Machine-R and S (determination of NPV)

Particulars
Sales revenue (1,50,000 Rs 6)
Less: Operating costs
Less: Fixed costs (1,50,000 Rs 3)

Machine-R

Machine-S

Rs 9,00,000
2,00,000
4,50,000

Rs 9,00,000
1,80,000
4,50,000

(Contd.)
Annual cash inflows
(x) PV factor of annuity for 5 years (0.14)
Total present value
Less: Cash outflows
Net present value

Recommendation

2,50,000
() 3.433
8,58,250
2,00,000
6,58,250

2,70,000
() 3.433
9,26,910
2,50,000
6,76,910

As NPV of Machine-S is higher, the company is advised to opt for Machine-S

Note: As the company is a zero-tax company for seven yerars and life of both the machines is five years
only, depreciation aspect is not relevant.
P.9.18 Band-Box is considering the purchase of a new wash and dry equipment in order to expand its
operations. Two types of options are available: a low-speed system (LSS) with a Rs 20,000 initial cost and a
high speed system (HSS) with an initial cost of Rs 30,000. Each system has a fifteen year life and no
salvage value. The net cash flows after taxes (CFAT) associated with each investment proposal are:
Low speed system (LSS)

High speed system (HSS)

Rs 4,000

Rs 6,000

CFAT for years 1 through 15

Which speed system should be chosen by Band-Box, assuming 14 per cent cost of capital?

Solution
Years

CFAT
LSS

1-15
Less: Initial cost
NPV

Rs 4,000

Determination of NPV
PV factor (0.14)
HSS
Rs 6,000

6.142

Total PV
LSS
Rs 24,568
20,000
4,568

HSS
Rs 36,852
30,000
6,852

The high speed system should be chosen by Band-Box as its NPV is greater.
P.9.19 Welcome Limited is considering the manufacture of a new product. They have prepared the following
estimate of profit in the first year of manufacture:
Sales, 9,000 units @ Rs 32
Cost of goods sold:
Labour 40,000 hours @ Rs 3.50 per hour
Materials and other variable costs
Depreciation
Less: Closing stock
Net profit

Rs 2,88,000
Rs 1,40,000
65,000
45,000
2,50,000
25,000

2,25,000
63,000

The product is expected to have a life of four years. Annual sales volume is expected to be constant over
the period at 9,000 units. Production which was estimated at 10,000 units in the first year would be only
9,000 units each in year two and three and 8,000 units in year four. Debtors at the end of each year would
be 20 per cent of sales during the year; creditors would be 10 per cent of materials and other variable costs.
If sales differed from the forecast level, stocks would be adjusted in proportion.
Depreciation relates to machinery which would be purchased especially for the manufacture of the new
product and is calculated on the straight line basis assuming that the machinery would last for four years
and have no terminal scrap value. Fixed costs are included in labour cost.

There is high level of confidence concerning the accuracy of all the above estimates except the annual
sales volume. Cost of capital is 20 per cent per annum. You may assume that debtors are realised and
creditors are paid in the following year. No changes in the prices of inputs or outputs are expected over the
next four years.
You are required to show whether the manufacture of the new product is worthwhile. Ignore taxes.
Solution Cash outflows:
Cost of the machine
(Depreciation per year years of useful life of the machine, i.e. Rs 45,000 4)

Rs 1,80,000

Cash inflows and NPV

Particulars
1
Sales revenue
Less: Expenses:
Labour cost
Materials and other
Variable costs
Funds inflows
Less: Debtors outstanding
Add: Receipts from debtors
Add: Creditors outstanding
Less: Payments to creditors
Cash inflows
(x) PV factor
Present Value
Total PV (year, t = 1-5)
Less: Cash outflows
NPV

Year
3

Rs 2,88,000

Rs 2,88,000

Rs 2,88,000

Rs 2,88,000

1,40,000

1,26,000

1,26,000

1,12,000

58,500
1,03,500
57,600
57,600
5,850
6,500
1,02,850
0.694
71,378

58,500
1,03,500
57,600
57,600
5,850
5,850
1,03,500
0.579
59,927

52,000
1,24,000
57,600
57,600
5,200
5,850
1,23,300
0.482
59,455

65,000
83,000
57,600

6,500

31,900
0.833
26,573

Rs 57,600
5,200
52,400
0.402
21,065
2,38,398
1,80,000
58,398

Since the NPV is positive, the manufacture of new product is worthwhile.

P.9.20 A company is currently considering modernisation of a machine originally costing Rs 50,000 (current
book value zero). However, it is in a good working condition and can be sold for Rs 25,000. Two choices are
available. One is to rehabilitate the existing machine at a total cost of Rs 1,80,000; and the other is to
replace the existing machine with a new machine costing Rs 2,10,000 and requiring Rs 30,000 to install.
The rehabilitated machine as well as the new machine would have a six year life and no salvage value. The
projected after-tax profits under the various alternatives are:
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

Existing machine

Expected after-tax profits

Rehabilitated machine

Rs 2,00,000
2,50,000
3,10,000
3,60,000
4,10,000
5,00,000

Rs 2,20,000
2,90,000
3,50,000
4,00,000
4,50,000
5,40,000

New machine
Rs 2,40,000
3,10,000
3,50,000
4,10,000
4,30,000
5,10,000

The firm is taxed at 35 per cent. The company uses the straight line depreciation method and the same is
allowed for tax purposes. Ignore block assets concept. The cost of capital is 12 per cent.
Advise the company whether it should rehabilitate the existing machine or should replace it with the new
machine. Also, state the situation in which the company would like to continue with the existing machine.

Solution
Cash outflows
(i) If machine is rehabilitated:
Rehabilitation costs
(ii) If machine is purchased:
Cost of new machine

Rs 1,80,000
2,10,000

Add: Installation cost

Less: Effective sale value of old machine (Rs 25,000 Rs 8,750, tax)
Incremental cash outflows

30,000
(16,250)
2,23,750

Cash inflows after taxes

Existing machine
Year
1
2
3
4
5
6

Rehabilitated machine

EAT/ CFATa

EAT

Rs 2,00,000
2,50,000
3,10,000
3,60,000
4,10,000
5,00,000

Rs 2,20,000
2,90,000
3,50,000
4,00,000
4,50,000
5,40,000

New machine

CFAT

Rs 30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000
30,000

Rs 2,50,000
3,20,000
3,80,000
4,30,000
4,80,000
5,70,000

EAT

Rs 2,40,000
3,10,000
3,50,000
4,10,000
4,30,000
5,10,000

Rs 40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000

CFAT
Rs 2,80,000
3,50,000
3,90,000
4,50,000
4,70,000
5,50,000

Since the existing machine has been fully depreciated (book value being zero), no depreciation would be
added to determine CFAT.
a

Year
Rehabilitated
machine
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total present value
Less: Initial cash outflows
NPV

Recommendation

Rs 50,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
70,000
70,000

Determination of NPV
Incremental CFAT
New
PV factor
machine
(0.12)
Rs 80,000
1,00,000
80,000
90,000
60,000
50,000

0.893
0.797
0.712
0.636
0.567
0.507

Total PV
Rehabilitated
New
machine
machine
Rs 44,650
55,790
49,840
44,520
39,690
35,490
2,69,980
1,80,000
89,980

Rs 71,440
79,700
56,960
57,240
34,020
25,350
3,24,710
2,23,750
1,00,960

Since NPV of the new machine is more, the company should buy it. If the NPV of

incremental CFAT of both the alternatives were negative, the company would have continued with the
existing machine.
P.9.21 Excel Ltd manufactures a special chemical for sale at Rs 30 per kg. The variable cost of manufacture
is Rs 15 per kg. Fixed cost excluding depreciation is Rs 2,50,000. Excel Ltd is currently operating at 50 per
cent capacity. It can produce a maximum of 1,00,000 kg at full capacity.
The production manager suggests that if the existing machines are replaced, the company can achieve
maximum capacity in the next 5 years gradually increasing the production by 10 per cent a year.
The finance manager estimates that for each 10 per cent increase in capacity, the additional increase in
fixed cost will be Rs 50,000. The existing machinesa with a current book value of Rs 10,00,000 and
remaining useful life of 5 years can be disposed of for Rs 5,00,000. The vice-president (finance) is willing to
replace the existing machines provided the NPV on replacement is Rs 4,53,000 at 15 per cent cost of
capital. PV factor may be used up to two digits only.
(i) You are required to compute the total value of machines necessary for replacement. For your exercise
you may assume the following:
(a) All the assets are in the same block. Depreciation will be on straight line basis and the same is
allowed for tax purposes.
(b) There will be no slavage value for the new machines. The entire cost of the assets will be
depreciated over a five year period.
(c) Tax rate is 40 per cent.
(d) Cash inflows will accrue at the end of the year.
(e) Replacement outflow will be at the beginning of the year (year 0).
(ii) On the basis of data given above, the managing director feels that the replacement, if carried out,
would at least yield a post-tax return of 15 per cent in three years provided the capacity build up is 60,
80 and 100 per cent respectively. Do you agree?

Solution

Determination of total replacement value of machines

(i)

(a) Incremental cash outflows

Cost of replacement of new machines

Less: Disposal value of existing machines
Cash outflows required

Particulars

Rs X
5,00,000
(X Rs 5,00,000)

(b) Determination of CFAT and NPV (excluding depreciation)

Years
1
2
3

Increased production and sales (Kg)

(x) contribution per unit
(Rs 30 Rs 15) (Rs)
Incremental contribution
Less: Incremental fixed costs
Incremental profit before taxes
Less: Taxes (0.40)
Earnings after taxes
(x) PV factor (0.15)
Present value
Total PV for 5 years (t = 1 5)

10,000

20,000

30,000

15
1,50,000
50,000
1,00,000
40,000
60,000
0.87
52,200

15
3,00,000
1,00,000
2,00,000
80,000
1,20,000
0.76
91,200

15
4,50,000
1,50,000
3,00,000
1,20,000
1,80,000
0.66
1,18,800

40,000

50,000

15
15
6,00,000
7,50,000
2,00,000
2,50,000
4,00,000
5,00,000
1,60,000
2,00,000
2,40,000
3,00,000
0.57
0.49
136,800
1,47,000
5,46,000

(c) Base for incremental depreciation

Current book value of existing machine
Add: Cost of new machine
Less: Sale proceeds of existing machine
Depreciation base of new machine
Less: Depreciation base of existing machine
Base for incremental depreciation

Rs 10,00,000
X
5,00,000
X + 5,00,000
10,00,000
X 5,00,000

(d) PV of tax savings on incremental depreciation for years 1 - 5

Incremental depreciation per year
(X Rs 5,00,000) 5
(x) Tax rate
(x) PV factor of annuity for 5 years
(0.2 X Rs 1,00,000) 0.40 3.35 = 0.268X Rs 1,34,000

0.2X Rs 1,00,000
0.40
3.35

(e) Total PV (b + d) = Rs 5,46,000 + 0.268X Rs 1,34,000

(f) Desired NPV = PV of CFAT PV of outflows
Rs 4,53,000 = (Rs 4,12,000 + 0.268X) (X Rs 5,00,000)
Rs 4,53,000 = Rs 4,12,000 + 0.268X X + Rs 5,00,000
Or 0.732X = Rs 4,59,000 Or X = Rs 4,59,000/0.732 = Rs 6,27,049
Total value of machines required for replacement is Rs 6,27,049.
(ii) Financial evaluation whether replacement would yield post-tax return of 15 per cent in 3 years
Particulars
1
Increased capacity (per cent)
Increased sales (kg)
Incremental contribution (@ Rs 15 per kg)
Less: Incremental fixed cost
Less: Incremental depreciation
(Rs 11,27,049 Rs 10,00,000) 5 years
Earnings before taxes
Less: Taxes (0.40)
Earnings after taxes
CFAT
(x) PV factor (0.15)

10
10,000
Rs 1,50,000
50,000
25,410
74,590
29,836
44,754
70,164
0.87

Year
2
30
30,000
Rs 4,50,000
1,50,000
25,410
2,74,590
1,09,836
1,64,754
1,90,164
0.76

3
50
50,000
Rs 7,50,000
2,50,000
25,410
4,74,590
1,89,836
2,84,754
3,10,164
0.66

Present value
Total present value (t = 1 3)
Less: Incremental cash outflows
NPV

61,043

1,44,525

2,04,708
4,10,276
1,27,049
2,83,227

The assessment of the managing director is correct as the NPV is positive.

Review Questions
9.15

9.16

9.17

A large sized chemical company is considering

investing in a project that costs Rs 5,00,000. The
estimated salvage value is zero; tax rate is 35 per
cent. The company uses straight line depreciation
for tax purposes and the proposed project has
cash flows before tax (CFBT) as follow:
Determine the following: (a) Pay back period, and
(b) Average rate of return.
A company wants to purchase a plant for its expanding operations. The desired plant is available at
Rs 3,00,000 in cash or Rs 4,50,000 to be paid in 5 equal annual instalments due at the end of each
year. Assuming the required rate of return of 15 per cent, which option should the company exercise?
Ignore taxes.
A company is contemplating the introduction of a new machine. From the following information given
to you, determine the profitability of the project, assuming 10 per cent as the cost of capital:
Year
Cash outflows at year-end
Net cash inflows at year-end

9.18

9.20

Rs 40,000

Rs 20,000

Rs 20,000

Rs 30,000

Rs 40,000

Rs 80,000

A company owns a machine which is in current use. It was purchased for Rs 1,60,000 and had a
projected life of 8 years with Rs 10,000 salvage value. It has been depreciated @ 25 per cent on
written down value basis for 3 years to date and could be sold for Rs 30,000.
A new machine can be purchased at a total cost of Rs 2,60,000. It will have a 5 year life, salvage
value other machines in the same block @ 25 per cent on written down value basis. It is estimated
that the new machine will reduce labour expenses by Rs 50,000 per year and net working capital
requirement will be Rs 20,000. The tax rate is 35 per cent while the required rate of return is 12 per
cent.
The income statement for the firm using the current machine for the current year is as follows:
Sales
Labour
Material
Depreciation
Total costs
Earnings before taxes
Income tax
After tax profit

9.19

Rs 20,00,000
Rs 7,00,000
5,00,000
2,00,000
14,00,000
6,00,000
2,10,000
3,90,000

Determine whether the new machine should be purchased.

A company is considering the purchase of a delivery van and is evaluating the following two choices:
(a) The company can buy a used van for Rs 20,000, after 4 years sell the same for Rs 2,500 (net of
taxes) and replace it with another used van which is expected to cost Rs 30,000 and last 6 years
with no terminating value.
(b) The company can buy a new van for Rs 40,000. The projected life of the van is 10 years and
has an expected salvage value (net of taxes) of Rs 5,000 at the end of ten years.
The services provided by the vans under both choices are the same. Assuming the cost of capital 10
per cent, which choice is preferable?
A toy manufacturing company is considering replacing an existing piece of equipment with one of two
new, more sophisticated machines.
The old machine was purchased three years ago at a cost of Rs 70,000. The machine originally had
a projected life of 7 years and was to be depreciated straight line for tax purposes to zero salvage
value.

The two new pieces of equipment being considered are machine X and machine Y. Machine X
would cost Rs 80,000 to purchase and Rs 20,000 to install. Due to the expansion in operation, the
management estimates the net working capital requirement of machine X at Rs 10,000. It has a 4
year life with no salvage value. It will be depreciated straight line for tax purposes.
Machine Y would cost Rs 1,15,000 and Rs 25,000 to install. It also has a 4 year life with no salvage
value. This machine would require net working capital of Rs 20,000.
The old machines can be sold for Rs 25,000 on one-year credit. The firm is taxed at 35 per cent.
Assume that loss on sale of existing machine can be claimed as short-term capital loss in the current
year itself.
The projected profits before depreciation and taxes currently and with each of the new machines are
as follows:
Year
1
2
3
4

9.21

9.22

9.23

9.24

With present machine

Rs 25,000
25,000
25,000
25,000

With machine X
Rs 50,000
50,000
50,000
50,000

With machine Y
Rs 90,000
90,000
90,000
90,000

Assuming the cost of capital to be 10 per cent, which machine should the company acquire?
What would be your answer, if the company has under consideration only the proposal of the
purchase of machine X?
A company is considering two mutually exclusive investments. Both projects involve a cash outlay of
Rs 50,000. The estimated after-tax net cash inflows of of project X are Rs 10,000 per year for 10
years, and of project Y, Rs 16,209.44 per year for 5 years.
(a) Which project should be acceptable to the company at 10 per cent cost of capital?
(b) Is your decision affected if (i) cost of capital rises to 12 per cent and (ii) falls to 8 per cent?
A company is planning to purchase a machine to meet the increased demand for its products in the
market. The machine costs Rs 50,000 and has no salvage value. The expected life of the machine is
5 years, and the company employs straight line method of depreciation for tax purposes. The
estimated earnings after taxes are Rs 5,000 each year for 5 years. The after-tax required rate of
return of the company is 12 per cent.
Determine the IRR. Also, find the pay back period and obtain the IRR from it. How do you compare
this IRR with the one directly estimated? What are the reasons for the differences between the two
IRRs so estimated?
A textile company is considering two mutually exclusive investment proposals for its expansion
programme. Proposal A requires an initial investment of Rs 7,50,000 and yearly operating costs of Rs
50,000. Proposal B requires an initial investment of Rs 5,00,000 and yearly operating costs of Rs
1,00,000. The life of the equipment used in both the investment proposals will be 12 years with no
salvage value; depreciation is on straight line basis for tax purposes. The anticipated increase in
revenues is Rs 1,50,000 per year in both the investment proposals. The tax rate is 35 per cent and
cost of capital, 15 per cent. Which investment proposal should be undertaken by the company?
A machine purchased four years ago has been depreciated @ 25 per cent on reducing balance to a
book value of Rs 50,000. The machine originally had a projected life of 10 years and zero salvage
value.
A new machine will cost Rs 1,30,000. Its installation cost estimated by the technician is Rs 20,000. It
is also estimated that the installation of the new machine will result in a reduced operating cost of Rs
30,000 per year for next 6 years. The old machine could be sold for Rs 20,000. The new machine will
have a 6 year life with no salvage value. The companys normal income is taxed at 35 per cent.
Assuming the cost of capital of 10 per cent, determine whether the existing machine should be
replaced. This 25 per cent block of assets will cease to exist at the end of 6 years.

Answers
9.15
9.16
9.17
9.18
9.19

(a) 4.18 years, (b) 13% (accounting basis), 55.4% (cash basis).
Cash option.
NPV Rs 49,170.
No. (NPV Rs 1,33,945).
Choice 2: PV of cash outflows is Rs 38,070 (choice 2), PV of cash outflows is Rs 38,782.50 (choice
1).

9.20
9.21
9.22
9.23
9.24

(i) Machine Y (NPV is Rs 1,05,912), NPV of Machine X is Rs 55,567. (ii) Contine with existing
machine (NPV is Rs 62,607).
(a) Both projects (b) (i) Project Y (ii) Project X.
PB period 3.333 years, IRR 15.4%, IRR with the help of PB period, 30%. The life of the project is not
twice that of the PB period.
Proposal B, PV of savings in Proposal A is Rs 2,15,805 as against the additional cost of Rs 2,50,000.
No. (NPV Rs 24,315).